HlJCfNG IJ6C VA NH0NG GIA TRI CUA Hl/CfNG l/OfC TRONG VIEC
QUAN LY NHA NlTCfC TAI THON, LANG VUNG DONG BANG BAC BO
Of VIET NAM HIEN NAY
NGUYEN VAN NAM
TOM TAT:
Bai viet ban den hu'dng ifde va nhifng gia tri cua hufdng ufdc trong viec quan ly nha nu'dc tai thdn, lang viing dong bang Bac bo d Viet Nam hien nay. T\i quan la mot thuoc tinh cd'hii'u dac trifng cua thdn, lang d dia phu'dng. Tuy nhien, vdi mong mudn nha mfde se quan ly den tan cap cd sd, nhu'ng lai khong cd chinh quyen d cap cd sd nhd nhat trong ddi song cu" dan la thdn, lang; nen viec giai quye't hai hda mdi quan he giiJa nhu cau quan ly cua nha nu'dc va khdng gian ttf quan cua thdn lang la mot viec vd ciing khd khan va nhieu thach thu'c. Va hifdng \x6c ciing vdi nhiJng gia tri cua hifdng ifdc trong ddi sdng lich suf eua thdn, lang, se la cdng cu biJu hieu de giai quyet difdc phan Idn nhu cau quan ly nha nu'dc tai thdn, lang.
Tuf khoa: Hufdng ifdc, tuf quan, quan ly nha nu'dc, thdn lang, dong bang Bac bo.
1. Dat vS'n de
Mot cdng cu quan trong dieu chinh cac mdi quan he xa hoi mang tinh tif quan tai cac cong dong lang xa la hu'dng ifdc. "Hu'dng ifdc" la mot thuat ngiJ Han Viet, trong dd "hifdng" la lang, que; "u'dc" la giao keo, thda thuan, qui ifdc,
"hu'dng u'dc" la nhifng nhifng giao keo, thda thuan, qui u'dc ciia cdng dong lang xa, ndi each khac, hufdng Ifdc la tdng the cac qui tac xu" sif dieu ehinh cac quan he xa hoi trong pham vi mot lang xa.
Hifdng Ifdc cd nguon gd'c tu" phong tuc tap quan, difdc hinh thanh tren cd sd phong tuc tap quan cua mdi lang, la hinh thu'c thanh van cua phong tuc
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tap quan nhu'ng khdng hoan toan dong nhat vdi phong tuc tap quan. Ben canh nhifng qui dinh du'dc chep lai tuf phong tuc tap quan, trong ban hu'dng u'dc ciia mdi lang cdn cd nhiJng qui dinh do dan lang dat ra tren cd sd dieu kien, hoan canh cu the cua thdn, lang. Luc hufdng ifdc mdi xuat hien, Nha nifdc khdng ung ho gia tri cua nd va tim each han che sif phat trien cua nd. Tuy nhien, ve sau, Nha nifdc thay khdng the cam hay ban che gia tri cua hu'dng u'dc nen buoc phai thifa nhan sii ton tai cua hu'dng u'dc va tim each tac dong den hu'dng Ifdc theo hu'dng phuc vu ldi ich cua Nha nufdc. De nam lay cac thdn, lang, can thiep vao
cdng viec cua thdn, lang, ban che gia tri tif quan, tif tri cua nd, Nha nifdc qui dinh thu tuc phe chuan hu'dng Ifdc va dufa vao do nhiJng qui dinh lien quan den Nha nifde. Khac vdi phong tuc tap quan, hu'dng u'dc cd qui dinh cac bien phap xu" phat ngifdi vi pham, tuy nhien Nha nufdc chi cho phep thdn, lang xuf phat mot so" vi pham nhd thuoc nep song cong dong, vifdt qua gidi ban dd, thdn, lang phai trinh quan tren de nha nu'dc giai quyet. Nhu' vay, cd the coi hifdng u'dc nhif mot bd luat ciia thdn, lang, dong thdi ciing du'dc xem nhif "canh tay noi dai" cua phap luat, nd dieu chinh cac quan he xa hoi trong cac thdn, lang, ndi ma chinh quyen trung Udng chu'a vifdn tdi du'dc. Hu'dng u'dc nh\i la mot sif dung hda giiJa phap luat cua Nha nifdc vdi phong tuc tap quan eua thdn, lang. Hien nay, Nha nufdc khuyen khich cac cong dong dan cif xay difng hifdng ifdc mdi tren cd sd ke thiJa nhiJng mat tich cifc cua hu'dng ifdc cii, ciing nhif dam bao phii hdp vdi quy dinh cua phap luat hien hanh. Do dd, can phai nghien cu'u de phat huy gia tri cua hu'dng Ifdc de hifdng ifde trd thanh mdt cdng cu dac life trong viec quan ly nha ntfdc tai thdn, lang.
2. N6i dung
Cd nhieu each tiep can gia tri cua hu'dng ifdc, chang ban, ed the de cap gia tri cua hu'dng u'dc theo tijfng linh vufc cua ddi sd'ng (kinh te', chinh tri, tif tu'dng, van hda...); ciing cd the de cap gia tri cua hu'dng u'dc theo tifng loai chu the (ca nhan, gia dinh, ddng ho, phu'dng, hoi, giap...). Gia tri ciia hu'dng u'dc cung cd the du'dc nhin nhan d nhiJng pham vi khac nhau, tiJ khai quat, chung nha't de'n cu the, chi tie't hdn... Ndi tdm lai, gia tri cua hu'dng u'dc cd the du'dc xem xet d nhieu gdc do, mu'c do, nhieu khia canh, nhieu chieu. Tuy nhien, de nhan tbiJc mot each toan dien va sau sac gia tri ciia hu'dng Ifdc, can phai dat hu'dng ufdc trong tufng md'i quan he cu the trong khdng gian lang xa.
Huang udc la ca sd de thuc hien viec tu qudn trong pham vi cdng dong lang xd
Trong cac cong dong tu ctf tif nhien theo kieu lang xa ciia ngu'di Viet ndi rieng va nhieu toe ngu'di tren the gidi ndi chung, luon luon ton tai che' do tif quan. Day la cdng viec tu'dng dd'i phiJc tap, tham chi, trong mot chiJng mifc nao dd, tuf quan lang xa cdn phiJc tap hdn quan ly chinh quyen cap thap nha't, nhu* cd mot vi Chii tich Uy
ban nhan dan cap tinh da thiJa nhan: "lam tru'dng thdn thi bet su'c vat va "; "theo chung tdi, lam dng tru'dng thdn cdn khd hdn lam dng phd chii tich iiy ban nhan dan xa". Cai khd ciia tiJ quan la d chd, cac cd quan tiJ quan khdng c6 quyen life chuyen nghiep manh me, ho thifc hien quyen life difa tren siJ dong thuan cua cdng dong. Chinh dieu nay ddi hdi, de cd the thifc hien td't viec tif quan thi can phai cd mot he thd'ng the che'rd rang, minh bach.
Trong pham vi lang xa, cdng eu tif quan hiJu hieu nhat chinh la hu'dng u'dc. Hu'dng u'dc viJa ham chu'a trong dd nhiJng thdi quen ufng xiJ da trd thanh "le "
cua lang, dong thdi nd ciing the hien nhiJng quan niem dao dd'c, tin ngufdng dan gian dtfdc cong dong thiJa nhan, vi vay hu'dng ifdc dtfdc thtfc hien bang ca tinh cam, long tin va thdi quen. Mat khac, htfdng u'dc lai mang "mau sac" ciia phap luat nhd tinh bat buoc va tinh cifdng che ciia nd, bdi vi htfdng tfdc ludn cd che tai. Khi mot thanh vien vi pham hu'dng u'dc, vifa cd stf len an, tham chi tay chay ciia cdng dong, viJa bi ap dung bien phap ctfdng che bdi cac thie't che quyen Itfc chung ciia lang. Chinh vi vay, hu'dng tfdc da trd thanh cdng cu rat quan trong, cd hieu qua rat cao de lang xa tif quan ly cdng viec ciia minh. Cd the ndi, trong mot chufng mifc nao dd, hieu qua eiia htfdng tfdc cdn cao hdn ca luat phap.
Ngay nay, thdn lang khdng cdn la mot ddn vi biet lap khep kin, tif cap, ttf tiic nhtf trifdc day, ngu'dc lai cac quan he xa hoi da vtfdt ra khdi cdng dong lang, tham chi nhieu quan he cdn mang tinh qud'c te. Tren thtfc te, chinh quyen nha ntfdc da trtfe tiep to' chiJc, quan ly cac mat boat dong ciia xa bdi de'n tan cac thdn, lang, tuy nhien khdng vi the ma tinh chat ttf quan ciia thdn lang da hoan toan bi thii tieu. Trai lai, dan lang van phai ttf td chiJc, quan ly cdng viec ciia minh, chang ban hoat ddng ma chay, hieu by, viec tien hanh cac nghi l i tin ngtfdng, viec quan ly du'dng lang ngd xdm, viec giiJ gin ve sinh mdi trifdng, viec dam bao an ninh trat ttf, viec xay difng nhifng cdng trinh phiic ldi cua thdn lang..., theo phtfdng cham "sdng nhd lang, chet ciing nhd lang". NhiJng van de nay chinh quyen nha nu'dc ciing nhtf he thd'ng phap luat ciia nd khd cd the vtfdn tdi vi tinh chat dac thii ve dieu kien kinh te xa hoi ciia mdi cong ddng thdn lang, vi tinh chat tinh cam trong cac md'i
quan he gia dinh, than tdc, hang xdm lang gieng, vi niem tin tin ngtfdng tdn giao ciia ho..., trong khi stf tac dong cua nha nu'dc bang phap luat ludn difa tren cd sd ciia ye'u to y chi. Mat khac, stf tac ddng ciia Nha nifdc bang phap luat cd the phai huy ddng mdt nguon life kinh te ra't Idn tiJ phia Nha ntfdc, dieu dd cd the vtfdt qua kha nang ciia nha ntfdc. Chinh vi vay, Nha ntfdc can phai tdn trpng tinh chat ttf quan ciia thdn lang, tao dieu kien va dam bao de thdn lang ttf quan cdng viec ciia minh mot each khdng trai vdi phap luat cua Nha ntfdc.
Tren tinh than dd, Nha ntfdc can khuyen khich thdn lang xay dtfng htfdng tfdc mdi, sao cho phii hdp vdi dieu kien hoan canh ciia cac thdn lang hien nay, ddng thdi khdng trai phap luat cua Nha ntfdc, ndi dung htfdng tfdc can bet stfc cu the, chi tiet, hdp ly, hdp phap, phii hdp dao dtfc, thuan phong my tuc ciia dia phtfdng ciing nhtf ciia qud'c gia dan tdc va tien bo xa hdi, dam bao cd the thtfc hien dtfdc... Mot khi ttf quan ciia thdn lang tren cd sd htfdng tfdc cd hieu qua se giam tai rat Idn cho boat ddng quan ly ciia chinh quyen cd sd ndi rieng, chinh quyen nha ntfdc ndi chung.
Huang udc la ca sd thiet lap, ton tai vd hoat ddng cua bd may chdc dich cung nhu cdc td chdc xd hdi trong lang xd
Dtfdi che do phong kien, nha ntfdc khdng vdi tay dtfdc de'n tan cac lang xa, tren thtfc te', cac lang xa deu thtfc hien che do ttf quan. De thtfc hien che do ttf quan, ctf dan lang xa bau ra cac cd quan ttf quan cua minh. Tiiy theo ttfng thdi ky, ten goi ciia cac thie't che' nay cd khac nhau, mdt each chung nhat, trong cac lang xa bd may chtfc dich bao gdm hoi ddng ky muc va ly trtfdng (xa trtfdng). Htfdng tfdc qui dinh each thtfc thie't lap, cd cau td chtfc, chtfc nang, nhiem vu quyen ban ciia hoi ddng ky muc, ly trtfdng, trtfdng tuan, tuan dinh va cac thie't che khac trong lang nhtf cac phtfdng, hdi, giap... Nhd cd htfdng tfdc, viec bau ly trtfdng, tien chi, chanh tdng, ciing nhtf cac chtfc dich khac trong lang trd thanh qui eii, theo mot chuan mu'c rd rang. Ddng thdi, nhd cd htfdng tfdc ma td chtfc va boat dong ciia cac thie't che khac trong lang nhtf cac phtfdng, hoi, giap... cd the td chtfc mot each chat che, boat dong mot each d l dang, tham gia vao cac cdng viec chung ciia lang dtfdc day dii, chu dao.
Trong cd cau ehinh tri ciia lang xa ngay xtfa cdn cd cac td chtfc xa hoi ttf nguyen ciia dan lang, dd la cac td chtfc phtfdng, hoi, giap. Phtfdng c6 the la td chtfc ciia nhffng ca nhan theo nghe nghiep, vi du phtfdng det, phtfdng nhuom, phtfdng miia rd'i, phtfdng cheo... Giap cd the td chtfc theo Itfa tudi, cd the theo dia gidi (theo thdn, xdm, ngd...); cd the cd ten goi la giap nha't, giap nhi, giap ba, giap ttf, cd the la giap ddng, giap doai...
Hoi cd the theo sd thich, cd the la nhffng ngtfdi ciing hoc mot trtfdng, mot thay...) nhtf hoi ttf van, hoi ddng mdn... Tat ca cac td chtfc xa hoi nay deu dtfdc thanh lap va boat dong tren cd sd htfdng tfdc.
Can ctf vao cac qui dinh trong htfdng tfdc, cac thanh vien trong lang lien ke't vdi nhau theo tieu chi nha't dinh hinh thanh len cac td chtfc. Trong cdng viec ciia lang xa, nd dtfdc tham gia va phai tham gia vdi nhffng quyen, nghia vu cu the.
Huang udc la ca sd de bdo dam trat tu, an ninh, an todn trong ddi sdng ddn lang
Trat ttf, an ninh, an toan la tinh trang cua ddi sdng cong ddng, trong dd moi thanh vien dtfdc yen dn trong sinh boat hang ngay, trong lao dpng, hoc tap, nghi ngdi, tinh mang, stfc khde, tai san, bi mat ddi ttf, danh dtf, uy tin... khdng bi xam hai. Trat ttf, an ninh, an toan trong ddi song lang xa dtfdc the hien tren nhieu mat, nhtf trat ttf an toan trong sinh boat hang ngay, trong lao dpng san xuat, trong cac giao dich xa hoi... Trat ttf, an ninh, an toan ludn la van de cd y nghia trong mpi cdng ddng, dd la tien de, ddng thdi cung la ddng life va muc tieu ciia cuoc sdng. Tuy nhien, "an toan xa hdi ludn c6 nguy cd bi pha vd hoac bi xam hai ttf nhieu phia ' ma nguyen nhan chu yeu la long tham va stf kem hieu biet cung nhtf thai dp tfng xuf ciia con ngtfdi dd'i vdi nhau... Bang htfdng tfdc, cdng ddng qui dinh each thtfc tfng xff cho mpi ngtfdi, qui dinh nhifng bien phap bao dam an ninh, trat ttf, an toan trong ddi sd'ng thdn lang. Htfdng tfdc cac lang qui dinh viec thanh lap cac life Itfdng tuan tra trong lang va ngoai ddng (tuan dinh), nhiem vu, quyen ban, each thtfc boat dpng eiia life Itfdng dd. Theo htfdng tfdc, cac lang deu qui dinh viec di lai trong dem td'i phai theo mot gidi ban ve thdi gian (vi du khdng dtfdc di lai qua gid tuat), ve khdng gian (vi du de'n tdi khdng dtfdc ra ngoai ddng), cung nhtf cac dieu kien khac (nhtf di dem phai cd den, khdng dtfdc mang
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theo dao kiem, bao tai, day thffng, gay gdc...).
Hffdng ffdc qui dinh nghia vu, trach nhiem eiia cac thanh vien trong lang ndi chung, ke ea nam, phu, lao, au, dac biet la dan dng (dan dinh) khi trong lang xay ra nhffng hien tffdng thiiy, hda, dao, tac...
Nhd cd hffdng ffdc ma trat tff an ninh, an toan xa hdi dffdc bao dam, tinh mang, tai san, danh dff, uy tin... eua tffng thanh vien trong cdng ddng dffdc bao ve. Cung vdi viec xac dinh each thffc xff stf cho cac chu the, hffdng ffdc nghiem tri nhffng hanh vi gay mat an toan ebo cuoc sd'ng. Nhd cd hffdng ffdc, mdi ngffdi dan trong lang trd nen vffng tam hdn, hp tin tffdng cai ac se bi trffng tri, an toan se dffdc bao dam. Cd the ndi, hffdng ffdc khdng chi la khudn mau cho hanh vi cua mdi ngffdi trong cdng ddng, giup hp xff ly tdt cac van de phat sinh trong cuoc sd'ng ma cdn tao lap cho hp niem tin ve "an ninh"
cua chinh minh.
Huang udc la casd de gidi quyet cdc tranh chdp trong xd hoi
Hffdng ffdc dffdc xem nhff mot loai chuan mffc cdng cdng dffdc thffa nhan mot each tff giac, chinh thffc trong cdng ddng dan lang. Hffdng ffdc la chuan mffc chung, ed hieu qua nha't de cac ca nhan, td chffc trong lang ttf giai quye't cac tranh chap trong ddi sd'ng. Dong thdi tren cd sd hffdng ffdc, ly trffdng, chanh tdng lay dd lam can cff de phan xff eac kien cao nhd le, vun vat trong lang xa. Thdi Nguyen, vao nam Minh Menh thff 14, nha vua cd chi du, trong do chi rd viec giao nhffng an kien cao nhd nhat trong dan gian cho ly trffdng dung ldi ma phan xff theo cac qui dinh ciia hffdng ffdc, neu ed tinh oan ffc mdi keu len phu, huyen.
"Lam nhff the thi bdt gia'y ma an tff, ma dan dffdc yen nghiep, phai nen tdn trpng qui che ay la bie'n chffdng nha't dinh, tuan theo mai mai" Ndi cac trieu Nguyen, Kham dinh Dai Nam hdi dien sff le, Nxb. Thuan Hda, Hue, 2005, tap 6, tr. 475.
Huang udc gido due truyen thdng dodn ket, cd ket lang xd
De dieu chinh hanh vi con ngffdi, hffdng ffdc phai tac ddng len y thffc cua hp. Thdng qua dd, hffdng ffdc nang cao nhan thffc, dinh hffdng tff tffdng va lam thay ddi hanh vi cua cac thanh vien trong cdng ddng lang xa. Vdi tinh chat cdng khai ciia minh, mot khi hffdng ffdc da dffdc xay dffng, ddi hdi cac thanh vien trong lang phai nam bat
dffdc chung. Mat khac, chinh yeu cau cua ddi song buoc mdi thanh vien phai tim hieu ndi dung cac qui dinh trong hffdng ffdc. Thdng qua cac qui dinh trong hffdng ffdc, thdng qua viec tham gia vao ddi sdng cdng ddng, eac thanh vien trong lang xa biet dtfdc nhtf the nao dung, the nao la trai htfdng tfdc, le lang, de tff do cd nhffng ffng xff phu hdp.
Hffdng ffdc la cd sd hinh thanh y thffc tuan thii chuan mffc chung, tuan thii le lang. Hffdng ffdc giao due y thffc ca nhan mdi thanh vien, lam hinh thanh d mdi ngffdi y thffc ve trach nhiem, bdn phan cua ca nhan dd'i vdi gia dinh, ddng hp, phffdng, giap cQng nhff vdi cdng ddng lang xa.
Hffdng ffdc rang buoc mdi thanh vien vdi cac nghia vu trffde cdng ddng lang xa, thdng qua hffdng ffdc, cac thanh vien trong lang xa raang buoc vdi nhau, cd' ke't chat che vdi nhau theo nhffng khudn thffdc chat che. Mdi lang vdi cdng dien, cdng thd rieng, cd dffdng ranh gidi xac dinh, mdi lang thd mot Thanh hoang lang rieng, cd tin ngffdng tdn giao rieng: "trong lang nao lang ay danh, Thanh lang nao lang nao lang ay thd". Mdi lang cd mot ban hffdng ffdc rieng, thdi quen ffng xff trong viec hieu by, le bdi, dinh dam rieng...
ngffdi ndi khac de'n phai tuan thii hffdng ffdc, vdi tinh each la mot le rieng ciia lang. Bang each dd, cac thanh vien trong lang doan ke't chat che trong ffng phd vdi thien nhien, trdm cffdp, giac gia.
Ddng thdi, vdi nhffng tac dpng tff thien tai, nhan tai, buoc hp phai cd' ke't chat che vdi nhau de'n mffc mdi lang nhff mot phao dai, theo phffdng cham "di viec nffdc de giff lay lang, di viec lang de giff lay hp, di viec hp de giff lay anh em".
Bang viec qui dinh cac bien phap cffdng che, hffdng ffdc tao ra mdt "chffdng ngai vat" cd sffc can trd manh me dd'i vdi nhffng hanh vi trai vdi cac qui chuan, trai vdi le lang, vdi qui tac cua cac phffdng hoi, giap, trai gia phap gia qui. Dong thdi, bang viec qui dinh nhffng hinh thffc khen thffdng, hffdng ffdc khuyen khich cac chii the tich cffc, chii dpng, tff giac thffc hien nhffng hanh vi phii hdp vdi cac qui dinh ciia hffdng ffdc.
Huang udc la cdng cu de Nhd nude tdc ddng vao lang xd, nam lay lang xd
Nhin chung, dffdi thdi phong kien, ehinh quyen nha nffdc chffa khi nao vffdn tdi dffdc cac lang xa tren ca nffdc. O do, cac lang xa la nhffng ddn vi tff
quan, mdi lang cd tai san rieng, cd sd hffu rudng dat rieng, tff td chffc chia cho dan dinh theo qui tac cua lang, mdi lang cd le lang rieng, cd tin ngffdng tdn giao rieng... Viec quan ly nha nffdc dd'i vdi lang xa dffdc thffc hien mot each gian tiep thdng qua dpi ngii chffc dich ciia lang xa. Khi hffdng ffdc mdi hinh thanh, Nha nffdc tim each ban che sff phat trien cua nd vi ebo rang da ed phap luat eua Nha nffdc. Tuy nhien, khi khdng cam dffdc thi Nha nffdc tim each sff dung hffdng ffdc de tac ddng vao lang xa. Nha nffdc qui dinh, trong viec soan thao hffdng ffdc phai coi trpng cac vi quan lai ve htfu d lang xa, khi soan xong, chffc dich trong lang ky ten, ddd'ng dau, sau dd phai chuyen len tren de tri huyen phe chuan. Dong thdi, Nha nffdc cung qui dinh, trong hffdng ffdc mdt so' ndi dung bat buoc phai qui dinh nhff thu thue, bat linh. Nhd cd hffdng ffdc va tinh chat tff quan cua lang xa, Nha nffdc giam nhe dang ke cac cdng viec bao ve an ninh, trat tff an toan trong xa hdi. O khia canh khac, cd the coi hffdng ffdc nhff la cdng cu de bao ve Nha nffdc tff xa, ban che, ngan ngffa cac hanh vi gay mat nan ninh, trat tff, an toan xa hdi ndi chung.
Gid tri cua huang Udc ddi vdi dao ddc, phong tuc tap qudn, le lang, phdp luat
Hffdng ffdc cd the dung hdp trong nd nhffng qui tac dao dffe, phap luat. Hffdng ffdc la hinh thffc thanh van cua le lang. Mot khi cac chuan mffc dao dffe, cac phong tuc tap quan, tin ngffdng tdn giao, le lang da dffdc ghi nhan thanh hffdng ffdc, chung trd nen mang tinh bat buoc va dffdc dam bao thffc hien bang cac thie't che quyen life cua lang xa, nhd dd, chung dffdc thffc hien nghiem chinh, triet de hdn. Mat khac, sff ghi nhan thanh hffdng ffdc cdn cd tac dung tao dieu kien cho sff tdn tai, giff gin va phat huy gia tri ciia chung trong viec dieu chinh cac quan he xa hdi trong pham vi lang xa. Cf khia canh khac, hffdng ffdc cd the loai trff khdi ddi sd'ng lang xa nhffng phong tuc, tap quan, nhffng tin ngffdng... khdng phii hdp vdi y chi chung cua cdng ddng dan lang.
Hffdng ffdc la canh tay nd'i dai ciia phap luat.
Cd the ndi ve cd ban, hffdng ffdc va phap luat ludn thd'ng nha't vdi nhau, gan bd chat che vdi nhau, hd trd nhau trong viec duy tri trat ttf trong epng ddng lang xa. 6 Viet Nam, "Qua xem xet hang tram ban hffdng ffdc, d dii cac loai hinh lang, cac vung,
dffdc soan thao d nhieu the' ky ebo thay, khdng c6 ban hffdng ffdc nao cd ndi dung dii chi mot hai dieu khoan hoac mot y tff chd'ng lai Nha nffdc, ddi lap mot each gay gat vdi phap luat".
Hffdng ffdc cd sff ho trd khdng nhd trong viec thffc hien phap luat. Trong dieu kien phap luat khdng the qui dinh mot each cu the, chi tiet cho phu hdp vdi dieu kien eiia tffng thdn, lang, htfdng tfdc nhtf la mdt sif tiep nd'i cua phap luat, la stf cu the hda, chi tiet hdaoa phap luat vao dieu kien, hoan canh cua lang xa. Nhd dd, phap luat cd the dS dang di vao ddi song cdng ddng. Bang ldi van cua htfdng tfdc, cac qui dinh khd khan, ctfng nhac cua phap luat trd nen ddn gian, dung di, gan gQi vdi cuoc song va stf hieu biet cua ngtfdi dan, vi vay nd de dang dtfdc ngtfdi dan tiep nhan. Dong thdi, htfdng tfdc eon bao ham nhffng qui dinh nham dieu chinh nhffng quan he xa hdi mang tinh dac thu cua tffng cdng ddng thdn, lang ma phap luat chffa hoac khdng the vffdn tdi dffdc.
Ngffdc lai, phap luat cung cd tac dpng manh me de'n hffdng ffdc. Sff tac dpng cua phap luat den hffdng ffdc cd the diSn ra theo nhieu hffdng. Mot la, phap luat khdng thffa nhan stf tdn tai cua htfdng tfdc, cam cac lang xa xay dtfng htfdng tfdc. Hai la, phap luat thffa nhan stf tdn tai va khuyen khich cac cdng ddng dan ctf xay dtfng htfdng tfdc. Trong trtfdng hdp nay, phap luat cd the cd cac qui dinh ve qui trinh xay dtfng htfdng tfdc, thii tuc phe chuan htfdng tfdc, dinh htfdng ve ndi dung cua no, tim each dtfa vao htfdng tfdc nhffng ndi dung c6 ldi cho nha ntfdc. Ba la, phap luat khdng ngan cam, nhtfng cung khdng khuyen khich cac cong ddng dan ctf xay dtfng htfdng tfdc. Trong trtfdng hdp nay, phap luat cd cac qui dinh ve kiem duyet htfdng tfdc, ne'u cd nhffng qui dinh trai phap luat, hffdng ffdc cd the bi loai bd.
Mac du cd nhffng gia tri va y nghia tich cifc neu tren, tuy nhien, hffdng ffdc ludn ham chu'a trong nd tinh chat hai mat. Ndi each khac, htfdng tfdc cung cd rat nhieu ban che, tieu ctfc. Nhtfng hieu dtfdc nhffng gia tri eua hffdng ffdc va ban chat cua boat dpng quan ly nha nffdc tai thdn, lang, chung ta se cd cai nhin dung dan de khai thac hieu qua nha't cac gia tri cua hffdng ffdc - de hffdng tfdc thtfc stf la canh tay nd'i dai dac life eua phap luat Nha ntfdc de'n cac thdn, lang •
54 So 13 Thang 10/2018
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. VU Duy Min, Hodng Minh Lai, Huang udc lang xd Bac bd Viet Nam vdi Luat lang Kan td Nhdt Bdn (the ky XVII-XIX), Vien Sd hoc, H. 2001, tr. 253.
2. Chi thi sd24/1998 ngdy 19/6/1998 cua Thd tudng Chinh phu; Thdng tulien tich sd03/2000 ngdy 31/3/2000 cua Bd Tuphdp, Bd Vdn hda thdng tin vd Ban thudng true Uy ban Trung uang Mat trdn Td qudc Viet Nam.
3. Vien Khoa hoc phdp ly Bd Tuphdp, Thdng tin khoa hoc phdp ly, chuyin de vi huang Udc, H. 1996, tr. 25, 26.
4. Li Minh Tdm (2003), Xay dUng vd hodn thien he thdng phdp luat Viet Nam nhdng vdn de ly ludn vd thUc tiin, Nxb Cdng an nhdn ddn, Hd Ndi, tr,17.
5. Ndi cdc trieu Nguyin, Khdm dinh Dai Nam hdi dien sU le, Nxb. Thuan Hda, Hui', 2005, tap 6, tr. 475.
6. Bui Xudn Dinh, NhUng vdn di ly ludn vd thuc tiin trong viec sit dung phong tuc tap qudn vd huang Udc cua ngUdi Viet trong thUc tiin xay dung vd thUc hien phdp luat d Viet Nam, chuyin di nghiin ciiu trong di tdi khoa hoc cap Bd Tuphdp: "Ca sd dU lieu cua viec soan thda luat d Viet Nam ", H. 2006, tr. 23.
Ngay nhan bai: 14/9/2018
Ngay phan bien danh gia va sufa chu'a: 24/9/2018 Ngay chap nhan dang bai: 4/10/2018
Thdng tin tdc gid:
TS. NGUYfeN VAN NAM Trtfofng Dai hoc Lu§t Ha Noi
VILLAGE REGULATIONS AND THEIR ROLES IN THE CURRENT STATE MANAGEMENT
AT THE NORTHERN DELTA'S VILLAGES IN VIETNAM
• PhD. NGUYEN VAN NAM Hanoi Law University
ABSTRACT:
This paper is to analyze village regulations and their roles in the current state management at the Northern Delta's villages in Vietnam. Self-governing is an inherent characteristic of local villages or communities. Although the state desires to spread its management to the grassroots level, the state does not have its authorities system at this level. As a result, it is extremely difficult and challenging to satisfactorily solve the relationship between the state's management desire and the self-governing of villages or communities. The village regulations and their values in the history of villages and communities would be an effective tool to solve the state management at villages and communities.
Keywords: Village regulations, self-governing, state management, villages, the Northern Delta.