CHUYEN MUC
SLf HOC-NHAN HOC-NGHIEN CU'U TON GIAO
QUAN HE VIET NAM C Q N G HOA - HOA KY TRONG HOI NGH! PARIS (1968 -1973)
T R A N NAM T I E N "
Diu nam 1969, Hgi nghi Paris ve Viet Nam g/ua bin ben, Viet Nam Din chii Cong hoa, Chinh phu Cich mang lam thai Cong hoa miin Nam Viet Nam va Hoa Ky ciing Viet Nam Cong hoa da chinh thirc dwac tien hinh. Trong suit qui trinh dim phin tai Hgi nghi Paris (1969 - 1973), Hoa Ky chii yeu lien he true tiep vdi phia Viet Nam Din chii Cong hoa nham dat dwac nhirng muc dich cua minh, gin nhw 'bo rai" dong minh Viet Nam Cong hoa. Bieu niy ehirng minh phia Viet Nam Cong hoa chi ti "bii nhin", von khong co tieng noi thwc sw trong qui trinh dim phin. Quan he giCra Viet Nam Cong hoa va Hoa Ky thai gian nay cung rai vio tinh trang cang thing va nghi ngd lan nhau khiin moi quan he ding minh niy ngay cang ran nirt trim trgng. Bai viet di cap ve moi quan he giCra Viet Nam Cgng hoa va Hoa Ky (1968 - 1973), lam ro nhO'ng mau thuan, bit dong gia>a hai chinh quyen nay xuit phat tCr goe do Igi ich ciia moi ben khi tham gia Hgi nghi Tir khoa: ngoai giao, chien tranh Viet Nam, Viet Nam Cong hda, Hoa Ky, Hpi nghj Paris
Nhan bii ngay: 30/5/2019; dwa vio bien tap: 18/6/2019; phan bien: 25/6/2019;
duyet dang: 31/7/2019
1. QUA TRINH Bl B^N D A M P H A N bat dau xuat hien trpng npi bp Hoa Ky.
if HQI NGH! PARIS C O A HOA KY Tai Hoa Ky, hinh anh tda Dai sir Hoa VA VIET NAM CONG HOA Ky dupe in tren trang nhlt cdc bao vdi Sau cupc t i n g t i i n cdng vd n i i day tya Idn "Sir quan da bj Cdng san Xuan May Than 1968, t y tudng t h i t chilm", kem vdi nhung bao dpng v i bgi trong cupc chlln d Viet Nam da can s i thugng vang ciia quan dpi Hoa Ky d Viet Nam trong thdng 1 va thang 2 nam 1968 cang lam cho d u luan My Trudng Bai hpc Khoa hoc Xa hdi va Nhan |,g„ j j , ^ ^ ,^,3^ ^^ ^ ^ g ^ ^ ^ i | „ ^ van, Dai hpc Quoc gia Th^nh pho Ho Chi '^ a . Minh. Viet Nam ngay cang tang (Trevor B.
TRAN NAM TIEN - QUAN HE VIET NAM CQNG HOA - HOA KY..
McCrisken, 2003: 30-31). Walker Cronkrite, mpt binh luan gia truyen hinh duge xem cd anh hugng nhat d i i vdi khan gia My da nhan djnh: "Chiin tranh Viet Nam dang d trong tinh trang tuyet vpng va chi cd s y thuang thuylt mdi dua nude My ra khdi b l tie". Ong ta ndi them: "Cdng ngdy tdi cang thay rd con dudng hgp ly duy nhlt d i thoat ra duge la s y thygng thuylt, khong phai nhu Id ke chiin thing ma nhu mpt con ngudi luang thien" (Edward Jay Epstein, 1975: 8 1 - 82). N l u trudc day, nhu'ng tuyen b i v l "sdng k i l n hda binh", "thuang lugng khdng d i l u kien" do Hoa Ky dua ra chi la lugn dieu tuyen truyin n h l m dgnh lu'a d u lugn t h i gidi trudc sy leo thang chiin tranh cua Hoa Ky d Viet Nam*^\ thi sau s u kien Mau Than 1968, Hoa Ky bupc phai m d them kenh ngpgi giao d i tim dudng rut khdi cupc chiin tranh d Viet Nam trong "danh du", nhung thye t i Id n h l m ciru van s y b i t i c , khung hoang trong chlln luge toan c l u eiia Hog Ky tren t h i gidi.
Tren ca sd dd, ngdy 31/3/1968, Chinh phii Hoa Ky tuyen b i ngirng nem bom m i l n B l e va d l nghj ddm phan chinh thirc vdi phia Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda (Nicholas Khoo, 2011: 39). Ben cgnh viec m d cupc t l l p xuc vdi phia Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hda, Hoa Ky tlm each t r l n an d i n g minh Viet Nam Cong hda. Nam 1965, khi dua quan vien chinh vao m i l n Nam Viet Nam, Hoa Ky van khlng djnh la q u i c gia nay khdng muu tlm lanh tho, thiet ISp can cir quan s u hoac gianh dja vj uu
t h i d Viet Nam...; mdt khi hda binh da dugc tai lap, Hoa Ky cam k i t se giam ngay mpi s y can thiep quan s y a mien Nam Viet Nam...; va Hoa K^
khdng bd rgi ban be trong cupc chiin d l u bao ve t y do (Henry Steele Commager, 1973: 698). Ngay tir thang 12/1967, nhan le tudng niem Thii tudng Australia tir nan, trong cupc gap ga glu'a T i n g thing Hoa Ky Johnson va T i n g thing Viet Nam Cong hda Nguyin Van Thieu tgl Cgnberra (Australia), phia Hoa Ky da ggi y chinh q u y l n Sal Gdn nen tllp xiie vdi Mat tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i l n Nam Viet Nam n h l m di tdi mpt giai phdp chinh trj cho m i i n Nam Viet Nam (Larry Berman, 1989: 123). Tu' khi Mat tran Dan tpc Giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam thanh Igp (20/10/1960), Viet Nam Cdng hda luon phii nhan tinh chinh t h i , khdng cdng nhan Mat tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i l n Nam Viet Nam dai dien cho quyin Igi ciia nhan ddn mien Nam trong viec t i i n tdi thong n h l t d l t nude (Department of External Affairs, 1968: 136-138). Tir nam 1968 cho d i n khi Hiep djnh Paris duge ky k i t (1973), quan he Viet Nam Cdng hda va Hpa Ky chu y l u lien quan d i n qua trinh dam phan d Hpi nghj Paris, cd lien quan vdi hai chu t h i khac cung tham gia d Hpi nghj la Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hda va Mat tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i i n Ngm Vidt Nam, sau nay Id Chinh phii Cach mang lam thdi Cong hda m i l n Nam Viet Nam (tir nam 1969).
Sau s u kien ngay 31/3/1968, Hoa Ky da t i i n hanh mpt Ipgt cge cupc thao
TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HOI so 6 (250) 2019 luan vdi chinh quyln Viet Nam Cdng hda v i mpt giai phap thuang lugng vdi Ha Npi (Phillip B. Davidson, 1988:
536-538; Charles Faber Richard Faber, 2012: 213) trudc khi chinh thire budc vao thuang lugng vdi Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda d Paris, m d d l u la phien hpp ngay 13/5/1968.
Theo dd, Hoa Ky giai thich viec c h l m dirt nem bom tren p h l n Idn lanh tho Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hda n h l m mang den cac cupc thuang luang nghiem chinh d l lap lai hda binh, n l u ben kia khdng Igi dyng lai t h i d l f l i p tyc chlln tranh (Nguyin Phu Dire, 2009: 176). Hoa Ky cung khang djnh vdi Viet Nam Cong hda vlee ngirng nem bom m i l n B l e Viet Nam khdng t h i t l l p tye vd thdi han md khdng cd b i t cir d i l u kien rdng bupc nao. Hoa Ky cung d l nghj Viet Nam Cdng hda hay tham gia Hpi nghj Paris nhu mot ben dgl dien chinh thire cho m i l n Nam Viet Nam. Tren ca sd dd, tir ngdy 17/5/1968, chinh q u y i n Viet Nam Cdng hda da cii' phai doan lien lac do Bill Diem, Dai sir Viet Nam Cdng hda tai Hoa Ky, lam trudng dodn sang Paris de lam nhiem vu lien Igc vgi phai doan Hoa Ky'^'. Thong qua dpng thai nay, phia Viet Nam Cong hda hy vpng ed the nam duge d i l n b i l n ciia cupc dam phan giii'a Hoa Ky va Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hda, dac biet Id "tilp can" dupe lap trudng cua Hoa Ky trong cac v l n d i cu the tren bdn dam phan tai Hpl nghj Paris.
De t r l n an d i n g minh, ngay 20/7/1968, trong Thong bao chung nhan cupc hpi
aam glu'a Tong thing Nguyin Van Thieu va T i n g thing Johnson tgi Honolulu, Hoa Ky khang djnh cam k i t
"khdng bo m i i n Nam Viet Nam", rang
"Hoa Ky riit quan thi Bac Viet Nam cung phai rut qugn". Thong cdo chung cd doan ndl v l thugng lugng hda binh: "Hai t i n g thong mpt l l n nu'a khang dinh r i n g Viet Nam Cong hda phai tham gia vdi t u cdch d l y du ed vai trd chinh trong cdc cupc thao luan v l thuc ehlt mpt giai phap cuii ciing va hai chinh phii se hanh dpng ed tham khao d l y dii y kiln vdi nhau cung nhu vdi cac d i n g minh khde trong giai doan hien nay va trong s u i t qua trinh hiep nghj" (Lyndon B.
Johnson, 1970: 826). Tuy nhien, nhirng tuyen b i tren dudng nhu ehl d l xoa diu Viet Nam Cong hda, hudng su chii y ciia Viet Nam Cong hda vdo v l n de khac ngoai viec ngirng nem bom vd d i l u kien ma Hoa Ky thye hien n h l m dat 6uac thda thuan vdi Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hda. Cd t h i thIy, tir khi b i t d l u "ndl chuyen" vdi phia Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hda tgi Paris (13/5/1968), Hoa Ky khong thuc s u dirng v l phia d i n g minh Viet Nam Cong hda, khdng bao ve q u y l n Igi eiia Viet Nam Cong hda ma chi chii trpng d i n nhung thda thuan cd t h i giup Hoa Ky dgt duge mpt "hda binh trong danh du" (Peace with Honor).
Trong phlen hpp d l u tien, cdc nha thuang thuylt Hca Ky tap trung "ddi Ha Npi phai c h l m dirt vlee xam nhap qua viing phi quan su, ngirng phao kich cac thanh p h i m i i n Nam" (Larry
TRAN NAM TIEN - QUAN HE VIET NAM CQNG HOA - HOA KY..
Berman, 2003: 47), trcng khi dd, phia Viet Nam Ddn chii Cong hda ddi Hoa K^ phai c h l m dirt lap tu'c eac cuoc nem bom va b i n pha bang khdng quan va hai quan d m i i n B l e Viet Nam, va dd la nhu'ng d i i u kien tien quylt cho dam phan (Luu Van Lai - Nguyen Anh Vu, 1996: 67). Nhin chung, eac cupc gap nhau d l u tien giua Hoa Ky va Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda chua cd k i t qua gi cy the x u l t phat tir each nhin nhan khac nhau cua hai phia, Igi ich duy nhlt cua cac cupc ndi chuyen d l u tien ndy la gia trj tuyen truyin qua nhirng phat ngdn do dgi bleu hai ben dua ra. Trong phien hpp ngay 19/8/1968 thap lugn v i cac chu t h i ed lldn quan d i n tinh hinh m i i n Nam Viet Nam va d i x u l t tham gia Hpi nghj, Hoa Ky de nghj s u cd mat ciia Viet Nam Cong hda, theo Hoa Kji, sy tham gia eiia Viet Nam Cong hda khdng ham y Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hda cdng nhgn chinh q u y i n dd, nhung d i i u ndy cin thilt cho cae eude ddm phan cd y nghTa. Phia Hoa Ky cung xae nhan mye tieu duy nhlt de Viet Nam Cong hda tham gia Hpi nghj la d l hp "ty quylt djnh l l y tuang lai cua minh ma khdng bj ben ngoai can thiep hay ep bupc" (Larry Berman, 2003:
47). De te rd thien chi, phia Hca Ky cQng c h i p nhan cac dgi bleu eiig Mgt tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i l n Nam Viet Nam, hoac cac to chirc khde theo lua chpn eiia Ha Npi, tham gia dam phan, mgc dii d i i u dd khdng cd nghTa la Hoa Ky thira nhan tinh hap phdp ciia to chirc dd (William Averell Harriman, 1971:126-127).
Nhu vgy, trong qua trinh thao ludn, dudng nhu Hoa Ky chua [hoac khdng]
truyin tai dugc t i t ca thong diep cung nhu lap trugng cua ngudi d i n g minh Viet Nam Cong hda. Hoa Ky dua ra cae d i i u kien vdi phia Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hda chu y l u xoay quanh viec c h i p nhgn s y tham gia ciia Viet Ngm Cpng hda nhung lai khdng ehing s y tham gia cua Mat tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i i n Nam Viet Nam, v i n khdng d u g c ngudi d i n g minh Viet Nam Cdng hda chap nhan. V l phia chinh q u y i n Viet Nam Cdng hda.
T i n g t h i n g Nguyen Van Thieu cho rang ngudi My qua 'ngay thg" khi theo d u l l cupc dam phdn hda binh md rpng, trpng dd ed kha nang se cd ea Viet Nam Cpng hda vd Mat tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i l n Nam Viet Nam tham gia. Nhu vay, viec Mat tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i l n Nam Viet Nam tham gia dam phdn khdng nhu'ng tgc cho hp vj t h i ngang hdng vdi Vipt Nam Cpng hda, ma edn lg t i l n d i [cd kha nang xay ra] cho s u hinh thanh mpt chinh phu lien hiep va "chlm dirt e h l dp dan chu" a m i i n Nam. Tuy nhien, do tin r i n g phia Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hda se khong c h i p nhan d l nghi ddm phan b i n ben ciia Hoa Ky do khdng cdng nhgn chinh quyln Viet Nam Cpng hda, nen Tong thing Thieu chua bao gid bay td sy phan d i i cdng khai d l nghj tren ciia Washington (Nguyen Tien Hung Jerrold L.
Scheeter, 1986: 22-23).
Dung nhu phia Viet Nam Cdng hda d u doan, phia Viet Nam Ddn chii
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI s6 6 (250) 2019 Cpng hda khdng d i n g y cdng nhgn chinh q u y i n Viet Nam Cdng hda. Be vugt qua trg ngai c u i i cung, Trudng doan dam phan eiia Hoa Ky William A.
Harriman da nghT ra cdng thO'c "Their side, our side' (Phia hp, phia ehirng ta). Cdng thirc "Their side, our side"
se cho phep cae ben tham gia vao eac cupc dam phan hda binh ma khong c l n chinh thirc cdng nhgn nhgu lg cdc thuc t h i dpc lap (Christine Bragg (ed.), 2000: 153). Trong b i i canh ndy, Hoa Ky c i g i n g thuylt phye phia Viet Nam Dan chii Cpng hda d i n g y de Viet Nam Cpng hda tham d y Hpi nghi Paris nhu mpt ben lien quan, d i n g thdi Hoa Ky lai gpi y v i vlpc Viet Nam Cpng hda nen c h i p nhgn s u tham gia cua Mat tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i i n Nam Viet Nam theo cdng thirc "Their side, our side' va tuyen bo. Mat tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i i n Nam Viet Nam se ed mat tai cupc thuang lugng (James H. Willbanks (ed.), 2013: 122- 123). Ngdy 26/10/1968, Trudng dpan Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hda Xuan Thuy da d i n g y de Mgt tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i l n Nam Viet Nam va Viet Nam Cdng hda tham gia vao cuoc dam phan'^'-
Ngay 27/10/1968, T i n g thing Johnson quylt djnh se loan bdo viec ngirng canh tae vao ngay 31/10/1958 de cupc dam phan Paris ed the duge b i t dau Igi (Lipyd C. Gardner Ted Gittlnger (eds.), 2004: 386-387). Ben canh dd, Hoa Ky cung thuylt phye Tong t h i n g Nguyin Van Thieu c h i p nhan quyet djnh cua Chinh phii Hoa
Ky, ciing n g i i vao ddm phan va ban h i t c h i p nhgn s u ed mat eiia Mat tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i i n Nam Viet Nam. Sau khi da thilt lap dupe ea sd d i t i l n hanh t l l p tue eac eude ddm phan hda binh, Harriman Igl that vpng mdt lan nO'a bdi s u m i i n cudng ciia Nguyen Van Thieu. Tren thuc t i , d i i vdi Viet Nam Cdng hda, day lai la d i i u khdng t h i c h i p nhan. Chinh sy khac nhau giii'a quan diem eda hai ben da khiln Hoa Ky va Viet Nam Cpng hda xay ra nhtrng xung dot trong qud trinh dam phan tai Hpi nghj Paris.
Ngay tir d l u . T i n g thing Nguyen Van Thieu da kien quylt ehing mpi thyang thuylt tay ddi gitra Hoa Ky va Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hda v l nhu'ng v l n d i lien quan d i n Viet Nam Cpng hda. Tong thing Nguyen Van Thieu tin ring "Ble Viet Nam se Igi dyng ode cupc t i l p xOe t i l n khgi nay d l dpi thugng thuylt true tilp giii'a chinh phii Viet Nam Cpng hda vd Mat trgn Dan tpc Giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam vdi hy vpng tgo diiu kien di tdi chinh phii lien hiep d sai Gdn"
(Lgrry Berman, 2003: 43). Sau khi duge thong bao v l phan irng cua Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hda trudc Idi d i nghj dam phan tir phia Hoa Ky tai Paris, Tong thing Nguyen Van Thieu lap tire m d cupc hpp vdi Hpi d i n g An ninh Q u i c gia Viet Nam Cpng hda.
Sau khi k i t thiic cuoc hpp. T i n g thing Nguyin Van Thieu ra Thong cao chung vdi cac dai dien d i n g minh,
"nhln manh cdc eude thugng lugng hai ben gitra Washington va Ha Ndl
TRAN NAM TIEN - QUAN HE VIgT NAM CONG HpA-HOA KY..
khdng ed s y tham gia ciia chinh phii Nam Viet Nam [Vipt Nam Cpng hda]
nen chi cd tinh each tham dd. Do dd.
My mpt mat khdng t h i cd mpt quylt djnh nap khac trcng cac cupc thuang lugng vdi Ha Npi md khdng cd thda thuan trudc vdi chinh phu Nam Viet Nam, va mat khac, eac v l n d i chinh tri ciia m i l n Nam Viet Nam khdng duge neu ra trong thuang lugng vdi Ha Ndl" (Nguyin Phii Dire, 2009:
156). Phan irng nay cua Viet Nam Cdng hda n h l m girt d i n Hoa Ky thong dlep se kien quylt trong viec giai quylt cae v l n d l npi bp glu'a hai m i l n Viet Nam.
Chua du'ng Igi d dd, chinh quyln Viet Nam Cpng hda con dua ra nhung lap lugn cirng ran han v i viec Chinh phu nay m u i n ddng vai trd chinh trong cae cupc thuang lugng vdi phia Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda bdi Viet Nam Cong hda la phia lien quan nhat. Viet Nam Cpng hda cung chi ra rang, Hoa Ky la cudng q u i e nude ngodi nen Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda se cho ring Hoa Ky khdng ed q u y i n can thiep vdo Vipt Nam, qua dd day Hoa Ky vdo vj tri cua ke xam luge. De ciing c i hgn nira lap trugng khdng nhan nhugng cua minh va khang djnh vlee t l y chay Hpi nghj Paris, ngdy 31/10/1968, Chinh phu Viet Nam Cpng hda Igi cdng khai thach thirc Tong thong Johnson bang mdt bai d i l n van ehing d i i ddm phan g Paris (U.S. Congress - Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, 1970: 290). Mac dii thdi diem nay Viet Nam Cpng hda v I p phai s u chi trich tir phia T i n g
thing Johnson va cdc thugng nghj si Dang Dan chii cao bupc lam that bai mpi n i luc, cong sire ma phia Hoa Ky da bd ra nham dgt dugc nhu'ng budc t i i n d hda dam Paris nhung Tong t h i n g Nguyin Van Thieu van ed s u ung hd n h l t djnh tir luc lugng dang theo Thieu "nhu'ng ngudi ung hp Thieu tran ra dudng t u l n hanh d i n sir quan Hoa Ky va bieu tinh ehing hpi ddm Bale" (Larry Berman, 2003: 59).
Vae cuii nam 1968, cupc b l u cir Tong thing Hoa Ky da cd k i t qua vdi tac ddng tir nhilu phia cho cdc irng eO' vien va dac biet la tae dpng tdi Viet Nam Cpng hda dirng d l u la Ting thing Nguyen Van Thieu. Chinh quyin Nixon v l n t i l p tuc tham gia cupc dam phan d Paris vdi ba ben d Viet Nam, md theo Hoa Ky gpi la "Hpi nghj Hai phia", edn phia Viet Nam Dan chu Cdng hda gpi la "Hpi nghj B i n b§n"
vdi mye dich lam tgng them dja vj hgp phap cua Mgt tran Dan tpc Giai phdng m i l n Nam Viet Nam. D l flip tye bao ve quyen Igi cua minh d Hdi nghj Paris, d i n g thdi tao them s y g i n bd vdi vj tan Tong t h i n g Hoa Ky mdi nhgm chirc, chinh quyen Vipt Nam Cpng hda c h i p nhgn tham gia ddm phan vdi s y cd mat eiia dgi dipn Mat tran Dan too Giai phdng m i l n Nam Vidt Nam.
2. QUAN He HOA KY - VIgT NAM CONG HOA TRONG QUA TRJNH D A M P H A N TAI HOI NGH! PARIS (1969-1973)
Sau khi t i l p nhan vj tri t i n g thing eiia Hoa Ky (1/1969), Richard Nixon m u i n
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOI s i 6 (250) 2019 day nhanh qua trinh ddm phan vdi Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda va rut quan khdi mien Nam cang sdm cang t i t . Thye ehlt, Hoa Ky chi m u i n rut lui trong danh d u khi da chuyen giao todn bp q u y l n lye d i Viet Nam Cpng hda t u irng phd trong v l n d l quylt djnh tugng lai cua minh. Vi t h i , Viet Nam Cpng hda vd hinh trung trd thdnh con cd dudi hai nude di cua Hoa Ky dd la
"Viet Nam hda" va "hda dam". Ngay 25/1/1969, Hdi nghj Paris vdi su cd mat eiia b i n ben: Viet Nam Dan ehu Cdng hda. Mat tran Dan top giai phdng m i l n Nam Viet Nam vd Hoa Ky ciing Viet Nam Cpng hda chinh thu'c khai mac.
Thdng 3/1969, Hca Ky cir T i n g trugng Q u i c phdng Melvin Laird va tudng Earle Wheeler sang mien Nam Viet Nam, mpt mgt Id chuyen thong dlep hda binh cho Viet Nam Ddn chu Cpng hda, mgt khac la tim each chuyin ganh ngng tac chiin cho quan dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda mdt cdeh nhanh chdng va cd phuang phap, d i n g thai soan thao mdt k l hogch chi tilt cho viec riit quan (Larry Berman, 2003: 78). Sau mdt thdi gian thuyet phye, phia Vipt Nam Cdng hda tgm c h i p nhan viec Hoa Ky se rut quan ra khdi mien Nam Viet Nam til' nam 1969, nhung v l n de nghj phia Hoa Ky de lai mdt luc lugng d Sal Gdn de dam bao cho Viet Nam Cdng hda. Tuy nhien, Chinh phu Hoa Ky td ra khdng quan tam l i m d i n d l nghj ndy tir phia Viet Nam Cpng hda. Chinh vi v l y , trong qua trinh dam phan, Hoa Ky luon co
gang giam nhe vai trd ciia Vipt Nam Cdng hda nham giiip Chinh phii Hpa Ky d i dang ddm phan va dgt dugc nhung k i t qua nhu mpng muon vdi phia Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hda.
Viec Hoa Ky khang djnh "Vipt Nam Cpng hda phai ed mdt vai trd chii y i u "
(a leading role) (Kent Sieg - Edward C.
Keefer, 2003: 597-668) dudng nhu muon ngam y Viet Nam Cong hda chi la m0t trong nhtrng yeu t i gdp phan vao nhu'ng quylt djnh dugc dua ra s i p tdi tren ban dam phan va Hoa Ky se sat ednh ciing Viet Nam C$ng hda tren ban dam phan vdi phig ben kia tgi Hdi nghj Paris.
Ngay 8/6/1969, T i n g thing Nixon vi T i n g thing Nguyen Van Thieu da ed b u l l gap mat d Midway d i ban bgc true t l l p v l v l n d l quan sy va chinh trj cho m i i n Nam Viet Nam. Npi dung la Hoa Ky se riit quan va cung d p cho Viet Nam Cpng hda nhO'ng d i i u kidn d n thilt d l duy tri chinh phii: c i v l n quan sy, vu khi, quan cy va tren h i t la v l n t i l p tue vien trg tai chinh (Department of External Affairs, 1972:
128-129). Trudc nhu'ng dpng thai tich eye va ehu ddng tu' phia T i n g thing Nguyin Van Thieu cho k i hoach "Viet Nam hda ehiln tranh", Tong thing Nixon da d l ra Id trinh cy the de Hoa Ky rut quan khdi m i l n Nam va se tien hanh ngay trong nam 1969. Ngay 30/7/1969, T i n g thing Nixon den Sai Gdn d l hpp l l n nua vdi T i n g thing Nguyin Van Thieu, Nixan m u i n nhln mgnh han v l k l hpach ciia minh sau khi hai ben da dgt dugc thda thuan sa
T R A N N A M T I E N - QUAN HE VIET N/WI CQNG HOA-HOA KY..
bd trong cupc hpp d Midway (Lloyd C.
Gardner - Ted Gittlnger (eds.), 2004:
362-363).
v i ca ban, Hoa Ky v l n mong m u i n cd duge mdt thda thuan v i hda binh vdi Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hda trong t u t h i ciia ngudi chiin thing. Hiep djnh hda binh ma T i n g t h i n g Nixon tim k i l m la ehiln tranh se k i t thiie ma phia Hoa Ky khdng phai t h i t bgi, d i n g thdi duy tri chinh phu khdng Cpng san d m i i n Nam Viet Nam va ngan ngira d l chinh phu l y khdng bj thay t h i . Mpt mat T i n g t h i n g Nixon m u i n nhanh chdng t i i n tdi ddm phan hda binh, mdt mat v l n khdng m u i n phan bdi chinh q u y i n T i n g thing Nguyin van Thidu thep nhu'ng yeu c l u ben phia Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hda dua ra la phai p h i t r u l t Thieu ngay lap tire.
D i i u nay t h i hien qua cau tra Idi cua Tong t h i n g Nixon trong mpt cupc ndi chuyen dien thogl gitra ong vdi mot ngugi g i l u ten. "Chiing ta khdng t h i hy sinh d i n g minh cua chiing ta b l n g cdch ay" (Larry Berman, 2003: 76).
T i n g t h i n g Nixon tuyen b l se khdng lam nhu t h i bang b i t cir gia nao. Tren eg sg dd, de tao "hinh anh gan bd"
gitra hai ben, tir thang 2/1972, Hoa Ky va chinh q u y l n Viet Nam Cpng hda q u y l t djnh "Igp dudng day lien Igc rieng va kin d l ea ddi ben cd the thao lugn thanh thuc khdng bj ap lye cua cac cupc thao luan c i n g khai" (Phan Hda Hipp, 1973:26).
o i l vdi v l n de dam phan k i t thiic chien tranh, phia Hoa Ky cung cd thda thuan vdi Tong thong Nguyin Van
Thieu la se khdng da dpng gi d i n v l n a i chinh tri v i tuang lai ciia Viet Nam Cpng hda tren ban dam phdn, va mpi npi dung chi t i l t cua cae b u l l ddm phan [ k l eg bi mat] se dugc thdng bac vdi phia Viet Nam Cpng hda, ma true t l l p la T i n g t h i n g Nguyin Van Thieu'"'. Nhung Hoa Ky da khdng lam nhu cam k i t da thda thugn giti'g hai ben, hau h i t thdng tin v i cupc dam phan trong giai dogn 1970 - 1971 da bi ggn Ipc va thgy d i i so vdi thye t i trygc khi chuyin den Sal Gdn thong qua Dai sir Ellsworth Bunker. Ciing vdi dd la Hoa Ky va Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda da bi mat m d eac cupc thuang thuylt va npi dung ciia cac cupc gap dd chinh q u y i n Viet Nam Cpng hda khdng h i b l l t " ' . Dae biet, sau b u l l hpi dam vdi Henry Kissinger tai sai Gdn (8/1972), T i n g thing Nguyen Van Thieu tin rang Washington
"dang ddm phan sau lung dng ta", do dd dng ta lo nggi bj ngudi My phgn bdi va trd nen de ehirng vdi nhu'ng •j/ d i cue Hoa Ky. Viec nay lam cho T i n g t h i n g Nguyin Van Thipu quan tgm hgn d i n eude hdi dam dang d i i n ra d Paris. NhO'ng thdng tin tu' hdi ddm da thuc s u khiin Vidt Nam Cdng hda thit vpng ve d i n g minh eiia minh, do dd T i n g t h i n g Nguyin Van Thieu da d i n tam sire cua minh va cua ca chinh q u y l n Sai Gdn de can trg thugng lugng (Nguyen Tien Hung - Jerrold L.
Scheeter, 1986: 67). Trong giai doan c u i i ciia cupc dam phdn, Henry Kissinger da nhilu l l n d l nghj T i n g thing Nguyin Van Thlpu ky k i t vao ban Hiep djnh nhung d i u gap s u bat
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI s i 6 (250) 2019 hgp tac tir chinh q u y l n Viet Nam Cpng hda.
Ngdy 31/8/1972, T i n g thing Nixon giri thu cho T i n g thing Nguyin Van Thieu khang djnh quyit tam dgt duac Hiep djnh hda binh vdi phia Viet Ngm Dan chii Cdng hda, d i n g thai d i nghj T i n g thing Thieu "cimg nhau hgp tdc chat che tren eg s d hoan toan thing t h i n va tin cay", d i n g thdi dam bao chinh q u y l n Sal Gdn ed the "tham khao tl mi va d l y du vdi Buker [Dgi sir Hoa Ky tai mien Nam Viet Ngm] b i t cir liie nao" (Nguyen Tien Hung Jerrold L. Scheeter, 1986: 375). Bu'c thu ndy dugc T i n g thing Nixon v i l t trong khi trao d i i vdi Dai sir Bunker va Kissinger tai Hawaii, mdt cupc hpp md T i n g thing Thieu da tir c h i i tham d u (Jussi M. Hanhlmaki, 2005: 514). Npi dung la thu ciia Tong thing Nixon khiin Nguyin Van Thieu h l l u ring viec dgt duge hiep djnh chi con la v l n d i thdi glgn chir khdng phai la cd hay khong cd giai phdp va Viet Nam Cpng hda khdng t h i thay d i i dugc d i l u dd.
Qua nhu'ng ddng thai nay, Nixon da day Viet Nam Cpng hda, ma true tiep la Nguyin Van Thieu xir s u nhu bii nhin dung nhu Ha Npi va Chinh phu each mgng lam thdi Cpng hda mien Nam Viet Nam thudng ndi ve dng Thieu. Lien minh Viet Nam Cpng hda va Hoa Ky da budc sang giai doan nghl ngd l l n nhau (Pierre Asselln, 2005: 101). S u cang thing len eao khi Alexander Halg - tra ly cua Kissinger, d i n Sai Gdn de bao cdo v i t i i n trinh dam phan va thdng bao nhu'ng diem
eg ban ma Kissinger se d l cap trong thgi gian tdi. T i n g thing Thieu r l t phan no va ndi rd d l nghj cua Hoa Ky chang khde gi mpt sy d l u hang (Nguyen Tien Hung - Jerrold L. Scheeter, 1986:
72-73). Thong qua nhung la thu giri cho T i n g thing Nixon, T i n g thong Thieu canh bao T i n g thing Hoa Ky khdng nen d i n g y b i t ky mpt hinh thirc chinh phii lien minh nao vdi Cpng san va khang djnh ring bat ky s y dan xep chinh thirc ndo, chia khoa cua hoa binh n l m d kha nang t y bao ve ciia chinh q u y i n Viet Nam Cpng hda (Lien-Hang T.Nguyen, 2012: 222).
Mac dD vay, d i n thdi diem ndy, phia Viet Nam Cpng hda td rd s u b i t man d i i vdi Hoa Ky.
Thang 10/1972, dich than Kissinger da d i n Sal Gdn d l hpi dam vdi T i n g thing Nguyin Vdn Thieu. Trong b u l l lam viec, Kissinger da chuyin cho T i n g thing Thieu thu eiia T i n g thong Nixon d l ngay 6/10/1972. Trong thu.
T i n g thong Nixon ben cgnh nhtrng dam bao vdi Nguyen Van Thieu la se khdng bao gid ban dirng Viet Nam Cpng hda, edn dua ra nhung Idi canh bao v i viec n l u dng Thieu khong c h i p nhgn nhu'ng d i l u khoan trong ban Hiep djnh. T i n g thing Thieu se cd the phai nhgn k i t que giing sy kien nam 1963, khi ma Ngd Binh Diem bj lat do (U.S. Department of State, 2010: 1072-1073; Jeffrey Kimball, 2007: 488). Kissinger cOng dya cho T i n g thing Thieu mpt ban d y thap Hiep djnh b l n g t i l n g Anh de tham khao. Sau khi cho hpp Hpl d i n g An
TRAN NAM TIEN - QUAN HE VIET NAM CONG HOA - HOA KY..
ninh Quoc gia de xem xet ban Dy thao Hiep djnh. T i n g thing Thieu tuyen b i khdng d i n g y vdi van ban nay. Kissinger da ed g I n g giai thich va thuylt phuc T i n g thing Thieu dong y vdi ban D y thao Hiep djnh, nhung khong thanh cdng. Cho dti chinh quyin Viet Nam Cpng hda khong c h i p nhgn cac d i l u khoan nhung phia Hoa Ky v l n tuyen b i k i t qua vdi cac ben la T i n g thing Thieu da d i n g y vdi cdc d i l u khoan cua d y thao. S y that cho thay, phia Hoa Ky da khong ton trpng y k i l n ciia phia T i n g thing Nguyen Van Thieu, t y minh quylt djnh va dgt phia Viet Nam Cpng hda vao tinh t h i da r i i . "Khdng con nghi ngd gl nu'a, Thieu da r l t tire gian khi la ngudi c u i i cting d y g c tham khao va sau dd Igl khdng cd tilng ndl thye s u vl mpi chuyen d i u da dugc quylt djnh tir trudc" (Tran Van Don, 1978:
202). T i n g thing Thieu chua chat phat bleu: "Toi nhan thIy rang nhung ngudl tdi coi la ban da bd rai tdi' (Henry Kissinger, 1979: 1385). S y rgn nirt glu'a quan he Viet Nam Cdng hda va Hoa Ky ngay pang Idn.
Ngay 1/11/1972, phat bieu tren Dai Truyin hinh Sal Gdn, T i n g thing Thieu tuyen b i Dy thao Hidp dinh hda binh la "sy d l u hang [...] Cpng san"
(Congressional Quarterly Sen/lee, 1973:
942). Phan irng Igi, trong buc thu girl Tong thing Nguyen Van Thieu ngay 8/11/1972, Nixon ndi thing: "Viec eac dng [Viet Nam Cpng hpa] lien t i l p xuyen tgc va da kich ban Hiep djnh la khdng dung d i n va ehl t y hai minh"
(U.S. Department of State, 2010: 370).
Tuy nhien, nham giam s y cang thing trong quan he giO'a Hoa Ky vd Viet Nam Cpng hda, Kissinger da d i n g y dya ra nhung sira d i i trong Hiep djnh d l trdnh bj bupc tdi la khdng d i m xia d i n quyen Igl cua phia d i n g minh Viet Nam Cpng hda va dd cung la d l cho T i n g thing Thieu d i chap nhan Hiep djnh (Larry Berman, 2003: 258). D l t r l n an T i n g t h i n g Thieu, trong thu gui ngay 14/11/1972, T i n g thong Nixon da khang djnh: "Tdi xln bao dam ea nhan ciia tdi vdi dng [Nguyin Van Thieu] la Hpa Ky se phan irng r l t mgnh va nhanh chdng d i i vdi sy vi phgm nao cua Hiep djnh tir phia Ha Npi" (U.S. Department of State, 2010:
398).
Sau nhtrng hanh dpng lep thang quan sy d m i i n B l e Viet Nam va nhung b u l l aam phan ehing t h i di den dau va cd nguy ca d i v d . T i n g thing Nixon lai giri tdi T i n g thing Nguyin Van Thieu mpt Id thu nu'a vap ngay 17/12/1972, nham canh eao Tong thing Thieu va yeu d u phia Viet Nam Cpng hda hpp tae n l u khdng m u i n m i l quan he giO'a hai ben d i vd (Jeffrey Kimball, 2007: 539-541). Sau t h i t bai nang n l trpng Chien djeh Linebacker II nem bom Ha Npi, Hoa Ky bupc phai trd lai bdn dam phan d Paris va bang mpi gia phai ky k i t Hiep djnh. Tir cac phan irng cua [Ting thing] Nguyen Van Thieu d i i vdi ban Du thae Hiep djnh, trong do kien quylt trong viec rut quan m i l n Bac ra khdi mien Nam Vipt Nam, T i n g t h i n g
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOI s6 6 (250) 2019 Nixon Igi giri d i n [Ting thing] Nguyin v a n Thieu hai Id thu trong thdi d i l m cupc aam phan tgi Paris dang budc vao giai doan quyit djnh. La thu thir nhat de ngay 14/1/1973, T i n g thing Nixon r l t kien quyit: "Tdi aa quylt djnh, khdng the huy bd, la se bat dau thda thuan vap ngay 23/1/1973 va ky vao ngay 27/1/1973 tgi Paris. Tdi se lam nhu vay, va neu c l n thilt se lam mpt minh. Trpng trudng hap do, toi se phai giai thich cdng khai r i n g Chinh phii ciia dng ngdn can vlee thye hien hda binh. K i t qua khdng tranh khoi la viec c h l m dirt ngay lap tire d i i vdi vien trg kinh t i va quan sy ciia Hoa Kj' [cho Viet Nam Cpng hda]" (U.S.
Department of State, 2010: 540). Nhu vay. T i n g thing Nixon da gan van d i vien trg quan sy va kinh t l , von la nhung ndi dung quan trpng trong m i l quan he glu'a hgi ben, d i gay sire ep vgi chinh q u y i n Viet Nam Cdng hda.
Va vdi la thu d i ngdy 21/1/1973, T i n g thing Nixon mpt lan nira vdi thai dp gay g i t , aua ra thdi han budc Tong thing Nguyen Van Thieu phai cd edu tra Idi chinh xac: "Chiing tdi [Hoa Ky) se b i t d l u thda thuan [ky t i t Hipp djnh]
vao ngay 23/1. Bay gid tdi m u l n bilt ong cd t h i tham gia vdi chiing tdi khdng va tdi m u i n biit cau tra Idi ciia dng trudc 12 gid Washington, ngay 21/1/1973" (U.S. Department of State, 2010: 1113-1114). Sau nhung Idi khuyen nhu, xoa diu va hira hen, khi ma eac n i lye nay khdng dem Igi nhiiu k i t qua. T i n g thing Nixon bupc phai diing den each c u i i ciing la de dpa de ep phia Viet Nam Cpng hda ky
vao Hiep djnh Paris.
Trong cdc la thy h i i dap cho phia Hoa Ky, T i n g thing Nguyen Van Thieu [ v i mat ca nhan] van rat cam an T i n g thing Nixon v i t i t ca nhtrng gl ma dng l y da lam cho Viet Nam Cpng hda va cung td ra thdng cam trudc nhu'ng ap luc md Tong thing Nixon ggp phai trong viec phai nhanh chdng cd mpt hiep djnh hda binh. Nhung vdi T i n g thing Nguyen Van Thieu, nhu'ng dpng thai ad khdng d i n g nghla vdi viec Viet Nam Cdng hda nhuang bp a i l vdi nhung v l n d i ma dng cho ring c l n Idm sang td, dgc biet la v l n a l riit quan cua phia Viet Nam Dan ehu Cpng hda. T i n g thing Nguyin Van Thieu kien quylt khdng ky vdo ban Hiep djnh vdi nhung d i l u khoan ma dng cho la b i t lai cho Viet Nam Cpng hda. Tren thye t l , Viet Nam Cdng hda h l l u rd, cdc d i i u khoan hda binh cho phep Hoa Ky hoan thanh vlee riit quan khdi cupc ehiln, nhung Hiep djnh lai khdng dii dam bao cho s y t i n tai ciia chinh quyln Viet Nam Cpng hda (Carol Berkin - Christopher L Miller - Robert W. Cherny, 1996:
652).
Tuy nhien, trudc nhO'ng ddn ae dpa lien t i l p ciia Hoa Ky, T i n g thing Nguyin Van Thieu cho ring: "Hoa Ky da thuc s y bd rai chiing tdi - hoge ia ky Hiep djnh, hoge la cat giam vien trg" (Anthony James Joes, 2014:132);
va phia Viet Nam Cdng hda phai c h i p nhgn ky vgo Hiep dinh vl sy lya chpn glu'a bj e l t vien trg va tiep tye ducfc ung hp hoac khdng cd gi ca. Tong
T R A N NAM T I E N - QUAN Hg VIET NAM CONG H O A - H O A K Y . . .
thong Nguyin Van Thieu d i n g y ky vao Hiep djnh nham giu m i l quan he t i t aep vdi phia Hoa Ky, nhu dng ndi la "de glu' gin doan k i t glu'a hai chinh phii chiing ta va dua tren eg s d nhtrng Idi dam bao kien quyit eiia Ngai v i vlee My t l l p tuc vien trg va ung hp, tdi c h i p nhan thai gian b i l u eug Ngai de ky tat Hiep ajnh vao ngay 23 thang Gieng" (Nguyin Phu Dire, 2009: 348). Tong thing Nguyen Van Thieu de nghj T i n g thing Nixon tuyen b i ring Hoa K^ cdng nhgn chinh q u y i n Viet Nam Cdng hda la chinh phu hgp phap eiig m i i n Nam Viet Nam va r i n g Ha Ndi khdng cd q u y l n ddng quan tren lanh the cua dng ta (Henry Kissinger, 1979: 1470). Va n l u Hoa Ky khdng t i l p tue vien trg thi chinh q u y l n Viet Nam Cdng hda se
"tu d i i phd vdi Cdng san"'^'.
Nhu vay, sau nhilu l l n tri hoan, ngay 27/1/1973, Hiep djnh Paris v l Igp Igl hda binh, c h l m ddt chlln tranh a Vipt Nam dugc chinh thirc ky k i t giO'a b i n ben tham gia Hpi nghj. Sau khi Hiep ajnh Paris dugc ky k i t , ngay 30/1/1973, Phd t i n g thing Hoa Ky Spire Agnew aa sang tham Sai Gdn, va v l n vdi nhu'ng Idi hu'a t l l p tye ung hp trung thanh d i n g minh Viet Nam Cpng hda. Nhung Agnew cung chi ra r i n g s u can d y ciia Hca Ky d m i l n Nam Vipt Nam cd gidi han sau khi ky Hiep djnh Paris (Jussi Hanhlmaki, 2004:
268). Trai v d i mong dgl eiia Nguyin Van Thipu, Agnew ehl nhac d i n Idi hira chung chung. Id di nhu'ng cam k i t cua Nixon. Trudc dp lye cua d y lugn va tinh hinh cupc ehiln liie b l y
gid, Nguyin Van Thieu g i n nhu tuypt vpng khi ndi vdi phu ta ciia minh: "Tdi aa bat dau nghi ngd Hoa Kv^ tO' liie ad"
(Nguyin T i l n Hung, 2005: 115). Nhu vgy, trai nguge vdi giai dogn lien he d i n dap trudc dd, tu' sau khi ky xong Hipp djnh Paris, T i n g thing Nixon hoan loan im lang d i i vdi a i n g minh Viet Nam Cdng hda. Tir khi ky xong ban Thdng cao, Nixon va Kissinger gan nhu da aua v l n a i m i i n Nam Viet Nam vao dT vang.
3. K^T LUAN
Nhin Chung qua trinh aam phan tgi Paris giua b i n ben thuc ehlt ehl cd tilng ndi eiia hai ben mang tinh quyet djnh d i n k i t qua adm phan: Viet Nam Dan chii Cong hda va Hoa Ky. Trong qua trinh ddm phan, Hoa Ky chu y i u lien he true f l i p vdi phia Viet Nam Dan chd Cong hda nham dat duge nhung mye dich cua minh, ma g i n nhu "bd rgi" d i n g minh Viet Nam Cpng hda. Mae dii da cd nhung n i lye the hien s y dpc l i p trong qua trinh dam phgn, nhyng Viet Ngm Cong hda v l n phai g i n bd vdi Hoa Ky. Trong qua trinh dien ra dam phan, quan hp glu'a Viet Nam Cpng hda va Hoa Ky rai vao tinh trang cang thing va nghi ngd l l n nhau khiln m i l quan he d i n g minh giua hai ben ngay cang rgn nirt t r i m trpng. Hpa Ky thudng xuyen qua mat, khdng chu trpng a i n q u y i n Igi cua d i n g minh va tham chi de dpa a l bupc Viet Nam Cong hda phai thye hien theo y ciia Hoa Ky, mye dich la mau chdng k^ k i t Hiep djnh d i sdm rut quSn ra khoi m i i n Nam Viet Nam.
Nhu vay, m i l quan he giO'a Viet Nam
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI 50 6(250) 2019
Cdng hda va Hoa KJ' trong gigi dogn chi Id chinh phii 'bu nhin", v i n khong nay ban a l u la dua tren s u tin tudng cd t i l n g ndi thuc s u trong qua trinh v l d i n g minh nhung de dat dugc muc dam phan, ky k i t hiep djnh. Viec Hoa tieu Hoa KJ' da "phan bpi" va d i n Viet Ky rut ra khdi cupc chiin khiln chinh Nam Cpng hda vap t h i bj dpng va q u y i n Viet Nam Cpng hda b i t d l u khdng the t u ajnh aoat dugc s i phan budc vao mpt giai doan vd cung khd minh. Vdi nhung gi dien ra ed t h i t h I y khdn va s y syp do sau ad la d i l u ro chinh q u y i n Viet Nam Cdng hda khdng tranh khdi. •
CHLI THiCH
'" Theo hpc gia Pierre Asselin, chinh quyen Johnson tren thye te khdng he muon dam phan vdi Ha Npi (Pierre Asselin, 2005: 5).
'^' Trong cupc hop ngay 7/8/1968, Tong thing NguySn van ThiSu ndi vdi Bai sir Hoa K>
Bunker ring Sng aa trao quyen cho Bdi DiSm dpi dien cho Viet Nam Cpng hoa thiet lap liSn I51C riSng vdi Ble Vi^t ir Paris (Telegram 34711, https://2001-2009.state.gov).
'^' Phia Viat Nam Dan chu Cpng hPa tCr bd quan (Jiem kh6ng ding y su tham gia cua Vi$t Nam COng hda vl ba ly do. Thir nhit, Washington se khPng cham dirt nSm bom trir l(hi duqrc thda man v i vin d i nay. Thir hai, sy tham gia cua Mat tr^n Dan tpc Giai phdng miin Nam Vi^t Nam trong dam phan se lam tang tham tinh hpp phap cua to chirc nay. Thir ba, vi Hoa KJ nghieng ve md rOng dam phan trong khi Nguyen Van Thipu tCr choi dam phan v&i Mat tran Dan tOc Giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam, van de nay co the gay chia re giO'a Hoa K^ va dong minh Vipt Nam Cpng hda (Robert K. Brigham, 1999 78).
'"' Toan bp nhung nOi dung trao doi giO'a Tong thong Nixon va Tong thong Nguyin van Thipu deu de cap den viae phia Hoa K^ se lupn thSng tin mpi diin dien trong dam phan giOa Hoa Ky va Vipt Nam Dan chii Cpng hda tgi Paris cho Vipt Nam Cpng hPa. Xem Memo, Kissinger to Nixon. June 24, 1969, folder: [CF], FO-6-1, Paris Peace Talks, box 33, WHSF: Confidential Files, NPM.
'^' VI dy ngay 31/5/1971, phia Hoa Ky chap nhan viec quan dpi Viat Nam Dan chij Cpng hPa tam thdi tiep tyc a lai mien Nam It nhat la sau ngCrng ban. Day dupe xem la sir nhupng bp then chit, dupe phia Hoa Ky de ra ma khong he thong bao cho phia Viat Nam Cpng hPa (Nguyen Tien Hung - Jerrold L Scheeter, 1986: 16-17).
'^' Xem toan bp npi dung Tuyen bo cua Ting thong Nguyin van Thiau tai Thieu's Declarations were Reported in Kissinger Memorandum for Nixon, 5 February 1973, President's Daily Briefs-Feb. 1973, President's Daily Briefings, Box 1, POW/MIA, NPMP.
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