CHUYEN MUC
SW HOC - NHAN HOC - NGHIEN CCfU T O N GIAO
HOAT DONG THONG TIN LIEN LAC TREN BOAN CUOl OUpNG H O CHI MINH, TU NAM TAY NGUYEN DEN DONG NAM BO
(1961-1975)
N G U Y 6 N THj KIM NirCNG'
Nim 1961, doan cuoi dwang van til chiin Iwac 559 (con ggi li dwang Hd Chi Minh) tir Nam Tiy Nguyen din Ddng Nam Bd dwac xoi ma thanh cong va chia lim ba hinh lang vio Nam Bg vi circ Nam Trung Bd (B2). Cung dwang niy nhanh chong tra thinh hanh lang vin chuyen chiin Iwac cua B2, tiep nhin ngwai va hang hda, vu khi, phwang tiin chiin tranh. Thdng tin lien lac heat dgng tren dgan cu6i dwang Ho Chi Minh gdm cic phwang thirc thdng tin quin bwu, thdng tin vd tuyin dien vi thdng tin hiru tuyen dien Bii viit giai thiiu qui trinh hinh thinh doan cuoi dwang Hd Chi Minh vi hoat ddng cua ba phwang thirc thdng tin lien lac tren con dwang trong nhu'ng nam khing chiin chong My.
TO'khda: thong tin lien l?c, doan cuoi Swimg H 6 Chi Minh, Nam Tay Nguyen, B5ng Nam Bg
Ngiy nhin: 28/8/2015; dua vao bien tip: 4/3/2016; phin bien: 27/3/2017; duyet dang:
2/4/2017
Doan Nam Tay Nguyen - Bong Nam thanh bdi hai viing dk mang Jac Bp la dja ban trung gian chuyen tiep iliem dia hinh rieng: vung Nam Tay giu-a Khu 5 va Nam Bo. Trong khang Nguyen gSm cac tinh cao nguyen:
chiln chdng My, flay la dia ban co Lam Dang, Quang Birc (nay thuoc aoan cuoi dwiyng H6 Chl Minh (du-frng «"li ^ ^ k Nong) va Tuyen DCrc (nay 559) chay qua. Dia ban nay du-ac cau * " ' = « " ^ Lam Bong). Mien Dong Nam Bp gom cdc tinh co dja hinh thdp ddn td bae xulng nam vd bang phang ' Vien Khoa hoc xd hfli vCing Nam Bp. han, g l m Binh Long, Phudc Long
NGUYEN THI KIM NU-QNG - HOAT DQNG THQNG TIN LIEN LAC.
(Binh Phudc ngdy nay); Tdy Ninh;
Bidn Hda, Long Khdnh (Dong Nai ngdy nay) va Phude Tuy (nay thudc tfnh Bd Ria - Vung Tdu).
1. QUA TRINH HiNH THANH DOAN CU6l DiraNG Hd CHI MINH, TU* NAM TAY NGUYEN D^N DONG NAIM BQ Sau nam 1954, Vigt Nam bj chia cdt thanh hai mien Nam - Bae, vT tuyen 17 tu gidi tuyen qudn sy tgm thdi trd thdnh tan ranh ngdn cdch hai miln.
Tai miln Nam, My trye tiep ean thidp, dyng ten ehinh quyen Ngd Dinh Didm Id thupe vd ra sue phd hoai vigc thi hdnh Hiep djnh Gendve. Nam 1959 chinh sdeh phdt xit ctia c h l dp Ngd Dinh Didm va nh&ng ton thdt eua nhdn ddn vd lye lugng cdch mgng mien Nam dd budc Trung uang Dang phai thay doi dudng III dau tranh hoa binh, quylt djnh xdy dyng Igi can cu dia vd lyc tugng vQ trang d miln Nam.
Vdn d l md mpt eon dudng ehidn Iugc n l i liln hai miln Nam - Bac trd thdnh mpt ddi hdi edp thilt.
Ngdy 5/5/1959, Bp QuIe phdng quylt djnh thdnh lap "Dodn cdng tde qudn sy dgc bidt" de "md mgt con dudng dae bigt trdn day Trudng San vd to chue lyc lugng van chuyen vdt chat sung dan chi vien eho midn Nam..."
(Vd Bam, Ding ST Nguydn, Nguyen Viet Phuang 2005: 11). CDng trong thdng 5/1959. Tong Quan uy thdnh ldp Phdng Nghidn euu cong tae ehi vidn miln Nam do Vd Bam phu traeh.
Ngdy 19/5/1959, sau nua thdng chuan bj v l mpi mat, Dodn Vdn tai Qudn sy 559 ehinh thdc dugc thanh lap, do
Thugng td Vd Bam Idm Dodn trudng kidm Bi thu Ban Cdn sy. Dodn 559 dugc bidn c h l 500 cdn bd, ehiln sT;
ngoai Ban Chf huy, eon c6 Tieu dodn Vgn tai bp 301 vd cdc bp phdn nhu xdy dyng kho, bao gdi hdng, sua ehua vu khi... Th& trudng Bp Quic phong, Trudng ban Thing nhdt Trung uang Nguydn Van Vjnh trye tilp giao nhigm vu cua Dodn trong nam 1959:
"to ehuc thiet lap tuyin hdnh lang, nli thdng lidn lae, van chuyen gap mgt s l hdng quan sy thiet yeu theo ydu cau eua chiln trudng Khu 5: khoang 7000 sung bg binh vd bao dam cho 500 cdn bp trung sa cdp hdnh qudn qua tuyen vao tang eudng cho chien trudng" (Vd Bam, Ding ST Nguyen, Nguydn Vidt Phuang 2005: 15).
D i n thang 7/1959, nhiem vu md dudng giao lidn van tai vdo khu 5 cua Doan 559 da hodn tat. Tinh den culi nam 1959, Tieu doan 301 da van chuyin "1.667 khau sung cde loai, 188kg thulc no TNT, 788 dao gdm"
( H i San Ddi 2004: 64), cijng nhilu do dOng qudn su khdc tang cudng eho midn Nam.
Tuy nhien, ede dan vj eua 559 vdn chua khai md duge doan culi dudng H i Chi Minh, t d Nam Tdy Nguyen din Ddng Nam Bp. Ddy Id vung dat dn ng& nhung vj tri xung yeu tiln vdo Sdi Gdn vd Id vung tilp gidp bidn gidi Viet Nam - Campuchia. Khu vyc nay khong ehi gi& vai tro quan trpng d l i vdi My vd ehe dp Vidt Nam Cgng hda md cdn ed y nghTa quan trpng doi vdi lye lugng cdeh mang mien Nam Viet Nam.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI so 3 (223) 2017 Mgt khac, ddn eu vung dat ndy lai thua thdt, phuc tgp ve sac tge vd tdn giao nen thudng xuyen bj cdc the lye xam luge thyc hidn ehinh sdeh "ehia de trj". Nh&ng dae diem ve vj tri dja ly vd ddn cu trdn dia bdn Nam Tdy Nguyen - Ddng Nam Bp gay ra nhieu kho khan trong vigc moc nli, xdy dyng ca sd cdch mang trong quin ehung. Tuy nhidn, trudc tinh hinh mdi, tyc lugng cdch mang Nam Bp quylt tam xdy dyng tuyen van tai ehien luge dl qua vCing nay.
Td thang 9/1959 d i n den 11/1959, trdn dja ban t d Nam Tdy Nguyen den Ddng Nam Bp ed ba lue lugng vu trang dac biet duge thdnh lap nhdm xoi md dudng, khai thdng doan culi dudng H 6 Chi Minh: thang 5/1959, Bd Quic phdng phoi hgp vdi Ban Thong nhdt Trung uang thdnh lap Dodn B.90, do Tran Quang Sang Idm Dodn trudng, hgp nhdt vdi dpi vu trang edng tdc bac Dak Mil (nam Dak Lak) gdy dyng eg sd vd xoi md dudng t u phia bae vao Ddng Nam Bp; thang 9/1959, Khu uy vd Ban Qudn sy mien Ddng (Nam B6) thdnh ldp Dodn C.200 do Pham Hong San lam Trudng dodn.
lam nhiem vu xoi md dudng tu phia Ddng Nam Bd ten phia Nam Tdy Nguydn, tim edeh hgp noi vdi Dodn B.90 t d phia bae md vao; thdng 11/1959, Khu uy miln Ddng t l chdc them doan md dudng thd 2, eo phidn hidu Id C.300 (do Lam Quoc Dang, tdc Tu Thuge Idm trudng dodn).
Thang 9/1960, lue lugng eua C.300 hgp nhdt vdi Ban Cdn sy Phudc Long
thdnh dpi vu trang cdng tdc cd phidn higu Id C.270. Nhigm vg cua C.270 Id vda gdy dyng ea sd cdch mgng vua md dudng, tim each bit lidn Ige vdi Dodn B.90. Ddn ngdy 1/1/1960, Dpi 1 cua Dodn B.90 da gap to trinh sdt Dodn C.200 tai Vdm Dak R'Tinh phia ddng tfnh Quang Dde; tuy nhien phai nhilu thdng sau, ngdy 4/11/1960, Dpi 2 cua Dodn B.90 mdi gap to lien lac eua C.270 - Phude Long tai tru cdy s l 4, dudng Ddk Song - Gia NghTa d hudng tdy tinh Quang Birc. Sau sy kidn ndy, eon dudng vgn tai ehien luge 559 da thdng suit d i n Nam Bd.
Doan culi dudng Hd Chi Minh td Nam Tay Nguyen den Ddng Nam Bg dugc chia lam 3 eung dudng hdnh lang: t d sdng Srd Pdc d i n chdn nui Nam Nung; nhdnh hanh lang phia ddng (Quang Dwc - Ma Dd - Td Ldi - Cat Tidn): hgp nhat tu hai hanh lang D l vd D3; nhdnh hdnh lang phia tdy (Gia NghTa - Phudc Long - Ddng Xodi - Chidn khu D), edn gpi Id hdnh lang D2. D i n thang 8/1961, hdnh lang ddng - tdy dugc md ra tu eye Nam Trung Bp ddn tan bidn gldi Viet Nam - Campuchia, nil vdi dudng hdnh lang chiln luge Bae - Nam tu D l vd cue Nam Trung Bd (Phung Dinh Am 2009).
2. HOAT DONG THONG TIN LIEN LAC TREN DOAN CUOl OU'ONG H 6 CHi MINH
Nhgn thay dugc tdm quan trpng cua dudng vgn tai chien luge 559 vd hoat ddng thdng tin lien lge tren con dudng ndy khdng quan M^ thudng xuyen
NGUYEN THI KIM NyONG - HOAT DQNG THONG TIN LI£N LAC . thyc hidn cdc cudc khdng kieh nham
pha hijy eon dudng vd Idm td liet edc hoat dpng chf dao, chf huy cua each mang midn Nam. Vi vdy, thdng tin lidn lac trdn dudng Hd Chi Minh ndi ehung vd trdn dogn Nam Tay Nguydn - Ddng Nam Bp noi ridng ludn phai d l i phd vdi sy danh pha quylt lidt eua qudn MJ va quan Sdi Gon. Be d l i phd vdl ke djch, lyc lugng thdng tin da to chdc hoat dpng thdng tin theo ba phuang thde, g l m thdng tin vdn ddng hay edn gpi Id thdng tin qudn buu, thdng tin vd tuydn didn va thdng tin huu tuyin didn (hai phuang thuc thdng tin lien tgc nay edn duge ggi ehung Id thdng tin didn bao). Lyc lugng tham gia hoat dgng thdng tin lien lae tren dja bdn ndy bao gom ea cde don vj ehuyen traeh (trye thupe Mien), ban ehuydn trdeh vd nhan ddn dja phuang (chti ydu Id dong bdo ddn tde). Dja ban hoat dpng cua thdng tin lidn lac tap trung d ede can eu dia Idn g Ddng Nam Bp vd ede hdnh lang noi cdc can cu dja Idn ndy vdi todn B2.
2.1. Thdng tin quan biru
Thdng tin qudn buu Id Id hoat ddng
"thdng tin lien lae do ngudi d i n tan noi (bing phuang tign hoac di bp) va trye tiep chuyen tin tuc cho bp phgn thu (hoac nguge lai) dudi hai dang:
van ban (mdnh lenh, chf thj, bdo cdo, cong van. tdi lieu...) hoae bdng Idi"
(Trung tdm TiJ- diln Bach khoa Qudn sy 2004: 938). Quan byu dugc eoi Id mpt dang thong tin van dpng dien hinh.
Loai hinh thdng tin lien lae ndy bao dam tinh bl mat, ehuyin dugc nhilu
cdng van, tdi tidu nhung thdi gian ehuyen tin Idu vi phy thupc vdo nhieu y i u t l , nhu con ngudi, phuang tidn CO dpng, dja hinh, thdi tilt... T£iy theo ey li, dja hinh, phuang tidn ea dgng, tinh hinh... md thdng tin dugc truyin trye tilp (giao nhdn mgt tdn) hode qua trung gian (giao nhdn nhieu Iln qua edc trgm chuyen tiep).
Tuy nhien, trong eupe khdng ehidn chong My, thdng tin qudn buu khdng ehf chuyen cdng van, thu td, md cdn lam edng vige dam bao (lidn lac din dudng) cho cde dodn ngudi td Bde vdo (vd td Nam ra) ke ea bao dam dua vu khi, khi tai vd ddn cdc can ed d B2.
Lyc tygng thdng tin quan buu dugc hinh thdnh trdn ca sd cdc dpi tham gia xoi md dudng (B90, C200...) tu Nam Tdy Nguydn d i n miln Ddng Nam Bd. Phuang thue hoat ddng thdi gian dau ehu y i u la chgy bg, gui thd.
Dilu kidn sinh hoat va ehiln d i u trdn dogn culi dudng Hd Chi Minh tu Nam Tdy Nguyen - Ddng Nam Bd vd eung kho khan vd nguy hilm. Ngudi dam nhdn edng tdc thdng tin phai ddp dng nhilu yeu cau trong mpi tinh hulng.
Do do, ngay t u ddu, vide to ehde vd xdy dyng dpi ngu can bp, chiln sT thdng tin lidn lac chu y nhilu d i n cdc pham chat nhu kidn trung, ty eudng, linh hoat, sdng tao trong cong tde nham thye hien t i t nhiem vu theo tinh thdn "kjp thdi, ehinh xdc, bi mat, an todn".
Thdng tin qudn buu giQ' vai tro quan trpng trong thdi ky dau cudc khang chiln. Heat dpng cua cdc tram lidn lac
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl so 3 (223) 2017 47 qudn buu gan lien vdi sy thay doi ede
cung dudng cua dogn cuoi dudng Ho Chi Minh. Td nam 1961 den nam 1963, cdc tram dugc t l ehuc theo hai dudng hdnh lang D l d phia ddng vd D2 d phia tdy. Cae tram giao lidn trdn dogn hanh lang tu sdng Sre Poe den ehan nui Nam Nung Id ddu cdu tilp nhdn ehi vidn eua miln Bac ve ngudi, vij khi vd hang hda vdo chiln trudng B2. Den chdn nCii Nam Nung, edc dodn qudn su tu Bac vao tilp tgc hanh quan vd Chidn khu D theo dudng D2 d phia tdy; edc doan can bd ddn, ehinh, dang va hang hda (nhu y i u pham, vu khi, khi tdi) dugc chuyen qua dudng D l d phia ddng (Phung Dinh Am 2009: 92). Sau khi tuyin dudng vdn ehuyen trdn bien (759) duge ma ra, viec dua vu khi qua dudng bp 559 dugc han ehd ddn. Tu nam 1964, cudc chiln tranh ngdy cdng dc lidt, mde dd ddnh phd cua bom dgn My vao cdc tuyin hanh lang ngdy cdng tang. Ngudi vd hdng hda t u miln Bae vdo khdng di tren dudng hdnh lang D l n&a md tdp trung di trdn dudng D2. D l trd thdnh hdnh tang npi dia gi&a Quang Diec vd Khu 6. Den nam 1967, todn tuyin hdnh lang chuyen sang bidn gidi phia tdy. Dae bidt, sau tong tiln edng va noi day T i t Mdu Than 1968, cdc tuyin hanh lang tren doan eudi dudng Ho Chi Minh (tren d i t Viet Nam) d i u bi cat ddt (Le Chinh 2012: 142). Nam 1970, Dodn 559 to chdc lai edc dudng giao lien tren cung doan ndy. Bp Chf huy Miln (B2) xdy dyng nhilu khu can cd dpe theo bien gidi Campuchia - Viet Nam
de tao didu kign tang cudng tilp nhdn chi vidn cua miln Bde. Nh&ng nam culi cua chiln tranh (1973 - 1975), tugng ngudi vd hdng hda tilp nhgn tren dogn cull dudng Hd Chi Minh tang manh. Phin Idn tuyin dudng phia ddng dd dugc xdy dyng thdnh dudng d td chay, vi vdy phuang thdc hoat ddng luc nay khdng cdn Id di bd hay gui thd n&a md gan nhu dd duge ca gidi hda hodn toan (Phan Hdu Dai - Nguyen Quic Dung 1999).
2.2. Thong tin lien lac vo t u y i n dien va thong tin lien lac hiPU tuydn didn Thdng tin lidn Igc vd tuyin didn duge djnh nghTa Id: "Thdng tin lien Igc md tin hidu duge truyin di d dang sdng didn tu thupe dai vd tuyen dign (tin so t d 3.10^ d i n 3.10'^Hz) trong khdng gian nhd eae mdy vo tuyen dien; co the truyin tieng ndi (thoai), s l ligu, hinh anh (truyin anh, truyin hinh)...
Theo dai sdng su dung, eo: thdng tin lien lac vd tuyen dien sdng ddi, sdng trung, sdng ngan vd cye ngan (Trung tam Tu dien Bach khoa Qudn sy 2004:
939-940). Thdng tin lidn Igc vd tuyin dien cho phep lidn Igc gi&a cdc d l i tugng dang chuyin ddng, d cu 11 xa, tren mgi dja hinh, thdi tilt, trien khai va thu hdi nhanh. Nhuge diem cua loai hinh thdng tin ndy la ehdt lugng thdng tin phu thude vdo mdi trudng truyin tin, tinh bi mdt thap, chong nhieu kem.
Thdng tin lien lac huu tuydn didn Id:
"thdng tin lien lac cd mdi trudng truydn tin la ddy ddn vd tin tdc truyen di dudi dang dao ddng dien (ddng
NGUYEN TH! KIM NU'ONG - HOAT DONG THONG TIN LIEN LAC...
didn hogc didn dp (Trung tdm Td dien Bdch khoa Qudn sy 2004: 938). U'u diem: on djnh, thudn tidn, it bj gdy nhidu, tuang d l i bi mgt, it phg thudc vdo mdi trudng, vdi thilt bj ghep kdnh cd t h i tang s l kenh lien lac tren mdt ddi day. Nhugc diem: khi t l ehde can nhieu thdi gian, lyc lugng, kem ca ddng, de bi phd hogi do d l i phuang hoae do t u nhien (dut ddy do bao, thCi rung...).
Hai phuang thuc thdng tin ndy mang tinh chat ky thuat cao. Do do, lyc lugng thyc hidn phai dugc ddo tgo ky thuit ehuyen mdn de su dung thdng thao cae phuang tign thdng tin. Dgi ngu thdng tin vd tuydn didn vd huu tuyen didn dugc xdy dyng vd phdt triln bat dau t u "17 cdn bp thdng tin lidn Ige" cua Dodn Phuang Ddng 1 vdo miln Nam nam 1961 (Ld Chinh 2012: 31). Tuy nhien, dodn vao Nam di chuyen ehu yeu bang di bg ndn khdng the mang vdc nhilu. Nhung mdy thdng tin cdn thidt nhdt cho qua trinh hdnh qudn vd eho ehidn trudng miln Nam dugc chpn d l mang di gom
"4 ddi 15W (2 may 102E mang bien so 012 vd OPO, mdt mdy GRC-9 vd mgt mdy 694), cd mgt Ragono dy bj vd sdu thang pin 81 de lam vigc" (Ld Chinh 2012: 31).
Doan Phuang Ddng do Thieu tudng Tran Van Quang (Bay Tiln) - nguyen Phd Tong Tham muu trudng Qudn dpi Nhan dan Viet Nam, sau nay la Trudng Ban Quan sy Miln (82) - ldm trudng dodn. Day la dodn edn bd quan su cao cap dau tien dugc tdng
cudng cho mien Nam, ed qudn so
"gin 600 ngudi" (Minh Khoa, Lam Giang 2004: 100), thdnh phan ngoai khung cdn bp chf huy chung eho Midn vd cdc qudn khu, cdn cd lyc lugng ndng c i t cua cdc binh ehung: dge edng, cdng binh, phdo binh, thdng tin.
Tu cdc cdn bp, chien sT ban dau ndy, Phdng Thdng tin Ban Qudn sy Miln vd ede qudn khu bdt ddu duge thilt lap, sau dd ede dan vj thdng tin lan lugt ra ddi.
Lue ddu ede phuang tidn thdng tin, edc logi may dugc chi vien eho miln Nam g l m cd BC1000, GRC-9, SCR- 694, BC-611. Day la cac mdy chien lgi phim thu dugc trong khdng ehiln ching Phdp. Vd sau, cd thdm cdc loai may dugc vign trg tiJ' ede nude xd hpi chu nghTa nhu 702, 71B, K63, 102-E.
Tat ea phuang tidn thdng tin trudc khi gui vdo Nam deu dugc xda sach ki hidu vd thay bang tieng Anh nham dam bao bi mat.
Bit d i u t d qudn sd vd phuang tidn it oi, nhung lyc lugng thdng tin didn bdo da nhanh chdng phdt trien. Ngodi sy ehi vidn Hdn tuc t d miln Bae, luc lugng thdng tin B2 cung ty ddo tgo vd cung dng tgi chd. Td nam 1963, cac trydng huan luygn thdng tin (Trudng C84), Xudng Sua ehua Thdng tin (X35), kho thdng tin... duge thanh lap.
COng vdi vide hgc t|p de ndng cao trinh do chuydn mdn, can bp ehien sT cdc trudng, xudng dd nghidn cdu ndng cdp, c h l tao nhieu may vd tuyin didn (may AB64, ddi 15W...) vd cdc dudng ddy cua phuang tidn thdng tin
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI so 3 (223) 2017 hOu tuySn dien. Hoat flong san xuat cua xu'ang X35 tang manh k l tCf nam 1967-1968, n h i m floi pho vo'i hai cuoc phan c6ng mua kho (1965-1967) cua My va chuan bj cho tong tan cong va noi day Tet Mau Than 1968. Tinh flen cu6i nam 1967, Phong Thong tin Mign fla huy fldng khi ti\ thong tin chuan b| cho flot hoat flong T i t M i u Than gdm "100 bg thu phat vo tuyin flien ISWIoai 102Eva81, 177 bp thu phat AB67 do Xu'O'ng Thong tin Miln tir lap, 672 m i y vo tuyin dien b8 flSm, 90 tong flai mot cira, 2035 km day flffn flien thoai Trung Quoc, 2000 km day sup (loai tir mua fli dCing cho dien thoai), 935 mSy le flien thoai, hang trieu vien pin, 505 bo may thong tin"
(Phong Khoa hoc Quan SLP Quan khu 7 : 8 ) .
Dciu nam 1969, vung giai phong bi thu hep dan, quan My va Sal Gon tang cu-o-ng can quet, quan s6 va may moc cua lire lu'p'ng thong tin bi ph£ln tan va ton that. Cac cc quan lanh a?o, chl huy Miln, mgt s6 phan khu vi cac flen vj chu lu'c tam tho'i lui v l flCrng chan a vCing bien giai Viet Nam Campuchia. Hanh lang giao lien van chuyin tren dja ban h§u nhU' fleu bj cat flirt. CCing vd'i c^c dcn vj dja phu'ang, mgt bo ph§n lyc lu'gng thong tin lien lac van kien tri bam tru dja ban, ben bl trien khai c^c phygng tien thong tin vo tuyen dien, hOu tuyin dien va thong tin quSn byu, khong d l thdng tin lien lac vd'i chiln trydng ngi dja B2 b| dyt quang. Sau nam 1970, hoat ddng thdng tin lien lac tirng byo'c
flygc khoi phuc. B^c bi$t, lyc lygng thdng tin da phyc vy d i e lyc trong chlln djch Nguyen Hue, tir dd tai l|ip lai fliu c l u tuyen van chuyin 559 a BLI Gia Map (Binh Phyd'c) va chuoi cac can cCr flja khac a B2, gay dyng 1^1 cac hanh lang quan trgng nhy truo'c nam 1968 (Cgc Hau c l n Quan khu 7 1987). Trong giai doan culi cua cugc chiln, lyc lygng thdng tin lien lac dygc phat trien nhay vgt ca v l so lygng va chit lygng. Dygng day thong tin hOu tuyin da flygc k i t noi thdng sudt tCr Ha Ngi vao d i n tan can cy cua Bg ChT huy Miln va Trung ygng Cue a Lpe Ninh (Binh Phydc) va Tan Bien (Tay Ninh). Hg thing thdng tin lien l^c cac d p flam bao sy lanh flao. chl flao eua Trung ypng Dang va Trung ygng Cue thdng suit xuong cac chiln trygng (Le Chlnh 2012: 205-206). Vi vay, trong cuOc tong tiln cdng miia xuan 1975, cac loai phu'ang tien thdng tin da phat huy hieu suat, bao dam phat lenh tien cdng thong nhat, dong Ipat va sy higp flong tac chien chlnh xae glQ'a cac quan binh ehung, cac dan vj, cae dja phyang, gop phan quan trgng vao thing lgi cuoi cung.
3. VAI TRO C O A H O A T BONG THONG TIN LIEN LAC TREN BO^N CU6l BLTdNG Hd CHi MINH
a) Gdp phin quan trgng duy tri tuyen giao lien huylt m?ch, dam bao sy noi liln hau phyang miln Ble d i n ehien trydng trpng dilm Nam Bp Boan cuci flyo'ng Ho Chi Minh la c l u n l i Nam Bd vd'i Khu 5, Trj Thien va xa
NGUYEN THI KIM NUaNG - HOATBQNG THONG TIN LI^N LAC han Id hau phuang mien Bde. Do vdy
vigc dam bao thdng tin, lien lae trdn doan cau noi ndy cd )f nghTa ehiln luge doi vdi ca Khu 6 vd Nam Bd.
Nhdng nam ddu ehiln tranh, do mdi hinh thdnh ndn lyc lugng thdng tin lidn lae tren dja bdn ndy gap nhieu kho khan v l vdt tu, khi tdi, eae phuang tien thdng tin vd thilu thin dpi ngu can bp thdng tin. Tuy nhidn, vdi tinh than ty lye t y eudng, sdng tgo, nganh thdng tin lien lae dd dam bao vide gid v&ng lidn lac vdi Trung uang Dang vd Bd Tong tham muu d Hd Npi. Nhung bdo cdo, edng vdn td Khu 6 vd Nam Bp dwac ehuyen ra Bac kjp thdi. Tu do, Trung uang Dang vd Bd Ting tham muu theo sat dugc tinh hinh dang dien ra d chien trudng B2, dua ra nh&ng chi dao dung dan, kjp thdi.
Trong tdng trdn ddnh, ngdnh thdng tin lien Ige da ldm tdt edng tdc gid vung lien lae giua Bp ehi huy I^idn vdi cdc dan vj, gdp phan quan trpng bao vd cae can cd dja (trong do ed ede can cu dia dau ndo) vd dudng giao lien tren doan cuoi dudng Hd Chi Minh toa di todn B2, dien hinh nhu viec ddnh bai cdc cudc phan edng mua khd 1965- 1967 eua My d Ddng Nam Bp.
Cdng ve sau, chiln tranh cdng dc lidt, phuang tien thdng tin lidn lac cua ta bi thiet hai nghidm trpng do su ddnh pha dc liet eua djch: cde cung tram va dudng day qudn buu thudng xuydn bj phuc kieh, edng tac lien lae tren doan cuoi dudng Hd Chi Minh cung nhu vide ddn dudng cho cdc dodn van ehuyen hang chi vien t u miln Bae vdo
gap khdng it khd khan; cae dudng ddy h&u tuyin dien bj thidt hai Idn bdi bom phdo; ede ddi vd tuyen dien bj phd sdng bdi eae ddi vd tuyen cua dli phuang. Dac bidt, trong trdn tong t i n edng vd noi dgy Tet Mdu Than 1968, ngay trong dgt 1, Sd Chi huy tiln phuang Midn khdng nam duge tinh hinh cac mui tiln sau vdo ngi thdnh, do dgn v| thdng tin ddng chdt d cau PhO Binh hy sinh hit, khiln vide hgp ddng gi&a lyc lugng thpc sau vd bigt dpng khdng nhu kd hogeh, dan den nhilu ton that (Ld Chinh 2012: 123).
Tuy khd khan vd nguy hilm chong chit nhung lyc lugng thdng tin lien lac van c l gang khae phue bang mgi bidn phdp, vi vay da gi& duge sy thdng suit t u Bde vdo Nam, td Trung uang d i n chiln trudng mien Nam, tu Bd chl huy Mien vd ede Qudn khu din edc dan vi... dap ung duge yeu eau trong nh&ng giai doan dc liet nhat cua eupe khdng ehiln. Trong nh&ng ndm cuoi cua cudc chien tranh (1973-1975), vdi sy nd lyc vygt bac, lye lugng thdng tin lien lae da xdy dung dugc mdt he thing thdng tin h&u tuyen trye tilp vdi Ha Ndi, k i t hgp vdi cdc lyc lugng thdng tin khdc cung dwoc eung c l manh me, dd gop phdn quan trpng vdo thang lgi eua cudc tong tien edng nam 1975.
b) Gdp phdn bao dam dudng hdnh qudn, dudng van chuyen phue vu ehiln trudng Nam Bd vd eye Nam Trung Bp
Mdt trong nhung hoat dpng eua lye lugng thdng tin lidn Igc d dudng 559
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl s6 3 (223) 2017 ndi Chung vd doan cuoi 559 la dam bao tiep nhdn vd dan dudng cho ede dan vj qudn dpi vd ede doan dan sy td miln Bac vdo Nam va td mien Nam ra Bac. Ngay t u thdi gian dau thdnh Igp, trong hai nam 1961-1962, thdng qua doan cuoi dudng Ho Chi Minh, B2 dd "tiep nhdn 4.635 cdn bd", chiln sT va nhan vien (bao g l m ca cae doan qudn sy vd dan sy) (Trdn Thj Nhung 2011: 185). Cdng vd sau, dgc bigt Id tuc chiln tranh d giai dogn de lidt, cdc dan vj quan dgi va ede dodn ddn su vdo Nam cang gia tang. Chang hgn, ehi trong 4 thdng ddu nam 1970, tu thdng 1 den thdng 4/1970, dodn 559 da bdn giao eho Nam Bd "120 dodn qudn, vdi 30.800 qudn, dua 4000 thuang binh t d Nam Bd ra hdu phuang" (Phan H&u Dai-Nguyen QuIe Dung 1999: 306). Trong nhung nam 1973-1975, dac bidt nam 1975, luc lugng thdng tin lidn Ige da giup dam bao dua mdt luc lugng qudn sy vd dan su Idn nhdt vao Nam Bp de tham gia ehien djch Ho Chi Minh va tilp quan Nam Bp.
Khdng chi Id nai tilp nhan vd v$n chuyen cdc lyc lugng qudn sy vd ddn sy, doan cudi dudng Hd Chi Minh cdn la tuyen dudng van chuyin vQ khi, phuang tign chidn tranh vd hdu c l n ky thudt t u hau phuang Idn vao ehien trudng mien Nam. Trong thdi gian dau thdnh lap dudng 559, lyc lugng trdn hdnh lang da van ehuyin khii lugng hang hda u dpng tgi cde tmh Tdy Nguydn vdo B2, dap ung nhu c l u khdi phat cudc khang ehien d chien
trudng xa nhat (Nguyen Huy Ninh 1998). Tuy nhidn, hdnh lang chiln luge mdi dugc xoi md ndn dieu kign di Igi cdn nhieu khd khan, phuang thdc vgn chuyen chu yeu Id gui tho, trong dieu kien rdng nOi hilm trd, nen lygng hang hda, phuang tidn chiln tranh v | n chuyen qua tuydn dudng chua nhieu. Vi vay, sau khi dudng vgn ehuyen vu khi trdn bien duge khai thdng (td cuoi nam 1962), hdng hda, vQ khi vgn chuyen ehu y i u theo dudng bien. Tu gi&a nam 1970 d i n nhung nam cuoi cugc chiln, mgt phan do tuyin dudng tren bien khdng cdn hidu qua, mdt phan do cdc tuyin dudng Ho Chi Minh tren bp tung budc dugc eg gidi hda, nen dogn culi dudng Ho Chi Minh trd thdnh tuyin dudng chinh van chuyin vQ khi va cdc hang hda chi vidn khde (Tran Thj Nhung 2011). Tinh den culi thdng 6/1972, khoi lugng hdng eua Dodn 470 da bdn giao eho Nam Bg "trong 6 thdng dat muc 5.150 t i n " (Phan H&u Dgi-Nguyen Quoc Dung 1999: 497).
Td nam 1973, Lge Ninh, BD D i p , Bu Gia Map dd trd thanh nh&ng dau eau tilp nhan hdng qui md Idn d doan culi dudng Trudng San. Den cuoi ndm 1973, vi^e van chuyen hang cho Nam Bd da dugc ca gidi todn bd. Cdc su dodn v$n tai d td 571 vd su dodn 471 chuyen hang thing vdo Ldc Ninh, BCi D i p theo tuyin phia ddng. 0" phia tay, dodn 470 v l n su dung xulng mdy d l van ehuyen hang dpc theo sdng Md Kdng, giao hang cho Campuchia vd Nam B$. Dudng 13 tu thj xd Kratie
NGUYEN THI KIM NUPNG - HOAT DQNG THQNG TIN LIEN LAC v l Lpe Ninh dugc Dodn 470 sua chua
vd nang cap nhieu doan. So lugng chi vign v l vQ khi, hang hda chuyen vdo B2 trong 4 nam culi eua eudc ehiln qua dudng 559 cd sy gia tang rdt Idn (nam 1972: 5.161 tan; nam 1973:
5.389 tan; nam 1974: 30.233 tan; nam 1975: 72.381 tan) (Tong cue Hdu cdn 1986:546,552).
e) Gdp phin xdy dung lyc lugng, phdt trien phong trdo du kich ehiln tranh trdn dgc dja bdn hdnh lang giao thdng lidn lac
Den thdng 7/1959, dja ban gidp gidi giua Nam Tdy Nguydn - Ddng Nam Bp v l n Id "vCing trdng", vi lyc lugng cdeh mang ehua xay dung dugc ca sd trong quan chung. Nam 1960, trong qud trinh xoi md dudng n l i liln Nam Tdy Nguydn - Ddng Nam Bd, eae dodn cdng tdc B90, C200, C300 (sau la C270) dd vua dd dudng, vda thilt lap nhilu ea sd cdch mang trong vCing dong bdo ddn tgc. Sau khi qud trinh xoi md hodn tat, lyc lugng thdng tin lien lae b i t ddu thilt lap cdc eung, trgm trdn tuyen dudng, thye hidn nhidm vu phue vu lanh dgo ehi huy qudn sy trdn chiln trudng. Song song vdi nhiem vu tren, lyc lugng thdng tin lien lae trdn tuydn dudng tilp tuc van ddng, ho trg dong- bdo noi ddy phd ach kim kep cua nguy quydn tai dja phuang, chong can quet, gidnh quyen Idm chu budn ldng; gidp dd dong bdo san xuat ndng nghiep, tuydn truyen dudng l l i edeh mang, gay dyng Idng tin trong nhan dan v l cdch mgng.
Nhidu can bd, chien sT hpc theo tieng
ndi vd van hda eua cdc tpc ngudi thilu s l trdn tuyen hdnh lang de tao quan he gdn gQi, gdn bd vdi ngudi ddn. Ben egnh do, lye lugng thdng tin iien lae cdn van dpng nhdn ddn dpc hdnh lang tham gia bao vd hdnh lang, cung cap lugng thye thye pham, d i n dudng cho cdc lyc lugng gui hdng, tham gia ndi ddy, ehay bd, vdn chuyen hdng hda. bao vg cdn bd thdng tin lidn Igc... Do do, cd the ndi hogt dpng thdng tin lien lac da gdp phdn xdy dyng lye lugng edeh mgng, phdt triln phong trdo du kich ehiln tranh tren dpc dja bdn hanh lang giao thdng lien lac. Vdi su gidp sde cua nhdn ddn vd luc lugng du kieh dja phuang, lyc lugng thdng tin lien lac ddng chdn trdn hdnh lang dd ty eung d p luang thuc, thyc pham, khdng ehi bao dam ddi song md cdn ho trg mdt phin eho cdc lyc lugng khde. Can cd dugc cung e l , hdnh lang giao lidn dugc bao vd an toan.
4. L d i BAN TH^M
Trong thdi gian mdi hinh thdnh, thdng tin qudn buu gid vai trd quan trgng trong vide dam bao sy lidn Ige vd ehi vien t u mien B i c vdo trdn doan euoi dudng Ho Chi Minh. Tuy nhidn, vai trd cua thdng tin qudn buu ngdy eang giam khi chiln tranh ngdy cdng leo thang de lidt. Thdng tin huu tuyen didn Id mpt bd phdn quan trpng khde cua lye lugng thdng tin trdn dogn cuoi dudng Hd Chi Minh. Tuy nhien logi hinh hogt ddng thdng tin ndy lai b\
nhieu yeu to chi phli (dja hinh nui non;
dd bj hu ton, mdt mdt do thu rung.
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOI s l 3 (223)2017
thdi tilt...; ti Id hy sinh eao doi vdi tin lien lac trdn doan cuoi dudng H i chiln sT keo dudng day), ndn khd Chi Minh. Tuy cd nhung uu the va phdt trien rpng trong dieu kien chiln hgn c h l ridng, nhung ea ba hogt dOng trudng dc lidt. Vi vgy, thdng tin vd thdng tin lidn lac trdn ddu da thyc hien tuyin dien, v l n cd nhilu uu diem "eho duge mue dieh ehung Id dam bao "sgi phep lien lae giua cdc ddi tugng dang day dugc noi lidn" (sy Idnh dao, ehi ehuyen ddng, eu li xa vdi mpi dja hinh, huy vd vdn tai...) eua ea quan dau nao thdi tiet; trien khai, thu hoi nhanh" khdng ehien mien Nam d i n ede ea (Trung tdm T u d i l n Bdch khoa Quan quan, don vj tren dja ban, vd "nil lien"
sy 2004: 939), ndn ngay cdng giu vai hdu phuang m i l n Bac vdi tidn tuyin trd quan trpng trong hoat ddng thdng mien Nam.Q
CHU THICH
'^* Cdc dgi dl$n Khu 5 - Tri Thi§n tham gia cugc hpp gom Oy vien Khu Dy Nguyin Quylt (ong Gido Dyng) phu trdch cfing tdc li§n he vo'i mien Bic, Bf thu Tinh uy Quang Tri Tru'O'ng Chl Cdng; TTnh uy viSn Quang Tn L6 Hdnh, Bi thu' ddc khu VTnh Linh Ho ST Than.
TAI LIEU TRiCH DAN
1. Cue Hgu c l n Qudn khu 7. 1987. Bidn nien nhCrng sw kidn ljch sCr hdu can tren chiin tm&ng mien Dong Nam Bd trong khdng chiin chdng My. c&u nw&c (1954-1975), luu hanh npi bp.
2. H i San Dai (chu bien). 2004. Lich sw Bo Chl huy Miin (1961-1976). Hd NOi: Nxb.
Chlnh trj Quoc gia.
3 Le Chinh (chu bien). 2012. Lich s& bo dqi thong tin Miin (1961-1975). Hd Nfli: Nxb.
Chinh trj Quoc gia - S u that
4. Mmh Khoa, Lam Giang. 2004. Dodn Phwang Dong. Hd Ndi: Nxb. Qudn dpi Nhan ddn.
5 Nguyen Huy Ninh (chu bien). 1998. Giao bwu cdc tinh Tdy Nguyen tmng khdng chien chdng My cwu nu&c (1954-1975). Hd Npi: Nxb. Chinh trj Quoc gia.
6. Phan H d u Dai - N g u y i n Q u i c Dung. 1999. Lich si> dodn 559. bo doi Tne&ng San, dwang Hd ChiMinh. Ha Npi Nxb. Quan dpi Nhan ddn.
7. Phdng Khoa hpc Quan s y Qudn khu 7. Bdn thdnh tich Xwang Thong tin B2 tmng khdng chiin chong My (1961-1975).
8. Phong Khoa hpc Qudn s u Qudn khu 7. Bdo cdo thdnh tich cua Phong Thong tin Miin.
L u u t r u t h u vien: TL 8584.
9. Phung Dinh A m (chu bien). 2009. Ma dw&ng Ho Chl Minh doen ti> Nam Tdy Nguydn din miin Dong Nam Bo. Hd Npi; Nxb. Chinh trj Q u i c gia.
10. T i n g cue Hgu cdn. 1986. Tdng kit cong tdc hdu ciu chiin trw&ng Nam Bd - Cwc Nam Trung BQ (B2) trong khdng chiin chdng My.
1 1 . T r i n Thi Nhung. 2 0 1 1 . Ljch s& vung dit Nam Bd mot so kit qud nghien cwu. Hd NOi:
54 NGUYEN THI KIM NU'QNG - HOAT DQNG THONG TIN UEN LAC ••
Nxb. Khoa hpc Xd hpi.
12. Trung tdm Td dien Bach khoa Quan sy. 2004. Tie diin bdch khoa qudn sw Vidt Nam. Ha Npi: Nxb. Qudn dpi Nhan ddn.
13. VQ Bim, Dong ST Nguyen, Nguyen Vidt Phuang. 2005. Du&ng vi thdnh phd mang tdn Bde. Hd Ndi: Nxb. Quan dpi Nhdn ddn.
