64 TAP CHi KHPA HPC XA H O I SP 2(138)-2010 Slf HOC-NHAN HQC-NGHIEN ClfU TON GIAO
HOC TAP TRONG TU - MOT HINH THUfC GIAO DUC DAC BIET CUA CACH MANG VIET NAM (1930-1945)
TRINH TH! LE HA
TOM T A T
Vide xdy dwng ndn he thong nhd tii di giam cim nhirng ngwdi yeu nude, ede chien sT edeh mang Id mdt trong nhirng hoat ddng dwgc thwc dan Phdp dac bidt chu trgng khi ddt ehdn len xam Iwgc nwdc ta. Khdng chi dwng lai a vide tra tan, Idm dau ddn vi thi xde, thwc dan Phdp cdn hwdng tdi mdt mue dich cac han, dd Id giam ham vi tinh than, Idm nhut ehi khi diu tranh cua nhirng ngudi ydu nirdc, lam cho hg chit din chit mdn trong edc nhd lao. Vdi chu trwang "biin nhd tii di quoc thanh trwdng hgc edeh mang", nhu'ng ngwdi tu cdng san dd khdng di cho ke thu thwc hidn thdnh cdng am mwu dd. Ngay trgng edc nhd tii, hg da tg chwc thdnh cdng nhwng Idp hgc cho dong ehi, dong ddi eiia minh vdi quan niem "hgc de dii swc chiu dwng mdt cdch khdn ngoan mgi ddn dp tra tin; hgc di song; hgc de chuan bi eho tirang lai, khi minh dwgc trd lai vdi phong trdo edeh mang" (Nguyen Dang Tiin (chu bidn), 1996, tr 278). Hg xem day la nhu'ng chiin trudng ddc bidt md ai vwgt qua se kien dinh han, trwdng thdnh han vd tinh
Trjnh Thi Le Ha. Trung tam Nghien ciru Ljch sip Vien Phat triln Bin vu-ng viing Nam Bp.
thin cdch mang cung se dwgc nang len gip nhiiu lin. Bang cdch thirc ndy, cdc chiin sT cdch mang sau khi "tot nghigp"
trwdng hgc trong tii, khdng nhwng trd nen vwng vdng vi ban ITnh edeh mang md trinh do vdn hda cung dwgc nang cao mdt cdch ddng ke. Cd the ndi rang hgc tap trong tu Id mdt hinh thirc dau tranh, vd cung Id mgt hinh thirc gido due rat dac biet cua cdch mang Viet Nam dirge hinh thdnh tw nhirng ndm 30 ciia the ky XX. Hinh thirc gidg due ndy ddng vai trd hit sire quan trgng trgng phong trdo diu tranh cdch mang chong thwc dan Phdp.
1. C H ^ DO LAO TU - T R O NGAI CClA VIEC "BlfeN N H A TU o e QUOC T H A N H
TRU'ONG HOC CACH MANG"
H i l u v l che dp lao td cua thye dan Phap tgi Viet Nam, mpt c h l dp nha tu dugc xem la "da man, tan bgo ban nha tu thdi trung CO" (Nguyin Oang T i i n , 1996, tr. 279), ta se t h i y viec "biin nha tu dk quoc thanh trudng hpe each mgng" la ca mpt qua trinh nd lye phi thudng cua nhd'ng ngudi tu epng san. Cd t h i thay rang thye dan Phap khdng ehua mdt thu dogn nao nham buy hogi d i n d i n than xac va khult phye tinh t h i n d i u tranh each mgng eua nhu-ng
TRjNH TH! LE H A - HPC TAP TRPNG TU - MPT HINH THIJ'C.. 65 ngudi tu edng san. Sy tan khle nay la
chinh sach duge ap dyng d h l u k h i p eae nha lao eua thye dan Phap d Viet Nam, dgc biet, d dau td chinh trj d i u tranh cang mgnh me thi c h l dp cai tri eua ke thd cang silt chat ban. Nhin vao nhd'ng con so sau day ta se t h i y dwgc sy ac liet trong nha td cua thye dan Phap. Trong so 295 tu chinh trj bj giam d nha lao D i e Pao da ed d i n 215 ngydi chit, chf edn song sdt 80 ngudi.
O' San La, trong so 200 tu ehinh tri bj luu day vao thang 2/1933 da ed 30 ngudi bj chit trong vdng 9 thang (Phan Trpng Bau, 1994, tr. 166).
Viec "biin nha tu d l qude thanh trudng hpe each mgng" eua nhd'ng ngudi td edng san ggp vd van khd khan. Khdng bao gid ke thd de eho mdt m l u bdt ehi, giiy trang hay td bao, quyin saeh duge Ipt vao phdng giam va viee ty hpp trpng td Igi cang la mdt d i l u e l m ky. Khi phat hien ra tu nhan ed b i t ky vat dyng rieng nao, du dd chl la nhd'ng dyng ey h i t sd'c thd sa nhu giiy xi mang, que v i i t b i n g epng day kem gai hoac bing gd, ehung d i u tim each tjch thu va pha buy. Tham ehi, ehi e i n t h i y td trao doi vdi nhau la lap tCpc chdng Idi ra danh, "danh dan mat va danh d l bude phai ly khai cpng san, khult phye ehdng" (Bdi Van Tean, 2002, tr. 10). Cd nai, cai ngyc ccn tim bat ngudi dgy va ngudi hpe ra phgt danh eho d i n tan p h i .
Mae du ludn ludn d trong tinh trgng "mit thi nhin len trang saeh, nhung tai thi ling nghe tieng chan bpn gac ngyc, h i ehdng d i n g i n phai kjp thdi giau sach" (Nhiiu tac gia, 1969, tr. 62), nhung viec hpe tap v i n d i l n ra mgnh me d h l u k h i p cae nha td thye dan Phap tren d i t nude ta. NhCpng nai c h l dp cai tri cua ke thu cang khle
nghiet thi viee hpe tap cang duge to chd'c mgnh me ban, dae biet, nha tu Cdn Dao la mdt trong nhCpng nai cd phong trao hpe tap phat triln mgnh me nhit.
2. NOI DUNG, HiNH THLfC VA N G U O N T A I LIEU HQC TAP TRONG TU
Vugt qua mpi khd khan, thd' thach cda c h l dp lao tu, cac ehiln sT each mang da td chCpc nhd'ng Idp hpe trong tu vdi ndi dung, hinh thLPC va nguon tai lieu h i t SCPC phong phu.
2.1. Ndi dung hpe tap
Hai npi dung hpc tap dugc giang dgy va hpc tap ehu y i u trong nha tu thye dan Phap la hpc chinh tri va hpe van hda.
Hpe ehinh tri ia npi dung hpc tap h i t SCPC
quan trong, khdng the t h i i u trong nha tu thye dan, nhu Le D u l n da td'ng ndi: "hpc ly luan each mgng la cot de van dyng mpt each sang tgo vao eude van ddng each mgng ma minh dang t i i n hanh; do dd ma e i n phai ed tinh thuang vd ban vdi nhan dan, vdi dan tdc va loai ngudi dau khd thi mdi biin ly luan thanh hanh dpng each mgng duge" (Nguyin Dinh T h i n g (chu bien), 2005, tr. 131).
NhCi'ng ngudi cdng san Viet Nam lao vao hogt dpng each mgng vdi t i t ea nhiet huylt eua mdt ngudi dan yeu nude. Khi b i t gap d ehd nghTa Mae-Lenin con dudng cd t h i dua dan tde Viet Nam d i n ngay giai phdng thi hp tin tudng va di theo con dudng each mgng dd, cdn ly luan eda chu nghTa Mae- Lenin cy t h i ra sao va bao ham nhd'ng v i n d l ca ban nao thi h l u nhu r i t it ngudi trong so hp cd djp dao sau nghien CLPU. Bdi vay, nha td ehinh la mdi trudng d l eae ehiln sT each mgng ed t h i hpc tap, nghien CLPU v l ehu nghTa Mae-Lenin mdt each sau
66 TRjNHTHILEHA - HPC TAP TRPNG TU - MGT H'INH THLfC.
sle, d i y dd ban. Cho nen, khi bilt duge ed r i t nhiiu ngudi td cdng san ehi dwgc dpe nhd'ng tae p h i m kinh d i l n eda ehd nghTa Mae khi bj giam ham trong nha td thye dan b i n ta se khdng l i y dd lam d i l u ngge nhien Idn.
Viec hpe chinh tri chu y i u dugc t l chd-e thanh tung Idp danh rieng eho nhd-ng d i i tugng khae nhau, tdy theo trinh dp va thdi hgn d td eda td'ng ngudi. Ldp dai hgn danh eho nhd'ng ngudi ed trinh dp van hda kha eao va hgn d td tCp 5 nam trd len. Hpe vien eua Idp dai hgn dugc nghien CCPU, tim hilu tuang d i i cd he thong ehu nghTa Mac- Lenin va dudng l i i each mgng eua Dang, cu t h i la eae bai hpc v l nhd'ng v i n d l nhu: Chu nghTa duy vat bidn chwng, Chu nghTa duy vat Hch sir, Luan cwang chinh tri, Chu nghTa Lenin, Vin di cdng nhan van ddng, Vin di ndng dan van ddng, Vin di dan tde, Vin di to quoc, Chii nghTa cdng san.... Day la Idp hpc cho nhd-ng ngudi da cd ddi chut k i l n thd-c v l each mgng, v l chu nghTa Mae-Lenin.
Song song vdi cac Idp hpc dai hgn la Idp hpe ngan hgn danh cho nhd'ng ngudi bj td vdi md-c an dudi 5 nam. Chuang trinh hpe cua ldp n g i n hgn la cac ndi dung v l Chii nghTa duy vat sir quan (twc ehu nghTa duy vat lich sir), Chu nghTa cgng san sa gian, Luan cwang ehinh tn cua Dang, Nam bwdc cdng tac, Cdng tdc bi mat... Day la Idp hpe danh rieng eho nhirng ngudi chua bilt hoae bilt r i t it v l chu nghTa edng san.
Nhd'ng ndi dung hpe nay mang tinh ca ban nhit, trang bj ly luan d md-c dp c i n thilt d l nhd'ng ngudi td epng san khi ra khdi nha tu cd t h i hoat ddng each mgng.
Ben egnh hpe tap ly luan ehinh tri ca ban, viee hpe tap cac nghj quyit, chf thj edng
tac cda Oang td' ngoai dua vao edng ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng bdi day la each d l khdi tach minh ra ngoai phong trao ehung, d l hanh ddng each mgng duge thong nhit, va d l khi "thoat cui so ldng" trd v l vdi to chd'c khdng bj bd ngd trudc cae edng viee ben ngoai.
Khi hpe ehinh tri, mpt d i l u phai tuyet doi tuan thd la khdng ai duge ghi vao giiy ma hoan toan phai van dyng tri nhd eda minh.
N l u ai e i n t h i l t phai ghi thi chf duge ghi r i t it va khi xem xong phai nhai nat t d giiy, d l phdng ke djch bat ngd xdng vao bit nguon tai lieu.
Cdng vdi viee hpe ehinh tri dk n i m vd'ng ly luan each mgng, hpc van hda edng la mpt npi dung quan trpng eua viee dgy va hpe d trong cac nha tu, bdi "mudn nang eao trinh dp each mgng thi phai nang eao trinh dp van hda" (Nhiiu tae gia, 1969, tr. 3).
Viee t l ehCre hpe van hda trong nha tu d i u tien chl dugc thye hien doi vdi nhd-ng ngudi khdng bilt chd- hay trinh dp hpe v i n t h i p tren tinh t h i n ngwdi biit chl che ngwdi chwa biit, ngtrdi biit nhieu chl cho ngwdi biit it, lam giam di mdt each nhanh ehdng s l lugng td epng san bj mu chd'. V l sau, hpe van hda m d rdng ra vdi cae mdn toan, ly, hda, sinh, van, su', dja va ca ngogi ngd- d i nang eao trinh dp hpe v i n ehe cac ehiln sT each mgng trong td. D i n d i n , nd trd thanh mdt nhu c l u khdng t h i thiiu dwgc ddi vdi mdi ngudi tu each mgng.
Trinh dp hpc v i n eua moi ngudi khi vao td khdng d i n g d i u , do dd viee hpc van hda edng phai dugc t l chd-c thanh nhiiu Idp hpc khac nhau. Ldp hpe dugc to chd-c r i t dan gian. O l n gid hpc, mdt nhdm khoang 2-3 ngudi ngdi xdm Igi vdi nhau, l i y n i n
TRINHTHjLE H A - HPC T A P TRPNG TU - MGT HINH THi:fC... 67 nha td lam bang, nhd'ng manh bat vd lam
but viit, cd' t h i chf eho nhau hpc. D i n khi hpe xeng thi mpi d i u v l t d i u xda sgeh.
Vdi each lam dd, n l u gac ngyc b i t ngd vao kiim tra edng khdng phat hien dugc.
Nhd viee to ehCpc hpc tap van hda trcng td, hlu h i t cac ehiln sT each mgng da thoat khdi ngn md ehd' va trinh dp hpc v i n eda nhiiu ngudi edn dugc nang len dang ke.
Khdng ehi hpe ehinh tri va van hda - hai ndi dung hpe quan trpng nhit trong td, viee hpc ehuyen mdn nghiep vu edng la mdt mdn hpe dwgc nhCrng ngudi td each mgng rit quan tam. Thye chit eua viee hpe ehuyen mdn nghiep vy trong tu la dgy va hpe nhd'ng ky nang e i n thilt, vd'a nhim nang cao trinh dp chuyen mdn, vira d l phye vy ehe eude song trong td. Od la cae mdn hpe nhu: y t l (cham eCru, each ehCra met s l benh thudng gap khdng c i n ddng thule), dien, may no, chyp anh, lai xe hai;
cac nghi thu edng nhu theu, ren, ehgm t r i , dan; am nhge, hpi hpa... t i t ca d i u d i l n ra tren tinh t h i n ngwdi biet chl cho ngwdi chwa biit ngudi biit nhiiu chf cho ngwdi biit it
2.2. Hinh thd'C hpe tap
o l cd the t i i n hanh thuan Igi eae npi dung hpe tap tren day, cac ehiln sT each mgng da su- dung mpt each linh hogt nhiiu hinh thd-c hpe tap khae nhau, tdy theo tinh hinh eu t h i trong nha td.
Caeh thd-c hpc chu y i u dwgc t i i n hanh trong eae nha tu eua thye dan Phap la md Idp giang dgy va thao luan tryc t i l p ngay tgi Idp.
Nhu da d l cap d tren, can cir vao trinh dp va nien hgn d td eda tCrng ngudi, eae ehi bd Dang trong td chia Idp hpe thanh hai
logi: Idp dai hgn danh eho nhd-ng ngudi cd trinh dp hpc v i n kha eao va ban d td tren 5 nam; Idp n g i n hgn danh eho nhd'ng ngudi chju an dudi 5 nam. Quy md Idp hpc thudng r i t nhd, gpn, khoang td- 10 d i n 20 ngudi, do mdt ngudi ed trinh dp kha ban phy trach, va dd cdng ehinh la ngudi d i l u khiln Idp hpe, ddng vai trd nhu giao vien ehu nhiem Idp.
Tgi nhd'ng Idp hpe nay khdng khi hpe tap f i t sdi noi va than mat. Nhd'ng ngudi tu ngoi quay q u i n vdi nhau tgi mdt gdc san nha td, ed khi edn "dm vai ba e l nhau, xdm xit nhu ngoi tan g i u lam vui dk ehe mat djch" (Nguyin Dang T i i n (ehd bien), 1996, tr. 281).
Giang vien eua cac Idp hpc ehinh tri thudng la nhCrng ngudi ed trinh dp ly luan nhit djnh, tham chi cd nhd-ng ngudi khi d ben ngeai da tCpng qua cac Idp h u i n luyen cda Nguyin Ai Quoc d Quang Chau hay tot nghiep Dgi hpe Phuang Ddng d Lien Xd ve (nhu T r i n Van Giau). Tu-ng bai hpe d i u dugc cae giang vien nghien cu-u ky roi trinh bay trudc Idp. Cae d l mye va npi dung chinh dugc v i i t tdm t i t tren n i n nha td.
Khi t i l p thu nhd-ng bai hpc chinh tri nay, hpc vien khdng he thy dpng ma thudng xuyen cd s y trao d i i , thao luan vdi nhau.
Khdng khi hpc chinh tri tgi nha td Hda Ld eho ta t h i y rd dieu dd: Tgi mdi Idp, ngudi phy trach ldp dpe mdt dogn trich eda saeh Duy vat sir quan, Luan cwang chinh tn, hoac Cdng nhan van ddng... roi neu ra eau hdi d l eho mpi ngudi thao luan. Tuy phai d i l n ra trong d i l u kien h i t sCre khle nghiet eda c h l dp lao td nhung eae cupe thao luan edng khdng kem p h i n sdi ndi: "nhiiu khi chf met td' thdi nhu tCr "kinh ti" ching
68 TRjNHTHjLE HA - HQC TAP TRONG TU - MOT H I N H THLfC.
hgn, chdng tdi da de ra din gin mdt thang d l tranh cai vdi nhau. Nhiiu khi trong gid ra san de tlm giat, chdng tdi van tranh luan vdi nhau. Ddi khi ehdng tdi tranh luan vdi nhau ea vao bd-a an nd-a" (Nhiiu tae gia, 1969, tr. 27).
Nhd'ng ngudi mdi vao tu thi ed hinh thCpc huin luyen rieng, dd la cac Idp hpc kiln thd'C phd thdng bing phuang phap vin dap. Ngudi phy trach Idp hpc ehu ddng neu ra eau hdi nhu Cdng san Id gi? Giai cip Id gi? Diu tranh giai cip Id gi?... va tw giai dap bing nhd'ng Idi le gian dj, d l hilu d l eho nhd-ng ngudi tu ehua ed kiln thd-c can ban v l ehinh tri cd t hi nim bit dugc Tren day la each thCpc t l ehu-c hpc d eae Idp ed trinh dp sa elp va trung elp, edn d nhd-ng Idp trinh dp ly luan cao clp thi viee hpe diln ra theo mdt hinh thd-c khae. Ldp hpc nay thudng khdng ed giang vien ma mpi ngudi eung nghien cu-u cae tac phim kinh diln eua ehd nghTa Mae-Lenin td' nguyen ban tilng Phap. Mdi ngudi dpe ky mdt tae phim rii trinh bay ndi dung ea ban eho nhd'ng ngudi edn Igi nghe, sau dd mdi thao luan d l giai nghTa td'ng eau, td'ng chd' trong bai. Mdi bai hpe edn dugc lien he chat ehe vdi tinh hinh van dpng eua each mgng Viet Nam va rut ra nhd-ng kinh nghiem bd ich. Ngudi hpe thudng tranh luan vdi nhau rit sdi noi, ehd nao ehua hilu thi dem saeh kinh diln ra dpe Igi td-ng eau, td-ng chd- cho din khi hilu mdi thdi (Nguyin Dinh Thong (chd bien), 2005, tr.
131).
Ddi vdi nhu-ng Idp hpe van hda each thd-c hpe ehd yiu la giang giai cy thi. Thanh phin giang vien cua cac Idp van hda rit da dgng, cd t h i la nhd-ng ngudi da tit nghiep
dgi hpc, cao ding su phgm, ky su, bae sT, ngudi ed kinh nghiem giang dgy khi edn d ben ngoai, hay ddi khi chf la nhd-ng ngudi
"tu ao tring" nhu d nha td Cdn Dao (td-e la nhd-ng ngudi ed trinh dp hpe vin nhit djnh, dugc ehua ngyc giao cho lam mdt so edng viee giiy td cho ehdng). Tit ea diu diln ra tren tinh thin ngtrdi biit chl cho ngwdi chwa biet ngtrdi biit nhiiu ehi cho ngwdi biit it
Viec hpc van hda tuy vin chju sy elm doan eua ke thu, nhung ed mpt dilu thuan lgi ban so vdi hpe chinh tri la eae ehiln sT each mgng ed t h i tiin hanh hpe mpi lde, mpi nai, ed t h i "Igi dyng nhu-ng buoi di nhgt ed, chat cdi, dap da... bay cho nhau hpe va trap nhCrng manh giiy bao eho nhau dpe" (Nhieu tae gia, 1996, tr. 55), hay
"vao gid nghf hoae khi dang lam edng dgy cho nhau bing mom" (Nhieu tac gia, 1996, tr. 55), miin la d mdi ngudi ed quyit tam va Idng ham me hpe hdi.
Ty hpc cdng la mpt each thCrc hpe tap hit sd'c quan trpng trong nha tu thye dan Phap. Trong chl dp lao td eua thye dan, dilu kien de to chCre thanh nhirng Idp hpc tap trung tuy cd t h i nhung khdng phai IS dilu d l dang, do dd, mdt yeu clu thilt yiu la moi ngudi td each mgng phai bilt tranh thu thdi gian de ty hpe, ty trau doi kiln thCre eho minh ea v l hpc vin lln ehinh tri.
Viee ty hpe cd t h i coi la yiu to quyit dinh trong kit qua dgt dwgc v l mat hpc vin eua ngudi td, cdn sy giang dgy eda "thiy giao"
chl la nhan t l soi dudng ma thdi. Hilu dugc dilu nay, eae ehiln sT each mgng hlu nhu khdng bd sdt mpt ea hpi nao d l ed t h i ty hpc tap, "trudc khi ngu eung hoc, khi an cam cdng hpc, di clu tieu cdng hoc, di lam cd cdng hpe" (Nhiiu tac gia, 1969,
TRjNHTHI LE H A - HOC T A P TRONG TlJ - MOT HINH THl^fC. 69 tr. 60), ddi khi hp cdn eao hung tranh luan
nhu quen rang minh la "ngudi tu".
Vdi tinh t h i n hpe hdi khdng ngd'ng, nhd-ng ngudi ed trinh dp tuang d i i kha edn t y tim dpe them sach bao nudc ngoai. Mae dd
"phdng giam thi toi om, ban ngay chf ed anh sang nhd nhd Ipt vao, ban dem ed anh den dien le Idi vang nhgt h i t tCr tren mai xuong" (Nhiiu tae gia, 1969, tr. 60), them vae dd saeh lai in chCr r i t nhd, phai vd'a dpe vCra dean nghTa r i t v l t va, d i n ndi m i t md di..., Igi edn mudi d i t , rep e i n , ghe Id ngCra ngay... nhung khdng gi cd t h i khult phuc dugc tinh t h i n t y hpe eua nhu-ng ngudi td.
Cd le tinh t h i n t y hpe la mdt treng nhCrng nhan t l quan trpng nhit d i n d i n thanh edng eda viee hpe tap trong tu.
2.3. Nguon tai lieu hpc tap
o l viec hpc tap duge t i i n hanh mdt each thuan Igi thi d i l u e i n thilt la phai ed nguon tai lieu hpe tap. Nguon tai lieu nay d i n vdi nhd'ng ngudi td yeu nude bang nhiiu con dudng khac nhau.
Trudc h i t la nhd vao dudng day bi mat cda t l chd-c Oang d ben ngoai kheo leo gui vao.
Hpe trong td la phong trao d i l n ra bi mat trong nha td eua thye dan, nhung Igi la mdt hogt ddng cd chu truang eda Dang, do dd, tuy khdng tryc t i l p chi dgo phong trao hpe tap trong td nhung b i n g nhiiu each khae nhau, t l ehCre Oang d ben ngoai da kheo leo gu-i vao nha td met s l ngudn t u lieu quan trpng phye vy eho viec hpc tap.
Vdi sy thdng minh, muu tri, eae chiin sT each mang da SLP dyng nhiiu each khac
nhau d l nguon t u lieu nay d i n tan tay ngudi td. Cd the la b i n g each d l l l n tai lieu vdi nhd'ng do vat ma ngudi nha chuyin vao eho td nhan, nhu trudng hgp ma T r i n Huy Lieu ghi Igi trong hdi ky "dudi hinh thd'C gdi do an hay d l vat, ngudi nha ehdng tdi da ehd y xe cai ten td bao di, vd t d bao nhau nat d l che mat bpn gac ngyc... hay "mua can" nhd'ng t d bao ed xult ban ben Phap lde b i y gid nhu Le Temps, Le petit Parisien, Intransigeant...
dk gu-i cho tdi hoae gdi d l an, hoac ndi ddng d l di tieu" (Nhiiu tae gia, 1969, tr. 6- 7). Nhd'ng t d bao ed nay, edng dyng cua ehdng khdng chf d l gdi d l hay di tieu, bdi cae ehiln sT each mgng d ben ngoai da kheo leo e l t nhCpng tin quan trpng tgi cac bao khae dan vao nhCJpng nhd'ng edt bao trong dd. B in g each nay, chdng da trd thanh mdt phuang tien truyin tin h i t sire quan trpng vap trong tu.
Nguin tai lieu chd y i u thCr hai: Ban h u i n luyen trong nha lao phan edng eae td nhan ed trinh dp eao, dya vao s y h i l u bilt eua minh, k i t hgp vdi tai lieu da dugc hpc hay dang ed trong cac Idp hpc, bien soan thanh nhCrng tai lieu cd quy md va ndi dung phu hgp vdi da s l ngudi hpc.
Nguin tai lieu nay thye sy r i t quy gia, bdi trong d i l u kien khd khan cua c h l dp nha tu thi viec v i i t nen nhCrng tap tai lieu nhu vay khdng phai la d i l u d l dang. Khd khan trudc h i t ehinh la nguin g i i y viit. Cai ngyc khdng bao gid eho phep mang g i i y tring vao trong nha td, nhung b i n g nhiiu each, nhd-ng ngudi td v i n cd duge ngudn giiy d l ddng. Ngudn g i i y ddng d l viit sach ludn nhan duge sy uu tien dae biet.
M i i quyin sach thudng dwgc chep ra r i t nhiiu ban, cd khi tdi 4-5 ban va chf dpe
70 TRINH THj LE H A - HQC TAP TRPNG TU - MGT HJNH THLfC.
saeh chep tay cdn sach g l e thi ludn phai g i i u f i t e i n than.
Ngoai ra, mpt nguon tai lieu hpc tap r i t quan trpng dwgc bien sogn trong tu la bao ehi. Bao ehi khdng chf la hinh thd-c d l ehuyin tai nhd-ng d i l u dugc hpc thanh van ban nhim mang Igi dp chinh xac eao ban ma do edn la mdt nguin tai lieu b l ich d l nhd'ng ngudi tu cd t h i ehuyin tay nhau hpe tap.
Viee lam bao eung nhu chep saeh ludn gap r i t nhiiu khd khan: phai dam bao bi mat hoan toan, khdng duge dk ke thd phat hien; nguin g i i y viit, mye h i t sd-c khan bilm. T h i nhung, vugt len mpi khd khan dd, nhd-ng t d bao trong cac nha lao van ra ddi. Bao chi ed tae dyng Idn trong viee cdng cd tinh t h i n , udn n i n nhCrng t u tudng lech Ige bude d i u ehdm nd trong mdi ngudi td. Chinh vi vay, khdng chf la mdt nguon tai lieu hpc tap quy gia, bao ehi edn la mdt mdn an tinh t h i n khdng the thiiu ddi vdi m i i ngudi td each mgng.
3. HIEU QUA CUA VIEC HQC TAP TRONG TU
Viee hpe tap trong td da mang Igi hieu qua thye sy to Idn. Trudc hit, met thye t l ljch sd' la trong so nhd'ng ngudi lanh dao xult s l e eua each mgng Viet Nam, ca trong thdi ky khang ehiln chong Phap, ching My l l n trong thdi binh, r i t nhiiu ngudi da trai qua sy tdi luyen trong nha td thye dan, d l qudc nhu Nguyin Van Cd-, Hoang Q u i c Viet, Le Duln, Ha Huy Giap, T r i n Huy Lieu, T r i n Van Giau, Nguyin Duy Trinh...
Trong nhd'ng nam khang ehiln, ehinh dang vien cpng san tir eae nha td trd v l la met nguon eung e l p can bp r i t quy eda Oang.
Hp la nhCrng ngudi da trudng thanh v l ly
luan, day dgn trong d i u tranh each mgng va p h i n ldn bp khi ra td d i u dung nhd'ng gi minh hpc dugc trong td dk phye vy cho each mgng, cho phong trao.
Qua trinh hpe tap, nghien cu-u ly luan Mac- Lenin trong nha td da eung ed niim tin vCrng chae trong mdi ngudi td vao thing Igi eua ly tudng each mgng. Chinh cupc d i u tranh gian khd nay da tdi luyen y ehi va ban ITnh each mgng eda ngudi epng san. Cd le do la mdt trong nhd'ng nhan to quan trpng k h i l n eho nhd'ng ngudi epng san khi ra khdi nha td h l u bet d i u trd thanh can bp ndng e l t eua Oang.
Bang v i n ly luan va nhd'ng kinh nghiem hogt ddng dugc tong k i t trong nha tu, khi ra ngoai, hp da su' dyng thanh edng tri thCpc eda minh tren nhiiu ITnh vyc nhu cdng cd, xay dyng ca s d Oang, td chCpc q u i n ehdng, t l chd'c mit tinh, biiu tinh, dien thuyit, lam bao cdng khai. Tham ehi, ed nhd'ng ngudi trude kia la cdng nhan, ndng dan nhung khi d td v l "bilt phan tieh tinh hinh t h i gidi, tinh hinh Odng Duang va xu t h i each mgng t i t y i u eua thdi dgi lam eho q u i n ehung kham phuc va tin tudng" (Ban C h i p hanh Dang bp tfnh Ba Rja-Vdng Tau, 2001, tr. 176). Od la thanh cdng Idn cua phong trao hpe tap trong td.
Hpe tap trong tu la mdt hinh thCre giao due r i t dgc biet, bdi trong nhd'ng Idp hpe nay, mdi quan he gid-a t h i y va trd bean tpan khdng h i gilng vdi nhd-ng Idp hpc ben ngoai. O day, ehd t h i day va hpe d i u la nhd-ng ngudi each mgng, cdng an, d, sinh hogt trong d i l u kien khle nghiet cua c h l dp nha td. Sy g i n gdi, cam thdng khiln eho viec dgy va hpc duge t i i n hanh thuan
TRjNHTHI LE HA - HPC TAP TRPNG TU - MOT HINH THLfC. 71 lgi han. Ngudi t h i y se bilt dugc nhd-ng
cho hpe trd ehua h i l u dk giang ky ban ndi dung dd. Day khdng phai chf la d i l u kien thuan Igi ma cdn la ddng lye gidp viec hpc tap dugc t i i n hanh cd hieu qua ban trong cae nha td. Nhd vay, mac dd bj ke thd khung b l , e l m doan nhung phong trae hpe tap trong td v i n phat triln mgnh me va mang Igi hieu qua cao.
Vdi nhd-ng hinh thCre, ndi dung va ngudn tai lieu hpe tap h i t sd'c phong phd trong nha tu, eae ehiln sT each mgng da eho thiy "ehinh sach khung bo eye ky da man cua ke thd ching nhd'ng khdng ngan trd dwgc bwdc t i i n cua each mgng ma trai Igi, nd da trd nen mpt thCr ICpa thd' vang, nd ren luyen cho ngudi each mgng them eCpng rIn..." (Ho Chi Minh, 2000, tr. 3-4). Dd chinh la thanh edng Idn lao cda nhd'ng nam thang "biin nha td d l q u i c thanh trudng hpe each mgng". •
TAI LIEU THAM K H A P
1. Ban Chip hanh Dang bp tfnh Ba Rja-Vung Tau. 2001. Nhi tu Cdn Dao (1862-1975). Ha Npi: Nxb. Chinh trj Quoc gia.
2. Bill Van Toan. 2002. Ac liet Cdn Dio.
TPHCM: Nxb. Tre.
3. Bill Van Toan. 2002. Nhwng t& bio ciia tCi nhin Cdn Dao. TPHCM: Nxb. Tre.
4. Hanh Mai. 1990. Ngw&i hgc vien xuit sic trong nhi tu Cdn Dio. Tap chi Lich sir Dang.
SP5.
5. HP Chi Minh. 2000. Toin tip. Tap 10. Ha
Npi: Nxb. Chinh tri Quic gia.
6. Le Huu Phudc. 2006. Nhi tu Cdn Dao {1862-1930). TPHCM: Nxb. Oai hpc QuPc gia TPHCM.
7. Nguyin Dang Tiin (Chii bien). 1996. Lich sw giio due Viet Nam trw&c Cich mang thing
Tim - 1945. Ha Npi: Nxb, Giao due.
8. Nguyen Dinh Thong (Chii bien). 2005. Di tich lich sw nhi tu Cdn Dao, nhi lao Phu Qudc.
Ha Npi: Nxb. Lao Dpng.
9. Nguyin Dinh Thong. 1993. Ngw&i lanh dao xuit sic trong nhi tu Cdn Dao. Tap chi Ljch su Dang. SP 5.
10. Nguyin Van Hoan. 1991. Mdt ngw&i cdng san trong nhi tCi Cdn Dio. Tap chi Ljch su Dang. S l 5.
11. Nhieu tac gia. 1969. Trw&ng hgc sau song sit (hdi ky cich mang). Ha Npi: Nxb. Thanh nien.
12. Nhiiu tac gia. 1996. Cdn Dao - Ky sw vi tw lieu. TPHCM: Nxb. Tre.
13. Pham Xanh. 1995. Nhi tu thwc din Phip a Viet Nam trw&c 1945, tiip cin tw phwang dien lich swDang. Tap chi Ljch su- Dang. S l 2+4+6.
14. Phan Trpng Bau. 1994. Giio due Viet Nam th&i can dai. Ha Npi: Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi.
15. Trin Huy Lieu, 1961. Dw&i him San La {Hdiky). Ha Npi: Nxb. SLP hpc.
16. Trin Van Giau. 1990. L&p hoc chu nghTa Mic-Lenin vi t& bio 9 kiin chung & banh 1, Cdn Ldn (1935-1936). Tap chi Ljch sit- Dang.
So 5.
17. Trin Van Kiem. 2005. Trai giam tu binh Phu Quic 1967-1973. TPHCM: Nxb. Tong hpp TPHCM.
18. Vu Thiiy. 1990. Chi bg die biet 1930-1945.
Tap chi Ljch sit- Dang. So 5.