35(2). 146-151 Tap cht CAC KHOA HQC V£ T R A I P A T
KINH NGHIEM THANH LAP BAN DO DIA MAO TY LE 1:1.000.000 THEO NGUYEN TAG NGUON GOC - HINH THAI (PHAN DAT LIEN VIET NAM)
LE DirC AN, UONG DINH KHANH, VO THJNH, BUI QUANG DUNG E - mail: [email protected]
Viin Dia ly, Viin Hdn ldm Khoa hgc vd Cong ngh$ Viet Nam Ngiy nhgn bii: 24 -12 - 2012
dfng tyc, Vifn Dia ly, t|ip trung chu yfu vio hai ngi dung sau diy:
- Cau tnic vi ngi dung cua chu giai bin do, cich thi hifn;
- Ngi dung cic don vj dia mao dugc phin chia.
Ve bin dd nen, di sir dung bin do dia hinh giin luge, the hifn cic dinh niii chinh va dg cao ciia chiing, cic ducmg ddng miic chgn lgc, vi hf thdng sdng su6i chinh.
i,. c i u true vit ngi dung cua chO giii bin dh, cich i\xk hifn
Nhim myc tifu phyc vy cic nghidn ciiu dja 1^
tong hgp ISnh th6, nhit Ii cic nghifn citu canh quan vi mft sd nghifn cuu chuyfn nginh, ddi tugng ehinh dugc the hifn tr€n bin dd Ii cic kieu ngudn gde - hinh thii dja hinh (do dd dugc ggi Ii theo nguygn tic ngudn gde - hinh thii), chu giai bin dd dugc cau tgo gdm 4 phin: 1. Kifu ngudn gde - hinh thii dja hinh; 11. Dgng dja hinh; III. Tudi dja hinh; IV. Cic ky hifu khie.
I. Kieu nguon goc - hinh th^i dja hinh:
Cic kieu nguon gde - hinh thii dia hinh (sau day ggi tit li kieu dja hinh) li eac don vj eo ban ciia bin dd, dugc thi hifn bing phucmg lifn rS nhit - miu nfn. Di chia ra 29 kilu dia hinh cho toin bf linh thd dit liln Vift Nam. Chiing dugc ggp trong 9 nhdm vi 2 logt ngudn gde - hhih thii (hinh 1).
Cic kilu dja hinh dugc thi hifn theo cic b§c df cao (tuyft ddi) khic nhau. Cin cu vio thyc tl dja hinh linh thd di chia ra 7 b§c, trong dd ddng bing thip cd 2 b$c (<10,10 - 20m), ddng bing cao ho$c 1. Mfrdiu
Khic vdi bin dd dia chat dugc thanh lap theo
"nguyen tic ljch sir" thdng nhat tren toin the gidi til liu, bin do dia mao do die diem ve ngi dung da dgng eua minh (gdm 3 thinh phan chinh la: hinh thii, ngudn gflc, vi lich sir phit trien) di cd nhieu nguyen tic thinh lap khac nhau, tiiy theo myc dich sir dung cung nhu die diem dia hinh cua viing can do vg, die bift li ddi vdi cic ban dd ty If nhd. C) Vift Nam, trong khoing vii thip k^ gin diy, cic bin dd dia mao ty le nhd (1:1.000.000 vi nho hon) dugc thinh lap theo nguyen tic kien tnic hinh thii (Lifn doin Ban do Dja chat [1]; trong Atlas Qudc gia - 1996 [2]; Vifn Dja ly), cQng di cd nhiing thii nghifm lip bin dfl dja mao theo nguygn tic ngudn gde - hinh thii Vifn Dia ly) va ljch sir - ngudn gflc (Khoa Dia ly, Trudng Dai hgc KHTN Hi Ngi [3]).
Thdng thudng, bin dd dugc thinh lap theo nguyen tic nio (ngufln goc, lich sii, ngudn gflc - hinh thii,...) thi ddi tugng chinh cua bin dfl dugc phin logi theo nguyen tic do va dugc thf hifn trfn bin dd bing phuong tifn chinh ciia hga do - dd la miu nen. Thi dy, neu nhu bin dd dugc thanh lip theo nguygn tic ngufln goc thi toin bg cic don vj hga dd (li eic dgng dia hinh hoic tap hgp cua chiing thf hifn tren ban dd) duoc phan loai trong chii giii theo ngudn gde (thi du: kifn tao, bdc mdn chung, ddng chay, karst, do gid, bing hi, sinh vit,.,.) vi chiing dugc thf hifn trfn ban dd bing miu nen dugc Iua chgn sao cho mfli mau gin vdi mgt ngudn gde cy the.
Bii bio niy gidi thifu kinh nghifm thinh lgp bin dd dja mgo theo nguyfn tic ngudn gde - hinh thii, dugc tifn hinh tgi Phdng Dja mgo vi Dja 146
Il& c6 2 b$c (20 - 100, 100 - 300m), dia hinh nili du(?c thi hifn trin bin da bing chO A Rip: a, b, c, gim nlU thip (300 - 1000m), nui trung binh (1000 - d, e, f, vi g. Chdng dugc ghi IcSm cOng voi s6 thi 2000m) vi nii cao (>2000m). Bay b}c dia hinh tu cua cic Icieu dia hinh (Unh I).
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Hinh 1. Chu gpii bin flo dja m^o Vi$t Nam ^hSn flit Ii6n) (trich)
Cic bic ciia mft kilu dia hinh dugc thf hifn bing sic thii khic nhau cua miu nfn cua chinh kifu dja hinh iy, theo nguyfn tic eang ISn cao sic thai cing dim. Cac kifu dja hinh mii cd nhdm miu nfn ndng (dd, niu,...), trong khi cic kifu dia hinh ddng bing cd nhdm miu n€n lanh (Iam, luc,...).
II. D^ng dja hinh:
Cac dang dia hinh (thi du: chdp mii Iiia, phlu karst,...) duoc phan chia theo ngudn gde, vi dugc the hifn trfn ban dd bing cae ky hifu ngoii ty If chdng t£n mau nen ciia cac kieu dia hinh. Ngudn goc cua dgng dia hmh dugrc the hifn bing miu sic vi hinh dang ciia cic ky hieu. Theo ngudn gde chia ra cic nhdm dgng sau:
(i) Kien tao va kien tnic bdc mdn: diit gay the hifn trfn dia hinh, chdp mii Iiia, euesta,...
(ii) Bdc mdn chung: duong sdng nui, vich bdc mdn,...
(iii) Ddng chiy: vich xim thuc, ldng sdng cd, thung lung xuyen ngang, hem vuc,...
(iv) Trpng luc: vach dd 16, phlu sup dd,...
(v) Tham dgng hda tan: cic biu (Ddng Nam Bf), ldng chao kin (trfn cit dd).
(vi) Karst: thung lung karst, phlu, hang dong, dao sdt,...
(vii) Bien vi cac kifu bd: vich mii mdn, bar cat chin, d6 cit ngim,... bd phan c5t kien tao kieu dalmat, bd phan cit xam thuc karst kieu Hg Long, bd tam giac chau lan bien, bd vGng vjnh mii mdn,...
(viii) Gid va biln: gidng cat, cdn cat, triing giiia cic cdn,...
(ix) Sinh vat: cdn sd diep, bai su vet,...
(x) Nhan sinh: df, muong mang, dgp nudc,...
III. Tuoi d]a hinh
Tudi dja hinh dugc thf hifn bing ky hifu chQ vi con sd theo quy djnh trong dja chit hgc, dugc dil chdng len cac kifu dja hinh dl ndi len tudi cua chiing. Thdng thudng, dd li bl mit cac cao nguydn, binh son, ddi vi ddng bing; ddi khi cac bl mit sudn eiing dugc the hien tudi mft each khii quit. Tudi dja hinh dugc xic djnh bao gdm cic khoang tudi chfnh: Neogen (N), Miocen (N|),
Pliocen (Nj), Df Tu (Q), Pleistoeen (Q,), Pleistoeen sdm (Qi'), Holocen (Q2),-.
IV. Cac k;^ hifu khac
Cic k>' hifu khac dugc d^ng dl chi cic ylu td khdng thufc vk ckc dang dja hinh, bao gdm:
1. Yfu td kiln tao vi ciu true: viing ning, vdng hg, nep ldi bio tro,...
2. Yeu to dja hinh dang vdng: can tnic vdng thi hifn trfn dja hinh.
3. Thinh phan dat di bd rtri: set bft, cit, cupi soi.
4. Ranh gidi: ranh gidi cic kieu dia hinh.
3. Ngi dung cic don vj dja m^o dirge phSn chia 3.1. Mgt so khdi ni^m
Kieu ngudn goc - hinh thdi dja hinh (kifu dia hinh), dugc hieu Ii mgt tap hgp cic dgng dja hinh, die trung bdi hhih thii, ciu tnic, ngudn gde, thinh phan vat chat, vi lip iai cd quy luit trong khdng gian.
Nhdm nguon goc - hinh th^l Ii tap hgp mft sd kieu dja hinh cd ehung d§c dilm vl ciu triic vi ngudn gde.
Cdn logt ngu6n gde - hinh thii duge chia ra dua vao die diem chuyin dgng nang vi hg Tin kien tao, theo dd, dia hinh toin Iinh thd duge ehia thanh 2 logt Ii: (i) Niii tii sinh tran ddi ning Tin kien tao, vi (ii) Ddng bing vi ddi phat triln tren ddi chuyfn tifp vi ha Tan kifn tgo.
Cic cum tir ghep kien tgo - bdc mdn, cau tnic - bdc mdn, bdc mdn - thgch hpc, bdc mdn - xim thgc,... li df ndi Ifn vai trd tdng hgp, cimg tham gia cua cic nhan td tgo dja hinh dd, trong dd nhan td de trudc cd vai trd trpi hon.
3.2. Ngi dung cdc kiiu dja Mnh
Nhu trfn di trlnh biy, toin bd linh th6 dit lien Vift Nam bao gdm 29 kilu dia hinh. That ra ngudi ta cd thf phan chia mft sd lugng Ion hon cic kieu dja hinh nhu di the hifn tr£n nhilu ta bin dd dia mgo ty If khic nhau. Tuy nhien, chiing tdi theo phuong chim don giin hda dl de ding sir d\ing bin dd hon mi vin khdng Iim giim ho$c bd qua nhung die difm quan trpng nhit ciia dja hinh dit nudc. Cic kifu dja hinh dugc phin chia vdi nhihig npi dung sau day (gidi thifu theo Nhdm nguon g6c - hinh thii) (hinh I. hinh 2):
148
Hinh 2 Trich d§n mot goc ban fld dia mao Viet Nam thu nho tCf t/1§ 1 ;1,000 000 Niii kien tnic - bdc mdn va cau tnic - bdc mdn:
Nhdm bao gdm 3 kilu dja hinh (sd thir tu 1,2,3) Ii cic diy mli vi khii niii, dugc phin bift vdi nhau bang thinh phin di tao ra chOng; di biln chit (kilu 1-k.l), di phun trio vi trim tich phun trio (k.2), va di xfim nhip (k.3). Phin bd chu yfu cr Tay Bic Bg v4 Nam Trung Bf.
Niii bdc mdn - thgch hpc: Nhdm niy chi ed 1 kilu dja hinh (k.4), dd li cic khii mii vi mii sdt tgo bdi di earbonat. Phin bd a Cao Bing, L^ng Son, Thii Nguyfn, Bic Kgn, vi mft sl noi khic.
NiJi bdc mdn - xSm thyc: Nhdm c6 3 kilu dja
hinh (sd 5. 6, 7), gdm cic niii tgo bdi tram tich lyc nguyen (k.5), nui tao bdi di trim tich vi phun trio (k.6), vi cic khdi mii sdt tao boi cic di khic nhau (k.7), Phan bd khi rf ng rSi, d Ddng Bic Bf va d nhilu nai khac.
Binh son (cao nguyen) kien tgo - bdc mdn, bdc mdn: Gdm 3 kilu dja hinh (sd 8 , 9, 10), trong dd cd kilu binh son tgo bdi eic di earbonat xen tram tich lyc nguyen (k.8), phan bd d Tay Bic Bg; kieu bmh son tgo bdi di earbonat (k.9), phan bo d Hi Giang; vi kilu binh son hinh thinh trfn di biln chit, trim tieh lyc nguyfn (k.lO), phin bo rpng rii d Nam Trung Bf, nhit Ii d Lim Ddng.
Cao nguy§n kien tgo - xdm thg-c - nia trdi: Do li cae eao nguyfn thanh tgo trfn da basalt cd (Neogen - De Tii) (k.l 1), va cao nguyen thanh tao tren da basalt tre (Df Tu) (k.l2), phan bd rpng tai 0 Nam Trung Bd va Ddng Nam Bg.
Thung IOng vi trOng giO'a mii kien tgo - xim Uii/c, xam thi,FC - tich ty: Nhdm nay dugc chia thinh 5 kilu khae nhau: kifu tgo boi da trudc KZ ciing cac dai trim tich N-Q(k. 13); kieu tao bdi tram tich N-Q (k.l4); kilu phat triln tren da truoc KZ (k.l 5);
kilu hinh thanh trong cac viing karst (k.l6); va kieu tao bdi da goc cac loai v6i rai rac aluvi (k.l7).
Chiing phan bo rdng rai a ckc vimg mii.
D6i bdc mdn, xam thyc - n>a trdi: Nhdm gdm 2 kilu (sd 18, 19), la cac doi dang bat up (k.l8) phat trien chu yeu d Bae Bp va viing ven bien Bac Trung Bd; kieu day ddi lugn song thoii (k.l9) phat trien chii yeu d Nam Trung Bd va Ddng Nam Bd.
Dong b^ng - ddi, dong b4ng bdc mdn, xam thgc - tich tu: Nhdm gdm cd 5 kieu dia hinh khac nhau (sd 20, 21, 22, 23, 24), gdm: ddng bang boc mdn (k.20) phan bd dien hinh d vimg Ea Sup phia tay Tay Nguyen va d mdt sd noi khac; ddng bang xam thuc - tich t\i (k.21), phan bd chii yeu o Dong Nam Bd (thudng ggi la ddng bang aluvi ed); ddng bang xam thuc - tich tu lugn sdng (k.22), phan bd d ria chau thd va cic thung lung sdng Ion d Bac Bp va Trung Bp; ddng bang mai mdn - xam thuc - tich tu da ngudn gde (k.23), phan bd kha rpng dpc theo dai ven bien; ddng bang xam thuc - tich tu bifn (24), phan bd chu yeu 0 Ninh thuan, Binh Thuan.
Dong bing tich ty: Nhdm co 5 kieu dia hinh (sd 25, 26, 27, 28, 29): ddng bing tich tu gid - biln (k.25) phan bd dpc theo bo bien, tap trung tir Quang Binh den Binh Thuan; ddng bang ti'ch tu sdng - bien (k.26) phan bo tai eac ddng bang chau thd Bac Bd, Nam Bp va d cac viing gan cua sdng Idn Trung Bp; ddng bang ti'ch tu sdng - bien - dam lay (k 27), phan bd han che hon, tai cac viing trung ciia chau tho; ddng bang bien - sinh vat (k.28) phan bd d ria ddng bang ven bien; ddng bang bdi tich sdng (k.29) phan bd dpc theo ddng chiy ciia cac song Idn tir Bac den Nam.
Cac kieu dia hinh dugc the hien tren ban dd ddng thdi bang hai phuang thiic df hd trg cho nhau: mau nen va chii sd; khi do gia tri cua con sd phii hgp vdi so thu tu ciia kilu dja hinh trong bang chii giai. Thi dy, 21c, la chi vf kilu dia hinh "21.
Dong bing nghieng thoai xam thuc - tieh tu, bi bien ddi manh bai qua trinh nia trdi be mat va da ong hda", va phan bd d bgc dg cao 20-100m (c).
ChQ sd duge ghi chong len miu nen trong khoanh vi eiia moi mdt dan vj dia mgo (kieu dia hinh).
4. Ket lu^n
Ngi dung the hien tren bin do dja mao thanh lap theo nguyfn tic nguon goc - hinh thai gom cac yeu td: kieu nguon gde - hinh thai dia hinh (ddi tugng chinh), dgng dia hinh (phan loai theo ngudn gde), tudi dia hinh, mgt so yeu to khac, vdi nfn ban dd dia hinh da dupc gian luge.
Mpt so kinh nghifm co the hit ra nhu sau:
Cau true chu giai sap xfp thanh 4 phin nhu da trinh bay d tren Ii tuong ddi hgp Iy, phan anh dugc day dil cac thdng tin va kha dem gian.
Sd lugng eae dan vi hga do - cac "kifu ngudn goc - hinh thai dia hinh" khdng nfn nhieu, dl tao dieu kifn thuan lgi cho viec chuyen tai de dang ndi dung tdi dge gii.
De eho ban dd de dpc, viec the hifn npi dung ban dd khdng diing qua hai lop thdng tin; Idp mau nen va ldp cac ky hifu chong len. Mau nen dl di6n dat ngi dung chinh - kieu nguon goc - hinh thai dia hinh; cic ky hifu de md ta cac dang dia hinh, tudi va cac yeu td khac.
Vifc xac dinh ngi dung cua cac "kieu nguon gde - hinh thai dia hinh" va phan loai chiing can dua vao tdng hgp cac tai lieu vl dja chit. Tan kiln tao, dia mao khu v\re, vdi viec quan tam day du tdi eac nhin td tao dja hinh ngudn gde ngi va ngoai sinh.
TAILIEUDAN
[I] Le Due An, 1974: D\r an chii giii ban dfi dia mao miln Bic Viet Nam ty If 1:1.000.000. Ban dd Dia chat, 18, 26-35, Lien doin BDDC, Ha Npi.
[2] Le Due An (chii bien), Tritragov V.P., 1996: Ban dd dja mao Viet Nam ty If 1:2.500.000.
Trong: Vift Nam - Atlas quoc gia, Tdng cyc Dja chinh. Ha Ndi.
[3] Nguyin Quang My. 1991: Thanh lap ban dd dja mao theo nguyfn tic ljch sii ngudn gde d Viet Nam. Te. Khoa hgc Dja ly - Dia chinh, 3, 55- 59, Trudng Dai hpe Tdng hgp Ha Ndi.
Experience o f c o m p i l i n g of geomorphological m a p scale 1:1.000.000 by m o i p h o g e n e t i c principle (for continental p a r t o f Vietnam)
This type of map is compiled with the aim of serving the integrated geographical studies and other field The main contents of the map are the morphogenetic types of relief. The map legend composes of 4 parts^ I. The morphogenetic types of relieft II. Landfomis; III. The age of relief; IV The other symbols.
The morphogenetic types of relief being the mam contents are showed on the map by the color badtground. They consist of 29 units, and gather in 9 groups, 2 series. The layering of relief is refected on the map by letters a, b, c, d, e, f, g.
Landforms classified according to their genesis are showed on the map by the non-scale symbols, supenmposing on the color background of types of relief There are 10 genetic groups of landfomi tectonic and denudation-structure, general denudation, fluvial, gravity, dissolve-absorption, lorst. marine, wind, biological, anthropogenic The age of relief showed by letters and figures as in geology is superimposed on the types of relief, and composes of: Neogene (N).
Miocene (Ni), Pliocene (Na), Quaternary (Q), Pleistocene (Qi), Early Pleistocene (Qi'), Holocene (Q;)... Other symbols indicate the elements out of landfonns, such as lithology, boundary,... The topographical basis is simplified.
This map fairly well expresses the morphology of relief, as well as all factors of landfonn-fonnalion of territory, will be the good basis for landscape, pedology, soil erosion, environment conservation,.. studies, and other works of territorial planning for different purposes (forestry, agriculture, communication, )
