KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
HOP TAC SAIM XUAT LUA THEO TIEU CHUAIXI S R P : IVIO HilXIH LIEIXI KET sAlM XUAT CUA
COIMG TY GEIMTRACO
Hoang Minh HuyS Hodng Vd Quang^
TOMTAT
Bai bao trinh bay ket qua m6 hinh li&n ket thir nghiem san xuat liia theo Ueu chuan SRP va tieu chuan an toan thuc pham cua Li6n minh chau Au giua Cong ty Gentraco va bo nong dan trong vu liia dong xuan 2017 - 2018 tren dia ban huyen Thoai Son, tinh An Giang. Dua Uen ket qua di^u tra 34 ho nong dan co lien k^t va ap dung SRP va 13 hg khong li€n k^tvoi doanh nghidp va khong san xuat liia theo tieu^cbuan SRP cho thay, san xuat liia cua ho nong dan con each kha xa miic b^n vung, tuy nhien ho nong dan hoan toan co the ap dung tieu chuan SRP va buung den san xuat b&n vung. Lien ket san xuat lua dong thoi theo tieu chuan SRP va dap ling tieu chuan an toan thuc pham ciia Lien minh chau Au mang lai loi nhuan cao hon nhieu so voi san xuat liia thong thuong. San xuat lua theo SRP cung bao ve siic khoe tdt bon cbo bo nong dan va bao v§
moi truong. De tbuc day ap dung SRP a Viet Nam, cdn cong nhan SRP nhu mot quy trinh GAP.
Tvr kh6a: Ida, SRP, hen ket, hop tac cong tu, hieu qua kinh te.
I.BATVANDE
San xuat lua gao cd vi tri quan trpng trong viee dam bao an ninh luong thire qudc gia, mang lai nguon thu xuat khau lon va sinh ke quan trpng eho hon mdt trieu hp ndng dan trong lua d- Viet Nam. Ld mpt trong nhimg nude xudt khau gao ldn nhat the gidi, nhung gao Viet Nam dang ehiu siic dp canh tranh tii nhieu quoc gia xuat khau khac. Nang cao chat lupng vd an todn thuc pham la mpt trong eac giai phdp de nang eao gid tri gia tang vd sue canh tranh cua gao Viet Nam tren thi ti-udng thd gidi. Hon nua, phat hien nong nghiep ben vimg Id mot dmh hudng chidn luge cua Viet Nam hgng viec co can lai ngdnh nong nghiep (Thu tuong Chmh phii, 2013a).
Chinh phu cd chinh sdeh khuyen khich dp dung cdc quy tiinh thue hanh canh tac tdt (GAP) (Thu tirong Chinh phu, 2012) va khuyen khich hen ket san xuat tieu tiiu sdn pham CThu tuong Chmh phu, 2013b;
Chinh phu, 2018).
Tir nam 2011, Vien Nghien ciiu Lua gao Quoc td (IRRI) va Chuong trinh Mdi trudng Lien hop qudc (UNEP) dang cimg thuc ddy sang kien xay dung m6t tieu chuan san xuat lua mdi vdi ten gpi "Didn dan san xuat Ilia gao ben vimg (SRP)" (Sustainable Rice Platform, 2015). Muc tieu eua diln dan la tiiue day san xuat Ma gao bdn vimg tren todn the gidi theo mot
' Vien Chinh sdeh va Chien luge phat trien nong nghiep nong thon
tieu chuan mdi, vira dam bdo chat lupng, an todn thuc pham, bdo ve moi trudng, han che anh hudng den bien ddi khi hau va bao ve ngudi tieu diing va ngudi sdn xuat trong qud trinh san xuat liia gao. Tieu chuan SRP nhan duoc su quan tam eua nhieu Chmh phu vd doanh nghiep. Den nam 2017, da ed hon 60 qudc gia vd nhieu td ehiic qudc te, eong ty da tham gia sang kidn nay, hong dd cd Bp NN&PTNT Viet Nam. Mot sd doanh nghiep eua Viet Nam da quan tam den dp dung SRP ti-ong sdn xuat lua, trong do cd mo hinh lien ket, hpp tac cong tu cua Cong ty Gentraco voi h6 nong dan d An Giang de san xuat liia gao theo tieu chuan SRP va dat tieu chuan an todn thtrc phdm xuat khau vdo tbi tiirdng chau Au.
Bai bao nay trinh bdy tieu chuan SRP, thir nghiem m6 hmh hgp tac, hen ket giiia Cong ty Gentraco voi nong dan An Giang ti-ong sdn xuat liia gao theo tieu chuan SRP, hieu qua hen ket san xuat lua theo tieu chuan SRP vd mpt sd bai hoc kmh nghiem, gpi y chinh sach de thiic day dp dung hieu qua SRP d'Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
Z. PHUONG PHAP niGHEN CUU
Mo hinh hen ket sdn xuat, tieu thu lua duoc tiiue hien giira Cong ty Gentraco va 34 ho nong dan tai xa Thoai Giang, huyen Thoai Son, tinh An Giang vu dong xuan 2017 - 2018. Tuy nhien, cd 3 hp nong dan khong tuan thu hop ddng do su dung thudc BVTV ngoai danh muc cho phep nen Cong ty Gentraco khong thu mua thdc theo thda thuan.
KHOA HQC CONG N G H £
De danh mirc dd cai tihen tieu ehi SRP, hude khi ap dung thu nghiem da ddnh gia tiiue hdnh san xudt lua theo bp tieu ehudn SRP vdi hg nong dan truoc va sau khi ap dung SRP. Ddnh gia ban ddu dugc thuc hien vdi 43 hp nong dan dang ky tham gia. Tuy nhien, sau khi duoc huong dan vd quy trinh san xudt lua theo tieu chuan SRP thi ehi cd 34 hp tiep tuc cam ket thuc hien SRP, do 3 hp vi pham tiida thuan nen ddnh gia didm SRP sau khi dp dung SRP ehi edn 31 hg. Todn bg 31 hp nay da dtrpc didu tra sau khi dp dung SRP. Ngoai ra, de ddnh gia hieu qua tai chmh cua viee Hen ket voi doanh nghiep trong sdn xuat liia theo tieu chuan SRP, 13 hg nong dan khong Hen ket va khong ap dung SRP da dugc dieu tra thu thap thong tin ve hieu qua tdi chinh.
Thong tin thu thap dugc tii hp nong dan thong qua phdng van true tidp bdng bang hdi cau true
Bang 1. Tifeu chi vd phdn bd di^m danh gid tiSu chi SRP
ddng. Phuong phdp phan tieh thdng ke mo ta dugc sir dung de ddnh gia miic dp cai thien tieu chi SRP cua cdc hp nong dan tham gia san xudt liia theo tieu chuan SRP. Phuong phdp so sanh trung binh giiia 2 nhdm hp T student duge sir dung de so sanh cac ehi tieu phdn dnh hieu qua tdi chinh giiia nhdm hp ap dung SRP vd nhdm hp khong ap dung SRP.
Hieu qua san xuat lua dupe so sdnh trong vu liia dong xuan 2017 - 2018 giiia 31 hp dp dung SRP va lien ket vdi Cong ty Gentraco voi 13 hp nong dan san xuat khong theo tieu chuan SRP vd khong lien ket voi doanh nghiep ndo.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Tieu chuan SRP va su khde bi^t so vdi VietGAP trong san xudt liia
3.1.1. Tieu chuan SRP trong san xuat Ida
STF 1 2 3 4
5
6
7
8
Tieu chi Quan ly ddng ruong Chuan hi xudng gidng Sir dung nude Qudn ly dinh duong
Qudn ly dieh hai Thu hoach va sau thu hoach
Siic khoe vd an todn lao dpng
Quyen lao dgng
Tong sd
Chi sd ddnh gid Lich thdi vu; Itm tru thong tin; tap huan nong dan
Kim loai nang; nhiim man dat; chuyen doi dat; ede giong ngoai lai; san bang dong ruong; liia gidng
Quan ly nude; he thong tudi; chat lupng nude tuoi; khai thdc nude; thao nude.
Quan ly dinh duong; su dung phan huu eo;
lua chon phan vo co; su dung phan vo eo.
Quan ly dich hai tdng hgp (IPM); lua chgn thude BVTV; khu vuc phun xit thudc; chi ddn hen nhan mac thude;
kidm ha.
Thdi diem thu hoach; hang thiet bi thu hoach; thdi gian phoi/say; ky thuat say Ilia; tdn tru lua; xu ly gdc ra; xir ly rom Cac hudng ddn vd an todn lao dpng; cong eu va trang thiet bi; tap huan cho ngudi phun thudc; bao hp lao dong; noi tdm nia va thay qudn do; ddi tupng ban che phun xit thudc; thoi gian cdch ly; kho chiia tiiudc BVTV; thai thude BVTV Lao dgng he em; eong viee nguy hiem;
gido due tre em; cuong biic lao dgng;
phan biet ddi xir voi lao dgng; tir do thanh lap hpi, nhdm, td chire; luong va lgi ich ngudi lao dong
Sd lupng chisd
3 6 5 4
5
7
9
7
46
Diem phan Diem co bo cho tieu ' ban voi chi tieu cbi
9 18 15 15
15
n
18
21
132 1 14 10 13
10
11
11
19
89 Nguon: Tdng hgp ciia tac gia tir SRP, 2015.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1+2 - THANG 2/2019
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHE
Dien dan phdt tri^n lua ben vtrng (SRP) la mot lien minh da ddi tde tren pham vi toan cdu nhdm muc tieu thiic day sii dung cd hieu qua ngudn luc vd ed kha nang phuc hoi vdi bien ddi khi hau (BDKH) trong cac he thdng san xuat lua. Tam nguyen tac eua SRP bao gdm: 1) Cai fhien sinh kd hien tai va tuong lai cua ngudi trong lua va cac tae nhan khac eiia chudi gia hi; 2) Dap img nhu cdu eua ngudi tieu dimg vd an ninh luong tiiue, an todn thuc pham, chat ltrpng gao va cdc san pham tii gao; 3) Quan ly mot each hieu qua cdc ngudn luc tij nhidn trong ehudi gid hi; 4) Bdo vfi moi trudng tii nhien tii cdc tac nhan anh hudng cd hai trong san xuat vd ehe bien gao; 5) Ngan ngira cac anh hudng xdu len cpng ddng xung quang va ddng gdp vao su phdt trien cua ho; 6) Thich iing he tiidng san xudt liia gao vdi BDKH vd giam thieu phat thai khi nha kinh trong cae khau cua ehudi gia tri; 7) Ton trgng quyen eiia ngudi lao dong va tang sire khde, su thmh vugng cho nguoi lao dpng; 8) Thuc hien hoat dpng san xuat kinh doanh vdi sir minh bach va chinh true.
Hieu qua eua sdn xuat theo oeu chuan SRP duoe danh gia theo 12 ehi tieu gdm: thu nhap rdng tir san xuat Ilia gao; nang suat lao dpng; nang suat lua; ve smh thue pham; hieu qua su dung nude; hieu qua sii dung dam; hieu qua su dung lan; hieu qua sic dung thudc BVTV; phat thai khi nha kinh; sire khde va an todn; lao dpng tre em; hao quyen cho phu nii. SRP ed 46 chi sd danh gia dugc phan bd trong 8 nhdm tieu chi, dupe trinh bdy trong bdng 1.
Tuy theo tinh hmh thuc te d' dia phuong md ed chi sd cd tiie khdng dp dung. Mdi ehi sd duge chia ra mpt sd mirc vdi so diem tiiong img tir 0 den 3 diem vd mdi chi sd c6 miic didm co ban la miic diem tdi thieu ma CO sd san xuat phai dat dugc de dat dugc yeu cdu ve tinh bdn vtrng eiia chi sd do.
Diem SRP cua mot co sd san xudt dp dung SRP la tdng hgp cae tieu chi md co sd dp dung va dao dgng trong khoang tii 0 den 100 diem. Sd diem nay (Y) duoc tinh dua tren tdng sd didm ma ho nhan dupe (A) chia cho tdng so didm tdi da md ed the nhan dugc (B) nhan voi 100.
Y —x\ 0 0 B
Dira tren diem sd dat dupe ma mpt don vi san xudt Ilia CO dupe coi la san xuat bdn vimg theo tieu chuan SRP hay khong. San xuat lua gao cua mpt hp nong dan dugc tuyen bd Id "Gao dugc canh tdc ben viing" neu diem hieu qua (tdng diem eo ban cua cdc ehi sd dp dung) eua hp dat it nhat 90 didm vd ddp iing tat ca cdc miic do hieu qud co ban cua tat ca cac yeu cau dp dung. Ngugc lai, san xuat lua gao eua mpt bg nPng dan dugc tuyen bd Id "Hudng tdi canh tac lua gao ben vung" neu tong sd didm bieu qua cua hp ndm hong khodng tir 10 den 99, nhung chua dap iing mirc dp hieu qud co bdn cua it nhat mot yeu eau vd ho nong dan nay da tang diem hieu qua ciia minh it nhdt 10 didm so vdi nam trudc.
3.1.2. Su khae bidt eua tidu chuin SRP so vdi VietGAP tiong san xuat lua
Bang 2. Sd lupng tifeu chi SRP khong cd quy dinh hong VietGAP cho lua TT
1 Nhdm tieu ehi 1
2 3 4
6 7 8
Quan Iv ddng mong Chuan bi xuong giong Su dung nuoc Quan ly dinh du&ng Quan ly dich hai Thu hoach va sau thu hoach
Siic khoe va an toan lao dong
Quyen lao dpng Tdng sd
Sd luong tieu chi trong SRP
3 6 5 4 5 7 9
7 46
So lugng tieu chi S I ^ khong cd h-ong VietGAP
1 4 4 0 0 5 1
5 20
Ten tieu chi SRP khong cd trong VietGAP Lich thdi vu
Nhiem man dat; chuyen doi sir dung dat;
giong ngoai lai; san phang ddng ruong.
Quan ly nude; he thdng tudi; khai thac nude tudi; tieu nude.
Thdi diem thu hoach; thdi gian say;
phtrang phap say; xij ly gdc ra; xii ly rom.
Han che ddi tugng phun thudc
Cdng viec nguy hiem; giao due tre em;
eudng biic lao ddng; phan biet ddi xir, tu do thanh lap hiep hpi.
Nguon: Tong hop cua tac gia, 2017.
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE So voi VietGAP (Bd NN vd PTNT, 2010), heu
chuan SRP trong san xuat lua ed mot sd diem khac sau:
Nhieu tieu ehi cua SRP khong ed trong VietGAP. Trong 46 tieu chi cua SRP tiii 20 tieu chi khong cd hong quy dinh cua VietGAP va chu ydu tap tnmg o nhdm tieu chi ve chuan bi xudng gidng, thu hoach va sau tiiu hoach, quyen eiia lao dpng. Nhu vay, ed su tiiong dong giiia SRP va VietGAP vd ede tieu chi hen quan den viec su dung dau vdo (gidng, phan, thudc BVTV), thue hdnh san xuat lien quan den su dung gidng, phan bdn, thude BVTV vd van de siic khoe eua ngudi lao dpng.
- Mpt sd tieu chi cd ti-ong VietGAP vd SRP, nhung ed su khac biet ve miic do yeu cau. Vi du nhu cdc tieu ehi ve luu tni tiidng tin, sir dung phan bUu eo, lua chgn phan vo eo, trang thiet bi thu hoach vd tdn trii thude bdo ve thuc vat. Tuy nhien, su khac biet ndy khdng ldn.
3.2. M6 hinh hpp tdc cdng tu a i a cong ty Gentraco trong Uen k^t san xuat liia theo tidu ehudn SRP
Hien nay, mac dii tieu chuan SRP ehua duoc dang ky chinh thiic nhtmg nhidu cong ty da thir nghiem hen ket vdi nPng dan san xuat lua theo tieu chuan SRP. C6ng ty Genhaco da hen ket vdi hg nong ddn 6 An Giang de san xudt lua theo tieu chuan SRP vd dat chuan cua lien minh chau Au (EU) vd an toan thuc pham.
De san xuat lua ddng thdi theo 2 tieu chuan la SRP vd tieu chuan EU ve an todn tiiuc pham, mo hinh lien ket san xudt, tieu thu liia cua Cong ty Genti-aeo da dupe thuc hien nhu sau:
• Lua chpn cac hp nong dan da dp dung quy trinh 1 phai 5 giam trong san xuat lua de tham gia thue hien san xuat lua theo SRP. SRP ngodi ddi hdi cdc tieu chuan ve thuc hdnh san xudt lua lien quan den ky thuat cdn ed ede yeu eau hen quan den viec giam dnh hudng den bien ddi khi hau, bao ve sire khoe eon ngudi vd quydn cua lao dong. Cac hp da thuc hien 1 phai 5 giam da dugc tap huan va co kmh nghiem san xuat lua theo quy quy tiinh eanh tde bdn viing se thuan lpi hon trong viee dp dung tieu chuan SRP vd ddp img tieu chuan EU ve an todn tiiuc pham.
• Tap huan cho hg nong dan vd tieu chuan SRP de hp hieu ro ve muc dich, cdc yeu cdu cua SRP, qua dd nang eao y tinic hdeh nhiem cua hg trong
viec san xuat lua theo tieu chuan SRP. Viee tap huan bao gdm ca cac hudng ddn tiiue hdnh do nuoc, ghi chep nhat ky san xuat...
• Xay dung quy trinh sdn xudt lua theo tieu chuan SRP va heu chuan EU ve an todn thuc pham, dae biet la viec sir dung phan bdn, thude BVTV nhdm dam bdo du lugng hda chat, du lupng thude BVTV ndm trong nguong eho phep cua EU. Viec xdy dung quy trinh san xudt liia do Chi cue Trdng hpt vd BVTV tinh An Giang chu tri thue hien cimg vdi viec trao ddi voi Cong ty Gentraco. Quy trinh ehi ro danh mue loai thude BVTV md hg nong dan duoc phep su dung cho mdi loai sau, benh, thdi gian each ly.
• Tap huan cho ho nong dan ve quy trinh san xuat lua, bao gdm ed lich thdi vu dd hd ndng ddn biet ro hoat dpng, thuc hdnh du kien d mdi giai doan sinh trudng cua lua. Hp duge tap huan vd phdng trir dieh hai tong hgp. Sii dung lua gidng ehiing nhan cd nguon gdc ro rang la yeu cdu bdt huge.
• Cdc hp nong dan dugc chia thdnh nhom tir 7 ddn 10 hp de hd tro vd gidm sdt nhau hong qud trinh thuc hanh san xuat liia. Hg nPng dan phai ghi ehep cae thire hdnh san xuat hong sudt thdi vu.
• Du an GRAISEA eua Oxfam hd h o 50% tien lua gidng cho hg nong dan va ho trp dung eu do nuoc tren ddng ruong, bien canh bdo mpng mdi phun xit thudc BVTV, bao hp lao dpng. Day la nhung chi phi bd sung theo tieu chuan SRP so vdi VietGAP. Viec h6 trg nay nhdm tao dpng luc cho hp chuyen tii viec sir dung lua thit 1dm lua gidng sang sir dung liia gidng chiing nhan duge san xuat bdi eo sd gidng va tao thuan loi cho hp trong viee dp dung tieu chuan SRP.
• Cong ty Gentraco ky hgp ddng vdi hp ndng dan, cam ket thu mua lua voi gia cao hon gia thi trudng 100 ddng/kg ngay tai ngay chdt gia mua.
Thudng gia mua duge thdng nhat 7-10 ngdy trude khi thu hoach. Sau khi thu mua thdc eua ho nong dan vd tidn hdnh phan tieh, ndu gao cua hp dat tieu chuan EU vd du lugng boa chat vd thudc BVTV thi cong ty h a them cho mPi kg thdc la 150 ddng. Viee mua thdc dugc tiiirc hien tai ruong, ngay sau khi thu hoach lua.
Chinh sach mua thoc eua Genhaco nhdm khuyen khich hg nong dan thuc hien diing quy trinh sdn xuat lua de cd gid thdc cao. Cong ty cdng cu can bp hudng dan, gidm sat ho nong dan thuc hdnh sdn xudt lua.
• Trong qua trinh san xuat lua, hang hidn deu cd cdn bp cua Chi cue Trdng trot va BVTV tinh An
NONG NGHIEP VA PHATTRIEN NONG THON - KY 1+2 - THANG 2/2019
KHOA HOC CdNG N G H £
Giang kiem h a dong mdng, htrdng ddn hp nong dan tiiuc hdnh san xuat hoac h6 trg h6 nong dan khi cd yeu eau. Ngodi ra, can bg cung hd tro hp n6ng dan trong viee ghi ehep nhat ky ddng mong, hudng ddn each thue do mue nude tren ddng mpng.
Ket qua ihuc hien ed 31/34 h6 nong dan da tuan thu nghiem ngat quy trinh san xuat liia dd dap ung tieu chuan SRP va tieu chuan EU ve an toan thuc phdm vdi gao. 3 hp nong dan khong tuan thii quy binh vd khong dupe Cong ty Gentraco thu mua thdc do sir dung thudc BVTV khong dung theo quy trinh da thdng nhdt Viee phdt hien ede hp nay thuc hien khdng dung quy trinh nhd su giam sdt eheo giiia cae hd nong dan trong nhdm vd thong bdo eho cong ty, cdn bg eua Chi cue Trdng hgt va BVTV An Giang.
3.3. K^t qua m6 hinh lien k^t sdn xuat lua theo SRP
3.3.1. Thay ddi tap quan canh tac liia eua hd ndng dan
Sdn xuat liia theo tieu chuan SRP 1dm thay ddi tap qudn canh tde lua eua hg nong dan theo hudng tdt hon, bdo ve moi tnrdng, bao ve sue khde ngudi lao dpng va giam phdt thai khi nhd kinh.
Theo SRP, heh mua vu duge lap ngay tir dau vu nen nPng dan ndm dupe cdc cPng viee phdi lam d mdi thdi diem cu the, qua dd ho co ke hoach cdc boat dpng cdng nhu kd hoach sir dung vat tu dau vao.
Phuong phap tudi nude udt, kho xen ke dugc ddi hdi vd ngirdi dan duge yeu cdu do miic nude ddng mpng de biet kbi nao phai tiidi nude vd mue nude hidi ddn dau. Viee nay giup lam giam sd ldn bom nude tudi, eiing nhu luong nude tudi nen ehi phi bom nude giam. ViSe dp dung tudi udt kho xen ke giup lam giam ltrpng khi nha kinh phdt thai.
Moi trudng duge eai thien do ngudi nong dan ed y thiic bon trong viec su dung thudc, hda chat, bao quan va loai bd chai lp, bao bi thudc bao ve thuc vat sau khi sir dung vdo thimg rdc ehuyen dung. Ben canh dd, nong dan dp dung SRP cdn thu gom rac viit khong dung noi quy dinh cua eac nong dan lan can.
Ngodi ra, ngudi nong dan cd y thiic, ed hieu biet ve thuc hdnh ddt rom sau khi thu hoach se tao ra khi thai nhd kinh.
Sue khde ngudi lao ddng va cgng ddng dan cu duoe bao ve, ndng dan mang day du bao ho lao dpng khi tiep xue vdi thudc bao ve thuc vat, edm bang canh bdo cdch ly ruong ngay sau khi phun xit thude bao ve thue vat.
Thong qua SRP, nhan thue eua ngudi nPng dan ve canh tdc lua ben viing da dupe cai thien, y thiic hdeh nhiem ciia nguoi nong dan vdi cpng ddng, vdi mPi ti-udng sdng dugc cai thien. 31/34 ho ndng dan da tuan thu nghiem ngat quy trinh san xuat lua da thdng nhat va 100% liia cua 31 hg nong dan SRP nay da dat chuan eua EU vk du lugng hda chat vd thudc BVTV, du didu kien xuat khau vao thi trudng chau Au.
3.3.2. Cai thien tinh ben vung trong san xuat liia theo tidu chi SRP
Trong sd 46 tieu chi eua SRP thi 10 tieu ehi khong ap dung hong dieu kien thuc te cua nong dan trong mo hinh lien ket. Cac tieu chi khong dp dung lien quan ddn dat nhidm man (do dat lua khong hi nhiem man); viec phoi/say vd cdt trtr lua (do nong dan ban toan bp thdc tai mong eho doanh nghiep ngay sau khi thu hoach); ve quyen lao dgng (gdm cac tieu chi eong viec nguy hiem, gido due cho tre em, cuong hire lao dpng, phan biet ddi xir vdi lao dpng thue mudn, tu do thanh lap hoi eua lao dong thue mudn, luong va lpi ich eua lao dpng thue mudn) do ede hg nong dan khong thue lao ddng dai han trong san xuat lua vd khong ed eac cong viee nguy hiem do tre em thuc hien.
chhiap dung SRP
Hmh 1. Di^m tieu chi SRP tnrdc vd sau 1 vu dp dung sdn xudt theo tieu ehudn SRP Ngudn: Ket qua dieu tia hd nong dan trdng Ida
nam 2017, 2018 Nhd viee tap huan, hudng ddn vd gidm sat thuc hdnh san xuat lua eua hp nong dan nen tinh bdn vimg hong san xuat lua theo tieu chuan SRP da duge cai thien. Tmdc khi dp dung SRP, tong diem tiling binh theo tieu chuan SRP eiia hp nong dan Id 54,4 diem (tren thang 100 didm), sau vu dong xuan 2017- 2018 didm trung binh tiieo tieu chuan SRP la 66,9 diem, tang 12,4 diem. Mac dii sd diem cdn cdch xa
KHOA HQC CONG NGHE diem de dat duoc miie bdn vimg ti-ong san xuat lua,
nhung ro rang la tinh bdn vimg hong san xudt liia cua ho nong dan da dugc cai thien va hudng den dat chuan ben vinig SRP.
Kdt qua phan tieh cho thay, phan ldn cac tieu chi deu ed su cai thien vd mire diem bdn vimg. Nhieu tieu chi cd sir cai thien ro ret ve diem sd so vdi tmdc khi dp dung. Cac tieu chi cd sir eai tiiien diem sd nhieu nhu thdi gian each ly hi khi phun thude den khi thu hoach liia tang 1,7 diem (tieu chi nay doi hdi khong dugc phun thudc diet nam trong vong 35 ngay trudc khi tiiu hoach lua). Tmoe khi dp dung SRP gdn nhu 100% hp nong dan deu phun thudc BVTV ngay ca sdt ngdy thu hoach lua, thdng bao cdch ly vung phun xit thudc BVTV (tang 1,3 diem), quan ly dinh dudng (tang 1,2 diem), cae tieu chi vd hudng ddn an toan lao dpng, quan ly nude, bao hg lao dgng vd tap huan cho nong dan deu tang 0,8 diem. Cdc tieu chi tang 0,7 diem gdm quan ly dieh hai tdng hop, thai tiiudc BVTV.
Mot sd tieu chi miie do dat dupe eua hp nong dan cdn kha thdp nhu dat lua cua hg chua dugc phan tich ham lugng kim loai nang, chua phan tich chat luong nude tudi, viee sir dung gidng lai cdn ed trong ruong Ilia, phdn ldn hd nong dan chua sii dung phan hdu CO va cdn ddt rom, ra nen khdng dap iing yeu cau cua SRP.
3.3.3. Hidu qua lanh td eao hon khi hen ket vdi doanh nghiep tiong san xuat liia gao theo tieu chuan bdn viing
Chi phi Ilia gidng trong mo hinh SRP thap hon ho ngoai mo hinh 338.000 VND/ha (tiiap hon 17,7%) do cac hp nong dan trong mo hinh SRP sii dung lua gidng gieo tir 135 -160 kg/ha, trong khi cac hp ngoai mo hinh sir dung 145 - 180 kg/ha. Liia gidng cac h6 trong mo hinh mua vdi gid 10.500 d/kg, trong khi hg ngoai mo hinh mua vdi gid dao dpng 10.500 -12.000 d/kg. Do kiem sodt dich hai tdt ngay tir ddu vu, bon phan can ddi theo nhu cdu cua cay lua, chi sir dung thude bao ve thuc vat khi can thi^t nen chi phi thudc BVTV trong mo hinh SRP thap hon so vdi khong dp dung SRP. Tuy nhien mirc giam khong ddng ke va khong cd y nghia thdng ke, li do la cac loai thudc BVTV sii dung trong mo hinh Id cae loai thudc cd chdt lugng eao hon, cd gid mua cao hon de dap iing tieu chuan du lugng thudc BVTV ciia EU. Tdng ehi phi san xuat lua trong mo hinh SRP thap hon ho ngoai mo binh khoang 7,5%.
Nhd dp dung diing quy trinh ky tiiuat canh tac Ilia nen nang suat lua trong mo hinh SRP cao hon ben ngodi khoang 3,9%. Chi phi san xuat theo SRP thap hon, nang suat lua cao hon vd gia mua thdc cao hon nen lgi nhuan tir san xudt lua cua hg san xuat lua trong mo hinh SRP cao hon 4,2 tneu ddng/ha (cao hon 20,1%) so vdi hp ngodi mo binh.
Bang 3. Chi phi va Igi nhugnsan xuat liia trong vd ngodi mP hinh SRP TT
A
B
C
Chi tieu Tong chi phi Trong do:
Giong Phan hon Thuoc BVTV
Dich vu san xuiit va chi khac Ket qua san xuat Nang suat Gia ban Doanh thu Hieu qua san xuat Cia thanh 1kg thoc Loi nhuan
DVT PPP d/ha OPP d/ha PPP d/ha PPP d/ha PPP d/ha kg/ha
d/kg OOPd/ha
OOP d/ha
Trong mo hinh
17,781
\J«1 3,731 4,131 8,3JS2
^ 7,812 5,589 43,669 2,289 25,888
Ngoai mo hinh
19,092 1,904 3,753 1 4,346n 9,09P 7,516 5,427 40,784 2,544 21,692
So sanh giiia trong va ngoai mo hinh (%)
-7,5' -16,6'
-2,4 -5,P -8,9"
3,9'"
3,P' 7,1' 41.8"
2P,1' Nguon: Tinh toan tir dieu tra ciia tic gia nam 2018.
Ghi chu: "•' Ket qua kiem dinh giii tri tnmg binh khac nhau lan luat omircy nghia thong ke 5% vi 10%.
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KHOA HOC CONG NGHl
3.4. Mot sd bdi hgc kinh nghidm tir md hmh Hen k^t san xuat gao theo tidu ehudn SRP
Tir md hmh eua Cong ty Genhaco cho thay hg nong dan cd the thuc hien dugc eac thuc hdnh dap ling tieu chuan SRP. Tuy nhien, mpt sd bai hpc kinh nghiem duge nit ra:
• Nen dp dung SRP trdn cdc hg da va dang dp dung cdc quy trinh sdn xudt tdt khac nhu 3 giam 3 tang, 1 phai 5 gidm, GAP. Trong mo hmh ciia Cong ty Gentraco, do lua chpn cdc hg dang dp dung quy trinh 1 phai 5 giam nen hd nong dan da cd hieu bidt, kinh nghiem san xuat lua theo quy hinh bdn vimg, viec tap huan chu yeu vao cac npi dung khde de dap img tieu chuan SRP, nhd dd giam bdt khd khan cho ho nong dan hong viec hpc va dp dung todn bp tieu chuan SRP.
• Viec hen ket vdi doanh nghiep trong san xuat Ilia theo tieu chuan SRP va tieu chuan an toan tiiuc pham eua chau Au dam bao gao sdn xuat ra duoc fhu mua d miic gid cao hon e6 the bii dap dugc chi phi de dp dung SRP.
• Viec huy dgng can bd eiia Chi cue Trdng trpt va Bao ve thuc vat tir tinh den xa eua dia phuong tiiam gia xay dung quy trinh san xuat lua, tap huan cho nong dan, hudng ddn, kiem tra ddng mdng va giam sat thuc hanh cua hp nong dan vira gidm ehi phi cbo doanh nghiep khi lien ket, vira tan dung dugc hieu hiet, kinh nghiem cua cdn bp dia phuong. Thue te mo hinh cua Cong ty Genhaco cho thay can bd Chi cue Trdng trpt vd BVTV cd du khd nang de xay dung quy trinh san xuat lua, nhdt la quy trinh sir dung thudc BVTV, de dap ting tieu chuan an todn thuc pham cua EU. Day la mot hinh thire hpp tac cong tu ma nhd nude cd the ddng gdp bdng viec tham gia ciia he thdng dich vu cong trong lien ket chudi gia tri.
• San xuat lua theo tieu ehudn SRP ddi hdi phdi CO eac dau tu bd sung, chu yeu eho eac mue dich lien quan den bao ve moi hudng, giam anh hudng den bien ddi khi hau va bao ve sue khde ngudi san xuat. De khuyen khich hg nong dan dp dung SRP, cdn cd nhung hd trg ban dau de nong dan dp dung duge cdc tieu chi neu ti-en.
• Nong dan gap nhidu khd khan trong viec ghi nhat ky ddng mpng, vi vay ndu cd cong cu hd trp hoac td chiie san xuat theo quy trinh chung cho ea nhdm hp ndng dan vd ghi nhat ky ddng mdng cho ea nhdm se thuan lgi hon.
• Mot sd tieu chi cua SRP khong phii hpp vdi thuc td san xudt va quy dinh cua Viet Nam. Vi du, ngudi ndng dan viing DBSCL vdn cd tap quan ddt rom, ra nen khong dap img tieu chi eua SRP; hoac theo quy dinh cua Viet Nam thi de buou vang khong phai la gidng ngoai lai, hong khi theo SRP thi de buou vang lai la gidng ngoai lai. Tuy nhien, tieu chuan SRP dang trong qua tiinh hodn tiiien, nen su tham gia tich cue cua Viet Nam vao qua binh xay dung tieu chi co the dua den mot bo tieu chi SRP phii hpp hon vdi thuc te.
• Hien nay SRP dang duoc dp dung tiiu nghiem d nhidu nude, nhieu cong ty mac dii SRP vdn dang trong qua tiinh hoan thien va chua dang ky chinh tbuc. Viet Nam cdn tich cue tham gia vdo qua trinh hodn thien tieu chi SRP thong qua viec thu nghiem SRP tren cac dia ban va gdp y xay dung tieu chuan SRP. Khi tieu chuan SRP duge dang ba edn ed chinh sach khuyen khich dp dung SRP nhu mot quy ti-inh GAP.
4. KFT LUAN
SRP la bo tieu chuan san xudt lua bdn vimg dang duoc xay dung bdi cdc td chiie qudc te, cac qudc gia va cac doanh nghiep. Ket qua thir nghiem san xuat lua tiieo tieu chuan SRP cita mpt sd nong dan xa Thoai Giang, huyen Thoai Son, tinh An Giang vu dong xuan 2017 - 2018 trong lien ket vdi Cong ty Gentraco de san xuat lua gao dap iing tieu chuan an toan thuc pham ciia EU da mang den nhimg ket qua tich cue.
Hg nong dan hodn todn cd the dp dung tieu chuan SRP trong san xuat lua va viec dp dung SRP da lam tang tinh bdn vimg trong san xudt lua, cai thien dieu kien sire khde eua ngudi san xuat, bao ve moi tnrdng.
Lien ket sdn xudt lua theo tieu chuan SRP va dap ling tieu chuan an toan thuc pham cua EU lam giam chi phi san xuat, thdc dupe tieu thu on dinh vdi gid ban cao hon da giup tang eao hon igi nhuan trong san xuat lua.
Nha nude cdn ed chinh sach khuyen khich ap dung SRP trong chudi lien ket gia hi san xuat lua.
Nha nude can eong nhan SRP nhu mot quy tiinh GAP va duoc hudng eac chinh sach hd tro dp dung GAP hong san xudt lua. Cac hd h g can tap ti-ung vdo xay dung quy trinh san xuat, tap huan, bd trp dau tu cac npi dung lien quan den bao ve sire khde, bao ve
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE moi tiirdng. Viec sir dung can bo eua he tiidng dieh
vu cong nong nghiep tham gia vao hd trg thue hien hen ket chuPi gia tii hong san xudt lua tiieo cdc tieu chuan ben vimg nen dupe khuyen khich va coi Id ddng gop cua Nhd nude ti-ong md hinh hgp tac cong tir.
Ldl CAM ON
Ndi dung tiinh bay tiong bai bao nay la mdt phin tiong hoat ddng cua du an 'Tang eudng binh dang gioi va diu tii kinh doanh ndng nghiep co tiach nhidm tiong ehudi gia tri gao tai Viet Nam"
(GRAISEA 1) cua Td chuc Oxfam. Cac tac gia xin tran trpng cam on To chuc Oxfam, eac ddi tac du an GRAISEA 1 da hd tro trien khai nghidn cuu.
TAI UEU THAM KHAO
1. Bp NN va PTNT, 2010. Quyet dinh sd 2998/QD/BNN-TT ngay 9/11/2010 cua Bp hirdng Bg Nong nghiep vd Phdt trien nong thon ban hdnh Quy tiinh thuc hdnh san xuat tdt (VietGAP) eho lua.
2. Chmh phu, 2018. Nghi dinh 98/2018/ND-CP eua Chmh phu ve chinh sach khuyen khich phdt tndn hgp tdc, hen kdt trong san xuat vd tieu thu san pham nong nghiep
3. SRP, 2015. Sustamable rice platform: standard on sustamable rice cultivation, version 1, access m 2 december 2018 at http://www.sustainablerice.
org/Resourees/#srp-standard.
4. Tbii tudng Chinh phu, 2012. Quyet dinh sd 01/2012/QD-TTg ngay 09 tiiang 01 nam 2012 cua Thu tiidng Chinh phu v^ mpt sd chinh sdeh hd h g viec dp dung quy trinh thuc hdnh sdn xuat nong nghiep tdt trong nong nghiep, lam nghiep va thuy san.
5. Thu tudng Chinh phu, 2013a. Quyet dmh sd 899/2013/QD-TTg ngdy 10/6/2013 eua Thii hrdng Chinh phil phe duyet de an tdi eo eau ngdnh nong nghiep theo hudng nang cao gid tri gia tang va phat trien ben vimg
6. Thu tudng Chinh phu, 2013b. Quyet dinh 62/2013/QD-TTg vd chinh sdeh khuyen khich phdt trien hgp tdc, lien ket san xuat gdn vdi tieu thu ndng san, xay dung ednh ddng ldn do Thu tudng Chinh phu ban hanh.
7. Thu tudng Chinh phu (2013). Quyet dinh sd 889/2013/QD-TTg ngdy 10 thang 6 nam 2013 ciia Thu tudng Chinh phii phe duyet de an tdi co cdu nganh nong nghiep theo hudng nang eao gid tri gia tang va phat trien ben viing.
COOPERATION IN RICE PRODUCTION UNDER SRP STANDARD: LINKAGE MODEL OF GENTRACO COMPANY
Hoang Mhih Huy, Hoang Vu Quang Summaiy
This paper presents the result of the pilot model in rice producbon under SRP standard and meebng Euorpean standard of food safety between Gentraco company and nee farmers in Thoai Son district. An Giang province in Winter-Spnng rice crop 2017-2018. Based on the survey result of 34 nee farmers before and after applying SRP and 13 nee farmers without companies linkage and not to apply SRP, shows that producUon practice of nee farmers in the model is relatively far from sustainable production. Howerver, small households can totally apply SRP standard and produce rice toward sustainable production. The linkage m rice production in both SRP standard and EU standard of food safety is higher profit to nee fanners. Rice production under SRP standard also protects the health of producers and the environment. To promote tiie application of SRP standard in Vietnam, it should recognize SRP as a GAP procedure.
Keywords: Rice, SRP, linkage, public-private cooperation, economic periormance.
Ngudi phan bien: PGS.TS. Yd Thi Thanh Ldc Ngdy nhdn bdi: 15/10/2018
Ngay thdng qua phan bi§n: 15/11/2018 Ngay duyet dang: 22/11/2018
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