XAY DITNG VA SU^ DUNG TAI LIEU DIEN TVl
HO TRO DAY HOC CHITONG "SONG ANH SANG" (VAT Ll 12|
PGS. TS. M A i V A N T R I N H ' - N G U Y E N THI KIIVl O A N H "
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uat phatti>yeu cau ddi mdi phuong phap day hoc (PPDH) hien dai theo quan diem iay ngudi hgc lam tiling tam cua qua trinh day hpc, viec ddimdi PPDH trdthanh mdtnhiem vu quan trong va biJC thiet. TpongquatrinhddlmdiPPDH,phuong lien d?y hpc hien dai ling diJng cdng nghe thdng tin ngay cang phd bien va chiem uu the.1. Trong chuong trinh Vat li trung hpc phdthdng (THPT), chuong 'Song anh sang" ia mdt trong nhdng chuong cd npidung ratquan trpng va khatnjtu tuong ddi vdi hpc sinh (HS). Sach giao khoa (SGK) THPT da dupc bien soan lai vdi hinh Ihuc va npi dung phong phu. Tuy nhien, ngudn tu lieu ve hinh anh chua nhieu, cac Ihi nghiem dupc trinh bay dudi dang tinh chua the hidn day dd ban chat ciia hien tuong. IVIdt khac, nhu chiing ta biet, mdn Vatii\a mdn khoa hgc Ihi/c nghipm. Mac diJ dnhieu In/dng THPT hien nay thiet bj day hpc da dupc trang bj kha dpng bd va hien dai nhung v i n khdng dd phijo vu chp nhieu Idp hpc ttong Cling mpt khoang thdi gian. De khic phijo lian che tren, giao vien (GV) bd mdn thudng tim kiem cac thi nghiem ao, cac hinh anh, videoclip hien tuong... dua vao cac bai day n h i m tang tinh hap ddn, tinh tn/c quan chp HS. Tuy nhien, viec tim kie'm tai iieu mat nhieu thdi gian va dpi khi chua dd dap dng yeu cau Sii dung.Bdi vdi HS, ngoai viec hpc dtrudng vdicac thay CO, cac em cdn tim kiem bai tap, tim hieu them kien Ihijcdsachtham khao vadacbietdtren mang Intemet.
Tuy nhien, nhieu GV va HS v i n cdn phan van khdng biet si} diJng nhu thd' nap cho hop li va d i e biet la ngudn lai lieu phong phu tren mang dd da dupc kiem dinh chat luong hay chua. Vdi nhung li do nhu vay, vipc xay dung va hudng d i n si} dung ngudn tai lieu dien li)(TLDT) hdtrpday hpc chudng "Song anh sang"
(Vat li 12 TH PT) la can thie't, gdp phan nang cao chat lupng d^y hpc l/a/Z/dtrudngphothdnj.
2. Xay d u n g va s i i dung TLBT ho t r g day hpc c h u a n g " S o n g anh s a n g " Vat li 12
1) Nguyen tac xay difng. TLDT (Electronic documents) • E-documents, la tai lieu ma thdng tin
cua nd dupc sp hda dudi dang du lieu va luu tri? tren may tinh hoac cac thie't bj truyen thdng, giijp cac nha chuyen mdn sudung nhim nang hieu qua trong cdng tac, trpng nghien cuu khoa hgc, trong giang day va hpc tap.
Trpng GD-BT, viec xay dung TLDT can phai dam bac tuan thu cac tieu chi sau:
Vematiihoa hoc. npidung khoa hpc the'hien tinh chinh xac, da dang phong phu, phii hpp vdi chuong trinh dao tao,phai thuc hien muc dich day vahpc dera.
Vemat supham: khai thac triet de kha nang hd trp, truyen tai theng tin da dang, tare quan hda cac hien tupng vat li n h i m phat huy tinh tich ci/c, kha nang tuhpc, tu sang tao eda HS. Giup HS khic sau kie'n thiic, bietvan dung kie'n thiic vao thuc lien. Ngoai ra, phai dam bap tinh dac thu eda bp mdn: bd mdn Ka^//cd nhirng dac thu rieng so vdi cac mdn hgc khac nen khixay dung quy trinh sudung, GV can cac djnh duoc kien thuc, kT nang, thdi gian day hgc cho tdng bai,tiing myc...
Veli luan day hoc. TLDT hd tro day hpc phai hien thuc hda cac chdc nang li iuan day hpc, thuc hiin day du cac giai dpan cua qua trinh day hpc, id khdu de xua't van de nghien ciiu, hinh thanh tri thiic mdi, cung CP, dn tap, he thd'ng hda kie'n thdc, kiem tra va danh gia kie'n thiic eda HS.
Vematldthuat, TLDT phai cd giao dien than thien, cau tnic rd rang. Cac tai lipu phai duoc sap xep hpp li.
2) Ngi dung TLBT ho trg day hgc chucmg
"Sdnganh sang". Tren co sdtuan thu cac nguyen t i c xay di/ng nhu tren, Chung tdi da xay dung ngudn TLDThd trpday hpc chuong "Sdnffan/isan^'.Khi can tmy cap npi dung, ngudi dung ch! can thap tac nhay chugt vap tieu de npi dung can tmy cap. Ngudn TLB"!"
bao gdm: - MiJc Thu vien: gdm cac file hinh anh, thi nghiem ao, thi nghiem md phong, video clip...dupc x i p xep thee tdng ngi dung cu the; - Muc Luyen tap: gem
* 6$ Giao dgc va Dao tao
" Inning i n n M^en, Can Uc, tinb Ha Tinh
(ki 2-8/2014) Tap chi Gido due so 340 53
kien thuc can nho khi lam bai tap, cac cong thuc degiai nhanh bai tap tr§c nghiem; ngan hang cau hoi trac nghiem. Phan baitap daduocphanlheodang,COcJ^
an,trong moi dang CO cac bai tap tumuc dp CO ban den nang cao; de kiem tra kien thuc cua HS,..; - Muc Cac nha bac hoc. gom nhieu hinh anh, chuyen ke ve cac nha bac hoc nghien cuu vesong anh sang; - Muc Tim hieuthem vesong inh sang, sohoa ngidung SGK Vat li12(1),SachGV Vat 1112(2), Casdvatli(3), Vat lidai cuong - cac nguyen li va ung dung (4); giai thich cac hien tuong trong thuc te, thiet ke noi dung mot buoi ngoai klioa vesong anh sang...
Thong qua nguon TLDT da xay dung, chung toi thiet ke mot sogiao an giang day, xay dung mgt sobai giang dien tu. De thiet ke bai day hgc v6i su h6 trg cua TLDT, can thuc hien theo quy trinh: Xac djnh muc tieu cua baiday - Ktiai thac TLDT -Xac dinh tien trinh tochiic cac hoat dpng hpc tap cho HS -Xac djnh cac PPDH vacuo! cung la soan giao an day hgc vdi suho trg cua TLDT. Tren co &d do, chung toi da xay dung va gioi thieu mgt so giao an va bai giang dien tu nhu cac bai: Tan sac anh sang, Cic loai quang pho, Tia hong ngoai tia tU ngoai, Tia X.Tronq cac giao an va bai giang nay, chiing toi su'dung nguon TLDT da xay dung nhucac hinh anh,thi nghiem, videoclip, baitap...
nham tang tinh true quan, phat huy tinh tich cue, tu luc, sang t?o, kich thich su to mo va khoi day long ham hieu bietcua HS.
3) Cae hinh thde su dung TLBT ho tra day hpc ehuang "Song anh sang" Vatli 12 THPT
TLBT hS tra hoat dong day cho GV: Cac giao an dugc soan co day du cac muc nhu muc tieu tiet day, chuan bj, lien trinh day va hgc, phan chia tiet hgc theo cac hoatdpng cu the, xac djnji hinh thiJrc cung co la van dung kien thu'c HS vi>a hpc delam mgt so bai tap tr^c nghiem hoac baitap don gian. GV cothesu'dung giao an dien tu de tham l<hao, thay doi, bo sung ngi dung, dieu chinh khung thcrt gian mgtcach d l dang.
Bai giing dien ti) la cong cy h6 trg dac luc cho hoat dong day cua GV. Vi du, khi GV day ve thi nghiem tan s&c anh saig, thi nghiem anh sang don s4c, thi nghiem phat hien tia hong ngoai va tia tungoai, cac img dung cua^tia hong ngoai vatia tungoai, cau tao may quang pho, cac loai quang pho... neu sudung phugng phap day thong thucmg, khong c6 dung cu thi nghiem hay hinh anh thi HS se tiep thu kien thuc mgt each thu dong. Ngugc lai_neu_su dung bai giang dien tiJ thi se lam tang tinh hap d i n , tinh true quan cho HS.
GVc6thesudungcacthumyc:cacnhabachgc, thu vien anh, tim hieu them vesong anh sang... de bd
sung vao giao an va bai giang; eo the si} dung he thong baitap trac nghiem dugc phantheo eae dang hoac chinh siia lai eho phu hgp vcA ddi tutsig HS. Va dac biel, G V co the su dung kien thu'c tim hieu dugc quaTLDTdesoan npidung cho mgt budi ngoai khoa.
Trong do, GV phai neu dugc muc dieh cua budi ngogi khoa la gi, phuong phap tien hanh ngoai khoa (thuyet trinh, cupc thi hay tpa dam...), ddi tugng ngoai khoa (cho tat caHS, chl HS ldp 12 hay ChoGV), thcfi gian thue hien ngoai khoa (1 tiet, 2 tiet hay 1 tiudi..,), ngi dung gom nhung phan nao... GV co ttie tham khao npi dung ngoai khoa ma chung toi bien soan, tren co sodoco thedieu chinh dephu hgp voi thol gian va ddi tugng tham ^la ngoai khoa.
TLB Tho tra boat dong tuhgc cua HS: H oat dong hpe cua HS la hoatdpng nhan thu'c doc lap, ngucfihpe phat tuminh tim toi, thu thap, van dung kien thire vao caetinh hudng mdi. Nang lue tuhpc vdi suho trg cua TLDT khien ngudi hpe phai chu dgng dat minh vao tinh hudng hgc tap vatuxu'li tinh hudng hgc tap. Di/a vao TLDT, HSeothetuon lai kien thu'c trpng tam CLia tung bai hpe; xem lai mptsd npi dung kien thu'cmaGV da trinh bay tren Idp de hieu ro them; lam eae bai tap trSe nghiem, ed the xem dap an hoac hudng d i n giai neu gap kho khan; xem cac thong tin bdsung de md rpng hieu biet.
3. Trong qua trinh thge hien xay d i ^ g ngudn TLDT, chung toi tien hanh thuc nghiem su pham tai trudng THPT Nghen, huyen Can Lpe, tinh Ha TTnh, ket qua cho thay TLDT cd tac dung giup HS n5m vung kien thdc, phat huy tinh tich cue, tuluc, sang tgo, kich thich suto mo va khoi day long ham hieu biet eua HS. Qua do CO the khing djnh, viec xay d i ^ g TLDT ho trg day hpc la can thieL Ben canh ngudn tai lieu da duge gidl thieu, TLDT nay con co the md rdng cho mpt khdi Idp hoac ca chuong trinh Vat li THPT, cung CO the thu hep pham vi TLDT theo hudng chuyen sau mpt sd chu de nhu hd trg dn thi, bdi dudng hgc sinh gidi... Viec m d rpng hay thu hep pham vi ngudn tai lieu la linh hoat, tuy thude vao m ue dich cua ngudi Sl} dung, dieu nay the hien ro uu diem cua ngudn tai lieu s d , a
(1) Lucmg DuySn Binh (tdng chu bifin). Sdch giao khoa Vat li 12. NXB Gidoduc Viit Nam, H. 2010.
(2) Lirong DuySn Binh {t6ng chu bifin). Sdch gido vien vat ll 12. NXB Gido due VietNam, H. 2010.
(3) Ho&ng HOu Thir (cha bifin). Ca s* vat If, tap 6.
NXB Gido rf«c, H. 1998.
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