DAC TRLTNG N G O N N G C - VAN HOA
QUA L 6 P Tir CHI QUY TRINH HOAT DONG NGHE BIEN 6 THANH HOA
NGUYEN VAN DUNG'''
Tom tat: Ngdn ngU li san phim vk la tbanb to'quan trgng nha't cua vkn hoa. GiQa chting cd mdi quan ftp kh&ng khit. kho tach bach. Do dd, trong nh Ung nkm gan day, viec nghien cUu vkn boa td gdc d^ ngdn ngQ hgc da dupc nhieu ngudi quan tam. O bki viet nky. tac gia chi ra moi quan h$ ngdn ngU - vkn hda td phuang difn ly luan de'n nhiing bieu hien cu the qua ldp tit ngQ chi quy trinh hoat dgng ngbibiSn d Thanh Hda.
Tifkboa: Ngdn ngQ; vkn hda; nghe biin; Thanh Hda.
Abstract: Language is the product of culture, it is also the most important element of culture.
Research on culture from a linguistic perspective has attracted a great deal of ittlrntion from researchers. This article discussed theories and manifestations of the rvlntionsbip between language and culture through lexical resources related to marine occupations in Thanh Hoa.
Keywords: Culture: language; marine occupations; Thanh Hoa.
Ngay nhin bai: 10/4/2020; Ngky sda bai: 20/5/2020; Ngky duyet d&ng bki: 6/6/2020.
Dat van de
Ngdn ngfl la rapt thanh td' eiia van hda, khdng nhflng vay cdn la thanb to' quan trpng nhfi't trong viee truyen tai. lflu trfl vfin hda, rafic dfl "ve mat hinh thfinh, ngdn ngfl vfi vfin hda deu lfi nbflng thie't ehe xfi hdi mang tinh fldc dinh"'". Mat khae, ngdn ngfl cdn la phfldng tien, dieu kien nay sinh, phfit trien cac thfinh td' khac eua van hda Gjcb sii. le hdi, tin ngudng, nghe thuat. kien true...). Khdng rapt linh vflc nao trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi lai khdng lien quan gi den ngdn ngfl.
Moi quan he ngdn ngfl - van bda da dfldc rat nhieu nha ngdn ngfl hpe. vfin hda hpc trong vfi ngoai nfldc quan tam. Theo Trdn Ngpc Them, ndi dung quan he ngdn ngfl va van hda dUde nhin nhan ed sU khac nhau, the' hien qua ba thdi ky: Thdi ky eua Wilhelm von Humboldt (cudi the ky XIX)
S6 7-2020
vdi luan diem ve tinh thd'ng nha't eua ngdn ngfl va "linh bdn dfin tde". Tbdi ky ciia E.
Sapir va B. Whorf (nhflng nam 30 cua the ky XX) vdi lufin diem ve fip lUc cua each chia cat hien thuc dae tbu cua mdi ngdn ngfl doi vdi nhiing ngfldi ndi bfing ngdn ngfl fi'y. Thdi ky nbflng nfim 50 ciia Claude Levi Strauss, ngfldi dfi van dung phUdng phfip cfi'u true cua ngdn ngfl hpe de nghien eflu mdi quan be hp hang vfi ngdn ngfl^^',
E. Sapir cung da cbi ra md'i quan he gifla hai nhfin to' nfiy nhu sau: 'Tdi khdng
'•' TS.. TrUdng Dai hoc Van h6a. The thao v& Du lich tinh Thanh Hoa; Email, [email protected].
Nguyen Lai (1993), "Vl moi quan he giO ngon ngd vSn h6a", Viet Nam. nbSng van de ngon ngQ va v6n bda, Hpi ngon ngfl hoc Viet Nam, Trudng Dai hoc Ngo^i ngfl Ha Noi. Tr.8.
^ Trin Ngoc Them (1993), Di tim ngdn ngO ciia vSn bda va d$c trUng v6n bda cua ngdn nfni. in trong Aiet Nam - nhflng van de ngon ngfl va vfin hda". Hoi N't'on ngfl hoc truong Dai hoc Ngoai ngfl Uk Noi. tr.9.
NHAN lUC KHOA HOC XA Htl Q
DAC THUXG XGOX X G C - \ AX HOA QUA LOP TIT..,
t h e tin rfing vfin hda va ngdn ngfl cd q u a n he n h a n q u a vdi n h a u theo bat ky eai nghia dflng t h a t nfio. Van hda ed t h e d i n h nghia la efii m a xa hdi lam va suy nghi.
Cdn ngdn ngfl lfi mpt phfldng phfip dfic biet de tfl duy"''"'
6 Viet X a m . cfic n h a ngdn ngfl hpe k h i nghien cflu van h d a deu n h a n t h a y mdi q u a n he k h a n g k h i t gifla ngdn ngfl v a vfin hda. Tfie gia Nguyen Lai eho rfing: Tfl chieu sau ciia mot b o a t ddng khdng t a c h rdi vdi sflc sd'ng cua t u duy, ngdn ngfl dfldc eoi lfi mdt pbUdng tien duy nhfi't ed k b a nfing giai mfi eho t a t ea cac loai h i n h n g h e t h u a t gfin vdi p h a m t r u vfin hda.
C h i n h eung tfl cd sd c u a tiem nfing nay.
ngdn ngfl cd k h a nfing t a o thfinh nhflng tac p h ^ m n g h e t h u a t ngdn tfl rfi't t d n g hpp, p h a n a n h mdt cfich tUdng doi t a p t r u n g tien t r i n h pbfit t n e n bp mfit vfin hda cua edng ddng"'^'.
Trong khi dd. Dd Hflu Chfiu viet; "Xgon ngfl lfi s a n p b a m cua vfin hda. ddng thdi nd c u n g lfi hdp phfin, t h a m chi lfi hpp p h d n q u a n trpng nhfi't cua vfin hda""'"
Nguyen Dflc Tdn cung cbi r a mdi q u a n be c h a t cbe gifla ngdn ngfl - v a n bda. ngdn ngfl dfin tdc vfi vfin hda dfin tpc. Tac gia dfla ra khai niem "bflc t r a n h ngdn ngfl ve t h e gidi" de nhfi'n m a n h su khac n b a u trong each n h a n thflc ve t h e gidi d nhflng d a n toe khae n b a u . p h u thudc vao tflng q u a n niem eua mdi d a n tpc: "Bflc t r a n h ngdn ngfl ve the gidi c u n g chinh la su bi§u hien t h e gidi q u a n cua mdt d a n toe dupc p b a e hpa b a n g cha't lieu ngdn ngfl cua dfin tpc dd. Do ngdn ngfl cua mdt dfin toe ludn m a n g trong minh nhflng dfic trflng van hda - dfin tde ciia ngfldi b a n ngfl, nen bflc t r a n h dfldc ve tat nhien eung p h a n a n h nhi3ng dfic diem eiia thflc te ddi sd'ng van Q NHAN L ^ KHOA mc Xl HOI
h d a vat cha't vfi ddi s o n g vfin hda tinii t h a n ciia ngUdi b a n ngfl"*"'- Xoi ve moi q u a n h e nfiy, Cao X u a n H a o e u n g da khfing d i n h : "Nhflng ^ n b h u d n g cua cae nhfin t d vfin h d a doi vdi cfi'u trflc c u a m p t n g d n ngfl lfi d i e u k h d ed t h e bd n g h i vfi de'n l u p t nd, cfic sfl k i e n n g d n ngfl la^ cd t h e gdi cbo t a nbflng d i e u hflu ieh ve each cara n g h i ciia ngfldi b a n ngfl ve n e n vfin h d a c u a hp"'^.
Nhfl vfiy, ngdn ngfl vfi vfin hda cd mdi q u a n h e m a t thie't, khd t a c h rdi, dfldc h i n h t h a n h vfi pbfit t r i e n e u n g vdi tfl duy nhfin thfle cua con ngudi. Diem c h u n g mfi efic n h a nghien eflu d e u n h a n thfi'y n g d n ngfl la s a n p h a m , la thfinh to' q u a n t r p n g nhfi't c u a v a n hda. Ddng thdi, n g d n ngfl t r u y e n tai, lflu gifl, p h a n a n h sfl t d n t a i e u a cac t h a n h to' k h a c eua v a n h d a . Ngfldc lai, vfin h d a vfi nhflng ye'u td' vfin h d a d a n tpc deu dflde chia se vfi bieu h i e n q u a ngdn ngfl.
Vfin hda gdp p h a n lfim cho ngdn ngfl p h a t trien, d a d a n g , p h o n g p h u vfi gia t r i . Mpt dfin tde bi ddng hofi ve ngdn ngfl t h i e u n g k h d n g cdn k h a nfing duy tri v a n b o a c u a rainb. Ngfldc Iai, sfl bie'n dd'i ciia v a n h o a gdp p h a n h o a n t b i e n n g d n ngfl. Md'i q u a n he ngdn ngfl - v a n b o a cdn t h e h i e n d chd, k h i h a i edng dong k h a c n h a u v e v a n boa,
*"' Edward Sapir(2000), Ngdn ngU din lukn vko viec nghien ciiu ldi ndi, TrUcJng Dai hoc KHXH &NV Thanh ph5^ Ho Chi Minh (ban dich), tr.269.
'" Nguyin Lai (1997). Nhiing bAi giang ve ngon ngQ hoc dai cuang (moi quan he giQa ngdn ngQ vk tu duy).
Tap 1, Nxb. Dai hoc Quoc gia, Hk Nfli, tr.7.
'" D5 Hflu Chau (2000). T i m h i l u van h6a qua ngon ngfi", Ngon ngQ. (10), tr.5.
"" Nguyin Dflc T6n (2010). DJU tr^g vSn hda - dan tgc cda ngdn ngQ va tu duy. Nxb Tu dien Bach khoa Hk
\6i, t r 9 2
Cao Xuan Hao (2001), Ngon ngQ va vSn h ' ' trong Tieng Vi^t vSn Viet nguai Viet. Nxb. Tre H i
SA 7-2020
XGUYEX \AX DUXG tie'p xuc vdi nhau va eCmg phat trien cac
he thd'ng chinh tri va van hofi gid'ng nhau thi hipn tfldng giao thoa ngdn ngfl - van hoa se xay ra theo nhflng cfich nhfl md phdng, bfit chfldc... vfi Ifira giam di sfl khac biet.
Tfl mdi quan he ngdn ngfl - van boa nhfl da phan d tren, tae gia bfii viet minh chflng qua ldp tfl ehi quy trinh boat dpng nghe hien d Thanh Hda.
1. Dac trflng ngon nguf - van hoa bieu hien qua cau tao tii nguf
Ldp tfl ehi quy trinh boat ddng nghe bien d Thanh Hda da ph^n cd cfi'u tao phflc, trong dd phfldng thfle gh^p ddng vai trd ehii dao. De dinh danh, gpi ten hoat ddng khai thac, danh bat thi cfl dfin bien xfl Thanh ehii ye'u sd dung phudng thflc dinh danh phai sinh de tao ra ldp tfl mfi cfic thfinh td' tham gia cfi'u tao ed quan hd chinh - phu. Ndi each khac, xet ve mfit cfi'u tao, tfl chi quy trinh boat ddng nghe bien da pb^n la tfl ghip chinh phu. Vdi loai tfl nfiy, vai trd ngfl nghia - dinh danh do ye'u to' phan loai quy dinh.
Yeu to pban loai cd the 1 thanh to (dinb danh bac 1). hoac 2, 3 thanh to (dinh danh bae 2, 3).
Theo ket qua khao sat bfldc dau. trong so' 146 ddn vi tfl dupe thu thap, yeu to' phfin loai trong tfl ghep ehinb phu cd the chi la 1 thanh td'cd sd'lUdng ldn nhfi't: 135/146 ddn vi (92.47"u) Vi du: det sue. di ban. di xim. gd xiec. trdi be, Hdt nehe.... (nghe ca); tia con, rong bd. due chat... (nghe san xufi't mudi); xa da, xa mim. rut no....
(nghe lfim mfim); cd the lfi 2 thfinh td', so lupng 10/146 ddn vi (6,85%): cau chav thuvi'n. dinh cau giing. dinb cau moi.
danh ciu ri. dinh ra quang.... (nghe ea);
cd the la 3 thanb to', so' lUdng it nhfi't 1/146 ddn vi (0,68%): dinh hinh chd chi (nghe ca). So vdi ldp tfl ghip chinh phu chi edng cu, phUdng tien, tuy ye'u to' phan loai trong tfl ghip ehi boat ddng cung cd ca'u tao bdi 1,2 hofic 3 thfinh td', nhflng so"
Ifldng, ti le cfic tfl ghdp ehi boat dpng cd dang cfi'u tao thfinh to' phfin loai gdm 2, 3 ye'u to lai it hdn nhieu lan. Cu the qua bang thd'ng ke sau;
Yeu to chi loai L6p tii chi cons cu, phUdng tien L6p til chi quy trinh hoat dong
Yeu to phan loai Bac 1
343 (83.66%) 135(92.47%)
Bac 2 55 (13,41%)
10(6,85%)
Bac 3 12(2,93%)
1(0,68%) Tong
410 146 Cd the ndi, dfic diem tri nhfin, phan efit
ddi tflpng trong ldp tfl chi boat ddng khdng chi tiet, khdng cu the nhfl ldp tfl chi cdng cu, phfldng tien. Tuy nhien. qua each dinh danh tren, ehung ta cung phan nfio tha'y dfldc sfl gfin bd mat thiet vdi nghe ciia cfl dan ndi day. Do dd, neu khdng phai lfi ngfldi dan gfin bd mat tbiet vdi nghe, khdng phai dinh efl lfiu ddi vfi
sd'ng vdi bidn ca thi chfic ehfin se khdng ed mdt each nhin phan efit thflc tai ehi li den nhfl the. Day eung lfi ket qua tri nhfin, tfl duy mfi qua each dinh danh phfii sinh phan nao the hien net vfin hda nhfin thflc eua efl dan bidn bieu bien qua ldp tfl ngfl nghe nghiep.
Trong khi do, tuy tfl ddn chi boat dpng danh bfit cd so'Ifldng it bdn tfl ghep nhflng
t6i-tas» NHAN LIA; KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q
D.AC TRL'XG X G O X X G C - V A X HOA QUA LCJP TlT...
so vdi ldp tfl chi cdng cu. phfldng tien thi tfl ddn cua ldp tfl nay lai cd ty Ie cao hdn.
Chung da phan la nbflng ten gpi eae hoat ddng dfinh bat ehe bien chi ed trong viing Thanh Hda tao nen da'u fin rieng eua nghe vfi ciia dia phfldng xfl Thanh. Dd'i vdi ldp tfl nay. ngfldi ngofii nghe, ngofii dia phfldng khd ed the bieu dupe. Vi du: seo.
reo. reo, ddng,... (nghe ea); din, dit, long, thing, tri'p,... (nghe lam mam). Day eung ehinh la nhflng net rieng, dau an van bda cua nghe da dfldc phan anh vao ngdn ngfl.
Xet ve phfldng dien md hinh ke't hdp tao tfl. chflng ta tha'y tfl nghe nghiep cd mdi quan be chat ehe vdi tfl tofin dan vfi tfl dia phfldng. Tfl thflc tiln dfldc chflng tdi khao sat va phan tieh, mdt so' Ifldng ldn yeu td' trong ngdn ngfl toan dfin dfi dfldc sd dung trong vai trd cfi'u tao tfl nghe nghiep chi quy trinh boat ddng. Vi du: danh vay, bao viy. danh vdng,... (nghe cfi); kio rut, ngam d. danh khui'y, gii nin,... (nghe Ifim mfim); phdi hoa. phdi diy, vai cat. ving cit.... (nghe san xua't muoi). Dieu nay dflpe ly giai lfi: nhflng ngfinh nghe pbd bien d pham vi rdng, ed lich sii lau ddi, nbieu ngfldi biet den va trd nen quen thudc tbi mpi ngudi se hieu vd'n tfl ngfl gpi ten ddi tupng nghe dd, lfiu dan cfic tfl nfiy trd tbanb tfl toan dfin. Vi the, nhflng yeu to' tham gia eau tao tfl ed tinh cbfi't phfldng ngfl trong tfl nghe nghiep cbu ye'u Ifi eua nghe lfim mfim va san xuat mudi. Vi du:
hon cat. due chat, diiu dat. rong bd....
(nghe san xuat mudil: chin chugp. nio dao.... (nghe lam mfim). Day la nhiing nghe ehi bd hep trong mdt lfing, xfi, thdn, tfl ngfl cua nghe it ed dieu kien tham gia lfim cdng eu giao tiep d eac vung khae
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
trong pham vi rdng. Ngupc lai. nghe ca rat phd' bie'n, dia bfin san xuat trai dfii tren 102km bd bien. Ifing nfio g^n bien cung ed nghe cfi, cd lich sfl truyen thd'ng bfing nghin nfim, cfl dfin lfim nghe cd dieu kien tbuan ldi giao lflu. tigp xuc rdng rai. Vi the, yeu td'ca'u tao tfl cd tinh eha't phfldng ngfl trong nghe danh ea thfldng it bdn nghe lam mfim va nghe san xuat muoi. 0 mdt phfldng dien khac, do sd' Ifldng vd ngfl fim ban che, hflu ban, trong khi nhu cfiu gpi ten, dat ten ddi tflpng lai vd ban eho nen ne'u chi sii dung nbflng vd'n tfl it di mang tinh rieng cua nghe thi viec dinh danh (gpi ten) se rfi't khd khfin, tham ehi khdng the dinh danh dfldc. Do vfiy, trong thflc tidn boat ddng ciia nghe, ben canh ldp tfl mang dam da'u a'n nghe nghiep eua dia phfldng thi van tdn tai ldp tfl ma mpi ngfldi hieu, toan dan sii dung. Day vfla la ndt ehung eua tfl nghe nghiep, cung ddng thdi la sac thai rieng ciia nghe bien xfl Thanh dflpe bieu hien qua ldp tfl chi quy trinh boat ddng.
2. Dac trflng ngon nguf - v a n hoa bieu hien qua phfltfng thufc dinh d a n h
Ngdn ngfl la phfldng tien ciia giao tie'p ddng thdi la cdng eu eua tfl duy nen qua tfl ngfl chflng ta ed the tha'y dupe da'u fi'n eua con ngudi sfl dung. Dd la "quan niem cua chinh con ngudi vdi tu cfich lfi chu the tri nhan vfi phfin efit hien thue bfing cai ma cua mdi ngdn ngfl'"'. Dac trung vfin hda eua dinb danh xet cho cflng chinb lfi quan niem ve the gidi va lfla chpn ngdn ngfl bieu dat nhan thfle bfing cae ten goi
"*' Trinh Sam (2002). Di tim bkn sic ti^ne V
Nx!) Tre. Ha N^i. tr.32. '^^
Sfi 7-2020
XGU^'EX VAX DUXG Trong cac phfldng thflc dinh danh tfl
ngfl cbi quy trinh boat ddng nghe bien d Thanh Hda thi dae trflng noi trdi nhfi't lfi each thflc boat dpng. Mdi rapt ddng tac, mdi rapt boat ddng deu cd nhflng phudng thfle, each thflc, hinh thflc thflc bien khae nhau. Khi gpi ten mpt boat ddng khai thfic, dfinh bfit, che bien, chii the dinh danh phai can cfl vao nhflng kieu each thfle bien khac nhau de gpi ten. Vi the, chung ta cd: cau co'dinh (thuyen dau cd dinh tren vi tri danh bat), ciu chay thuyen (tha cau chay theo thuyen), danh hinh chd chi (each danh ca theo kieu dich dae),... (nghe ea); cii nen (bd vi nfla chen len ea da fldp mudi), chin chUdp (gai n^n 6p efi), chiit rut (rut phan nflde mfim cot, ph^n cdn lai xfldng thit ca tie'p tuc cho len men eho de'n khi ta't ea thit cfi hofin tofin phfin giai), dinh khuay (khufi'y dao ea ebo deu),... (nghe lam mfim); cio ba (don eat mat rudng lai thfinh ddng), dam dat (dam vfio mat dat cho n6n chfit, khdng eho cat rdi xud'ng), qua 6 (nude long tfl d nay ehay qua d khfic), ra 6 (lfim lai d phdi mdi.).... (nghe san xufi't mudi).
Mdi boat ddng danh bfit, kbai thfic, che bie'n lai budng de'n nhflng dd'i tfldng khfic nhau. Dfiy eung lfi nhflng ly do can ban d^ chii the dinh danh lfla chpn gpi ten. Vi du: bit phao (cam phao leo len thuyen vfi k6o len sau khi tha bet vfing Ifldi), chim thuyen (cdng viec trdng eoi thuyen khi neo dau vfio bd), danh lUdi (tha Ifldi vao vi tri danh bfit), dam neo (nhd' neo quay mui thuyen),... (nghe ca); ci mim (dao ca deu trong qua trinh lam mfim), dinh mam (dao khufi'y cho mfim nhanh chin vfi deu).
sd 7-2020
Udp mudi (cho mudi trdn deu vdi ca),_.
(nghe lfim mim): bda cit (dung bfla lfim cbo da't tdi. deu ra tren san), hon cit (ddn cat lai thanb dd'ng), se cit (ddn eat cho deu mfit nai), tria da't Qfi'y dat tfl trong giat dd ra san phdi thfinh tflng ddng. sau dd Ifi'y theu rai deu dat ra kin mfit san de phdi nfing ebo da't man hdn),... (nghe san xuat mudi).
Ngofii cfich dinh danh pbd bien lfi dfla vao each thfle boat ddng, doi tflpng tac ddng edn cd each dinh danh dfla vao vi tri, dia diem boat dpng: ip long (danh ea giin bd), dinh long (dfinh ea trong khu vflc g^n bd), di khdi (danh bfit xa bd), di tia (danh ca. tdm tap trung ddng di thfinh dan gfin bd), ra bien (dfinh bfit vflng bien them luc dia)... (nghe ca). Dinh danh dfla vfio cac phUdng tien. cdng cu lien quan: danh heu (dfinh ea bfing ngu cu heu), danh ciu ri (dfinh cfi bang ngfl eu cfiu re), di lUdi (nghe danh bfit truyen thd'ng dung ngu cu chu yeu lfi ludi). di xim (nghe moi bfing lUdi xfim),... (nghe efi). Ben eanh dd cdn cd cfich dinb danh dfla mdi lien be gifla hoat ddng vfi sii dung edng eu: cau {sxt dimg ngfl cu cau de bat cfi, mflc), chio (sxi dung cfiy cheo de cheo thuyen, be) (nghe dfinh ca);
cio (sd dung cao de dao va thu gom mum), mudi (sii dung muoi de mudi ca) (nghe lam mam); bda (sxi dung bfla de bfla dfi't) (nghe san xufi't mudi). Dinh danh dfla vfio rafle dp: phdi hoa (phdi efit vdi Ifldng cat mdng, thu cfit man trong ngay), phdi diy (phdi cat vdi Ifldng cat day, de dfii ngfiy, tbUdng la 3-4 ngay, radi ngay cd the thu efit rafin tflng ldp mdng). Dinh danh dfla vao tinh ehfi't eua nghe nghiep; sieng di (chfim chi.
thfldng xuyen di bien), di Udt (sau khi NHAN L^C KHDA HOC XA HOI Q
DAC TRL^'G XGOX X(;C - VAX HOA QUA L 6 P TUT...
hofin thien be mang. phai chpn ngfiy di md hfing) (nghe efi). Dinh danh dfla vao trang thfii: bit mudi (ea nga'm vao mudi trong qua trinh u chfldp), tie'p nhiet (nudc bd'i sau khi keo nit, dun ndng rdi dd Iai be chfldp). v a cudi eung la dinh danh dua vao thdi diem danh bat: dinb ra quan^ (danh bat vao lue chap tdi) (nghe ea).
Vdi nhieu each dinh danh nhU tren, eU dan bie'n Thanh Hda dfi thd hien cai nbin khfi phong phu, da dang ve boat dpng lfim nghe bie'n. NbUng kbac vdi ten gpi sfl vfit, ehu the dinh danh thfldng chpn ve hinh thflc be ngofii (hinh thfle, binh dang, mfiu sfic. cfi'u true._) thi ten gpi ehi quy trinh boat dpng nghe bien d Thanh Hda lai "fla dung" lfla chpn tinh nfing, edng dung, each thflc, phfldng thflc cua boat ddng de lam cfin cfl gpi ten hanb ddng. Rd rang, khi dinh danh mpt boat ddng bay hanh ddng, ngfldi ta lai tri nhan, lfla chpn dfic trflng phan finh se cd nhieu diem khfic so vdi dinh danh su vat.
Bdi le. gifla hanh ddng va sfl vat ed sfl khfic biet ve mfit pbam tru nen khi dinh danh thudng cd nbflng ki§u lfla chpn khfic nhau. Ndi each khac, kieu tu duy vfla mang tinh trflc quan, vfla mang tinh trflu tupng la noi trpi bdn ea trong ldp tfl ehl quy trinh boat ddng nghe bi§n d Thanh Hda.
3. Dac trflng ngon ngiJf van hoa bieu hien qua thcf ca dan gian
Trong nghe di bien ciia Thanh Hda, nhieu pbUdng thflc. each thflc danh bat, khai thac da trd thfinh truyen thd'ng eua dia phfldng, the hien sfic thai rieng khd lfin vdi bat ky vung bien nfio. Cd the ke den nghi' vAng tay. nghi' seo. nghe keo rdng...
Q NHAN LUG KHOA HOC XA HOI
Hoat ddng nghe biln cung gfip mudn va khd khan, vat va. Xgu dan dfi cd nhflng kinh nghiem dfldc due ket tfl hang nghin nam de choiig ehpi lai vdi mdi trfldng sdng nude vi muc dfcb sinh tdn eua minh. Tfit ca da di vad kho tang ca dao. dan ea, tuc ngfl eua dia phUdng nbu mdt ie tfl nhien. Dfiy vfla lfi tae pham vfin hpc dan gian vfla lfi kho tfing tri thflc kinh nghiem phuc vu cho viee lam nghe.
Nghe vang tay vfi nghe seo gfin bd vdi ngfl dfin Thanh Hda (mfi cu the lfi ngfl dan huyen Hau Lpc) tfl lau ddi. Day la nhflng nghe danh bat truyen thd'ng. tinh ehfi't tbu edng, gfin vdi ngfl trfldng gan bd (danh bat vung long), va lai chu yeu dflde dfinh bat vfio ban dem.
Cfi lfing, ea doi, ca kim, De cho ving, seo di tim ea dera*^'.
Vdi nghe nao ngao, kieu each, phfldng thflc danh bfit eiing ed nhiing n^t rieng khd lan vdi cac nghe khae, dfldc phan anh vao ea dao.
Nao ngao rat nhflng di ldi, Tay de can nao, vai bam tim da'^"'.
Trong khi dd, nghe keo rung lai g^n bd vdi ngu dan vung bai ngang (vung bi^n huyen Hofing Hda, Quang Xfldng, Tinh Gia). Day eiing lfi nghe thu cdng truyen thd'ng tfl xa xfla. Caeh thflc dfinh bat thi ddn gian, ai cung cd the tham gia vfio boat dpng nay:
Nghe chi eho bang nghe riing,
'^' Dang uy - Uy ban Nhan dSn xa Ngu Loc (1992) Dia chl Diem Pho- NgU Ldc. Sd Van h6a Thdng tin T h a n h H6a, tr i:i5
'"" Dang ay - Uy ban N h i n dan xa Ngu L9C (1992) Dia cbS Diem Pho • SgU Lgc, So VSn h6a Tho Thanh H6a, tr.l35. "^ "^'^
S6 7-2020
XGU^-EX VAX DUXG Khdng budm. khdng Iai ciing khong
ken ngfldi"".
Nhflng bao gid eiing ed quy each, hinb thfle thflc hien cua nghe:
Keo rung thi phai di ldi.
Ban chin mfldi ngfldi thglai ba dn^^^\
Nghe cfiu mflc lai phd bie'n d vung bien Tinh Gia, ndi rafi tbi§n nhien flu dai hdn so vdi efic vung bien khae d Thanh Hda.
Cach dfinh bfit, khai thfic trong nghe cau mflc cflng kba dfic biet. Mdi cau cd mdi gia vfi mdi tbfit. Moi tbfit lfi nhflng efi con mfic vfio Ifldi de nhii mflc; radi gia dflde dung bfing vai vdi cfic mau sac sd khac nhau, nhflng ehii ye'u van la dung mdi gia:
Ngay bien rung, nflde due, Vai Ifira raoi tdi can.
Nhfi't lfi rafiu da cam, Xen sfic vfing, xanh, do.
Bien lfing tdi xin nhd, Cai them sfic vai xanb"^'.
Cung nhfl nghe ndng, nghe bien lfi mdt nghe truyen thd'ng lfiu ddi nhflng vd cung cflc nhpc, ludn phai ddi didn vdi bien ca menh mdng, bao td' thfldng trflc. Dfl vfiy, cfl dan lfim nghe vfin bam bien, xem nghe bien lfi ngudn sd'ng de'n ndi: ngiing cheo treo nieu.
Trong nhflng buoi dau sd khai cua nghe, khi ehfla ed cac thiet hi hd trp danh ea hien dai, cfic cdng cu. phfldng tien danh bat cdn rfi't thd sd, hidu biet han hep, thi ngfl dan ra khdi phu thupc ehu ye'u vfio sfl nhfin biet mdi trfldng khdng gian trdi, dfi't, trfing, sao, hfldng gid, mfiu nflde... bfing kinh nghiera. Do dd, trfldc radi chuye'n khdi xa, ngfl dan thfldng phai:
Trfldc la xem gid xem trdi,
Sau thi eho biet nhiing ndi hiem ngheo"^*.
"Xem gid xem trdi" dfldc xem la nguyen tfie raang tinh tien quye't trude moi ehuyen ra khdi. "Xem gid xem trdi" la de phdng gidng bfio, doan dinb budng ca, ludng ca theo cam nhan tfl duy chu quan.
"Nhflng ndi hiem ngheo" la ludng lach.
ran da, vung xoay. mach dfi ngam... de trfinh cbo thuyen be ra khdi dupe an toan.
v a dd la ly do giai thich tai sao khdng rapt chie'c thuyen be nao ra khdi lai cbi cd mdt ngUdi (du danh bat trong long). Tren mdi chiee thuyen. be ludn ed nhieu thanh vien vdi ehflc nang, nhiem vu rieng, dac biet deu cd hieu biet ve bien: din em - vet sip, trai, ban, dng lio.
Ben canh do, viee xfic dinh thdi diem ra khdi eiing se quye't dinh thfinh bai trong mdi chuyen di. Theo quy luat, ca thfldng di chuyen khi cd ludng nUdc thay ddi. Khdng tinh ngfiy bien ddng thi thfldng ngfl dan Thanh Hda danh bfit hoac la sang sdm (khoang 4-5h sang) boae chieu (khoang 4- 5h chieu). Vfi vi the, ngudi Thanh Hda cd cau: Nhi't rang ddng, nhi tic quing. Rang ddng - budi sfing sdm, tic quang. budi chieu tdi, dd la hai thdi diem danh ca dUdc nhieu nhat trong ngfiy. Vdi kieu each lfla chpn thdi diem ra khdi nbu vfiy, cung vdi phUdng tien. ngu cu thd sd, gfin vdi sflc ngUdi lfi chinb, chung tdi cfing khfing dinh
" " Le Huy Tram. Hoang Khoi. LUu Dtfc Hanh (1983), Tuc ngQ, dan ca. ca dao, vk Tbanb Hoa, .Nxb Thanh Hoa, Thanh Hoa. tr.107.
"-' Le Huy Tram. Hoing Khoi, Lmi Diic Hanh (1983), Tuc ngQ, dan ca, ca dao, ve Thanh Hi'i.i. Nxb. Thanh Hoa, Thanh Hoa. tr.107.
"^' Xem: thanhhoanew s vn
"*' Le Huy Tram, Hoing Khoi, Luu Dilc Hanh i\'<^ ii Tuc ngQ, dan ca. ca dao. v^ Thanh Hda. N \ b Thanh Hoa, Thanh Hoa. tr. 111.
St 7-2026 NHAN Lire KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
DAC THVSC, XGOX X G C - VAN HOA QUA LC)P TU"..,
rd thdi quen boat ddng k h a i thfic 6 n g u t r u d n g trong 7pn^ lfi cbii dao t r o n g n g h e bien t r u y e n thd'ng xfl T h a n h .
N h u vay. n g h e bidn tuy gian t r u a n , vfit va, cflc nhpc nhflng ngfl dfin bien xfl T h a n h dfi tflng bfldc cbinh phue, lfim c h u bien ea. Rd rfing. neu khdng phai lfi cfl d a n gfin bd lfiu ddi vdi bien ca. khdng can cfl lao dpng, khdng sfing tao tbi chfic cbfin khdng cd nhflng t h a o tfic boat ddng, k i n h nghiem khai thfic dfinh bfit khoa hpe vfi hieu q u a de'n vfiy. Dfiy la eung la ke't q u a tfl duy nhfin thfle eua nhflng ngfldi lfim nghe da dfldc p h a n a n h vao ngdn ngfl vfla ed nhflng net c h u n g nhflng eung d a m k b a c biet ciia nghe bien xfl T h a n h .
Ke't l u a n
Nghe bien lfi rapt nghe truyen thdng lau ddi. P h a n ldn ldp tfl ngfl nghe bien cd nhieu ten gpi dfi trd nen t h a n quen vdi nhiing ngfldi ngofii nghe, dflde phd bie'n rdng rai trong xfi hpi, trd t h a n b ngdn ngfl toan dan.
Tuy nhien. d cae khia canb phUdng thflc ca'u tao tfl. dinb danh khae n h a u da phan nfio the bien sfic thai tfl duy van hoa cua cpng ddng cfl dfin, raang net rfi't rieng eiia dia phUdng va xa la vdi ngfldi ngofii nghe. Mat khfic, nhflng da'u an ve bien da di vfio tara thfle ngudi xfl Thanh bieu bien qua nhiing sang tac dfin gian rfi't dfic sfic, trd t h a n h tri thflc kinb nghiem vd cung quy bau. Day ddng thdi ciing la nhflng net sac thfii vfin hda Inen xfl T h a n h dUde bieu bien qua ngdn ngfl - ldp tfl chi boat dpng nghe liien
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
1. Do Hflu Chfiu (2000). ' T i m hieu van hda q u a ngdn ngfl". .\L:on ngd, (10).
2. Cao Xufin H a o (2001). Sgon ngd ^-i van hoi. in t r o n g Tieng Viet vin ^ '^'^
ngudi Viet. Nxh. Tre, Hfi Ndi.
3. N g u y e n Vfin D u n g (20Uil. "'Tfl ngfl n g h e nghiep n g h e bien d T h a n h Hda (Tfl b i n h dien ngdn ngfl - v a n hda)", Lufin a n tie'n SI, trfldng Dai bpc Vinh.
4. D a n g uy - Uy b a n N h a n d a n xa NgU Ldc (1992). Dia chi Diim Pho - Ngii Ldc, Sd Vfin hda T h d n g tin T h a n b Hda.
5. N g u y e n Lai (1993), "Ve mdi q u a n h e gifl ngdn ngfl v a n hda", Viet Nam, nhdng vi'n de ngon ngd vi vin hda, Hdi ngdn ngfl hpc Viet N a m , Trfldng D a i hpe ngoai ngfl Hfi Ndi.
6. N g u y e n Lai (1997), Nhdng bii giang ve ngdn ngU hgc dai cugng(mdi quan hi gida ngdn ngd vi tU duy), Tfip 1, Nxb. Dai hpe Qud'c gia, Hfi Ndi.
7. E d w a r d Sapir(2000), Ngdn ngd din luin vio viec nghiin cdu ldi ndi, Trfldng Dai hpc K H X H &NV Thfinh p h o Ho Chi M m h (ban dieh).
8. T r i n h S a m (2002), Di tim ban sic tie'ng Viet, Nxb. T r e , Hfi Npi.
9. T r a n Ngpc T h e m (1993), Di tim ngon ngd cua vin hda va die trUng van hda cda ngdn ngU, in t r o n g "Viet N a m - nhflng vfi'n de n g d n ngfl va v a n hda", Hdi Ngdn ngfl bpc T r u d n g D a i hpe N g o a i ngfl H a Npi.
10. N g u y i n Dflc Ton (2010), Dac trUng van bda - din tgc cua ngdn ngiy vi tu duy Nxb. Tfl dien Bach khoa, H a Xdi.
U . Le H u y T r a m , H o a n g Khdi, Lflu Dflc H a n h (1983). Tuc ngU, dan ca, ca dao, vi Thanh Hda, N x b . T h a n h H ' T h a n b H d a .
[ Q N H A N l\fC KHOA HOC XA HOI
Sfi 7-2020