9
Anh hirdng lan toa cua doanh nghiep FDI
den cau lao dong theo nhom tuoi trong nganh cong nghiep
che bien, che tao tai Viet Nam
f • • • PHAM NGOC T O A M ' LcTa QOAriG TGAN"
Tom tat
Bdi viet udc luang md hinh dnh liUdng lan tda cua doanh nghiep FDI di'n cdu lao dgng theo nhdm tudi trong ngdnh cdng nghiip che bie'n, che tao (CNCBCT) d Viet Nam thdng qua sd lieu diiu tra doanh nghiep ndm 2017 cua Tong cue Thd'ng ke. Ket qud cho thd'y, hgi nhdp qudc te'keo theo suphdl trien cda doanh nghiip FDI vd ldm tdng nhu cdu lao dgng^ ndi chung cua ngdnh CNCBCT. Tuy nhien. mdc do ldc dong cd sU khde biit theo nhdm tudi. O cdc nhdm lao ddng tudi cdng cao, thi ldc dgng lan toa c&a doanh nghiip FDI de'n cdu lao dgng gidm ddn. Tit dd, bdi vie't dua ra khuye'n nghi ddi vdi Nhd nudc nhdm sd dung hieu qud nguon nhdn lUc Idn tuoi trong bdi cdnh hgi nhdp qudc ti'thich dng vdi gid hda ddn sdd VietNam.
TH khoa: hgi nhdp qudc te. FDI. cdu lao ddng Summary
This paper estimates the spillover effects of FDI enterprises on labor demand by age group in manufacturing and processing industiy in Vietnam Ihrough the General Statistics Office's enterprise survey data. The output indicates that International Integration triggers the development of FDI enterprises and the increasing demand for labor in manufacturing and processing industry. However, the impaci level differs by age group. Specifically, the spillover effect of FDI enterprises on labor demand decreases among middle-aged and elderly workers. From the.se findings, the paper provides recommendations to the government for the effective use of older human resources in the context of international integration to adapt lo the population aging in Vielnam.
Keywords: international integration. FDI, labor demand
GIOI THIEU ddng cua lao ddng trung nidn thifdng cao hdn so vdl lao ddng tre, chu ye'u do khac Cac kd'l qua nghien ctfu trong ntfdc va qud'c Id' thdi biet v i thSm nien cdng lac, nhtfng ldi gian gan day cho tha'y, xu htfdng lao dpng trung nien ich cua lao dpng trung nien tao ra khdng dang dan bi mS't ldi the' vide lam so vdi lao dpng tre dat dtfdc nhtf ky vong cda doanh nghiep, bdi 3 ly do cC ban: (i) lao dpng trung nien khong nSm ngtfpc lai vipc sff dting lao dpng tre cd bat kip nhtfng thay doi cdng nghe iTidi trong bo'i canh nhieu ldi the' hdn, nhtf: thich tfng nhanh tie'n bp khoa hpc, cong nghd ngay cang nhanh va canh vdi thay ddi ve cdng nghd, chi phi tien tranh ngay cang manh; (ii) nhffng nganh cdng nghidp Itfdng thap hon vS nang SUETI lao ddng truyen thd'ng sff dung lao dpng trung mdn dang dan suy cao hdn_. He iuy la nguy ccf bi ma't vide giam, thay vao do la cac nganh cdng nghe ky thual lam, that nghiep cua lao dpng trung nidn cao, thich tfng vdi lao ddng tre ludt hdn, (iii) chl phi lao dang co xu htfdng tang len.
', " , Vien Khoa hoc Lao dong va Xa hpi
Ngdynhdnbdi 12/10/2019. Ngdy phdn bien: 19/11/2019: Ng<i\ duyet dang-22/11/2019
1 2 8 • I I .. ^;i Dirbao
BANG 1: SO LtTClMG DOANH MGHIEP CNCBCT THEO HINH THCfC Sd HffO VA THEO QOY MO. GIAI DOAN 2012-2017
D(Pi V
Ttfna
2012 56.535 Sdhffu
Nha nirflc Neoai nha nifflc FDI
2.%6 48 282 5.287
2013 59.212
2.743 51.258 5.211 Ouv md doanh nghiap
DN sieu nho DNnho DN vtta DNliJn
26.140 26.025 1.364 3.006
29.360 25.533 1.351 2.968
2014 60.878
2.584 52.705 5.589 31.039 25.355 1 404 3.080
2015 67.221
2.390 58.543 6.288 36.164 26 340 1.384 3.333
2016 70.219
2.184 61.413 6.622 37 300 27.926 1.475 3.518
2017 78.078
2 049 68.570
7.459 42 687 30.188 1.529 3.674
Td'c do tang binh qugn (%) 6,56
-7,19 7,10 7,58 9,96 3,04 2,37 4,65 BANG 2: VON CUA CAC DOANH NGHIEP CNCBCT GIAI DOAN 2012-2017
Don vi - Ty ddng
•
Nha nir^c Ngoai nha nifdc FDI
Tdng 2012 435 lOJ 350,738 479.327 1.265.166
2013 806.112 494,610 801,297 2.102.019
2014 g."! 1,311 544,375 888 970 2.384.655
2015 995 415 663,296 1.023.155 2.681.867
2016 1.180.747 1,957,523 2 332.976 5.471.246
2017 1 247 590 2,082 099 2.812.528 6.142.216
Toe d$ tSng binh quSn nfim {%) 20,26 45,94 41,68 36,49
6 Viet Nam, Itfc Itfdng Iao ddng trung nien lam cdng vide htfdng Itfdng nam 2017 la 10,8 tridu ngtfdi, chid'm 46,75%
lao dong Iam cdng htfdng Itfdng. Trong d6, sd lao ddng trung nidn lam vide Irong nganh che bie'n, chd' lao la 3,9 tridu ngtfdi, chie'm 41,62% tdng lao dpng trong nganh che bie'n, chd' lao (Tdng CLic Thdng ke, 2018a). Nhtf vay, trong nganh chd' bidn, chd' tao d ntfdc ta, Iao dgng tmng nien chiem ty trpng kha Idn.
Viec lam cua hp cung chiu tac dpng bdi nhffng thay doi ve khoa hpc, cdng nghd vS yeu cau nang cao nang Itfc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep. Bai vie't nay tap trung xem xdt trong bdi canh hdi nhap qud'c te, stf phat trie'n cua cac doanh nghiep FDI se tac dpng de'n nhu cdu lao dpng theo nhdm tuoi nhtf the' nao trong nganh CNCBCT, dac bidt la lao ddng trung nien, thdng qua tfdc Itfdng md hmh ham cau lao dpng vdi so' lieu dieu tra doanh nghiep cua Tdng cue Thd'ng ke.
CO sd LY THUYET VA PHliONG PHAP NGHIEN C0U
Co sd ly thuyet
_Md cila nen kinh te vdi thtfdng mgi the gidi cd the di kem vdi vide chuyen giao nhtfng cdng nghd tien tid'n hdn.
hoac nhSp khau cac trang thid't bi va may mdc, khdng nhtfng lam tang nang suat lao dpng, ma cdn ddi hoi ky nang cao hdn de van hanh chung. Canh Iranh ntfdc ngoai lang len keo theo ca hai dang la dau ttf FDI hoac tang luong hang nhap khiu, cd thd' khid'n cac doanh nghidp trong ntfdc ap dung cac cdng nghe tiet kidm stfc lao dpng va lien tid'n hdn. Dd'i vdi nhtfng nen kinh td phat trien, xu htfdng nay se khie'n cho lao ddng cd tay nghe tha'p gap kho khan.
Cdn d cac ntfdc dang phat trien, vidc ap dung cdc cong nghd tidn tie'n hdn sd lam lang cau ltfcfng do'i ve lao ddng cd tay nghe. Mitra va Shin (2012) cho tha'y, nhtfng cudc cai each ttf do hoa thtfdng mai da lam cho cau lao ddng co giiin ht^n. Tap trung vao nhtfng khia canh ciia loan cau hoa, rS't nhieu nghien ctfu cung da chi ra rang, dp co gian cua cau lao dong cho ngtfdi lao dpng cd tay nghe tang Ien va khdng cd lay nghe giam xud'ng (Hijzen va Gorg, 2005; Hijzen va Swaim, 2010), mac dia khdng phai d mpi qudc gia (Fajnzylber va Fernandez, 2009).
Belman va Lee (1996) chiara rSng, do Itfdng giam, thtfdng mai cd the tai phan bo va chuven di lao ddng.
Mpt so nghien ctfu lidn ke't stf thay ddi trong lang bat binh dang lien Itfdng vdi thtfdng mai, FDI va nhap ctf cho tha'y, vidc lam cua ngtfdi lao ddng cd xu htfdng tang ciing vdi nang sua't va xua't khau ngay cang tang.
Tuy nhien, FDI va nhap ctf cd tac ddng tidu ctfc den vidc lam cua ngtfdi lao dong san xua't (Ya.sin, 2007),
Phuangphdp nghien cdu
De tfdc Itfdng anh htfdng lan tda cua doanh nghiep FDI dd'n cau Iao ddng, bai vie't sijf dung md hinh logit:
129
HINH: TONG DOANH THU COA CAC DOANH NGHl|p PHAN THEO LOAI HINH S d HiSU, GIAI DOAN 2012-2017
Dan vi tri^u dong
)0,000,0(10
)0,ODO,000
Jl .il I £' l i
LnLabor^^ ~ a^^ a^LnK^^ + a/ORPS^ + a/.nTFP^^-^
aLnwage + aMnRE (*)
Trong do: LnLabor la logarit cua so'Iao ddng binh quan trong doanh nghidp; LnK la logarit ctia vd'n dau ttf; FORPSj la logarit cua ty le phan tram gitfa tdng doanh thu cua doanh nghidp FDI trong nganh _/' tai thdi diem i va FORPS cd the cd dau dtfdng hoac am; LnTFP la logarit cua nang sua't cdc nhan to' long hpp, phan anh stf thay doi v^ cdng nghd, trinh dp quan ly; Lnwage la logarit tien ItfPng binh quan trong doanh nghidp; LnRE la logaril doanh thu cua doanh nghiep.
Nghidn ctfu si^ dung sd' lieu dieu tra doanh nghiep nam 2017 cua Tong cue Thd'ng kd (2018b), cd thu thap thdng lin ve nhdm tudi di lam mlu tfdc Itfpng. Phtfdng phap binh phtfdng nho nha't (OLS) dtfdc van dung de tfdc ltfdng md hinh nghidn ctfu.
KETQUA NGHIEN CLfU
Xu hudng doanh nghiep CNCBCT
So' lieu ttf Bang 1 cho tha'y, nam 2017, nganh CNCBCT cd tren 78 nghin doanh nghiep, tang g^n 22 nghin doanh nghiep so vdi nam 2012, binh quan mdi nam lang 6,56%.
CQng theo Bang 1, doanh nghiep CNCBCT thudc sd hffu nha ntfdc cd xu htfdng giam, ttf 2.966 doanh nghidp nam 2012 xud'ng con 2,049 doanh nghidp nam 2017, giam binh quan 7,19%/nam. Ngtfdc lai, doanh nghidp ngoai nha ntfdc vii doanh nghidp FDI cd xu htfdng tang, khang dinh vai trd ngay cang Idn trong tao vide Iam cho ngtfdi lao ddng.
Giai doan 2012-2017, doanh nghiep sieu nhd co td'c dp tang nhanh nha't (9,96%/nam), tie'p dd'n la doanh nghidp quy md ldn (4,65%).
Ciing trong giat doan nay, vd'n cua cdc doanh nghiepnganhCNCBCTtangkhanhanh, ttf 1.265 166 ty dong nam 2012 ldn 6.142.216 ty dong nam 2017, binh quan tang 36,49%/nam Cd cS'u vd'n dich chuyen theo htfdng dich chuyen cua ccf ca'u doanh nghidp
theo hinh thtfc sd hffu. Nam 2012, cd cau vd'n cua cac doanh nghidp nha ntfdc, ngoai nha ntfdc va FDI lan Itfdi la 34,4%, 27,7% va 37,9%. dd'n nam 2017, ly trpng nay lan Itfdt la 20,3%, 33,9%
va 45,8%. Nhtf vay, ty irpng vd'n ciia cdc doanh nghiep ngoai nha ntfdc va doanh nghiep FDI tang ldn, trong khi ty trpng vd'n cua doanh nghiep nha ntfdc giam xud'ng.
Stf phat trien ve so' Itfdng doanh nghidp va vide tang vd'n da giup doanh nghiep cd dieu kien phat tnen. Hinh dtfdi cho thay, stf phat trien doanh thu ciia doanh nghidp ngoai nha ntfdc va doanh nghiep FDI kha ro net, nhtfng khdng cd stf bid'n ddng nhieu dd'i vdi doanh nghiep nha^ntfdc.
Anh hi^ng cua doanh nghiap FBI den cdu lao dgng theo nhdm tudi
Kd'l qua tfdc Itfdng dtfa tren so' hdu khao sat doanh nghidp cua Tdng cue Thd'ng ke nam 2017 dd'i vdi nhu cau lao dpng chung cua nganh CNCBCT (MH 1) va cho cac nhdm lao dpng theo dp tudi ttf MH 2 de'n MH 5 dtfdc trinh bdy tai Bang 3.
Theo dd, cac he sd' tfdc Itfdng hau he't cd y nghia thdng ke, vdi xu htfdng lac ddng phil hdp theo ly thuyd't kinh te'.
Trong do:
- Anh htfdng lan tda cua doanh nghidp FDI (InFORPS) cd lac ddng tich ctfc dd'n cau lao ddng ndi chung trong nganh CNCBCT, tuy nhidn cd stf khac bidl theo nhdm tudi, Cac doanh nghiep FDI cd ldi thd', kha nang san xua'l cao hdn, cung nhtf lie'p can thi trtfdng de hdn, do vay khd'i doanh nghiep nay cd nhi^u tiem nang taonang sua't lao ddng, san xua'l hang xua't khau va d§n dd'n nhu cau cao ve lao ddng tre hPn la lao dpng trung nidn va lao dong Idn ludi de dip tfng kha nang sff dung cdng nghd, cho ra san pham dam bao tieu chuan ciia khach hang. Cu the', kd't qua tfdc Itfdng cho thay, anh htfdng lan tda cua doanh nghidp FDI lam tang nhu cau lao dpng chung Clia nganh CNCBCT, chii ye'u d nhdm lao dpng tre va nhdm trung nidn d dp ludi 31-55, nhtfng giam nhu cau lao ddng d nhdm tuoi 56 trd ldn.
- Vd'n dau ttf (LnK) cd lac dong tich Ctfc den nhu cau lao dong trong nganh CNCBCT noi chung vii nhu c^u ve lao dpng trong cac nhdm luoi cua nganh nay, Hd so tfdc Itfdng cho tha'y khi vd'n dau ttf tang thdm 1%, thi uiu lao ddng
130
BANG 3: (TdC La0NG ANH HacfNG CUA MpT SO YEU TO D E N CAU LAO DONG CUA DOANH NGHIEP NGANH CNCBCT
VARIABLES
InK InFORPS
!n_TFP lnwage InRE Constant Observations R-squared
(MHI) InL
0,238***
(0,006) 0,285***
(0,006) 0,00!***
(0.000) -0.312***
(0,005) 0,412***
(0,006) -i,232***
(0,022) 65.164 0,675
(MH2) Inage31_45
0,211***
(0,008) 0,204***
(0,007) 0,000 (0,000) -0,282***
(0,006) 0,374***
(0.007) -1,747***
(0,026) 61,498 0,566
(MH3) lnage46_5S
0,116***
(0.009) 0,020**
(0,009) -0,001**
(0,001) -0,250***
(0,008) 0,294***
(0,009) -1,540***
(0,034) 38.011 0,380
(MH4) Inage56_60
0,089**"
(0,013) -0,047***
(0,011) 0,001 (0,001) -0,190***
(0,011) 0,147***
(0,013) -0,849***
(0,047) 14.991 0,229
(MH5) lnageover60
0,031***
(0,011) -0,015*
(0,009) 0.001 (0,001) -0,030***
(0,009) 0,031***
(0,010) -0,159***
(0,039) 9.391 0,058 Standard errors in parenihese.s
*** p<0,01, ** p<0,05, * p<0,l Hgu.
nganh CNCBCT tang thdm 0,238%, luy nhi6n he so' nay giam dan d nhdm lao dpng ldn tudi. CLI the: nhdm lao ddng 31-45 tudi tang 0,211%, nhom 46-55 tudi tang 0,116%, mtfc tang tha'p din d nh6m 56-60 tudi va tren 60 lu6i lan Itfdt la 0,089% va 0,031% (cac ye'u td khac trong md hinh khong ddi). Nhtf vSy, cd tile tha'y xu htfdng dau ttf md rdng sdn xua'tvan tid'p luc tao ra nhu cau lao ddng trong nganh CNCBCT, tuy nhidn nhu cau cao vin d nhdm lao ddng tre, nhu cau tang cham d nhom lao dpng trung nien va lao dpng Idn tudi.
- Do'i vdl nang sua't cac nhan td' tdng hcfp (do bang Ln_TFP), ke^t qua chi ra, chtfa cd bang chtfng ve tac ddng cua tid'n bg cdng nghd dd'n nhu cau vide lam theo nhdm tudi, Tuy nhidn, kd't qua nay can phai khing dinh dtfa tren nhtfng khao sat chuyen sau vi nghien ctfu nay sff dung so lieu dieu tra doanh nghidp, chtfa cd tim hieu sau ve thay ddi cong nghe trong doanh nghidp.
- Cau ve thi trtfdng hang hda dtfdc phan anh qua bi_d'n Logarit cua doanh thu (LnRE) tang, dan dd'n nhu cau lao dpng trong nganh CNCBCT tang nhanh d nhom lao dpng tre, mtfc tang giam dan d cac nhdm lao dong ldn tudi. Nd'u doanh thu tang them 1 %, thi cau lao dpng trong nganh CNCBCT tang binh quan khoang 0.41%, nhdm lao ddng 31-45 tudi tang 0,37%, nhdm 46-55 tuoi tang 0,29%,
Finh ioan tif i o lieu dieu tra doanh nghiep cua Tong CLic Thong ke
nhdm 56-60 tudi tang 0,14% vk nhdm iren 60 tudi lang tha'p nha'l vdi 0,031%.
- Chi phi lao dpng the hidn qua tien Itfdng binh quan (Lnavwage) cd tac dpng am, hay ndi each khic, lam gidm nhu cau lao dOng. Nhtf vay, bdn canh nhffng yd'u Id' lam tang cau lao ddng, ihi chl phi lao dpng din dd'n tac dpng giam nhu cau lao ddng d tat ca cac nhdm tudi. Cac doanh nghiep nganh CNCBCT khi md rdng quy md san xua't, tang cau ve hang hda cua nganh se dfin dd'n tang sd ItfPng lao ddng, nhtfng khi chi phi lao ddng tang, thi sd lao dpng vfin lang, song d mtfc tha'p hPn so vdl khi chi phi lao ddng khdng tang dd doanh nghidp cd the dieu chinh viec sff dung lao ddng nham td'i da hda lcfi nhuan.
HAMY CHINH SACH
Ke't qua nghidn ctfu da chtfng minh rang, nhu cau sff dung Iao ddng tang cham Iai cung vdi dp tang ciia tudi, Dieunaycd the la do nang sua'l lao ddng eua lao ddng ldn tudi cd xu htfdng giam dan theo dp tudi tang len, lam giam nang Itfc canh tranh ciia doanh nghidp;
chi phi lao ddng, dac biet la lien Itfdng va cac khoan ddng gdp an sinh xa hdi cho lao dpng trung nien cua doanh nghiep cao hdn so vdi lao ddng tre; Iao ddng ldn tudi khd va cham ap dung dtfpc ky thuat mdi vao boat ddng san xua't, kinh doanh so vdi lao dpng tre trong bd'i canh doanh nghidp cd xu htfdng tfng dung may moc, cong 2he cao vao san xuat, kinh doanh de j,iam chi phf, tang nang sua't lao dong; tuoi tang len thi sifc khoe suy giam, anh hudng den miic dp dap ilng cong viec.
Do do, de giai quye't viec lam cho ngitSi lao dpng trong Ciic doanh nghiep FDI, dac bi6t la chinh sach
vide Iam cho Iao ddng trung nidn, can quan tam de'n nhffng giai phap sau:
Thd nhdt, gidi thidu vide lam mdi cho lao dong trung nidn bi ma't viec/sa thai. Sff dung he thd'ng thdng tin thi trtfdng Iao ddng de kd't nd'i ngtfdi lao ddng bi ma't vide vdi doanh nghiep cd nhu cau tid'p nhan. He thd'ng trung tam dich vu vide lam cac tinh, thanh phd'ddng vai trd quan Irpng trong hidn thtfc hda muc tidu nay.
Thd hai, khuye'n khich doanh nghidp FDI xay difng kd' hoach gitf va luan chuyen lao dong trung nien dam nhan cac vi iri vide lam phii hpp hdn trong doanh nghiep thdng qua cdc cd chd' tfu dai vd tien Itfdng va an sinh xa hdi. De thtfc hidn duy tri vide lam, luan chuyen vi tri viec lam hay hd trd ttf tao vide lam, Iao dpng trung nidn c^n dtfdc tham gia dao tao, nfing cao hoac bd sung kie'n thtfc, tay nghe de dap tfng yeu cau mdi, Thd ba, doanh nghidp FDI cung can dtfpc ho trd trong trtfdng hpp ngtfdi Iao ddng chuye'n vide tff doanh nghidp nay sang doanh nghidp khac, hay nhffng chi phi ve tuyen dung va dao tao, cung nhtf phfin cdng lai Iao ddng cua doanh nghidp lid'p nhfin lao ddng. Thdng thtfdng, lao ddng trung nien chuyen ddi vide lam la tijf doanh nghidp, tap doan ldn sang cdc doanh nghiep vffa va nhd hdn - ndi cd nhu cau va yeu cau lam vide it "khat khe" hdn, nhtfng cac quyen ldi cijng tha'p hdn.
Do dd, can co cdc quy dinh cu the ve dieu kien dd'i vdi lao dpng trung nien trong qua trinh chuyen doi vide lam dd' dam bdo vide chuyen ddi dtfdc cdng bang va khdng phai la mpt stf ep budc.
Trong dieu kidn ngan sdch nha ntfdc cdn han hep, nguon Itfc tai chinh de thtfc hidn cac giai phap tren cd thd sff dung tff quy bao hidm thfi't nghiep. Thtfc td' hidn nay, chinh sach bao hiem thfi't nghiep da cd cac
che'dd hd trp doanh nghiep nang cao ky nang, tay nghd cho ngtfdi lao dong trong mpt so' dieu kidn cu the; ddng thdi cung cd cac che' dp hd ird ngtfdi lao dpng bi ma't vidc lam dtfdc dao tao nang cao ky nang. Tuy vay, viec thtfc hien cac chd' dd chinh sach nay van chtfa hieu qua.
Gan nhtf chtfa cd doanh nghiep nao thu htfdng chd' dp hd trd dao tao, nang cao ky nang, tay nghe cho ngtfdi lao dpng; ly Ie lao dpng b| ma't viec tham gia dao tao ky nang cung ra't tha'p. Thtfc td' nay cho tha'y can phai ddnh gia mpt each can cd, cu the chinh sach bao hiem that nghidp hien hanh dd cd bang chffng sat thtfc, khoa hpc trong vidc sffa ddi, hoan thidn chinh sach bao hiem thfi't nghidp theo tinh thin cua Nghj quyd't 28-NQ/TW, ngay 23/05/2018 ciia Hpi nghi Trung tfdng 7 ve cdi each chinh sach bdo hiem xa hdi,
Thd tu. ban than ngtfdi Iao ddng trung nien can the hien nhtfng nd Itfc de ttf tao cd hdi vide lam cho minh thdng qua vide san sang tham gia vao cac cong vide va tich ctfc xay dtfng quan he lao dpng hai hda, lanh manh vi Idi ich cua cd doanh nghidp va ngtfdi lao ddng vd va'n de lien Itfdng (tra Itfdng theo vi tri, yeu cau cdng vide, khdng phai theo thfim nien). Lao ddng trung nidn can nd li/c de ttf nang cao gia tri ban than, lao ra "gia tri" ddi vdi ngtfdi sff dung lao ddng.Q
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