TRif T HQC, S6 10 (257). THANG 10-2012
Y NGHIA HIEN THCJI TRONG QUAN NIEM CLIA NHO GIAO Sd KY VE XA HOI LY Tl/dNC
NGUYEN THI LAN''*
Bdi viit tdp trung phdn tich tii tudng cua Nho gido Bd k^ (Khdng Td, M^nh Td, Tudn Tit) vi xd h^i ly tudng qua quan ni^m ciia nd vi: 1) Muc tiiu phdt triin xd h^i; 2} Chu triiong tr^ng ddn vd Idy ddn ldm gdc; 3} Vai trd ciia gido d{ic ddi vdi s(/ phdt triin xd h^i; 4) Ddo t^vdai d{ing d^i ngU cdm quyin. Qua dd, tdc gid bdi viit bUdc ddu chi ra y nghia hi0n thdi cua tit tiidng ndy ddi vdi cdng cudc xdy diflig vd phdt triin ddt niidc theo dinh hiidng xa h^i ehu nghia vi muc tiiu ddn gidu, nudc mg,nh, ddn chii, cOng bdng, v&n minh d nUdc ta trong thdi ky qud dd.
' hi de C4P den vai trfi cua truyin thfi'ng dfli vdi sy phfit triln cfia hi^n S dai, GS. Vu Khidu vilt: "Tfl truyin thfihg sang hien d£u lfi mpt qua trinh vfla lien tyc, vfla dflt doan. Cfii hi$n d^i khflng xfia sach cfii truyin thfihg vfi cai truyen thfihg chi cfi ly do t i n tai khi nfi dfldc sfing loc vfi kilm nghidm thfing qua cai hidn dai"(l). Vdi each tiep cfin theo tinh t h i n dfi, cfi the nfii, trong cfing CUOC xay dyng chfi nghia xa hfli d nfldc ta hien nay, cac gia tri truyin thfl'ng mfi d dfi, Nho gifio, vdi quan ni^m ve xa h^i ly tfldng, vfi con dfldng tid'p cfin xa hfii 1;^ tfldng lfi cai cin dfldc tiep thu mpt cfich cfi chon loc. V&y, Nho gifio quan nidm v l mfl hinh xa hfli I^ tfldng vfi cfich thflc xay dyng mfi Mnh xa h$i 1^
tfldng nhu the nfio? Nhflng bfii hoc nao con cfi y nghia dfli vdi sU nghidp xay dflng chfi nghia xa hfli d nfldc ta tfl quan nidm tren cfia Nho giao?
Trong pham vi cfia bai vilt nay, chflng tfii khfing cfi tham vong d l efip den tfit ca nhiing gia tri cfia Nho giao
ma ngay nay, chiing ta cfi the kfi^ thfla vfi vfin dyng vfio qua trinh xfiy dyng chu nghia xa hfii d Vi$t Nam, ma chi cfi thl tap trung lam ro mot sfi^ gia tri dfldng dai trong quan ni^m cfia Nho giao sd 1^
v l xfi hfii ly tfldng vfi each thflc xfiy dyng mfi hinh xa hfii ly tfldng.
Xa hfii 1^ tfldng ma cfic nhfi sfing Ifip Nho gifio thfldng d l efip tdi lfi xa hfii
" D ^ dong", xa h§i "Tilu khang" trong sfich Li ky, thidn Ld v^n. Trong quan ni$m cfia Nho gifio sd k^, dfi lfi m$t xfi h$i vfii nhflng tidu chl khfi cy thl. d dfi, con ngfldi cfi cu$c sfi'ng vfit chfi't tfldng dfii dly dfi vfi dvhfc gifio due; ran ngfldi thfldng ydu, thfin fii, hfia thufin, tin cfiy Ifin nhau; nhflng ngfldi cfi ddn, gifi ca, tfin tfit dflyc quan tfim, chfim sfic; ngfldi hien tfii, chinh tnjic, dflc d$ dU^c trong dyng; xa hfli c6 trfit tfl, ky cfldng; xa hfii thfii binh, khflng cfi chiln tranh, khflng
(*) Th^c a ttiSt hoc Tnu« tfim D&o t^o, Boi dUSng giang vi@n 1^ lu&n ch&ih tij, Dai hoc Qufic gia H& N ^ (1) Vu KhiSu. Nho gido v& phdt triin d Vi$t Nam.
Nxb Khoa h^c xa h^i, HA Ndi, 1997, tr.l87.
t NGHIA HlfeN T H 6 I TRONG QUAN NigM C O A NHO GIAO..
cfi kidn tyng, bo sfl tfin ngfldc, bo vide gilt ngfldi.
Tfl nfii hfim cfia cfic khfii nidm vl mfi hinh xa hfii ly tfldng trong quan ni$m cfia Nho giao sd k^ nfii trdn, chung ta cd thl tim thfi'y nhflng mfit tich cyc, cfi <f nghia cfia nd dfli vdi sfl nghi$p xfiy dflng chfi nghia xfi hfli d Viet Nam theo mfit so' phfldng didn cd ban sau dfiy:
Mot Idf vi muc tieu phdt triin xd hdi. Xa hoi ly tUdng ma Nho giao sd kj^
hudng tdi la mflt xa hfii fin dinh, thdi binh, thinh tri. Xa hfli If tudng vfii cfic myc tidu nhfl vfiy ro rfing lfi cy thl vfi kha thi, dfi cCing lfi md flde dang trfin trong va mang tinh nhfin vfin. Nhflng dilu kidn lich sfi - cu the Ifim xua't hien khat vong ve mot xa hfli vdi cac tieu chi fiy chinh la boi canh xa hoi Trung Qufi'c thdi Xuan Thu hon loan vfi cfi nhilu bien dflng cfi t h l dfin den sy phfi vd mfi hinh xa h.fli truyen thfi'ng dfla tren sfl cai tri hang "Ld", ciing nhU cd cdii to chflc nhfi nfldc phan phong cfia nhfi Chu. Vi vay mfi Kh^ng Tfi va cac hoc tro cfia minh mufin ban tdi mfit mfi hinh nha nUdc vdi mong Udc cfi mflt xa hoi yen In, thai binh, "ngUdi gifi dUdc ydn hudng tuli gia, bang hflu tin cfiy Ifin nhau, tre nhd dUdc nufii nfi'ng day dfl"
(Ldo gid an chi, bang hitu tin chi, thiiu gid hodi chi)(2).
K^ vong cua Khdng Tfi vfi cac hoc tro cfia fing phan anh tfim t h l chung cfia nhfin loai trong hat ky thdi dai nfio.
Vfin d l la d cho, k^ vong giy da chi ra each thflc di tim cai da 'Tai danh mfi't", tflc la cai tiJCng cfi trong y ni$m v l mfi hinh xa hfii I^ tfldng [thdi Nghieu,
Thufi'n]. Vl mfit ly lufin, dfi Ifi niem tin vfio quy lufit biln dii t u i n hofin cfia van vfit cfi t h l fip dyng cho xfi hfli dfldc trinh bfiy trong Kinh Dich: "Bi cyc Thai lai". Vl mfit thflc tien, cfi thl dflng dflc cfia nha d m quyln, dfla vao long tin vfi n l phyc cua dfin dl la'y lai cfii da "hi dfinh mfi't fi'y". Xdt trong dieu ki$n nUdc ta hidn nay, nhiing tidu chi dfi lfi cin nhUng chUa dfi cho tofin bo hd tieu chi cfia sU nghidp xay dyng vfi phfit trien dfi't nUdc theo dinh hudng xa hfii chfi nghia. Chfi nghia xa hfii mfi Dang, Nhfi nflfic va nhfin dan ta lUa chon dang tflng bfldc dfldc nghien ciiu sfiu s^c them ca ve mfit ly lufin trdn nln tang cfia chfi nghia Mac - Lenin va tU tfldng Ho Chi Minh, cung nhU tren thflc tidn cfia da^t nUdc. Su lUa chon do lfi dung dan vfi phu hdp vdi hoan canh dfi't nUdc Cling nhu khat vong cua tofin dfin. Tinh thdi dai va tinh pho bid'n toan nhan loai cfia chfi nghia xa hoi ngay cang dfldc khang dinh, khi tren thd' gidi con nhilu quoc gia dang phai dfii mat vfii bfit fi'n chinh tri, bao loan ma nguydn nhfin chu yeu lfi xuait phat tfl dfii ngheo, thieu lUdng thflc, nha d, nUfie sach va thieii nhiing dieu kidn sinh hoat tfii thieu. 0 nhiing ndi dfi, khat vong hoa binh, con ngUdi s6ig hoa hdp vdi nhau vfi vfii thien nhien da phan anh khfit vong mufln thud cfia con ngUdi vfi dfi ciing la nhflng vfin dl mufin thud cfia trilt hoc.
Xfiy dyng d i t nUdc trong thdi ky qua do Idn chfi nghia xa hfii, Dang vfi Nha
(2) Chu Hi. TV thu tdp chu (Nguygn Dflc Lan dich vk chii giai). Nxb Vfln h6a - Thong tin, H i Noi, 1998, tr.312.
NGUYEN THI LAN
nfldc ta lufln khuyin khich moi ting ldp nhan dfin lam gifiu chinh dang, lam giau cho ban thfin vfi xa h^i. Myc tidu mfi chflng ta dfit ra lfi xfiy dflng m$t xa hfii "dfin giau, nfldc m^nh" vfi dfi cung la cfii dich ma cfic nha Nho sd ky hfldng tdi. Cd mOt sfl' hoc gia cho rfing, cfic nhfi Nho chfi trUdng xfiy dyng m§t xfi h^i nghdo, "an bi n lac d^o". Thfit ra, khflng h ^ nhu vfiy. Khing Tfi chu trUdng
"thfl, phu, gifio"(3), tflc la trfldc h i t lam cho dfin dfing, dfin gifiu, sau dfi lfi Ifim cho dfin dflijlc giao dye. Cfic nhfi sfing Ifip Nho giao khong phan dfii vi^c Ifim gifiu, cfic fing chi phan dfli vi^c Ifim gifiu trai vdi dao nghia mfi thfii. Khflng Tfi nfii: "Gifiu vdi sang, ai ciing mufi'n ca;
nhflng nd'u khfing vi dao 1^ mfi dUdc gifiu sang, chfing ndn dat minh vao (canh dfi). Nghdo vdi hdn, ai ciing chfin ghet ca; nhUng neu vi dsio ly mfi chiu nghdo hdn, chfing ndn tfl chfli" (Tu* viit:
Phu da quy, thi nhdn chi sd due dd; bdt di ky dao ddc chi, bdt xit dd. Bdn dti tien, thi nhdn chi sd odd; bdt di ky dao ddc chi, bdt kh^ rfd)(4). Cflng cd lflc Khing Tfi c l vu cho vide Ifim gifiu, khi fing cho rfing, "neu nfldc cfi dao mfi minh vfla nghdo vfla hen, lfi dang h i then; neii nfldc vfi d^o mfi minh vfla gifiu vfla sang, ciing dfing ho thpn vfiy"
(Bang hOu tfiao, bdn thd tien yen, sl dd;
bang v6 dao, phu thd quy yin, si do)(5).
Neu Khong Tfi chfi trUdng "thfl, phu, giao", thi Manh Tfi cfin cy t h l hfia hdn bfing chfi trfldng "h^ng san, hiing tfim", tflc lfi lo cho dan cd cfia fin cfia dl rfii dan mdi ydn tam phuc tung mdnh l$nh cfia trieu £ n h .
Cfing c u ^ dii mdi ma chflng ta dang tiln hanh cung nhiim thye hi^n myc tidu nfing cao ddi sfi'ng v^t chfi't va tinh t h i n cfia ngfldi dfin. Chi khi ddi sfi'ng dU(?c nfing cao, sflc khde dvKfc chfim sfic, quyln Ifim chfi dflpc dfim bao thi ngfldi dfin mdi tin tfldng vfio dfldng \di cfia Dang, chinh sfich, phfip lu^t cfia NbA nfldc, chfi nghia xa h$i mdi trd thanh muc tidu va d^ng lUc phfin dfiu xfiy dyng cfia nhfin dfin lao d$ng. Hi$n nay, Dang vfi Nhfi nUde ta cfi nhflng chu trUdng vfi ban hanh nhiing chinh sach hpp thdi, hpp ly khuyin khich mpi ting Ifip nhfin dfin Ifim gifiu chinh dfii^, nhd dfi chiing ta da dat dUdc nhflng thfinh tyu quan trong.
Cfic nfldc vfi viing lanh t h l dflpc coi lfi phfit triln trong khu vyc chau A, nhu Nhfit Ban, Hfin Qufic, Dfii Loan, trong qufi trinh khai thac nhiing gia tr| cua Nho gifio, da xfia bd nhiing rfing bufic cua cfic tfl tfldng coi thfldng Idi ich vfit chfi't, khinh rd ky thufit vfi mat sfit cfiu^
thfldng, dong thdi dfla vfio nhilu quan didm hpp ly cfia Nho giao d l dly m^nh sy phfit triln kinh t l , vfla k h u y ^ khich lpi ich v$t chfi't, vfla c l vu tinh thin, g ^ lpi ich ca nhfin vdi Ipi ich xa hfli, thfi'ng nhlit gifla nghia vfi Z^ kit hpp sy tu dudng d^o dflc vfii vi|c tinh tofin Ifim gifiu. Tfl kinh nghi$m cfia nhflng nflfic va viing lanh t h l dupe xem la con ring chau A cho thfiy, chflng ta phai xuit phat tfl tinh hinh cy t h l cfia Vi$t Nam dl khai thac nhflng gia tri tich eye cua (3) Chu Hi. Sdd., tr.504.
(4) Chu Hi. Sdd., tr.269.
(5) Chu Hi. Sdd., tr.386.
t NGHIA HlfeN T H 6 I TRONG QUAN NigM C C A NHO GlAo..
Nho gifio, cl vu moi ngUdi Ifim gifiu cho nflnh vfi cho dfit nUdc, khfing Ifim giau phi phap va b i t nghia, ding tiidi khfing dupc dem nhiing khiu hidu d^o dflc sufing d l can trd vi^c lam giau.
Trong hoc thuyd't chinh tri cfia minh, cfic nhfi sfing Ifip Nho gifio dfic bi^t Iflu y vide phfin phfii cfia cai xa h^i nh^m trfinh sfl h 0 dn xa h0i. Khdng Tfi cho riing, "chfing lo chuydn tfii san it di, mfi lo chia khflng diu, ching lo dfin nghdo mfi lo dan khfing dfldc yen dn" (Khdu dd vdn hOu quoc hOu gia gid bdt hoan qud nhi hoan bdt qudn, bdt hoan bdn nhi hoan bdt an)(&). Dilu dfi cho thiy, trong quan nidm cfia Khdng Tfi, vide phfin phfii cfia cai phai dam bao qufin binh, vi phfin phfii quan binh thi se giam bdt dflpc hfi't cfii^, tranh dflpc sfl tranh gifinh; khfing cfi ngfldi giau qua, ke ngheo qufi; dfin mdi khfing nghdo va chung sfi'ng hoa thufin, vui ve; dfi't nflfic mdi In dinh, thinh tri. Trong nfii dung hoc thuyet Nho giao, van de phfin bidt ding clip kha ro net, do dfi khfing the quan nidm gian ddn rfing, Khfing Tfi cfi tfl tfldng cfio bing ve ldi ich. "Chia khfli^ deu" d Khfi'ng Tfi dfldc thflc hidn txong ph^m vi cfia mot dang d p xfic dinh. Tuy nhien, khoang each giau nghdo trong xa hpi, neu da tdi mflc khfing t h l chfip nh^n dflpc, tSft se gfiy ra bfit binh. Manh Tfi da tijfng phdn u l t thdt ldn ring: "Bep nha vua cfi thit bdo, tau ngya cfi ngya mfip, ma dfin cfi sfic dfii, ngoai ddng n i o i ^ ngfldi chit dfii nim la lidt, nhfl t h l lfi xua thfl an thit ngfldi v^y! Loai tiiu an thit Ifin nhau, ngfldi ta cfin ghdt thay, hufing gi lam
cha m? dan, coi vi$c hfinh chinh, mfi khflng trfinh khdi vi$c xua thfl fin thit ngfldi? Sao cfi thl Ifim cha m? dfin dflpc"
(Bdo hOu phi phuc, khdi hOu phi md.
Ddn hOu cd sdc, dd hitu nga biiu. Thit sudt thu nhi thiic nhdn dd. ThU tiidng thifi:, thd nhdn 6'chi. Vi ddn phu mdu, hdnh chinh, bdt miin li sudt thii nhi thiic nhdn? 0 tai ky vi ddn phu mdu dd?)(7). Tinh canh ly tfit ylu dfin dd'n hfiu qua lfi dan khflng khoi oan thfin, trfim cfldp dfiy len; bfi't dn xa hfii cung tfl dfi mfi ra. Dilu Manh Tfi nfii vfla cho thfiy thye trang phfin hfia gifiu nghdo qufi mflc, vfla canh bfio tinh tfit ye'u cfia sfl loan lac.
Thye hidn muc tidu cfia chfi nghia xfi hfii lfi dan gifiu, nfldc manh, xa hfii dfin chfi, cfing bing, vfin minh, chiing ta d n phai phan dfi^u n l lflc de thflc hien phfin phfl'i theo lao dong. Trong thdi k^ qufi do len chfi nghia xfi hoi, xfiy dflng nen kinh t l thi trfldng, sfl phfin hfia gifiu nghdo lfi dieu khfing tranh khdi, khoang each gifiu ngheo ngfiy cfing cfi xu hflfing ndi rpng hdn. Van d l dfit ra lfi, chflng ta d n thi hanh nhiing cd che, chinh sach, nhiing giai phfip hiiu hidu nhim tranh dfldc sfl phfin hfia gifiu nghdo qua Ifin, khfing de ngfldi nghdo thi nghdo thdm, bdi dfi lfi ngudn gfic cua bfit dn xfi hfii.
Chfi tich Hd Chi Minh, khi dl efip de'n dfic trflng cfia chfi nghia xa hfli, da cho ring, nguyen tfic phfin phfii cfia cai trong chfi nghia xfi hfli lfi: Ifim nhilu hfldng nhilu, lam it hfldng it, khflng
(6) Chu Hi. Sdd., tr.592.
(7) Chu Hi. Sdd., tr.727.
NGUYEN THI LAN
Ifim khfing hfldng, trfl ngfldi gia, trd em va ngUdi fl'm dau b^nh t^t. Ngfiy nay, trong cfing cu$c xfiy dyng chfi nghia xfi hfli, dl dam bfio cflng bing trong phfin phfii cfia cai, chflng ta cung dang pha'n dfi'u thye hi^n nguydn tic Ifim theo nang lyc, hudng theo lao d^ng.
Hai Idj vi tii tudng trong ddn vd Idy ddn ldm gdc. TU tudng trong dfin vfi gifl long tin cua dfin d cfic nhfi sfing Ifip Nho gifio rfi't dfing dl chung ta suy ngfim, hpc tfip. Nho gifio sd k^ cho ring, mflt quoc gia mufi'n In dinh, thinh tri vfi viing bin thi ngfldi d m quyln phai dUdc long dfin, phai trong dfin, Ifiy dfin Ifim gfl'c. Khdng Tfi cho ring, trong 3 thfl thilt ylu cho sy trfldng tdn cfia mflt qufl'c gia la Ifldng thye, binh lyc vfi long tin cfia dan, blit dfic di phai bd mot thfl thi cfi the bd binh lflc vfi lUdng thUc, con long tin cfia dan la cfii quan trong nhfi't, nha't thilt khflng t h l bo. Quan dilm dd cfia Khdng Tfi sau nfiy da dUdc Manh Tfi phat trien them: 'T)an la quy nhfi't, sau do tdi xa tic, con vua cd the xem nhe" {Ddn vi quy, xd tdc thit chi, qudn vi khinh)(8). Vi the, phai "dUpc long dfin mdi dupc Ifim thidn tfi, dUdc Ifing thidn tfi mdi dUdc Ifim vua chU hfiu, dflpc long vua chu h i u mdi dflpc Ifim quan dai phu" (Thi cd ddc hS khdu ddn nhi vi thiin t^, ddc ho thien tu! vi chii hdu, ddc hS chii hdu, vi dm phu)(9). Tufin Tfi sau nfiy, mfic dfl tinh t h i n tfin qufin d fing dflpc chu trong hdn Manh Tfi, nhflng flng vin d l cao tU tufing trpng dan, kinh dfin: "Vua lfi thuyin, dan lfi nUdc, nUdc chd thuyin ma nfldc cling Ifit thuyln"(10). Tufin Tfi cfin cho ring, dtio
qufin vfldng phfii ydu thUdng dfin, cfi thfldng ydu dfin th^t Ifing thi dfin mfii h i t sflc vi vua, dfin mfii sfi'ng chit vdi vua, vua mdi dflpc ydn vui. "Trdi sinh dfin khflng phfii vi vua, mfi trdi Ifip ra vua lfi vi dfin, vua phii ydu dfin, bao vd dfin nhu bfio v§ con dd"; "Vua mfi tfin bao thl trfim hp khinh nhfl khinh lu qud qufit, ghdt nhu ghdt lofii qu^'(ll). Dfiiig qufin vUdng mfi khfing ydu dfin thi tfi't dfin din di^t vong: "Cho ndn dfing nhfin qufin ydu dfin thl ydn, Ua ke si thi vinh.
Hai dilu dfi thilu m0t thl di$t vong"(12), Cfic nhfi sfing l$p Nho sd k^ cung nhfi'n manh trach nhi^m cua ngUdi d m quyln dfli vdi cufic sdng cfia nhfin dfin.
NgUdi d m quyln phai ddng cam cfing khd vdi nhfin dan, lo noi lo cfia dfin, vui nilm vui cfia dfin thi mdi xfli^ dfing fi vi tri cfia minh: "Vui vdi nilm vui cua dfin, se dflpc dfin vui vdi nilm vui cfia minh, lo ndi Io cfia dfin sd dflpc dfin lo ndi lo cfia minh. Vui vi thien h^L, lo vi thidn ha mfi rdi khfing dyng ndn vfldng nghifp, lfi chuyfn chfla titng cfi v^y" (Vi ddn thuang nhi bdt dH ddn ddng lgc gid, diSc phi da. Lgc ddn chi lgc gid, ddn diSc lgc k^ lgc; Uu ddn chi liu gid, ddn diic Uu ky tiu. Lgc dX thiin hg, Uu dl thiin hg, nhUn nhi bdt viidnggid, vi chi hOu dd)(l3). Ngfldi d m quyln phai tidt kifm vifc tidu diing mfi ydu thUdng dfin (tidt dung nhi di nhdn). Khdng Tfi
(8) Chu Hi. Sdd, tr.l347.
(9)ChuHi.Sdrf..tr.l347.
(10) NguySn HifiTn U . Tu&n TH. Nxb Vfin h6a, H&
NOi. 1994, t r . l 2 1 .
(11) Nguygn Hi&i U . Sdd^, tr.l20.
(12) Nguygn Hi&i L6. Sdd^. tr.l29.
(13)ChuHi.Sda.,tr.n6. "
t NGHIA HI$N THdl TRONG QUAN NI$M Cl!lA NHO GlAO...
vfi Mynh Tfi thudng nhfic nhd ngudi d m quyln khflng dupc l^m dyng, phi pham sflc lflc, tfii san cfia dfin. M^nh Tfi ciing ldn an nhflng ke giup vua vd vdt tfi thue de danh nfldc khac. Nhiing ke nfiy dflpc nhilu ngfldi dUdng thdi gpi la lUdng thin, con Manh Tfi thi gpi dfi la giac cfia dfin. Tufin Tfi ciing cho ring, mufi'n cho phu qufi'c, cudng binh thi ngUdi dfin phai tieu dflng tid't kifm vfi ngfldi d m quyln khfing dfldc Ifing phi, ngfldi dudi thi Ifi'y II mfi c h l tid't dl tieu xfii diing mflc, dSung minh chfi d n tilt dyng vfi khdi md ngudn tfii nguydn dl dfin dfl gia(14). Tufin Tfi cfin nhfin m^mh ring, mufin Ifim cho dan dfl gia thi phai "giam nhe thud' rudng dfit, bd thud' di chd, thud' quan, giam so ngfldi di bufin, bat dan Ifim xfiu it di, diing Ifim 13 thdi tid't canh tac (thdi vy) cfia dan. Nhfl the thi nfldc giau, nhfl the la dflng Ifldng chinh (chinh sfich tfi't) Ifim cho dan dfl gia"(15). Tufin Tfi cung da chi ra cac giai phap nhim nang cao ddi sdng cua dfin: "Danh nhe thufi^ diln dia, bo bdt cac tap thud", dflng bay nhilu lflc dich, chd doat thi gid lam mfla cfia nfli^
dan"(16). Bdi theo fing, dan cfi giau thi nflfic mdi manh, "dfldi nghdo thi trdn nghdo, dfldi cfi giau thi trdn mfii giau"
va "Ifim cho thidn ha dfl gia thi ngfldi trdn khdi lo khflng dfi"(17). Theo Tufin Tfi, vide tid't dyng diu tidn la chinh quyen can sa thai nhflng ngfldi nfim quyln ma khfing Ifim dfldc vide, vi nd'u nflfic "qua nhieu dai phu thi nflfic nghdo"(18).
Nho giao sd k? mfic dfl trong dfin, thfldng dan, th^m chi cho ring, dfin la
qu^ nhfit, vua xem nh^, nhflng do han chl vl mfit lich sfi, hp v&n mudn duy tri chl dp chinh tri phfin chia ding cfi'p, theo dfi, ngfldi dfin lao dfing vin lfi ngfldi bi cai tri. Khac vdi Nho gifio, ngfiy nay, chung ta xfiy dyng chfi nghia xfi hpi vdi myc tieu lfi giai phfing nhfin dfin Iao d$ng khdi chl dfl xa hfii cfi ap bflc, bfic l^t, dem lai quyln Ifim chfi cho nhfin dfin vfi thye thi quyln Ifim chfi cfia dfin. Chinh sach ISTy dan Ifim gd'c trong qua trinh xay dyng chfi nghia xa hfii dfi dem lai cho chflng ta nhflng thfinh qua to Idn vfi nhiing bfii hoc kinh nghidm quj^ bfiu. Trong each mang giai phfing dan tfic va xfiy dflng chfi nghia xfi hfii d Viet Nam, bfii hpc kinh nghidm cfi y nghia ldn Iao nhfi't chinh lfi Dang ta da bie't dya vfio dan, ISTy dan Ifim gfic, vdi chu trfldng lay site ta md. gidi phong cho ta, di trdm ldn khong ddn cdng chiu, kho vgn ldn ddnlieu cdng xong.
Gifl long tin cfia nhan dan cfi y' nghia sfing con vfii ba!t cfl chinh quyen vfi qude gia nao, day thuyen ciing la dfin, Ifit thuyin cung lfi dan. Nhiing bien co chinh tri gin day d the gidi A Rfip cho thSTy,. neu khfing dfldc long dfin, chinh phu khfing mang lai cufic sfi'ng fi'm no, hanh phflc, yen In cho dfin thi sfl dd vd lfi khfi trfinh khdi. Trpng dan vfi Ifiy dfin Ifim gfic lufin dfii hdi ngfldi lanh dao phai gin gui dfin, hieu n6i lo ling, khfi nhoc cfia dan thi mdi cfi chinh sach
(14) Nguyen High Le. Sdd., tr.l31.
(15) Nguyin HiSh Le. Sdd., tr.l32.
(16) Nguyen Hig'n L6. Sdd., tr.l33.
(17) NguySn HiSh Le. Sdd., tr.l32.
(18) NguySn Hien U . Sdd., tr.131.
N G U Y S N THI LAN
dflng din vfi phfl hpp, mdi khfic phyc dflpc tinh trang lanh d^o bing chinh sfich trdn gifi'y td, v&n b i n khfing phfl hpp vdi tinh hinh thflc t l vfi khfing dem lai lpi ich cho ngUdi dfin.
Ba Id, ve vai trd cua gido due ddt vdi su phdt triin cda xa hSi. Trong quan nidm cfia cfic nhfi sfing Ifip Nho gifio, gifio due lfi m$t trong nhiing bifn phfip chinh tri cd bin dl t^o Ifip, duy tri xfi hfii ly tudng. Khdng Tfi cho ring, con dudng hflu hifu dl dn djnh thidn h^ Ifiu bin chi cd t h l thye hifn dUpc thfing qua gifio dye. Cac nhfi sfing Ifip Nho gifio cfin chi ra mft trong nhiing nguydn nhfin cua tinh trang rfii loan, vfl dao, hidn tupng tiem quyen, vUdt quyen, hifn tupng tfli gilt vua, con gilt cha, tinh trang ddi khd trong xfi hfli la do xa hfli khflng cfi giao dye. Yi vay, Nho giao sd ky dfic bidt d l cao vai tro cfia giao due trong vide bao dam trfit tU, ky cUdng vfi sU on dinh cfia xa hfii, ciing nhu vifc thUc thi muc dich vfi nhifm vy chinh tri. Khong Tfi lfi mot trong nhiing ngudi diu tidn trong lich sfi Trung Qude cd dai nhfin thflc dfldc tfldng dfii dly dfi tfic dung cfia giao due dfii vdi xa hpi lofii ngfldi, khi chfi trfldng dya vfio giao due de dfio tao con ngfldi cfi kha nfing phyc hflng xa hfi. Vdi chfi trfldng
"Hflu gifio vfl loai"(19), "Phu nhi hfiu gifio", sudt ddi flng lufln ndu gUdng "hpc khflng chfin, d^y khfing bilt mdi"(20).
Ban thfin ong lufln nd lUc hpc tfip vfi thye hfinh sU nghifp gifio due. Vfi, do thSiy dupe t i m quan trong cua giao dye dfii vdi sfl yen dn, thinh tri cfia qufic gia, ndn flng lufln ydu d u nhiJng ngfldi d m
quyln d n phai ti^ minh gifio dye, ndu cao tfim gfldng tri tuf vfi d^o dflc dl dfin chflng noi theo. K l thfla tfl tfldng dfi, M^nh Tfi cho ring, cai trf gidi khfing bing gifio hfia gidi: "Gifio hfia tdt thu dupc Ifing dfin cdn hdn lfi chinh tr) tdt.
Chfnh trj tdt khiln dfin si? hfii, gifio hfia tdt dU0c dfin thfldng ydu. Chinh trj tdt lfi dem tfii san cho dfin. gifio hfia tdt dupe Ifing dfin" (Thi^n chinh bdt nhu thi$n gido chi ddc ddn dd. Thi^n chinh, ddn uy chi, thiin gido, ddn di chi. Thiin chinh ddc ddn tdi, thi^n gido ddc nhdn tdm)(21).
Manh Tfi nhfin manh: "Thfinh qufich ching hofin bi, binh gifip ching nhilu, chUa phai lfi tai hpa cho dfit nfldc, ruflng nfldng chfing md mang, cua cai ching tfeh ty, ciing chUa phai nguy hai cho dfi't nUfic; nhflng ngfldi trdn khfing gifl ll, ngudi dudi khfing hpc hdi, dfin hung hfing dly ldn, thi nUfic mit chua bidt ngfiy nfio?" (Thdnh qudch bdt hodn, binh gidp bdt da, phi qude chi tai dd;
diin dd bdt tich, hoa tdi b& tu, phi qude chi hgi dd; thUOng v6 U, hg, v6 hgc, tdc ddn hung, tdng 06 nhdt Ai)(22). Tufin Tfi sau nfiy cung nhfin m^uih vai tro cfia gifio dye: "Nhiing ke nfii xing, Ifim bay, dao vong, phan trie, khfing ydn phfin thi cho hp phy trfich mdi ngUdi mflt chflc nghifp nhlCt dinh, gifio due ho theo chflc nghifp ridng cfia tflng i^di"(23);
"ching d^y tM khfing Ifi'y ^ mfi udn nin
(19) Chu Hi. Sdd., tr.688.
(20) Chu Hi. Sdd., tr.344.
(21)ChuHi.S(W., tr.l297.
(22) Chu Hi. Sdd.. tr.1015,1016.
(23) NguySn Hi{& LS. Sdd., tr.l24.
Y NGHIA HlfiN T H Q I TRONG QUAN NigM CtiA NHO GlAO..
duyc cfii tinh (vfiii fie) cua dfin"(24). Tuy nhifin, vfii tU each m^t hoc thuyfi't phyc vy dtfc luc cho vific cai tri, Nho gifio cho rtfng, dfin duyc giao hfia thi dl sai bao, dl tri, cong vific ehinh hinh se nhy di nhilu. Nfiu dfin khfing duyc dyy dfi thi khfing biet the' nfio lfi le nghia, cUdng thufing dao 1;^, tfi't khfing giii duyc tr^it ty xa hoi. Bi/dng ddn lfi nln tang kinh te ciia gido ddn, Itf budc dtfu cua chinh sach "vUdng dao". Chi khi nfio con ngUcfi dUde giao dye, hieu dUdc nhan lufin, thye hfinh duyc Li thi "vUUng dao" mfii hofin thiyn.
Nfi'u khfing CO sy n l lUc hoc tfip, rfin luyyn va tu dudng dao dUe, con ngudi se khfing trfinh khoi sai lam, xfi hfii se bfi't dn: "Chuong dieu nhan ma khfing ham hoc thi mfii che Itfp la ngu mufii.
Chufing net tri mfi khfing ham hoc thi mfii che Itfp I i phfing dang. Chufing chii tin mfi khfing ham hoc thi mfii che Ifi'p la sU tSn hai. Chuong sU ngay thing mfi khfing ham hoc thi mfii che Ifi'p la Ua phan loan. Chuong tinh ciing coi mfi khfing ham hoc thi moi che lap la tinh cuong bao"(25). Muc dich giao dye trong tu tudng gifio dye ciia Nho gifio sd k^ Ifi nhfim tao ra nhflng cfi ngUcli cfi giao dye, CO dao diic, uyfin thfim Nho hoc, bilt dem nhiing difiu minh da hoc dUdc de fip dyng vfio cufic sfing vfi giup vua cai tri thien ha, bilt dao Itfm ngUcii vfi tuan theo nhiing lufin ly, phfip t i c cua Nho gifio, tao ra nhiing con ngUcli 1^
tuSng de xfiy dung xa hoi IJ tu3ng.
Tuy nhifin, thdi dai da thay ddi, nhflng nfii dung gifio due cua Nho gifio xua khfing con phii hdp vfii thdi dai
ngfiy nay, nhUng chung ta cfi the titfp thu tinh thtfn hifi'u hoe, coi tryng gifio dye cua Nho gifio. Trong thcii dai ngfiy nay, chiing ta ctfn dfio tao ra nhflng ldp ngUcli khfing chi cfi nhiing phtfm chfi't dyo dflc tfi't, mfi cfin cfi trinh dfi hilu biet tofin di^n v l cfic linh vUc khoa hoc xfi hfii vfi tu nhien, nhflng tri thiic khoa hoc tifin tiln cua thcii dai, phyc vu cho sU nghifip cfing nghifip hfia, hifin dai hfia dfi't nufic. 6 Vi$t Nam hifin nay, dl xfiy dung thfinh cfing chu nghia xa hoi, chung ta phai tifi'n hfinh efing nghidp hfia, tflng budc hifin dai hfia san xutft vfi cfic linh vUc cua ddi sfi'ng xa hfii. De dyt dUdc myc dich dfi, khfing cfi each nfio khac lfi phai chu trong dtfu tU cho giao dye, phat trien giao dye, nfing cao chtft lUdng giao dye. Vi vfiy, trong chinh sfich phat triln dfi't nudc. Dang ta xae dinh gifio dye la qufic saeh hang dtfu, dau tU cho giao dye la dtfu tU cho phfit triln bin vflng. Dfic Met, dfii vfii t ^ g ldp cfin bfi lanh dao, quan 1^ dtft nUfic cang ctfn phai dUdc dfio tao, ho trUfic hit phai la ngUcli cfi hoc vfi hoe ttfp tfit.
Bdn Id, ve ddo too, si dung dfi ngu cdm quyen. Cach dfiy hdn hai ngfin nam, Kho'ng Tfl da khimg dinh mfit yfi'u tfi rfi't vfin minh trong chlnh tri - dfi 14 ngUfli lam quan phai dUdc dfio tao chu dfio vfi thilu mot dfii ngu quan chflc dUde dfio tao nhU vtfy thi khfing t h l nfii den mot che dfi chinh tri hi$u qua. Hdn niia, Khong Tfl cfin yeu ctfu dfio tao dfii ngu quan chflc vfii nhiing
(24) KguySn Hifc Le. Sdd., tr.l23.
(26) Chu Hi. Sdd., tr.622.
65
NGUVf N THI LAN
phlm chfi't dao dflc va nang lyc r i t cao vfi sau dfi, l^i phfii tfly vao k h i nfing, thidn hfldng cfia tflng ngfldi mfi sip xip cflng vifc cho phfl hpp. Ching h^n, Khfl'ng Tfi dfla ra gii djnh nhfl Tfi Lf gidi vl qufin sy cfi t h l giao cho fing ta vifc dilu binh khiln tfldng; Tfi Hflu gidi ve cai tri cfi t h l Ifim quan d Ip ngan nha; Tfi Hoa gidi vl IS nghi, giao thifp thi cfi t h l giao cho Ifim vifc dfin tilp, flng dfii vdi cac sfl thln(26).
Trong quan nifm cua Nho gifio sd ky, nhflng ngfldi trong bf mfiy nhfi nfldc nhfi't thid't phai lfi ngUdi cfi d^o dflc. Day lfi dilu kifn diu tidn d l cho dfin tin, dfin phuc. Nho gifio coi nhflng ngfldi Ifim quan mfi flc hidp dfin chflng, tham nhiing lfi nhflng ke dfc fie, nhiing ke xua thfl fin thit ngfldi. Thfim chi, vua tfin bao thi dfin cd t h l gidt vua nhfl gilt mfit tdn thfit phu, mfit ke tfin tfic. Cho ndn, tu dudng dao dflc lfi nhifm vy hfing diu, tfl thidn tfi cho ddn thfl dan ai ciing phai trau ddi dao dflc. Dfic bift, doi vfii ngfldi d m quyln cfing phai ra sflc tu dfldng dao dflc de lam gfldng cho dfin noi theo. Bdi, nlu ngfldi trdn khfing cfi long tham thi cfi thfldng tien dfin ciing khfing trpm cip, nlu ngfldi trdn tfl nhflpng, hilu dl thi ngfldi dfldi cung thuin phfie, hiln hfiu. Nguyin Dfing Duy cho ring, "xdt v l ca nfi dung d^o dflc vfi vfin hfinh da.o dflc mfi Nho gifio ndu ra, ta thfi'y thfit Iflgic, thfit lfi hay, f nghia nhan vfin cfia nfi v&n dang dupc bilu dUdng"(27).
Mfit trong nhiing I^ do de Nho giao trudng tdn vfi cfi anh hudng ddn nhilu qufic gia trong khu vUc la d chS, cac nha
Nho gifio 8d k;^ dfi sfing t^o ra cfic gifi tr) vfin hfia, nhflng ph^m trfl dao dflc trudng tdn vdi thdi gian, nhiing gia trj mang tinh p h i biln tofin nhfin loai, nhfl Nhdn, Nghta, Li, Tri, Dung. Ngfldi d m quyln phii rdn luyfn, tu dfldng dl dat dflpc nhiing phlm chfit dao dflc cao d^p dfi. Trong thdi d^i ngfiy nay, ldi khuydn tu thfin cua Khdng Tfi khfing chi cfi ^ nghia dfii vfii ngfldi d m quyln, ma cfin cfi y nghia dfii vdi vifc tu dfldng dao dflc cua mpi cfi nhfin trong xfi hfi. Trong ba dflc cfin ban lfi Nhdn, 7H, Ddng, ngofii nhiing ^ nghia vdn cfi, ngay nay chflng ta cfi t h l k l thfla, b l sung, phat triln thdm nhiing nfi dung mdi cho phfl hdp vfii sy biln ddi cfia thdi dai vfi hofin canh lich sfi • cy t h l .
O Vift Nam hifn nay, mfit trfii cua kinh te t h | trfldng da d i n ddn hfiu qua lfi khfing it ngfldi san xufit vfi kinh doanh mai ch^y theo lpi nhufin, bit chfip moi thfi d o ^ dl Ifim gifiu, gfiy nguy h^i nghidm trong ddn sflc khoe, tinh mang cua ngfldi tidu diing. Vi vfiy, chfl "nhfin" vdi f nghia ydu thfldng con ngfldi, "trung thfl" vdi f nghia suy tfl Ifing minh ra long ngUdi vfi cfi hfinh dfng cy t h l d l "giflp ngfldi khac thfinh d^f va "dilu gi ndnh khfing mudn tiu dflng lam cho ngfldi", da trd thanh mflt trilt \f nhfin sinh khoan dung cfi gifi tri phd biln tofin nhfin lo^. Trong sfl c^mh tranh khfic lift cua n l n kinh t l th) trfldng, tridt 1^ Ky khfing hofin tofin phfl
(26) Chu Hi. Sdd.. tr.292.
(2*0 NguySn D&t^ Duy. Nhogido vdi van hoa Vi^
Nam. Nxb H& N ^ 1998. tr^S.
66
^ NGffiA HlfeN THdl TRONG QUAN NI$M cClA NHO GIAO..
hdp, song xdt v l tinh nhan ban, thi dfi lfi cfing cy hflu hifu dl khuyin thifn, khfi fie.
Trong quan nifm cfia Nho giao sd k^, vifc quan trpng lidn quan de'n sfl vfn hanh an toan cfia chl df chinh tri khflng chi la dao tao, lya chpn nhiing ngfldi d m quyen cd d^o dflc, ma hp con phai bilt quan 1^, thao vifc hanh chinh.
Tfi Trfldng hdi Khfi'ng Tfi phai Ifim t h l nfio di gfinh vfic dflpc vifc nfldc? Khdng Tfi dfip: 'Tfin trpng nfim dilu tfi't, loai trfl bfi'n dilu fie". Nfim dilu tdt lfi: 'T^am dn cho dfin ma khfing de lang phi, bit dfin vfit va mfi dfin khfing ofin, cfi ham mudn mfi khfing tham lam, thfl thai ma khfing kidu, uy nghidm ma khfing dfl tdn" (Qudn tut hue nhi bdt phi, lao nhi bdt odn, due nhi bdt tham, thdi nhi bdt kau, uy nhi bdt mdnh). Bfin dieu ac la:
"Khfing day dfl (de dan khfing bid't, ndn pham Ifii) nd dem gilt bd, the gpi lfi ngang ngfldc. Khflng dfin do ky (cfich lam) chi trflng dpi ngfldi ta hofin thfinh, t h l gpi lfi hung bao. Ra ldnh bfla bai, bit lam gfip nit, t h l gpi la gific cua dan.
Ban cho ngfldi khac mfi cdn do dy, phfit ra thu vfio bing each bdn xen, lfi thfii dfi cfia vidn chflc nhd" (Bdt gido nhi sdt, vi chi ngUdc. Bdt gidi, thi thdnh, vi chi bgo. Man linh, tri ky, vi chi tgc. Do chi da nhdn dd, xudt ngp chi ldn, vi chi hOu tU)(28). Theo Khdng Tfi, dfi lfi nhiing dieu thfldng thflc v l phdp tri dfin, ngfldi d m quyln khfing the khflng biet, mufl'n bilt thi phai hpc, khflng hpc thi Ifim sao tri dfin dUdc. Khdng Tfi cho rang, cai tri mfit tfp cdn phai hpc hudng
h i lfi cai tri mft nUdc. Khfing t h l cfl vfla Ifim, vfla hpc cung dfldc, mfi phai hpc trfldc da, cd kiln thflc rdi, tu dfldng d^o dflc rdi mdi vfla Ifim, vfla hpc thdm dupc. Ngfldi d m quyln ciing chi lfi mfit ngudi nhu ngudi dfin thudng, ndn phai cfi du nhflng phlm chfit dao dflc nhfl dfin thfldng, ngofii ra l^i cd nhflng phlm chfit dao dflc cfia mflt ngfldi tri dfin dl gifio hfia dfin. Cho nen, sfl tu than, sy hilu bilt cfia ngfldi d m quyln phai hdn h i n nhiing ngfldi dfin thfldng.
Ngfiy nay, khoa hpc, ky thufit ngay cang phfit trien, mpi linh vflc cfia ddi sflng xa hfli luon cfi nhiing bidn ddi nhanh chfing. Vi vfy, nhflng ngUdi tham gia quan ly nhfi nUde, quan ly xa hpi khfing the khflng hpc tfip, khflng the thieu hieu biet. Theo dfi, bai hpc quan ly xa hfii cfia Nho gifio vfin cfi y nghia to ldn dfii vdi qua trinh dfio tao, tuyen chpn, sfi dyng dfii ngu cfin bfi quan.ly ngfiy nay.
Quan nidm cfia Nho giao sd 1^ ve xfi hfli ly tudng con the hidn d vifc d l cao vai tro cua ngUdi hiln tai va tuyen chpn, dfio tao nhflng ngfldi d m quyln cfi diy dfi phlm chfi't vfi nfing lyc dl ganh vfic trpng trfich Ifinh dao, din dit dfin chflng vfi xay diing dfi't nflfic. Khi bfin vl ngfldi Ifim chinh tri, cfic nhfi Nho sd ky cho ring, phai cfi't nhic ngUdi chinh trfle,.lo^i bd he^ nhiing ke cong vay, at dfin phuc; cfit nhic ke cong vay, loai bd nhflng ngfldi chmh tryc, i t dfin khfing phuc; cfi't nhic ngfldi thifn mfi
(28) Chu Hi. Sdd., tr.687,688.
NGUYSNTHILAN
gifio hfia ngUcli kfim cfii, tft dfin ru nhau Ifim dilu lfinh(29). Vl phtfm chfi't cua nhiing ngUcfi Ifim chinh tr), cfic nhfi Nho sd k^ cfin yfiu ctfu hy ph&i cfi thfii d{l thfit nghifim tiic, trung thye, tilt ki^m vfi thudng yfiu dtfn (tiS't dung nhi di nhdn). Khi raufiii sii dyng siie dfin vfio vific gi thi phai chfl f tdi thdi vu (sit ddn dl tlidi), trfinh Ifim anh hudng din cfing vi$c san xutft eiia dfin, phtfi hfi't Ifing phuc vy dfin, diing vfii dfii hfii dai ng$.
Thifi't nghi, trong efing c u ^ xfiy dyng dfi't nUfic trong thdi k^ qufi dO Ifin chii nghia xfi hfii h nUfic ta hi§n nay, v i ^ chu trong tuyIn chon, bfii dudng, sii dyng ngUcli cfi phtfm chtft dao dflc vtf nfing lflc chuyfin mfin Ifi het sflc quan trong. Dilu dfi cho thtfy sy ctfn thilt phai ke thfla, phfit huy nhiing gifi trj tich eye eua Nho gifio.
Nhflng "con Rong chfiu A" da efi nhflng kinh nghidm rtft dfing qu^ trong viyc khai thfic nhiing gifi trj cua Nho gifio nhtfm dam bao In dinh chinh trj - xfi hfii, nhtft lfi trong thdi k^ ehuyin biln manh me eua dtf't nUdc. Cfic nUfic nfii tren da khfing ehi dfii hoi sU nfi lflc cua ban than moi ngUcli trong vi§c tu thtfn, mfi con quy dinh trach nhi^m ciia gia (finh, eiia nhfi tnidng, cua xa h^i, ciia nhfi nUdc dfii vfii vi$c tu dudng dyo dflc cua c&c ca nhfin. Chinh vl vfiy, ho da duy tri duye nhflng nfit tfi't dyp ciia truyen thfi'ng, cung ed duyc mfii quan h$
gfin bfi gifla ngUdi vdi ngUdi trong gia dinh vfi trong xa hfii. Ngfiy nay, chiing ta efi thl tilp thu nhiing gifi tri ciia Nho gifio ve trach nifim tu than, dtft nhi^m
vy tu thfin Ifin hfing diu. Huy d^ng myi luc luyng gia <finh, xfi hfi vfi ctf nhtfn dl dtfy mynh vifc tu thfin. Tuy nhifin, ngfiy nay, tu thfin khfing theo kilu dyo dflc cii ciia Nho gifio, mfi ctfn bd sung vfio dfi f nghia, nhiing myc dich mdi nhtfm phyc vy cho sy nghifp xfiy dyng chu nghia xfi hfi.
Nho gifio ra ddi, tdn tyi vfi phfit triln trong kho&ng thdi gian khfi dfii, hdn 2500 nfim. Trong qufi trinh tfy, Nho gifio da trai qua nhiing budc thfing trtfm, cfi khi duyc htft Idi ca tung, cung cfi khi b) myt sat thtfm tf. Ngfiy nay, Nho gifio khfing cfin lfi hf tfl tfldng thdng tr| ea d Trung Qufic Ifin d cfic qude gia da tilng chiu anh hudng ciia Nho gifio, song Nho gifio vSn cfin cfi nhiing tfic dfng, anh hudng din nhilu mfit ciia ddi sfng xa hfi hifn tai. Sy tdn tai dfi cho thtfy, Nho gifio it nhilu cfi ylu td hyp I^. Khfing phai ngtfu nhifin mfi thdi gian gtfn dfiy, Nho gifio duyc quan tfim nghifin cflu, duyc dfinh gifi lyi mft cfich nghifim tiic, khoa hoc. Cfic hfi thao khoa hoc qufic ttf vfi trong nude vl Nho hyc ciing khing djiih nhiing gifi tr) cua Nho gifio. Quan nifm ciia Nho gifio sd k^ v l mft xa hfi cfi trtft ty, dn dinh, thfii binh; khfing cfi phfin hfia gifiu nghdo qufi dfing; ngudi ctfm quy&i phai cfi dyo dflc, duyc dfio tyo, bilt thUdng dfin; coi trong vifc "dfldng dfin", "giio din"; hudng tdi cic m& quan hf xa hfi hfii hfia... vin Ifi nhiing gyi md dfing dl chiing ta suy ngtfm. D
(29) Chu Hi. Sdd., tr. 230,231.
68