LUAT
HOAN THIEN KHUNG KHO PHAP LY CHO DOANH NGHIEP SPIN-OFF TRONG TRlTCfNG DAI HOC 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
• NGUYEN THI THUY HANG
TOM TAT:
Spin-off la md hinh doanh nghiep kha phd bien d cdc nffdc phat trien nham trien khai va thurdng mai hda ket qud nghien cffu khoa hpc cdng nghe. Tuy nhien d Viet Nam, khai niem nay lai chu'a phd ble'n, sd Iifdng doanh nghiep spin-off khdng nhieu vd edng khdng hieu qud. Ly do thi nhieu, nhimg cd le cd't ldi la do chung ta chffa xdy dffng dffdc hanh lang phdp ly phu hdp cho md hinh nay, ddn dd'n viec dp dung khd khan. Bai vie't sau ddy tap trung vao viec lam rd cac va'n d6 phdp ly hen quan dd'n spin-off va dffa ra khuyen nghi cho vide xdy difng khung khd phdp ly ddi vdi loai hinh nay.
TiJf khoa: Spin-off, doanh nghiep khoa hpc cdng nghd, khung khd phap ly.
1. Khai niem doanh nghiep spin-off Spin-off va start-up la hai md hinh khdi sif doanh nghiep dang dffdc Iffu tam bien nay. Trong khi start-up kha phd' bie'n vd phat trien manh thi spin-off lai khdng du'dc ddn nhdn nhiet linh 6 Viet Nam. Md hinh spin-off (thifdng difdc hieu la
"doanh nghiep khdi ngudn") va start-up (doanh nghiep khdi nghiep) dffdc hinh thdnh dau tien d cac nu'dc cdng nghiep phat trien. Spin-off duac khdi nguon tit trUdng dai hoc (tdch ra hoat dong doc tdp td cdc trUdng dai hoc), do cdc cd nhdn tao ra cdc tdi san khoa hoc vd cong nghe tham gia vdo qud trinh qudn ly cda doanh nghiep. Start-up chi sU khdi nghiep cua mdt doanh nghiep mdi hinh thdnh tren nen tdng ket qud khoa hoc vd cong nghe [2}. Cdc ket qud nghien cdu de hinh thanh spin-off thffdng la ke't qua nghien cffu cdng nghe cao.
Khac vdi spin-off, doanh nghiep start-up chi ndm trong khu vi/c "vffdn ffdm" (technology park) va khdng nha't thie't phai gdn vdi cd sd nghien cffu.
Cdng nghe cua doanh nghiep start-up khdng nhdt thie't phdi la cdng nghe cao, ke't qud nghien cffu
eung cd the la'y tff ndi khac de'n, Ne'u nhff ngffdi thanh lap vd dieu hanh doanh nghiep spin-off nhd't thie't phai chinh la nhd khoa hoc chii nhan cua phat kie'n cdng nghe cao, thi ai cung cd the thanh lap va dieu hdnh doanh nghiep slart-up[3|.
Do luon gdn lien vdi cac cd sd nghien cffu, trffdng dai hpc, nen md hinh nay thffdng dffdc bie't dd'n vdi ten goi "academic spinoff" hay "university spin-off". Cach got nhu vdy cung khie'n spin-off trd nen de tid'p can hdn, ddng thdi giup cac cd sd nghien cffu dda ra sff Iffa chon rd rang hdn. Khi trffdng dai hoc cung vdi cac nha khoa hpc dang sd hffu bdng sang che ve cdng nghe ma mud'n tff minh xdy dffng va phat tnen doanh nghidp ("Iff khdi nghidp") de thffdng mai hda ke't qua nghien cffu khoa hoc thi Iffa chon md hinh doanh nghiep "spin- off"[4]lahdply.
Theo Pirnay and colleagues (2003), spin-off la mdt khai mem ra't chung chung vd md nhat, rd't khd de dffa ra mdt each hieu thd'ng nha't'. Tren cd sd tim hieu edc quan diem khde nhau, cd the tdm lai khai niem ve spin-off nhff sau'
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Doanh nghiep spin-ojf Id doanh nghiep hoat dong trong ITnh vuc khoa hoc vd cong nghe, duac hinh thdnh dUa tren ca sd dp dung, khai thdc cdc ke't qud nghien cdu khoa hoc cong nghe duac tao ra d vien nghiin cdu, trudng dgi hoc hoac do cd nhdn hoac lap the cdc nhd khoa hoc, ki sU... co trinh do kie'n thdc vd ndng lUc chuyen mdn cao, co tinh than kinh thuang rdi khoi td chdc me de bat dau mot sU kinh doanh doc lap mdi [7, tr.21].
2. Dac diem, vai trd cua doanh nghiep spin-ofT
Spin-off la doanh nghiep ed quy md khdi dau nhd va vffa vdi so' vd'n dau tff khdng qud Idn (td't nhien tuy thudc tffng ITnh vffc cu the) vd de dang thich ffng vdi sff thay ddi cua thi trifdng [6]. Mdt so' nghien cffu da chi ra cdc dac diem cua md hinh nay, chu ye'u thd' hidn d md'i lien ke't vdi cd sd me (vien nghien cffu, trffdng dai hpc)-. Theo do, cae doanh nghiep ndy du'dc hinh thanh tff cac cd sd nghien cffu (vien, trffdng) vd chffa thu'c sff tach ra khdi to chffc me de boat ddng mot each ddc lap, tff chu nhff dung ban cha'tcua md hinh nay; ben canh dd, doanh nghigp cung sd hffu nhffng ke't qud nghien cffu va bi quyet cdng nghe cao mang tinh ffng dung cd the dffdc thifdng mai hda d^ mang lai ldi nhudn cho doanh nghiep ndi ridng vd thuc day sff phdt tnen cua nen khoa hpc cdng nghe ndi chung cua nffdc nha.
Ngoai ra, ngu'di sang lap doanh nghiep spin-off ciing thu'dng cd dac trifng [7, lr.22]:
- Sd hffu mot bi quye't cdng nghe cu the va cd the dp dung bi quye't cdng nghe dd de ddi mdi sdn pha'm hoac doi mdi qud trinh,
- Cd tinh than kinh thffdng: quan tam de'n viec khai thdc mdt cdch td'i da bi quye't cdng nghe cu the de cd de san xud't san pham vd dich vu eu the du nang Iffc canh tranh tren thi trffdng tren cd sd khai thac cdc ngudn vd'n tff cd hoac coi nhff iff cd (vd'n vay, vd'n mao hiem...).
Vdi nhffng dac diem ve ngu'di sang lap vd doanh nghiep nhu' vay, spin-off ddng vai trd quan trong trong viec tao ra mdt md hinh hodn bdo cho viec khai thac va trien khai edc ke't qua nghien cffu cdng nghe cao cua ai sd nghien cffu. Cd the ndi, doanh nghiep spin-off id phifdng thffc ngdn nhd't du'a ke't qua nghien cffu va trien khai vao sdn xua't, ddng thdi la phu'dng den thffc hien hieu qua chinh sdch dd'i mdi [7] cua nha nifdc.
3. Thi/c trang quy dinh phap lu$t diiu chinh doanh nghiep spin-off
Ngay sau khi Nha nffdc cd cac chu trffdng, chinh sach phdt trien doanh nghiep khoa hpc cdng nghe, dac biet la Quye't dinh sd68/1998/QD-TTg cho phep thi diem thanh lap doanh nghiep nha nffdc trong cdc cd sd dao tao, cd sd nghien cffu khoa hpc, nhieu doanh nghiep da dffdc thanh lap tff cdc vien, trffdng'. Tuy nhien, cdc doanh nghiep ndy chi la cdc ddanh nghiep cd thffc hidn hoat dpng khoa hoc cdng nghe chff chffa phai la md hinh doanh nghiep spin-off nhff tren die gidi. Mai de'n nhffng nam 2006 Vien Vat ly ffng dung va Thie't hi khoa hoc dffng dau la Gido su'Tran Xuan Hodi mdi a'p u vd tie'n hanh thffc hien y tffdng thanh lap doanh nghidp spin-off dau tien d Viet Nam. The nhffng, cdc spin-off sau dd cung khdng boat ddng hieu qua dung nhff ban chat cua md hinh nay do gap nhi^u vifdng mac, ma trffdc he't la thieu mdt khung kho phap ly dieu chinh. Cho de'n nay, gan nhff chung ta khdng tim thd'y mdt diiu luat nao trifc tie'p quy dinh ve spin-off md chi cd cac quy dinh lien quan.
Dau lien la cac quy dinh phdp luat ve ITnh vffc khoa hpc cdng ngbd. Ludt Khoa hpc cdng ngh6, Luat Cdng nghe cao, Luat Chuyen giao cdng nghe,.., va cac van bdn hffdng dan thi hanh tao hanh lang phap ly chung cho cac boat ddng khoa hpc cdng nghd. Tiep nffa la cdc quy dinh ve bdo ve quyen sd hffu tri tue cdc ke't qua nghien cffu khoa hpc va cdng nghe trong Ludt Sd hffu tri tue va cac van bdn hffdng dan thi hanh. Cac quy djnh ve doanh nghiep, bao gdm Ludt Doanh nghiep, cac quy dinh ve doanh nghiep khoa hpc cdng nghe, doanh nghiep cdng nghe cao... trong cdc van ban tffdng ffng tao cd sd cho viec thdnh Idp vd boat dpng ciia spin-off. Dac biet gan day, Nghi dinh so 13/2019/ND-CP ve doanh nghiep khoa hpc cdng nghe da chinh thffc ban hdnh va cd hieu Iffc tH ngdy 20/3/2019, la van ban ddng Iffu y nha't dffara nhffng va'n dk phap ly rd net ve qua trinh hinh thanh, boat dpng, phdt trien cua doanh nghiep khoa hoe cdng nghe. Dang tiec, cac van ban tren deu khdng de cap trffc tiep de'n khai niem spin-off hay doanh nghiep khdi ngudn, khie'n loai hinh nay trd nen md hd tren thffc te. Dieu ndy ly giai tai sao cdc doanh nghiep hinh thanh tff cac trffdng dai hoc vd vien ngbidn cffu mac du da ra ddi ngay sau khi
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LUAT
CO chinh sdch phat trien nhffng lai khdng cd cd che phu hdp va rd rang de hoat ddng theo dung ban chd't cua mdt spin-off.
Phdp ludt hien hdnh cd dffa ra quy dinh ve cac md hinh hd trd spin-off nhff vffdn ffdm cdng nghe hay khdng gian lam viec chung lai cdc trffdng dai hoc, ma Dai hpc Bach khoa Ha Noi la mdt dien hinh. Cdc chinh sdch hd trd thffdng mai hda ket qua nghien cffu khoa hpc va phat trien cdng nghe, ffdm tao va doi mdi cdng nghe cung dffdc dffa ra trong Nghi dinh sd 99/2014/ND-CP quy dmh viec dau tff phat trien tiem liTe va khuye'n khich boat ddng khoa hpc vd cdng nghe trong edc ed sd giao due dai hoc, yeu cau ffu tien dau tff dd'i vdi tru'dng dai hpc cd doanh nghiep khoa hpc vd cdng nghe.
Mdt van ban ludt ra't quan trong nffa Id Ludt Giao due dai hpc, cung cho phep cdc cd .sd gido due dai hpc du'dc lien doanh, lien ke't, thanh lap doanh nghiep... de thuc da'y boat ddng nghidn cffu, ffng dung chuyen giao, phdt trien dich vu dao tao; nhulig cung gid'ng cac quy dinh trong ede van ban phdp ludt khac, mdt hanh lang phdp ly cho viec ra ddi va hoat ddng cua spin-off chifa difdc dat ra eu the.
Ve nguyen lac, spin off phdi Id doanh nghiep thanh lap mdi (khdi ngudn), trong khi cac doanh nghiep khoa hpc cdng nghe dang dffdc quy dinh va dieu chinh d Viet Nam lai khdng ddi hdi va'n de nay, nghia Id cd the chuyen ddi vd xin cd'p gia'y chffng nhdn doanh nghiep khoa hpc cdng nghe bdi ba't cff doanh nghiep dang hoat ddng nao cd du diiu kien theo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh sd 13/2019/ND-CP, dieu nay khie'n cdc nhd khoa hpc khdng man ma trong viee hinh thanh spin-off do lo sd nhffng rui ro tff viec thanh lap mdi doanh nghiep.
4. K&'t lu^n va mot so'khuyen nghi Ngay 01/12/2011, Thu tffdng Chinh phu da ban hanh Quye't dinh sd' 2133/QD-TTg phe duyet quy hoach td'ng the phdi trie'n Vien Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe Vidt Nam den nam 2020 vd dmh hu'dng dd'n nam 2030, yeu cau "Day manh hoat ddng ffng dung ke't qua nghien cffu khoa hpc va phdt trien cdng nghe vao sdn xud't va ddi sd'ng xa hdi; thffdng mai hda cdc sdn pha'm khoa hpc va cdng nghe thdng qua thi tru'dng khoa hpc va cdng nghe.
Khuye'n khich hd trd cac hoat dpng ifdm tao cdng nghe, ffdm tao doanh nghiep spin-off, thanh lap va phat triln cdc doanh nghiep spin-off". Chinh phu cung dffa ra muc deu de'n nam 2020 se phat trien
15 doanh nghiep spin-off, djnh hffdng den nam 2030 se dat difdc con sd' 20 doanh nghiep spin-off.
Muc tieu la vay, nhffng cho den nay, cac doanh nghiep hoat ddng dung ban chat doanh nghiep spin-off gan nhif van chffa cd. Quy dinh phdp ludt khong rd rdng khie'n cho edc "spin-off" cua Viet Nam mdi chi boat dpng ehii ye'u trong ITnh vffc dich vu khoa hpc cdng nghe, tff van chff chu'a phdt tnen bung nd tff chuyen giao cdng nghe thffc sff nhff khai niem spin-off tren the gidi [5].
Trffdc thu'c trang do, nhu cau ve khung kho phdp ly cho doanh nghiep spin-off (academic spin- off, university spin-off) la vd ciing can thie'l.
Ddu tien, can lam rd khdi niem spin-off trong cac van ban phdp ludt. Cac van ban hien hdnh chi de cap de'n doanh nghiep khoa hpc cdng nghe hay doanh nghiep cdng nghe cao, trong khi spin-off la mdt md hinh rat dac thO vd chffa dffdc hie'u mdt each thd'ng nha't. Viee du'a khai niem nay vao van bdn ludt la den de quan trpng d^ xay dtfng vd ap dung md hinh nay vao thuc te' mdt each dung dan va hieu qua.
Tie'p nffa, cin thie'l cd mdt chffdng trong luat (hoac tham chi cd rieng mdt Nghi dinh) dieu chinh rieng ve spin-off, trong dd quy dinh rd thu tuc va dieu kien thanh lap spin-off, cac va'n de phdp ly cu the ve chu sd hffu, ngffdi quan ly, md'i quan he giffa spin-off vdi cd sd me, nguyen tac hoal ddng, cac chinh sach hd trd, ifu dai danh cho doanh nghidp, dac biet la vai trd, vi tri cua nha khoa hpc dffng ra thanh lap doanh nghidp cung nhff hffdng dau Iff dd'i vdi ke't qua nghien cffu khoa hpc vd cdng nghe cao lam ed sd cho sff tdn tai va phat trie'n cua doanh nghiep.
Cac quy dmh phap ludt eung can chi ra sff khde biet nha't dinh giffa spin-off va mdt doanh nghiep cd dang ky boat dgng khoa hpc cdng nghe thdng thffdng. Dieu nay giup spin-off cd hu'dng di dung vdi ban chd't cua nd.
Song song vdi viec tao hanh lang phdp ly cho sff ra ddi vd phdt trie'n doanh nghiep spin-off, cac quy dinh ve bao ve quyen sd hffu tri tue cijng can dffdc xem xet va hoan thien hdn, ddm bdo sff bao ve td'i da dd'i vdi ke't qua nghien cua cdc nha khoa hoc, giup nhd khoa hoc yen tam nghien cffu vd ffng dung nghien cffu cua minh vao thifc te ddi sd'ng, hieu qua nhd't Id thffc hien thffdng mai hda ke't qua nghien cffu thdng qua md hinh spm-off nhif tren •
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TAI LIEU TRICH DAN:
'Cdc dinh nghia thdng dung cda "university spin-ojf' [8]
Tdc gid
Smiloretai (1990)
Wealherston (1995)
Bellini etal. (1999)
Klofsten &
Jones-Evans (2000)
Binh nghia
Mot cdng ty duac thdnh lap (1) bdi mdt gidng vien, nhdn vien hoac smh vien da rdi trudng dai hoc de thdnh lap cong ly hoac thdnh lap cong ly trong khi vdn liSn ke't vdt IrUdng dat hoc vd/hogc (2) xoay quanh cdng nghe hogc y tudng cdng nghe dd duac phdi tnen trong irUdng dai hoc
Mat y tudng kinh doanh duac khdi xUdng hodc trd thdnh hoat dong thuang mgi vdi nhdng nhd khoa hgc co tinh than kmh thuang ddng vai trd quan trgng trong bdt ky hay tdi cd mgi ke hoach, sdng lap hay qudn ly tii'p theo
Cong ty duac thdnh lap bdi cdc gido vien, nhd nghien cdu hay sinh vien vd sinh vien tdt nghiep de thuang mgi hda cdc ket qud nghien cdu md hg co thS dd tham gia Igi IrUdng dai hoc. Viec tliUOng mai hoa kiS'n thdc khoa hoc vd cong nghe duoc ihuc hien bdt cdc nhd khoa hgc d tnfdng dai hgc (gido vien hogc nhd nghien cdu), sinh vien vd sinh vien da tdt nghiep
Mdt vdn phong hay td chdc duac thdnh lap de khai thdc cdc ket qud nghien cdu d IrUdng dgi hgc
^http://lualsu-vn.com/nguon-goc-qua-trmh-dieu-kien-hinh-thanh-doanh-nghiep-spin/
- Sd hitu mot bi quye't cdng nghe cu the, cd the dp dung vdo qud trinh doi mdi sdn phdm hoac ddi mdi mot qud trinh.
- Bi quyet cong nghe ndy co the dugc doanh nghiep llufgng mgi hoa, vdi muc dich phuc vu nhu cdu cua xd hdi vd mang lai lai nhugn cho doanh nghiep.
- Doanh nghiep spin-off guip cho cdc tdchdc me (vien, trUdng) cd ihuc tien trong nghien cdu. pim hap vdi chdc ndng ciia minh, gan ke't giUa ddo lao vd nghien cdu.
- Doanh ngluep spm-ojf trong IrUdng dgi hoc vdn chua tu tdch ra khdi ca sd me (trUdng), chu ye'u vdn phdi dUa vdo ca sd han tdng cua ca sd me, tranh thU trang ihiel bi, phdng thi nghiem vd mdt bang hoat ddng Hoat dgng R&D trong cdc doanh nghiep spin-off chu yeu vdn do ca sd me ddt hdng, cung cdp ldi chinh, dm ddi tdc. Cho nSn, khi thdnh cong trong nghien cdu khoa hoc, cd sd me vdn Id nai sd hSu cdc ke't qud ndy, chiu trdch nhiem khi chuyen giao, mua bdn.
^Cdc cdng ty duac hinh thdnh td Vien, trUdng [1. tr 159.169}: Cdng ry Netnam, Cong ly Xdy dung vd Cliuyen giao cdng nghe Thuy Lai. Cdng ty TNHH MTV Phdt trien cong nghe vd Thie'l bi mo, Cdng ty Sdn xudt vd Dich vu KH&CN thUy sdn, Cong ty Xdy dUng trUdng hoc. Cong ty Sdn xud't vd dich vu del may, Cong ty TNHH MTV Vdc xin vd sinh phdm sd I, Cdng ty TNHH MTV vie xin vd sinh phdm Nha Trang. Cdng ty Phdt trien ky thuat vd ddu tu. Cdng ty Phdt tnen cdng nghe IMTECH, Cdng ty Tu vdn vd dau tuphdt trien rau hoa qud. Cong t\ Phdt trien phu gia vd sdnphdm ddu mo, Cong ty Ddo tao vd Cung ting nhdn Itxc, Cdng ty Tuvdn vd Chuyen giao cong nghe, Cdng ty Tuvdn. trien khai cdng nghe vd xdy dUng mo-dia chdt, Cong ly Tuvd'n vd (fng dung KH&CN giao thdng vdn tdi. Cdng ty TNHH Tuvdn dai ligc xdy dung. Cong ty Xdy dUng vd phdt tnen dd tin, Cdng ty Dugc khoa. Cong ly TNHH MTV Dau lU vd phdt tnen Cdng nghe Bach khoa Hd Ndi.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Mai Hd - Hodng Vdn Tuyen - Ddo Thanh TrUdng, Doanh nghiep khoa hoc vd cdng nghe - Tif ly ludn den thtic tiSn, Nhd Xudt bdn Khoa hoc vd Ky tliudt, 2015.
2 TS Nguyen Vdn Anh, Nguyen Hong Hd, ThS. Le Vu loan, Doanh nghiep khoa hoc vd cdng nghe Viet Nam, thUc trang vd gidi pitdp phdt trien. Tap chi Chinh sdch vd Qudn ly khoa hoc vd cdng nghe, tdp 3 sd3 ndm 2014.
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LUAT
3 Thach Anh, Doanh nghiep tif phdng thi nghiem, Tgp chi Tia Sdng, sd 10, ngdy 20/5/2006 4. Tg Hdi Tdng. Doanh nghiep khdi nghiep sdng tao, Tia Sdng online, ngdy 30/3/2018.
5. Nguyen Trung Dung. Spin-off trong trUdng dgi hoc Viet Nam - hdnh trinh con lam clidng gai. Khoa hgc vd Phdt trien online, ngdy 16/04/2018
6. Ngd Ddc The. Md hinh cdng ty Spin-off, Thdi bdo Kinh te'Sdi Gdn online, ngdy 22/7/2014.
7. Vu Thiiy Lien, Hinh thdnh doanh nghiep spin-off trong cdc to chdc nghien cdu vd tnen khai gdp phan thuc day thuang mgi hda cdc ket qud nghien cdu (irudng hap nganh dugc), Ludn vdn thac sT khoa hgc, 2018
8. Pinaki N. Pattnaik, Satyendra C. Pandey, University Spinoffs: What, Why, and How ">, Technology Innovation Management Review. 12/2014.
Ngay nhan bai: 10/4/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va s^a chifa: 20/4/2019 Ngay chap nhan dang hai: 30/4/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
ThS. N G U Y I N T H I T H U Y HANG Trifdng Dai hpc Bach khoa Ha Ndi
PERFECTING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPIN-OFF ENTERPRISES OF UNIVERSITIES IN VIETNAM
• Master. NGUYEN THI THUY HANG Hanoi University of Science a n d Technology
ABSTRACT:
Spin-dff is a popular enterprise model in developed countries to deploy and commerciaHze scientific and technological research results. However, in Vietnam, this concept is not popular and the number of spin-off businesses is small with ineffective performance. There is a number of reasons for this issue but the major reason is that we have not budi an appropriate legal framework for this enterpnse model, resulting in difficulties of developing this enterprise model.
This article focuses on clarifying legal issues relating lo the spin-off enterprise and making recommendations for developing a legal framework for this enterprise type.
Keywords: Spin-off, science and technology enterprises, legal framework.
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