HOC CIA BAo DUY ANH .
V07 CONGTAcKHAoCHONG, CHOGIAITAlLltUSUT/CH
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hi noi vg st,i nghi~p khoa hQc cua hQc gia Dao Duy Anh, chung ta khOng th~ khOng noi toi dong gop quan trQng cua ong a mon khao chung, chu giai ma ong thu(jng gQi la "chinh ly tcLili~u"trong nghien cuu va dich thw~t.
Chung ta dgu biet, trong hdn 40 nam qua, nganh nghien cuu lich sii cua nuoc ta dii dl;ltduqc mQt so thanh tt,iu dang k~, trong do co mQt thanh tt,iu n6i b~t la cho dich va cong bo duqc nhung bQ sii co gia tri tieu bi~u nhat, trQng tam cua di san sii tich dan tQc, lam tai li~u cd ban d~ tim hi~u, nghien cuu lich sii Vi~t Nam, va Dao Duy Anh cung mQt so hQc gia khac a Vi~n Sii hQc nhu Tnln Van Giap, Hoa B&ng Hoang Thuc Tram, Ph~m TrQng Digm..., la nhung ngu(ji dii co cong Ion lam nen thanh tt,iu k~ tren.
Neu dQc ll;li nhung dich phftm vg sii hQc do T6 bien dich cua V~~n Sii hQctht,ic hi~n, duqc xuat ban tii nhung nam 1962- .' 1963, tra di, chung ta thay trong do hQc
gia Dao Duy Anh thu(jng dam nhi~m cong vi~c gi~m dinh, chinh ly van ban, hi~u dinh va chu giaL Thi d1;1,f)l;LiNam nh{{t thong chi do Phl;lm TrQng Digm dich, Dao Duy Anh hi~u dinh; Phil bien tl;LPll,tc do D6 MQng Khudng, Nguy~n TrQng Han, Ng~y~n NgQc Tinh dich, Dao
'PGS.TS. Vi~n Sit hQc.
T
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NG<;>CLItN'Duy Anh hi~u dinh; f)l;LiVi~t s~ ky tOCLn thu do Cao Huy Giu dich, Dao Duy Anh hi~u dinh, chu giai va ~ao chung...
D~ co duqc mQt ban dich tu chu Han c6 ra Vi~t ngu ngay nay dem xuat ban phai qua cac cong dOl;lnkhao chung van ban, dich, hi~u dinh, chu giai. Trong 4 cong dOl;lnnay, cong dOl;lnnao ciing kho; song phai noi r&ng khao chung van ban va chu giai la hai khau hQc thu~t kho khan, phuc tl;lP nhat, bai vi d~ tht,ic hi~n tot cong vi~c nay, nha nghien cuu khOng chi gioi chu nghia ma con phai co mQt von tri thuc c6 hQc uyen hac, mQt nha bac hQcvg sach va.
Nhin vao lich sii bQ mon huan h6 hQc, hi~u kham hQc, khao chung hQc, Wc la mon khoa hQc chuyen chu giai sach va va giam dinh, phan bi~t sach th~t, sach gia cua ngu(ji Trung Quoc tu th(ji Du(jng, Tong den Minh, Thanh, chung ta thay co nhigu hQc gia lOn, nhu Tu Mii Trinh (d(ji Du(jng) khao chung sach S~
ky cua Tu Mii Thien, lam thanh bQ S~
ky sach !Ln. Trudng Thu Tiet (d(ji Du(jng) lam S~ ky chinh lJ-ghia. Lich DI;lO Nguy~n th(ji Tan chu giai sach Thily kinh. CoViem Vii, CoT6Vii, Doi Chan...
d(ji Thanh, dgu la nhung nha khao chung n6i tieng.
B Rghien cUu Ltch su-. so '1.2004
Trong cai rung c6 tich cua Trung Qu6c c6 nhieu ng\,!y thu, Wc la nhieu sach gia. Vi v~y, vi~c nghien cuu, phan bi~t sach "chan, ng\,!y" la mQt yeu c:iu buc thie't va mon khao chung h<:>crat phat tri~n a Trung Qu6c, d:;icbi~t la vao d(ji Thanh.
o
Vi~t Nam th(ji xtia it thay c6 trti(jng h<;!p che' tac ng\,!y thti nhtia
Trung Qu6c,nhting di san sach va cac c\,! d~ l;;li rat bQn be, phuc t;;lP. Vi sach in it, l;;li bi that tan qua binh laa lien mien, nen trong kho sach Han Nom hi~n con, d;;li bQ ph~n la sach chep tay, chua d\,tng rat nhieu sai s6t, nhfim l§.n, ma cong tac khao chung, hi~u kham (Wc la mon van ban hClC)l;;li non kem, khong phat tri~n, do d6 cac nha nghien cuu khi khai thac, sa d\,!ng tai li~u c6 tich g:;ipkhong it kh6 khan.
Ngay tU nhfing nam 60 cua the' ky trtioc, cling nhti h<:>cgia Trfin Van Giap, h<:>cgia Dao Duy Anh dB. thay d6i voi ngu6n tai li~u lich sa Vi~t Nam c6 nhieu van de buc xuc ve van ban h<:>cva Dao Duy Anh dB. vie't bai "Slf can thief;
chinh Ij tai li~u trong cong Me nghien cuu va phien dich" (T;;lP chi Nghien cuu Lich sit sO' 37-1962), trong d6, ong n6i: "Hi~n nay tg.i Thzi vi~n Khoa hClCTrung zidng ding nhzi tg.i mf)t se}'thzi vi~n cd quan (nhzi Thzi vi~n cua Vi~n Sit hClCch&ng hg.n) hay cac thzi vi~n rieng, chung ta con co mf)t so'thzi tich chii Han va chii Nom ma trong' cac mlj.c llj.c xzia ngzidi ta gCli la quoe thzi, do d€u la nhiing tai li~u nIt quy gia dOL vdi sl!
nghien cuu lich sit, van hClCva van hoa xzia cua ta v€ thdi phong kien va trzidc.
Nhiing tai li~u ay, in ding nhzi viet tay, d€u chzia dzic;JCchinh ly, cho nen trong ay co rat nhdu ch6 sai sot (d day chung toi khong neu len nhiing nguyen nhan phuc
tg.p gay nen tinh trg.ng sai sot ay). S1/ sit dlj.ng nhiing tai li~u ay dift ra mf)t van d€ tien quyet la van d€ chinh ly. Hi~n nay cac cd quan nghien cuu dii b&t dau Ian lzic;Jtphien dich nhiing sach cii ay tuy theo chuyen mon cua minh. Cong vi~c phien dich ciing dift ra van d€
chinh ly thzi tich. Niu khong chinh lj ma cu dem nhiing tai li~u ay ra ma sit dlj.ng theo y nguyen van thi tat kho tranh kh6i nhiing ddu sai lam tai hg.i cho hClc thuQ-t, nhzi log.i "thi hc;Ji, 16 ngzi", hay la "do do binh trzic;Jngngii, thiet thiet phan nhQ-pthiet" (1).
Trong cong tac nghien cuu cung la cong tac phien dich va hi~u dinh cua T6' co'sit (Vi~n Sit hClC),chung toi luon luon gifp nhiing sach cii co nhdu sai lam nhzi the: Chung toi co thi noi r&ng dOL vdi tat ca thzi tich cii cua ta con co ngay nay, muon sit dlj.ng chung trong cong tac nghien cuu va phien dich thi nhat thiet phai lam cong vi~c chinh lj trzidc d
a. -"
Tu th\,tc te' hang ngay tie'p xuc voi sach va Han Nom, h<:>cgia Dao Duy Anh dB.
ph at hi~n va t6ng ke't thanh 5 10;;lihinh sai Mm thti(jng g:;ip trong sach va Him Nom la:
- Nhfing chfi d6ng am lfim voi nhau (thi d\,!sat la giet, lfim thanh sat la xet)...
- Nhfing chfilfim thanh chfi khac do t\,t d;;lng gfin nhau ("thQ-ptam" lfim thanh
"thQ-pnhat". Nguy~n Kinh Phi lfim thanh Nguy~n Kinh Ky)...
- Chep lfim vi lQn nghia ("gia tQi"
thanh "giam tQi").
-
Nhfing chfi dao lQn nhau ("ly tlj.ng"(sa ki~n) lfim thanh "tlj.ngly" (Ie ki~n)...
- S6t chfi, s6t cau...
Cach d:;it van de va khai quat th\,tc tr;;lng phuc t;;lP cua sach va Han Nom
119Cgila l)ao Duy Rnh... 9
cua h<;>cgia Dao Duy Anh th?t sl,i mang m(>t y nghia ly lu?n van ban h<;>c.Cling voi hang chl;lC pho sach Han Nom viet vg ljch sli, vg van chuang, ve d;;to Ph?t, da dU<;JcDao Duy Anh khao chung, chu giai m(>t cach uyen bac, chung to ong la m(>t nha chu giai, khao chung tftm Cd cua nuoc ta.
d
day toi chI neu len m(>t vai diin chung ve sl,i d6ng g6p quan tr<;>ngcua h<;>c gia Dao Duy Anh tren linh vl,ic chu giai, khao chung tai li~u lich sli ma ong da lam trong thdi gian ong cong tac t;;ti Vi~n Sli h<;>c.Thi dl;l:1. Khao chung sach 'phil bien tqp lifc cua Le Quy Don.
Chung ta deu biet Phil bien tf;lP ll,lc cua Le Quy Don (viet d Phu Xuan nam 1776) la ngu6n tai li~u phong phu, quan tr<;>ngnhat ghi chep ve ddi s6ng kinh te, chinh trL dia ly, lich sli fj Dang Trong duoi thdi cac chua Nguy~n tri vi. Phil bien tf;lP ll,lc da dU<;JcVi~n Sli h<;>ccho xuat ban nam 1964, do D6 M(>ng Khuang dich, Dao Duy Anh khao chung va hi~u dinh. Nam 1977, Phil bien tf;lP ll,lc dU<;Jctai ban, nllm trong Le Quj Don toan t(tp (t?P I).
Khi sli dl;lng Phil bien tf;lPll,lc, chung ta n6i chung thudng chI thay day la m(>t quy~n sach het suc quy gia, chu it ai hi~u rllng d~ c6 dU<;Jcm(>t ban dich Phil bien tf;lPll,lc nhu V?y, h<;>cgia Dao Duy Anh da phai mat biet bao cong suc trong vi~c khao chung, chinh ly van ban truoc khi dich thu?t.
Khi tien hanh khao chung van ban Phil bien tf;lPll,lc, h<;>cgia Dao Duy Anh tim thay 8 ban deu la sach chep tay, trong d6 c6 4 ban tOt nhat la ban cua Thu vi~n Vi~n Sli h<;>c,ban cua Thu vi~n Khoa h<;>cxa h(>i, ban cua Trudng D;;ti h<;>cT6ng h<;Jpva ban cua h<;>cgia Dao
Duy Anh sao chep va hi~u dinh. Theo nghien cuu cua Dao Duy Anh thi may ban nay cling xuat tU 3 ngu6n g6c chinh la chep theo ban cua Thu vi~n Bao D;;ti, cua N(>icac d Hue, va cua Thu vi~n nha Cao Xuan Dl;lC(v6n dU<;Jcchep d m(>tban cua Qu6c sli quan). Tuy nhien, cac ban nay dgu khOng hoan chInh: ban thi chep nhftm liin, sai s6t, ban thi thieu phftn cu6i quy~n I, quy~n III... Tinh tr;;tng van ban Phil bien tf;lPll,lc v6n l(>nx(>n,thieu s6t va dfty riiy nhftm liin nhu V?y da khien h<;>cgia Dao Duy Anh phai day cong giam dinh, chlnh ly thanh m(>tvan ban nhat quan, dfty du, 6n dinh d~ hi~u oinh va cong b6.
Cong vi~c ay dU<;Jcong t6m tiit l;;ti nhu sau: "Chung toi da d6i chieu ba ban ay (Wc la ban cua Vi~n Sli h<;>c, Thu vi~n Khoa h<;>cXa h(>i (nay da chuy~n ve kho sach Vi~n Han Nom) va Trudng D;;ti h<;>cT6ng h<;Jp- TNL), d6ng thdi tra khao d6i chieu voi cac sach Df;li Vi~t szl hj toan thll, H(tu Le thili slJ ky lllc;Jc, Df;li Nam thlJc ll,lc tdn bien,
6
Chau c(tn ll,lC, Gia Dinh thanh thong chi, Lich trdu hie'n chlldng lOf;lichi, Df;li Nam nhfit thong chi, An Nam chi [nguyen] ma chep lam m(>t ban tuang d6i 6n xac..." (xem Dao Duy Anh. Giai thi~u tai li~u "Sach Phil bien tqp lifc" va ban dich. T;;tp chi Nghien cuu Lich Szlso' 64 - 7/964).
Sach Phil bien tf;lPll,lc, ban dich hi~n hanh, chinh la dU<;Jcdich tU van ban chfi Han sau khi h<;>cgia Dao Duy Anh da khao chung, chinh ly "tuang d6i 6n xac".
2. Chu giai sach Dqi Vi~t sit ky toan thli.
Df;li Vi~t szl kj toan thll la b(> qu6c sli Ion cua Vi~t Nam, Iftn dftu tien dU<;JcVi~n Sli h<;>ccho dich va xuat ban thanh 4 t?P (in trong 2 nam 1967-1968). H<;>cgia Dao
10 Rghien cU'uLjch :)lr. :)0 '1.2004
Duy Anh da c6 cang Wn trong vi~c hi~u dinh, chu giai va khao chung bQ sach quan tr<;mg nay. Vi D{Li Vi~t szl hi toan thu la sach in, nen khang c6 ma'y phuc tl;lP vg m:)t van ban hQc. Vi~c kh6 khan, phuc tl;lP nha't d day la chu giai, khao chung, d:)c bi~t la khao, chu vg dia danh.
Phltn chu giai, khao chung cho bQD{Li Vi~t szl hi toan thu ma hQc gia Dao Duy Anh da lam cQng 11;liday ng6t 250 trang sach in. Qua ph~n chu giai D(;tiVi~t szl hi toan thu, ngtidi dQc tha'y Dao Duy Anh qua la hQc gia c6 mQt v6n kinh nghi~m tri thuc sau rQng, vung ch:1c vg lich s\i, vg dia ly hQc lich s\i. Kh6i lti<;jngc6 tich cua Trung Qu6c, Vi~t Nam dti<;jcDao Duy Anh s\i d\mg d€ chu giai D{Li Vi~t szl hi toan thu ra't d6 sQ va qua day cung chung to Dao Duy Anh la nha bac hQCvg sach Vd.
S1,iuyen bac cua mQt nha chu giai hQc khang chi bQc lQ d cang trinh c6 quy ma Wn, ma nhigu khi chi chu giai mQt cu6n sach nho, th~m chi mQt bai van bia, cung du in d~m da'u a'n cua mQt dltu 6c trac vi~t. Tai mu6n n6i Wi trtidng h<;jphQc gia Dao Duy Anh chu giai, khao chung ta'm bia c6 d Trtidng Xuan (Dong Son, Thanh H6a) do ang phat hi~n, d1,ing vao nam Dl;liNghi~p thu 14 (618) ddi nha Tuy, Wc la mQt ta'm bia c6 nien dl;lic6 nha't d ntioc ta. NQidung ta'm bia c6 d Trtidng Xuan c6 lien quan Wi va'n dg nha Tign Ly va c6 n6i de'n nhan v~t Ijch s\i Le C6c, vao ddi Dl;li Nghi~p tUng lam Thai thu C\iu Chan.
CHU THicH
(1). Ngay xua: d~ chi ngttdi hQc kern, dQc chu nQ Ih cM kia, ngudi ta n6i la dQc thi ( J!R) lam hqi (;i<),dQcl6 ( ~ ) lam ngzt (f!) va d~ che' di~u, ngudi ta n6i la dQccau "uc uc h6 van tai (fillfiIIlf )( i'iJi;)
Tit ta'm bia nay, d1,iavao cac ngu6n s\i tjch Trung Qu6c nhti LUdng thu, Trrin thu, Tuy thu... Dao Duy Anh da chUng minh di.ng trong 60 nam k€ tU khi Ly Bon khdi nghia (nam 541, ddi nha Ltiong) d\ing ra nha Tign Ly r6i ke' tie'p la Tri~u Quang Phl,lc, Ly Ph~t T\i, da lanh dl;lO nhan dan Giao Chau tho at ly ach th6ng tri cua phong kie'n Trung Hoa, bac 11;li
y
kie'n cua hQc gia Phap, H.Maspero cho ding trong 60 nam a'y, Giao Chau vftn n~m dtioi s\i th6ng trj cua Trung Qu.6c.
HQc gia Dao Duy Anh con phat hi~n s1,i nhltm Iftn cua H.Maspero khi hQcgia nay n6i vien Thai thu Dam Hoan lamquan thdi nha Trltn, nhting th1,iCra Dam Hoan lam quan thdi nha Ltiong, trtioc nha Trltn.
Tit nam 1960 trd di (Wc la tit khi vg cong tac tl;li Vi~n S\i hQc), Giao sti Dao Duy Anh da khao chung, chu giai, hi~u dinh nhigu bQ sach n6i tie'ng vg s\i hQc, van hQc, trie't hQc,nhti ben c~mhD{LiNam nhCitthC/ngchi, Phil bien t{LPll:lc,D{LiVi~t szl hi toan thu, ong con khao chu Kh6a hu ll:lc,Binh thu ye'u lUrJc(phl,lHd trufJng khu Cd), Truy~n Hoa Tien, Truy~n Kiiu, tho chu Han, chu Nom cua Nguy~n TraL.
Voi nhung cong trinh nay, chung ta c6 du co Sd d~ nh~n djnh r~ng, hQc gia Dao Duy Anh khOng nhung la mQt s\i gia, mQt nha dja ly hQcIjch s\iWn, nha nghien cuu .van hQc, van h6a, nha bien sOl;lntU di€n danh tie'ng, ong con la nha chu giai va khao chung hQcxua't s:1ccua ntioc ta.
(Lu~n ng11)lam "Do do binh truqng ngii ( :fflItf) -¥ X:f;\t )va dQccau "Au flu c~p nhan flu (~~&A~) (M~nh Ttt) lam "Thie't thie't phlm nh~p thie't (WJWJN. A WJ).
Nhung cau dQcliim thanh ch~ng cOy nghia gi ca.
