HON TRONG HOAT DONG KHAI THAC LO THIEN QUANG NINH

(1)

KHOA HOC KINH TE VA QUAN LY NGANH MO

CNM

TlM KIEM CAC GIAI PHAP KY THUAT SAN XUAT SACH HON TRONG HOAT DONG KHAI THAC LO THIEN QUANG NINH

ThS. DANG TH! HAI YEN

S& Tai nguyen & Mdi tru&ng Quang Ninh

-^Bk rong bai bao tarde [1] chung tdi da d l cap ea hpi r tilp can san xult sach han (SXSH), trong dd gidi

•I thieu dilu kien, tieu chi va trinh ty tilp can cung nhu npi dung cua SXSH dii vdi hoat dpng khai thac Id thien. Trong phin ndi dung, ngoai cac vln d l v l quan ly npi vi tit, tai su- dung va tai ehl, tao ra san phim ed gia tri.

gia tang, thay thi nguyen lieu diu vao bing each cai tiln edng nghe gia edng ehl biln d l ha thip ham lugng bien nhlm tan thu tii da tai nguyen ldng dit, dilu chinh va kilm soat tit qua trinh san xult la nhung vln d l cd tinh ehu thi, ed thi thye hien bing each phat huy ndi lye, tim tdi sang tao d l dat duge mue dfch. Vin d l cdn lai cd it nhilu tinh khach thi, dd la phuang tien thilt bj san xult, ma trong nhilu tnrdng hgp nha doanh nghiep thudng vin cd v l kha nang tai chinh, mdi trudng ky thuat, tinh ding bp vdi phuang tien da diu tu d l ne tranh sy thay dii nip san xult eu. Xet dilu kien eu t h i hien nay, chung tdi muln phan tich ky han tinh kha thi cua npi dung nay dii vdi CO hdi tilp can SXSH tren eae md khai thac Id thien vung Quang Ninh.

1. Trong cdng doan chuan bj dit da

Trong giai doan san xult hien nay cae md Id thien ldn diu khai thac dudi mCre ty chay, eae khu khai thac khac nam each xa nhau, dien anh hudng din mdi tardng rdng.

Bd md cao, dia chit thuy van phCre tap nen dp I n djnh ylu vi vay trong qua trinh khai thac ddi hdi cae thilt bj phai ed tinh ea dpng cao, khoan xu ly nhanh trong dilu kien dien thi edng chat hep, giam thilu tae dpng din mdi tru'dng. Vi vay, trong nhung nam gin day eac md 16 thien Idn QN da diu tu them eae may khoan dap xoay thuy lye (eua cac Hang Tamrock, Atlas-Copco ) nham dap u-ng eae yeu elu tren va thay thi din cac may khoan CBLLI-250MH bing may khoan xoay d u thuy lye chay bang diezen.

May khoan dap xoay thuy lye ed tinh ca ddng eao, dung d l khoan xie ly md chan ting, khoan dit da cd dp eCrng ldn,... d nhung dilu kien chat hep noi may khoan xoay d u khdng vao dugc; vdi nhilu khai tru-dng each xa nhau khi d n xu' ly vln d l v l khoan n l thi may thuy lye se la thilt bj ca ddng phue vu cho mpt s l cdng tru-dng; tie dp khoan va thdi gian thao lip ti nhanh, mpi thao tac diu dugc co gidi hda chinh xae; khoan duge

eae lo vdi eae gdc dd khac nhau, cd t h i khoan dugc eac lo khoan d tren su-dn ting cao han nin may dCrng din 2 m. May lam viee du-gc d eae khu vyc cd b l mat dia hinh xlu, chat hep, dudng di chuyin khdng d n rpng; Quy md bai no nhd thi cdng bai khoan nhanh, khoan n l phan ting phue vu thich hgp eho thilt bj xuc la may xCie thuy

lye giu ngugc cd dung tieh giu nhd.

Su dung may khoan dap day, diu dap thuy lye khdng ehi mang lai hieu qua kinh t l - k y thuat cao ma cdn cd ddng gdp vai trd quan trpng trong viec giam cudng dp sdng chin dpng, sdng va dap khdng khi, han ehl tae hai cua n l min tdi dp I n djnh bd md va nin mdng cdng trinh xung quanh, cdng nghe lly phoi tien tiln, khdng gay d nhilm mdi tru-dng. Dilu kien lam viec eua edng nhan duge cai thien tit do dp I n nhd, cabin lam viee kin, khau thay dii chodng khoan dugc ty ddng hoa. May khoan xoay d u thuy lye cd trpng lugng nhe, CO ddng (do chay bang nang iLrgng diezen), thao tae nhe nhang, tie dp di ehuyin nhanh; chilu sau khoan Idn, it mng, ed hieu qua dap bui Idn va dac biet cd tic dp khoan eao hon nhilu may khoan xoay d u CBI1I-250MH.

Do dd, d l ed mdt md hinh SXSH, vdi dilu kien dja chit, dja hinh cho phep ta nen chpn loai may khoan thuy lye d l phue vu hieu qua eho qua trinh khai thac, dae biet la v l khia eanh bao ve mdi tnrdng.

Mdt s l vf du eu t h i v l viec sCr duhg may khoan:

Cdng ty than Ha Tu va cdng ty than Npi dja su- dung may khoan Tamrock PENTARA-1100; Cdng ty than Cao San va Cdng ty Than Da Mai dung 2 chile may khoan dap- xoay loai TAMROCK-CHA; Cdng ty than Ddng Bae sCr dyng 1 chile HCR-12ED kit hgp vdi may khoan xoay d u da cd; Cdng ty Cpc Sau dang sCr dyng mdt each hieu qua rnay khoan xoay d u thuy lye DM-45/LP.

v l chit n l : Tu nann 2004 cac md Id thien vung QN su dyng 8 loai thudc n l chu ylu la: Zeend 79/21, ANFO thudng, ANFO chju nudc, AD1, TX-1A va eac loai thulc n l nhu tuong Qule phdng nhu NT-13, EE-31. Tinh ehung toan nganh Than ca nam 2004, lugng thulc n l chju nude Id thien sCr dung tmng binh la 47,4 % (so vdi ting s l eae loai thulc n l sCr dung tren cac khai tnrdng Id thien). Loai thulc n l du'gc su' dyng nhilu nhit la ANFO thudng (chilm 41,8 %), tilp din la ANFO chju nude

CONG NGHIEP MO SO 2 - 2 0 1 0

(2)

CNM

(chilm 23,8 %) sau dd la cac loai thulc n l nhu tuang qule ph6ng (chilm 21,7 %). Thulc n l zeend 79/21 su- dung rit it (chilm khoang 7 %). Thulc n l zeend 79/21 la loai gay d nhilm mdi tru-dng kh6ng dugc coi la thudc n l edng nghiep d n dugc loai bd trong thdi gian tdi.

Qua qua trinh thing ke va nghien cCru ta thiy thulc n l ANFO thudng, ANFO chju nudc va thulc n l nhu tuang qule ph6ng la nhung loai thulc n l vCra dap ung dugc nhu d u v l quy md khai thac va cung nhu yeu d u bao ve mdi tnrdng cua md hinh SXSH.

Phuang tien n l : Trong nhQ-ng nam gin day, phin Idn eae md Id thien trong nudc diu SLP dyng cac phuang tien phi dien d l khdi n l lu-gng n l va lam cae phuang tien chinh trong qua trinh nd min tren md. Uu dilm cua phuang phap n l min vi sai phi dien la n l thu- ty tCrng lugng n l mdt vdi khoang thdi gian gian each bing phin ngan giay. Vdi dac dilm dd hien nay n l min vi sai duge su- dung rdng rai trong nganh cdng nghiep md. Ngoai nhung hieu qua to Idn v l hieu qua dap va dit da thi n l min vi sai giam dLrgc mdt each dang k l hau xung, cudng dp sdng chin ddng va sdng va dap khdng khi.

D I thuan Igi cho viec diu nli mang nd, hang Dyno Wesfamners da ehl tao san cac loai ngdi nd bao gdm dan din sdng lap san kip n l va kep ndi d hai diu va gpi la ngdi nd phi dien. Bao glm mdt s l loai nhu:

•:• Ngdi n l Nonel super MS, chCra 860 mg PETN, di vdi day dan sdng mau dd, vdi gian each thdi gian 25; 50 va 100 ms, chilu dai chuIn eua day la 3,6; 4,8; 6; 7,2; 9;

12; 15 va 18 ms.

• Ngdi n l Nonel super snapline, chu-a 90 mg PETN, di vdi day din ndng mau hdng, mpt diu ed kep nli plastic ed thi nli vdi 4 day din sdng khae. Loai nay ed 6 khoang gian each thdi gian: 17 ms (kep nli mau vang);

25 ms (kep nli mau dd); 35 ms (kep ndi mau hdng); 42 ms (kep nli mau trlng); 67 ms (kep nli mau xanh) va 109 ms (kep noi mau den). Chilu dai chuIn eua day din sdng la 2,4; 3,6; 4,8; 6; 7,2; 9; 12 va 15 ms.

<* Ngdi n l Nonel super LP, chCra 860 mg PETN, di vdi day din sdng mau vang, vdi cac gian each thdi gian At=300, 400, 500, 600, 700 va 800 ms, mdi ngdi ed mpt kep nli plastic cd mau quy u-dc theo khoang gian each thdi gian d l tien khi lap kip vi sai. Chilu dai chuIn cua loai ngdi nay la 3,6; 4,8 va 6 m.

• Ngdi n l Nonel super snapdet glm hai loai, loai manh nap 860 mg PETN va cd At=500 ms dung d l kich nd trong 16 khoan; loai ylu nap 90 ms PETN ed At=17;

25; 35 va 42 ms dung d l kich n l tren mat dit. Day din sdng mau dd, cd kep nli plastic cho 4 day din sdng khae. Chilu dai ehuIn la 10,8 m.

Thdng thudng cac day rai mat thLrdng dung loai ngdi cd thdi gian gian each nhd (At=17-^75 ms), cdn day xulng 16 dung loai ngdi ed thdi gian gian each ldn (At=300-^600 ms), nham dam bao tin hieu n l tmyIn

khIp hit eac lo min trong bai tnrdc khi Id min n l sdm nhit hoat dpng. Nhd phuang tien n l phi dien ma eac bai min duge dilu khiln n l vi sai toan phin (tCrng lo mdt), cudng dp sdng chin dpng va sdng va dap khdng khi giam tdi 4 0 ^ 0 % va chit lugng ding da n l min tit han, din din han ehl mpt each dang k l tac dpng n l min din dp I n djnh cua bd md cung nhu nin mdng va nha cu-a xung quanh, giam mng, giam da bay va bui, phu hgp vdi yeu d u cua SXSH.

Sy b l tri lugng thulc n l trong Id khoan va d u true vat lieu lam bua cQng lam giam dang k l lugng byi phat ra sau khi n l min. Phu'ang phap phi biln hien nay la su' dyng eae tui nude lam bua va nap thulc phan doan. Mpt hudng phat triln mdi cua cdng nghe pha vd dit da ma cd thi giam thilu dugc sy phat thai bui va khi doe hai vao moi tardng, giam thilu chin ddng nin mdng va sdng va dap khdng khi la ap dyng edng nghe lam tai dit da bing may xdi. Thye t l thi nghiem d mdt s l md d nude ta eho thiy:

<• Thilt bj xdi cua hang Caterpillar (My) ed kha nang phu hgp d l lam tai dit da bing phuang phap co hpc tren eae md Id thien vdi chi phi tuang ddi phu hgp.

• May xdi cd kha nang lam tai dit da din dp cCrng f=6^7. Tham ehf niu dit da nCrt ne nhilu cd thi pha duge dit da ed dp cCrng din 8-^9.

<• Ngoai kha nang lam tai dit da phuc vy xuc ble, may xdi cdn ed kha nang xu- ly eae md chan ting, elt pha eae da tnj xen ke trong than day tdi 2H4 m, mang lai hieu qua kinh t l cao.

2. Trong cdng doan xuc bdc

Sir dyng thilt bj ca Idn cQng la mdt giai phap lam giam mat dp cac nguln gay byi va phat thai khi doe hai tren md, din din lam han ehl sy phat thai byi va khi dpc hai vao mdi tnrdng. Chu tru-ong diu tu b l sung va thay t h i thilt bj xuc bde va van tai ed Idn eua Tap doan Cdng nghiep Than - Khoang san Viet Nam (TKV) vCra qua la mdt ehu tru-ang dung dan khdng chi v l mat kinh t l ky thuat ma ca v l mat bao ve mdi tnrdng.

Mdt bien phap hieu qua va dan gian d l lam giam lugng bui trong qua trinh xuc bdc dd la thudng xuyen tudi nude len ding da d n xuc bdc. Cdng tac tudi nudc cd t h i thye hien trong suit qua trinh xuc ble hoac tru-de khi xuc ble bing cac thilt bj ddc lap nhu vdi phun hut nude tCr d td chd nu'dc.

Trong nhung nam gin day nhung hang may md tien tiln tren t h i gidi khi ehl tao va san xult may xuc ed gin them cac vdi phun nudc d d n xuc va d giu xCie va phun song song vdi qua trinh xuc.

Nhung giai phap tren lam giam dang k l byi gay ra trong qua trinh xuc bic va dd vin la nhu'ng bien phap hieu qua nhit hien tai va trong tuong lai.

Ngoai ra, d nhung md cd nguln dien I n djnh, khd rao, it nguy co ngap lyt thi nen su' dyng may xuc ehay dien.

(3)

CNM

nham loai bd eae khi thai ddc hai phat thai tu- dpng ca ddt diu diezen va giam thilu dugc sy vuang vai diu nhien lipu. Dung may xuc chay dien khdng ehi mang lai hieu qua v l mat bao ve moi tnrdng ma c6n tilt kiem mpt each dang k l chi phi san xult thudng xuyen do chi phi cho dien nang re han cho diu diezen, dp bin ca hpc cua may xuc chay dien cung ldn han eua may xuc chay diu.

3. Trong cdng doan van tai

Dk thich u-ng vdi yeu d u cao v l bao ve mdi tru-dng tren md hien nay, cac hang may md tren thi gidi da chi tao cae loai dtd cd gin eac bd lpc khi vao ddng ca d l khu- cac khi dpc nhu CO2, HCCHO, CH2CHCHO,... va da duge su- dyng rpng khIp tren thi gidi, dac biet la cac nude edng nghiep phat triln nhu My, Nhat Ban, Canada,... Day la mpt hudng diu tu thilt bj kha thi, phu hgp vdi chiln luge phat triln cua nganh khai thac Id thien va dap u-ng dugc yeu d u ngay cang khit khe v l dilu kien mdi tru-dng khai thac.

Trong qua trinh van tai ndi chung va van tai tren md ndi rieng thi phat tan byi ra moi tnrdng nhilu nhit ehinh la qua trinh xe di chuyin tren dudng. Ben canh viec phun tudi nude thudng xuyen thi cai thien chit lugng mat dudng la mpt trong nhung ylu t l quan trpng cd anh hudng tnrc tilp tdi cudng dp phat thai bui eua mat dudng (cung dilu kien thdi tilt lugng byi phat sinh khi xe chay tren dudng dat cd t h i gip 5-f6 lan so vdi khi xe chay tren dudng nhya). Tuy theo tai trpng d td va mat dp xe chay cung nhu thdi gian su- dyng ma kit d u mat dudng md cd thi la betdng atphan, betdng thudng hoac betdng cit thep. Ngoai ra, tai cac nut giao thdng ma xe md (kl ca xe khdng tai) hoa mang vdi giao thong cdng cpng d n b l tri dilm nra xe ty ddng hoac tuyet dii tranh viec d l xe md luu thdng tren cac dudng lien giao thong khdng phai eua md.

Ap dyng hinh thue van tai bing bang tai cung la mdt giai phap cdng nghe than thien vdi mdi tnrdng. Ngoai nhung uu dilm v l mat kinh t l - k y thuat nhu dan gian trong to chu-c van hanh va sCra chua, cd kha nang ty dpng hoa va dilu khiln tie xa, nang suit lao ddng cao, gia thanh san xult ha,... thi d gdc dp bao ve mdi tnpdng, van tai bing bang tai it gay I n va mng, it phat thai byi va khi dpc hai, chilm dung dit dai (dl lam tuyln bang) it han, nguy ea xay ra tai nan, sy c l ddi vdi cdng ding cung it hon so vdi van tai bing d td. Cac md Id thien khai thac sa khoang, khoang san vat lieu xay dyng, than,...

diu cd thi tan dyng dilu kien thich hgp d l su- dyng hinh thue van tai nay, dae biet la dii vdi cac md Id thien sau cd cung dp van tai Idn (nhuge dilm cua van tai bang tai la ddi hdi khit khe v l ed hat dit da,...).

4. Trong cdng doan do thai

D I giam lugng byi phat tan cac dan vj san xult nen ap dyng cae bien phap:

•:• Do thai theo tung Idp (1 m) sau moi Idp su- dyng gily geotext (cdng nghe cua Australia) Idt va gdi ldp dd lai sau dd d l tilp ldp sau. Gily geotext cd tae dyng lam thoat nudc cho cae Idp dit da va gdp phin tao mlu ma cho dat.

••• Dac biet, phai tan dung cac khoang trlng da khai thac d l lam bai thai trong. Thi du, trong dilu kien cy thi cua vung than Cim Pha Quang Ninh cd thi thye hien phuang an nay nhu sau: Kit thuc sdm Dpng Ty Ble (Ta Ngan) phyc vy d l thai cho Cpc Sau, Deo Nai, Ddng Ld Tri; Kit thuc Ble Cpe Sau va Ddng Cao San phyc vu dd thai cho Cao San va Deo Nai; Kit thuc khai tru-dng Khe Cham 111 phuc vy d l thai cho Cao San; Ddng Da Mai cho Cao San va Deo Nai; Via chinh Deo Nai cho Dong Ld Tri,... O khu vyc H6n Gai: Dung khai tnrdng Via Try canh Ddng (Ha Tu) cho d l thai cua khai tnrdng via 11 Nui Beo, khai tru-dng Ble Huu Nghj Ha Lim eho dd thai khai tirdng via 11, via 14 Nui Beo; Khai trudng via 16 Ha Tu cho dd thai cua Nui Beo,.... Dii vdi md cd dang ldng chao rdng, day ndng va lii ldm thi cd thi van dyng cho cae md Ha Tu (\Aa 16), Cpc Sau, Cao San, Deo Nai (glm ca 2 khu vyc Via Chinh va Ld Tri) va cho ngay ca Nui Beo nua.

Cy thi la dung moong Ta Ngan lam bai thai trong eho Thang Lgi; Via chinh Deo Nai lam bai thai trong cho khu Ld Tri; Ble Cao San lam bai thai trong cho Nam Cao San md rdng; Nam Nui Beo lam bai thai trong Ble Nui Beo,....

Tdm lai, ngay nay SXSH khdng c6n la vln d l xa la, khdng thi vdi tdi dii vdi nganh md. Trong xu thi hpi nhap va phat triln hien nay, khdng c6 ly do gi d l nganh khai thac 16 thien ndi chung, eae md Id thien QN ndi rieng, ty tach minh ra khdi trao luu xa hpi trong SXSH. Vdi y thu-c thye sy d u thj, tan dyng nhung dilu kien sin ed va bing 'ting hgp eac giai phap quan ly, kilm soat ndi vi, quan ly qua trinh c6ng nghe, thilt bj d l giam thilu chit thai; nghien eCru su- dyng cac nguyen, nhien vat lieu va cae phy gia it doe hai, eai tiln san phim theo hudng than thien hon vdi mdi tru&ng va su-e khoe con ngudi" d l thye hien bing dupc muc tieu SXSH vi sy nghiep bao ve mdi trudng va phat triln bin vung cua nganh md va eua xa hdi.n

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Dang Thj Hai Y i n . Ca hdi tilp can san xult sach han trong hoat ddng khai thac md d Viet Nam. Tap ehi Cdng nghiep md. So 1/2010.

Ngifdi bien tap: Ho Sy Giao

SUMMARY

The paper has avouched the feasibility for technical solutions to make the vicinity on the more clean exploitation on the open pit mining in Quang Ninh area.