QUY DINH VE NGHIA VU DAN SU" LIEN DOn THEO HOnp DONG TRONG B Q LUAT DAN SlT HIEN HANH -
M Q T S O B A T C A P V A HtrOfNG HOAN THIEN Nguyen Minh Oanh*
Ninh Thi May'
Tdm tit: Bdi viit phdn lich ndi dung cdc quy dinh ciia Bg ludt Ddn su hi$n hdnh ve nghia vu liin d&i theo hgp ddng, tic do chi ra mdt sd cap cdn phdi hodn thien.Abstract: This article analyses the provisions on joint obligation under the current Civil Code. It then points out relevant shortcomings and proposals for improvement
1. Cdc quy dinh cua Bo luat Ddn su hi^n hanh ve nghia vy dan sir lien ddi theo h ^ dong
NghTa vu dan su lien ddi la loai nghia vy d^c thfi phdn biet vdi nghia vy rieng re khi cd nhifiu ngudi cung tham gia trong quan he nghia vu. Xuat phat tu yeu cau thyc tien va ddi hdi phap Iy, phap luat nhiiu nudc trfin the gidi da cd sy ghi nhdn vfi nfii dung cua nghla vu lifin ddi.
Bd luat Dan su (BLDS) Vipt Nam 2005 tai Dieu 298 quy djnh ve thyc hifin nghia vu ddn su lifin ddi:
"I. NghTa vu ddn sy lien d&i la nghia vu do nhieu ngu&i ciing phdi thuc hiin vd ben cd quyen cd thi yeu cdu bdt cie ai trong sd nhieng ngu&i cd nghta vu phdi thuc hi4n todn bd nghTa vu.
2 Trong tru&ng hgp mgt ngu&i da thyc hi$n todn bp nghTa vu thi co quyen yeu cdu nhihig ngu&i cd nghia vu liin d&i khdc phdi thyc hiin phdn nghTa vu liin d&i cua hg ddi v&i minh.
TS., Khoa Lu§t Dan s\r, Truimg D?i hpc Lu$t Ha N0i.
" Vin phong Lu$t su Tam Phit
3. Trong tru&ng hgp ben cd quyin da chi dinh mpt trong sd nhieng ngu&i cd nghta Vll lien d&i thuc hi^n todn bp nghia vu, nhung sau do lgi miin cho ngu&i do thi nhieng ngu&i con lgi cung dugc miin thicc hien nghfa vy.
4. Trong tru&ng hgp ben cd quyin chi miin viic thuc hien nghia vy cho mpt trong so nhihig ngu&i co nghia vu liin d&i khdng phdi thiec hiin phdn nghia vu cua minh thi nhicng ngu&i con lgi vdn phdi lien doi thyc hi$n phdn nghTa vu cda hg'\
Dieu 299 ghi nhan ngjiia vu dan su lien ddi trong trudng hpp cd nhieu ngudi c6 quyen lien ddi, theo dd:
"/. NghTa vu ddn sy ddi v&i nhieu ngu&i cd quyin liin d&i Id nghta vu md theo do moi ngu&i trong sd nhieng ngu&i cd quyen deu CO the yeu cdu ben cd nghta vy thyc hi^n todn bp nghta vy.
2. Ben co nghta vu co thi thyc hi^n nghTa vy cua minh ddi v&i bdt eu ai trong so nhOng ngu&i co qteyen liin d&i.
3. Trong tru&ng hgp mgt trong sd nhihig ngu&i CO quyin Uin ddi miin cho ben c6 nghia vu khong phdi thiec hi$n phdn nghia vv ddi v&i minh thi ben cd nghTa vu vdn phM
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QVY DfNH y&NGHiA VtJ.
thuc hi4n phdn nghTa vu cdn lgi ddi v&i nhOng nguoi cd quyin liin d&i khdc".
Nhu vgy, BLDS ndm 2005 quy djnh chung vfi nghia vu dan sy lien ddi theo hpp ddng va ngoai hop ding. Tuy nhien, BLDS chua quy djnh vfi nghia vu Iifin ddi thdnh mpt phan hode muc thing nhit tuong xfing vdi vai trd vd vj tri cfia nd, cung nhu chua cd sy quy djnh khac bifit vfi nghta vu lifin ddi theo hpp ddng va ngodi hop ddng.
Qua nghifin cuu cd thi thiy, phdp lugt Vipt Nam coi trpng va dfi cao sy ty thda thudn, ty do y ehi cfia duong su. Chinh vi vay, cdn cfi phdt sinh nghia vy lifin ddi diu tifin se do cac ben thda thuan. Theo dd, cdc ben tham gia giao ket hpfp ddng cd thi thda thugn vfi tinh trang Iifin ddi, phuong thfic thanh toan nghta vy cung nhu thuc hipn quyfin, nghia vy lifin ddi. Tuy nhifin, niu cdc bfin khdng cd thda thugn, trong mpt s6 trudng hpp mang tinh ddc thfi, quan h§
mang tinh phfic tap, dl xdy ra tranh chip, nha ldm luat da du trfi vfi tinh trgng lifin ddi ciia cac ben tham gia hpp dfing. Cu thfi:
a. Tru&ng hgp bdo ldnh nhieu ngu&i Xuit phat tfi ddc diim cfia bien phdp bdo ldnh, nay sinh vin de cd nhieu ngudi cung bdo lanh cho mpt ngudi, Dieu 365 BLDS nam 2005 quy dinh: "Khi nhiiu nguoi ciing bdo ldnh mgt nghTa vu lhi hg phdi lien d&i thyc hi§n viic bdo ldnh, tru tru&ng hgp co thoa thugn hogc phdp lugt ed quy dinh bdo ldnh theo cdc phdn ddc lap;
ben cd quyin cd the yiu cdu bdt cie ai trong sd nhung ngu&i bdo ldnh lien d&i phdi thye hi?n todn bg nghTa vu
Khi mpt trong sd nhieng ngu&i bdo ldnh lien d&i dd thuc hi?n loan bp nghTa vy thay cho bin dugc bdo ldnh thi cd quyen yiu cdu nhieng ngu&i bdo ldnh cdn lgi phdi thyc hi?n phdn nghTa vu cda hg doi v&i minh ".
Nhu vgy, trong trudng hpp nay neu khdng cd thda thugn hoac phap lugt cd quy djnh khac, tmh trgng lien ddi phdt sinh dya trfin mfii quan he nghia vy cfia nhifiu ngudi thuc hien bao lanh cho mpt nghta vu. Quy djnh nhu vdy Id nhdm tfii da hda quyen vd Ipi ich hpp phap, hgn che rfii ro cho ben nhgn bao ldnh khi mpt trong s6 nhfing ngudi bdo ldnh khfing cd kha nang thyc hifin nghia vy.
b. NghTa vu lien d&i cda thdnh vien hg gia dinh, td hgp tdc
Bfin canh cdc quy djnh vi trdch nhifim lien ddi cfia \(? ching thi BLDS ndm 2005 Cling ghi nhgn trdch nhi$m lifin ddi cfia thdnh vien trong hd gia dinh vd t i hpp tac.
Khodn 2 Diiu 110 BLDS ndm 2005 quy djnh vfi trach nhiem Iifin ddi cfia cdc thdnh vifin trong hfi gia dinh nhu sau: "Hp gia dinh chiu trdch nhiem ddn sy bdng tdi sdn chung ciia hg, neu tdi sdn ehung khdng du di thyc hi^n nghta vu chung cua hg thi cdc thdnh viin phdi chiu trdch nhiim liin d&i bdng ldi sdn riing cda minh".
Tuong ty, vfi trdch iihi$m lien ddi cfia thanh vifin td hpp tac, khodn 2 Difiu 117 BLDS ndm 2005 quy djnh: "Td hgp tdc chiu trdch nhiim ddn su bdng tdi sdn eua Id, niu tdi sdn khdng du de thuc hi$n nghTa vy chung ciia to thi td vien phdi chiu trdeh nhiem lien d&i theo phdn tuang ung voi phdn ddng gdp bdng tdi sdn riing cua minh".
Phdp luat quy dinh nhu vgy xuit phat tfi ban chdt va tinh ddc thfi trong quan he giii^
cdc thanh vifin trong hai loai chu thfi nay:
Cac thanh vifin trong hp gia dinh cd su gdn bd ve m|t huyfit thfing, tinh cam va trdch nhiem theo truyin thing. Sy tuong ho trong quan hfi gifia cdc thdnh vifin cd y nghia rat ldn trong viec duy tri cupc sfing
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NHA NUdc vA PHAPLUATSd 10/2015
binh thudng cfia ca gia dinh. Mfii hanh vi cfia chu hp dfiu xuit phat tfi nhung lpi ieh cfia ca hd. Ben canh dd, khdi tai sdn chung cfia hd cfing dugc xdy dung va gin gifi tu cdng sfic cua thdnh vien. Do dd, van dfi trdch nhifim lifin ddi ndy sinh tfi nghia vy cua bdn thdn timg thanh vien ddi vdi Ipi ich chung ciia hd Id phfi hpp.
Ddi vdi td hpp tdc, vi ban thdn tfi hpp tdc la mfit chfi thi tfin tai dya tren sy hpp tdc, hS trp, giup do nhau vfi mat kinh te gifia cac thanh vien tim dugc tieng ndi chung ve mat lgi ich. Do vdy, di dfii vdi lgi ich thi rfii ro trong qud trinh hogt ddng se ddt ra trach nhifim iifin ddi cfia cac thanh vifin dua trfin nghta vu chung cfia tat cd thanh vifin dfii vdi td hpp tac.
c NghTa vu lien d&i trong hgp ding mua bdn quyen tdi sdn
Khodn 2 Diiu 449 BLDS nam 2005 ghi nhdn trudng hgp thuc hien nghia vy dan sy lien ddi trong hgp ddng mua bdn quyen tai san nhu sau.- "Trong tru&ng hgp quyen ldi sdn Id quyin ddi ng vd bin bdn cam kit bdo ddm khd ndng thanh todn cita ngu&i mdc ng thi ben bdn phdi lien d&i chiu trdch nhiim thanh todn. niu khi din hgn ngu&i mdc ng khdng trd". Nhu vgy, trong trudng hgp hai bfin xde lap hgp dfing mua bdn quyfin tdi san la quyfin ddi np vd bfin bdn cd dam bao ve kha nang tra np cfia ngudi mdc np thi phat sinh nghia vu lien ddi gifia ngudi ban quyfin ddi ng va ngudi mac ng tnrdc ben cd quyfin trong trudng hpp ngudi mic np khdng thi thanh todn.
Xfit vfi ban chat, quan he nay mang "mdu sdc" cfia bdo lanh. Tuy nhifin, trong bao ldnh se khfing phat smh trach nhiem lifin ddi gifia bfin bdo lanh vdi ben mdc np gifing nhu lien ddi trong hgp ddng mua ban quyin ddi np md se phdt sinh nghia vy hodn lgi sau
khi ben bao lanh da thyc hifin xong nghta vij ddi vdi bfin cd quyen.
Vific phap Iugt quy djnh nhu vdy nhdm dam bao lpi ich cho ben cd quyfin trong mfit quan he p h ^ ly vdn tifim in nhifiu nii ro nhu hop dfing mua ban quyfin tai sdn. Nghia vy lifin ddi se nang cao trach nhifim, sir trung thuc cua ben bdn quyin tai sdn trudc ben mua; dfing thdi hgn chfi vin di Ifia dao, gian dfii rat dl phat smh gifia ben bdn quyhn va ngudi mac ng trudc ben mua quyln nhdm chupc lgi cd nhan.
d. NghTa vp lien d&i trong hgp dong thue nha
Hgp dfing thufi nhd Id mpt trong nhung logi hop ddng dan sir thdng dung dupc quy djnh tai Chuong II, Myc 5 cfia BLDS nam 2005. Difiu 497 quy djnh: "Nhieng ngu&i thupc ben cd ten trong hgp ddng thui nhd cd quyen. nghta vy ngang nhau ddi v&i bin cho thue vd phdi liin d&i thyc hien cdc nghia vu cua ben thui ddi v&i bin cho thui". Ban chit cua logi hgp ding ndy la loai hgp ddng nhifiu ngudi, trong dd mpt so lugng nhat dinh nhfing ngudi thufi cd nghla vu cung nhu quyfin ngang nhau trudc bfin co quyfin. Xet vfi mat thuc tien, thue nha la hdnh vi mang tinh dgc thfi, ngudi thufi dupc quyfin cu trfi, smh hogt trong mfit khong gian thudc sd huu cua ngudi khdc. Ngudi cho thue khdng thfi kifim soat tit ca cdc hanh vi, hoat dfing cua tfing ngudi tiiue de truy cfiu trach nhiem khi cd vdn di phat sinh. Chinh wi vdy, tlnh trgng lien ddi sfi gdp phin nang cao trdch nhi$m, y thfic cfia moi ngudi thue trong viec bdo dam mdi tmdng sdng chung, dfing thdi duy tri tai sdn time mdt cdch tdt nhit, hgn chi fianh chip phdt smh trong qua trinh thyc hien hpp ddng.
Nhu vdy, trong phgm vi hgp ding din sy, ngodi cdc quy dinh vfi nghia vy lifin ddi
QUY BINH VE NGHIA VU ...
ndi chung, BLDS cdn ghi nhdn nghta vu ddn sir Iifin ddi trong mfit sd frudng hpp cu thfi. Bude diu, nhiing quy dinh tren dd tao CO sd phdp ly cho vipc xdc ldp vd thuc hifin nghta vu dan su lien ddi. Id cfing eu phdp ly cho CO quan tdi phan xxx ly khi cd tranh ch*p xdy ra.
Hifin nay, BLDS 2005 trong qua trinh sfia dfii, bd sung va Du thao Bp luat (sfia ddi) dang dugc xay dung. Mge dii cd nhiiu quy djnh dugc hoan thifin va ddi mdi, nhung cdc quy pham v i nghta vy dan sy lifin ddi ndi chung vd cac quy phgm d i cap d i n nghta vu lien ddi theo hpp ddng ndi rieng trong D y thdo khdng cd sy thay ddi'. Qua nghifin cfiu, cd thfi thay nhifiu quy dinh vfi nghla vu lien ddi trong BLDS ndm 2005 cdn hgn c h i , bit cdp c i n phdi khdc phuc, hodn thipn.
2. M$t so bat cap, hgn c h i cua cac quy dinh ve nghta vy lifin ddi theo hpp d i n g trong B$ lu^t Dan sw hi^n hanh c i n hodn thifn
Thdr nhdt, vi ddi tugng cda nghTa vu Ddi tugng cua nghta vy ddn sy lifin ddi trong BLDS ndm 2005 khdng dugc quy dinh rifing ma dugc hifiu thong nhdt vdi ddi tugng cfia nghta vy ddn sy ndi chung. Theo quy djnh tai Dieu 282 BLDS ndm 2005, ddi ' D\f thio liy J kiln nhin din ngiy 05/01/2015 chi thay thl Dilu 298 BLDS nim 2005 quy djnh vl thyc hi$n nghla vy din sy lifin ddi vi Difiu 299 quy djnh vl thyc hifin nghla vy d6i vdi nhieu ngudi c6 quyen lifin ddi bing Dilu 343 vi Dilu 344 Dy thio. Tuong ty, Dilu 449 BLDS nim 2005 quy djnh vl mua bin quyln tii sin, cy thl t^i khoin 2 vl lifin ddi chju trich nhifim thanh toin trong trudng hpp cd dim bao ciia ngudi bin vi li quyln ddi np dupc tilp tyc ghi n h ^ t^i Dieu 461 Dy thio vl mua bin quyln tii sin.
Rifing Dilu 497 quy djnh vl quyln vi nghTa vy cua nhitng ngudi thu^c bfin thufi c6 tSn trong hpp dong thufi nhi d thl Dy thio khdng cd quy djnh mi chuyin sang quy djnh trong Lu|t nhi d.
tugng trong quan he nghia vu dan su gdm ba loai: Tai san, cdng vific phai thyc hien va cong vific khfing dugc thuc hifin. Ddi tupng Id tai sdn hieu dudi gdc dp phap ly gdm bdn nhdm: Vdt, tifin, giay td cd gia va cac quyfin tai san^. Ddi tugng la cong vific phai lam cd thfi dugc vdt hda (kit qua cdng vific cd kfit qua thfi hifin dudi mpt dgng vdt chit) hode cdng vific khdng dupc vgt hda (nhu cdng vific t u v i n cfia ludt su, bieu dien nghfi thudt...). Ddi tugng Id cdng viec khfing dugc ldm vi dy nhu khfing dupc trd cfia sd nhin xufing ldi di chung, thda thugn khdng dugc chuyfin giao quyin yfiu c i u cho ngudi thu ba (khodn 1 Difiu 309 BLDS nam 2005). Difiu kifin dfi trd thdnh ddi tugng cfia nghta vu dan sy Id phai dugc xdc djnh cu thfi, nfiu Id tai san thi phai giao djch dugc, neu la cfing vific thi cfing viee dd phai thuc hifin dugc.
Hgn chfi d quy djnh nay la, tit ca ddi tugng cfia nghta vy ddn su dugc quy dinh chung ma khdng tdch bach rd rdng, ddn d i n khd khan trong vific xac djnh va thye hifin nghta vu hoan Igi. Cu t h i , sau khi mfit trong sd nhfing ngudi cd nghta vu lien ddi thyc hipn toan bp nghta vu thi se phdt sinh nghta vu hoan Iai cfia nhfing ngudi cd nghta vy lien ddi cdn lai. Nfiu ddi tugng Id vdt chia dugc, tifin, gidy td cd gid thi viec bdi hoan cd thfi de dang. Nhung nfiu ddi tupng Id tai san khdng chia dugc hoac cdng vific thi vific hodn lgi giua nhimg ngudi cd nghta vu lifin ddi se la rat khd. Hifin nay, phap ludt chua cd quy dinh vfi van dfi ndy nfin viec giai quyfit nghia vy hodn lgi dfii vdi ddi tugng khdng thfi phan chia se theo thda thugn cua cdc ben. Tuy nhifin, nfiu cdc bfin khong thfi thda thuan dugc thi Tda an cung chua cd can cfi dfi xac dinh. Chinh vi vgy, theo
^Dilu 163 BLDS 2005.
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NHA NUdc VA PHAPLUATSd 10/2015
chung tdi, Dy thdo BLDS (sfia dfii) cdn ghi nhgn trong trudng hpp thuc hifin nghia vu hoan lai thi cac bfin phai xac djnh tri gid thanh tifin dfi thuc hifin; dfii vdi trudng hpp ddi tugng Id cfing viec thi bfin dd thyc hifin cdng vipc cd quyfin yfiu cdu bfin cd nghta vy hodn lai phai thyc hifin cdng vipc hode bfi ddp bang mpt khoan tifin.
Ben cgnh dd, lifin quan dfin thyc hien nghta vy lifin ddi cd dfii tugng khdc nhau cfing can phai dugc ghi tihgn mpt each khac nhau. Nhu da phan tich d tren, cdng vific Id doi tupng cfia nghta vy mang tinh ddc thfi, chi can mpt khdu trong qua trinh hodn thanh cdng vi$c bj bd ngd hay phgm sai lam (nhu ch|im tri, khdng tuong thich...) thi ding nghta vdi vipc nghia vy khdng dugc hoan thdnh. Thfim vdo dd, neu cdng viec khdng thfi chia thdnh nhifiu phdn dfi thyc hifin thi khd cd thfi xac djnh trach nhifim ciia mfii ngudi khi cd tranh chip, vd nhu vgy, ngudi cd quyen khdng thfi dat dugc myc dich vi cdng vipc khdng the dupc thyc hifin do mpt nguoi cd nghta vu khdng hgp tac; ngtrdi cd nghta vy thi bj thy ddng lfi thufic vao nhung ngudi cdn Igi, tinh chfi dfing trong trach nhifim cd nhdn bj trifit tifiu. Do dd, can cd sy thay ddi phfi hgp vfi each thyc hipn nghta vu lien ddi trong tiing tnidng hgp cd ddi tugng khdc nhau nhdm ddm bdo hipu qud diiu chinh cfia phdp Iugt va tao diiu kipn thuan lgi cho cac duong sy trong qua trinh giao kfit va thyc hipn hgp dfing.
Qua khdo sat eho thay, cd nhfing he thfing phap lugt xdy dyng nghia vu dan su lien ddi dya trfin sy phan bifit vfi ddi tugng.
BLDS Nhgt Ban quy djnh v i nghta vu dan sy lien ddi tfi Difiu 428 din Diiu 434^ da phan chia dfii tugng thanh hai nhdm, gdm:
' BLDS Nhgt Bdn, Ban djch tiJr tilng Anh do PTS. Lfi Hing H^nh thyc hifin, Hi N$i, 1993.
Trdi vu khfing phdn chia (tifiu myc II) vi trai vy hgp nhat, trai vu theo phan (tifiu muc III). Tfi dd lam co sd quy djnh nhfing diem khac nhau trong phuong thuc thyc hien nghta vu lifin ddi cfia cdc chfi thfi cd lifin quan, cy thfi:
Dfii vdi trai vu (nghia vu) khdng phdn chia, Difiu 428 BLDS Nhgt Ban quy dinh:
"Mgt trdi vy khong the phdn chia do bdn chdt cua nd hogc do cdc bin thdng nhdt nhe vgy". Dfii vdi nghia vy ndy, nha Iam ludt d^
cao tinh chdt rang huge, Iifin k i t cfia nhfing ngudi cd nghta vy trong vi$c dam bdo thyc hifin trpn vpn toan bp nghta vu trudc ben cfi quyin. Theo dd, Difiu 429 BLDS Nhdt Bdn da xdy dung nfii dung ve thuc hifin nghta vy khong the phan chia trong trudng hgp mien thye hifin nghia vy nhu sau: "Ngay cd khi cd sy thay ddi hogc co ste tha miin dugc thyc hien giiea mgt trong sd cdc trdi chu vd ngu&i thu trdi trong quan he cua mpt trdi V{/
khdng phdn chia, thi nhihig trdi chu khdc cd quyen yeu cdu thuc hiin todn bg trdi vy do;
Tuy nhiin, nhihig ngudi ndy phdi thanh todn lgi cho nguoi thy trdi nhieng gi md trdi cha ndi trin cd thi si nhgn dugc, niu nhu quyen cua minh khdng bf mdt.
Xudt phdt tic nhihig gi ndi trin, bdt ky hdnh vi ndo dugc th^c hi^n do mpt bin trong so cdc trdi chu ciia trdi vu khdng phdn chia dugc hcry bdl ky sic ki^n ndo phdt sinh v&i ngu&i do se khdng co gid tri ddi v&i nhieng trdi chu khdc".
Dfii vdi trdi vu hpp nhat va trai vu theo phdn, nha ldm luat Nhdt Ban gidi quyit mfii quan hfi ve quyin vd nghta vy cfia cdc bfin theo hudng tdng tinh trach nhifim cd nhdn vfii moi phan nghta vu rifing bipt. Nhihig ngudi cd nghla vu lifin ddi cd t h i thanh todn phdn rifing cfia minh, vipc miln tru hay mOt sy thay ddi lam vd hipu phin nghta vu cfia
QUY BINH ViNGHlA VtJ..
ngudi dd sS khdng lam anh hudng din viec thyc hifin nghta vu cua nhiing ngudi cdn lai . Nghta vy lifin ddi trong trudng hgp nay cd mgt sd tinh chdt gidng nhu nghta vu rifing re (nghla vy theo phin). Tinh lien ddi van gift dupe nhfing dgc trung trong quan he nghta vu, tuy nhifin tinh trang rdng budc da dugc ndi ldng hon do ban chit ddi tupng cfia nghta vy cd thi phan chia. Vific quy dinh nhu vdy nhdm dam bao tgo difiu kifin tfii da cho ben cd nghta vy hoan thdnh nghta vu cfia minh tnrdc bfin cd quyin.
Tuong ty nhu vgy, BLDS Dfic (quyin Chi djnh nghia vy)^ Difiu 420 dd quy djnh vfi trudng hgp nhifiu ngudi mang nghta vu ddi vdi phin nghta vy cd thfi chia (Divisible performance). Theo dd, nfiu cdc bfin khfing cd thda thudn lifin ddi trong m^t hgp ddng dan sy ma d6i tugng cfia nghta vy cd thi chia ra, ludt mac dinh nghta vu dd mang tinh rifing re, thyc hifin theo phan cfia mdi ngudi. Tuy nhien, nfiu cac ben cd thda thugn lifin ddi, tinh chit phan chia cfia nghla vy se dupc thyc hifin mdt each de dang nhd da dugc thda thudn tfi trudc, mge du tinh trang Iifin ddi vin duge bdo toan. Mgt co chfi thuc thi nghia vu lifin ddi dugc cdc nhd lap phap Dfic xdy dyng tgi Difiu 421 vi Con ng chung (Joint and several debtors), Diiu 422 vfi Tac dpng cfia vipc hoan thdnh... Cdc quy djnh ve lien ddi quyfin tgi Dieu 428 vi Cac chu ng chung (Joint and several creditors)...
Nhu v§y, cd thfi thiy rang d^c difim vfi tinh phan chia cfia dfii tugng cd sfic chi phfii rit ldn din vi^c thyc hifin nghta vy ddn sy lifin ddi, trong dd bao gdm cd vipc hodn lgi giiia nhung ngudi cd nghia vy Ufin ddi vdi nhau. Vi$c xay dung cdc quy pham vfi nghta
* Dilu 433 BLDS Nhft Bin.
* Trudng Dpi hpc Lu§t Hi Ndi, BLDS D&c (BGB).
Chi dinh NghTa Vfi, Nxb. Laod^ng, 2014.
vu lifin ddi dya tren su khdc nhau ve dfii tugng cfia quan he nghta vy theo phdp lugt cdc nudc la mpt trong nhiing kinh nghifim cin hpc hdi. Do muc dich giao ket hgp dfing cua cdc bfin chinh Id nhdm dgt dugc nhfing lgi ich mong muon. Vi vdy, nghla vu nhiiu ngudi niu cd ddi tupng vdi ban chit khdng thfi phan chia cin dugc Iugt djnh Id nghta vu lifin ddd. Vifc ghi nhgn ndy sfi bdo ddm toan bp nghla vy dugc dgt trong khfii trdch nhifim chung cfia nhiing ngudi cd nghta vu. Bfin cgnh dd, tinh linh dpng trong vific thyc hipn nghta vy cd ddi tugng hgp nhit, theo phin dem lgi sy dieu chinh hdi hda dya trfin khd ndng thuc tfi cfia timg chfi the, tgo difiu kifin cho nghta vu dugc hodn thanh hifiu qua hon.
Thir hai, vi tinh suy dddn tlnh trtfng lien d&i trong hgp ddng dan stf
Thyc tiln cho thay, c ^ bfin trong quan he hgp ddng thudng khdng thda thugn ro rang vfi tinh trgng Iifin ddi. Vific xac dinh tifiu chi khi nao cac chfi the cd lien quan se lifin ddi thyc hifin mfit nghta vu phdt sinh tfi hgp dfing nfiu khdng cd thda thugn hifin chua cd sy thdng nhat.
Phdp ludt mfit sd nudc nhu Dfic, Y theo huoaig thira nhgn vific suy !u|ln vi tinh trgng lifin ddi. Vi du difin hinh vi 'Vrac/i nhiim chung trong hgp ddn^'' (Joint contractual duty) tgi Diiu 427 BLDS Dfic cung dya trfin kha ndng nghta vu cd thfi phan chia vd thua nhgn suy doan ve tmh trgng Iifin ddi trong trudng hgp cd nghi ngd (case of doubt).
Difiu lugt quy djnh: "Niu mpt sd ngu&i citng nhau chiu trdeh nhiim theo hgp ddng phdn chia khodn thuc hien thi trong tru&ng hgp nghi ng&, hg ehiu trdch nhiim v&i tu each con ng chun^'. Trong khi dd, mpt sd nudc nhu Tay Ban Nha, Hy Lgp, Ha Lan chi chip nhan lifin ddi khi nd dugc quy djnh hay thda
M l j ^ ^ i
mfdc vA PHAPLUATSd 10/2015thudn*. Phdp lugt dan sy Viet Nam hipn ciing theo xu hudng ndy.
Theo Bp nguyfin tdc chau Au ve hgp dfing, "khi nhiiu ngu&i co nghta vu ddi v&i mpt ngu&i CO quyin de thuc hi$n mpt vi$c theo mgt hgp ddng lhi hg Id nhihig ngu&i cd nghTa vu liin d&i, trie khi hgp ddng hayphcq) ludt cd quy dfnh khdc"'. Difiu ndy cho tiiiy, phdp ludt quic ti hipn nay dang hmh thdnh xu hudng: nfiu nhieu nguoi phai thyc hipn mfit nghta vy dan sy phat sinh tfi hgp dfing nhung cac ben khfing nfiu rd ban chat phdp ly cfia nghta vu nay (tfic cd sy nghi ngd vfi tinh trgng lien ddi cd tdn tai hay khdng), thi vfi nguyen tie ddy sfi Id nghta vu lien ddi.
Thyc tien xet xfi cua nudc ta cung ghi nhgn kinh nghifim xfi ly mpt sd trudng hgp tuong tu theo hudng, thfia nhan tinh trgng lifin ddi khi cac ben khfing cd thda thugn hode cd su nghi ngd tdn tgi tinh trgng lien ddi^.
Trong khudn khd cac difiu khoan cua mpt hpp dfing dan sy, viec dinh hinh trach nhipm cfia nhiing ngudi cd nghta vy chung theo hudng lifin ddi khi khfing cd thda thuan Id hodn todn hgp ly va cd co sd. Uu diim tfi vific suy dodn theo hudng nay nhdm bao ddm quyin vd lpi ich chinh ddng ciia ngudi cd quyin, ddng thdi nang cao trdch nhifim thyc hipn nghta vu cua nhung ngudi cd nghta vy lien ddi. Qua dd, tdng thfi quan hp nghia vu se dugc ddm bdo thuc hi^n tfit hon, diing tiin
^fGS.JS.D^W&nDai, Ludt nghta vu ddn Suva dam bdo thyc hien nghTa vu ddn sfr, Bdn dn vd btnh lu^n bdn dn, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, nim 2012, tr. 244.
' Dilu 10:102-1, Bp nguyfin t i c chau Au v l hpp dcing (Principles of European Contract Law) nguyfin bin tilng Anh: If several debtors are hiound to render one and the same performance to a creditor under the same contract, they are solidarify liable, unless the contract or the law provides otherwise.
* PGS.TS. D 5 v a n D^i, sdd, tr. 245.
dp hon. Vipc truy ddi nghta vu va vipc thanh toan nghta vu sfi linh hogt hon so vdi truong hgp suy doan la nghia vy rifing rfi.
Qua phdn tich trfin chung tfii cho ring, BLDS nfin cd quy djnh vfi kha ndng suy dodn tinh trang lien ddi trong truomg hgp c6 nhiiu ngudi tham gia hgp ding md cac ben khdng cd thda thuan vfi tinh chit cfia nghta vy la lifin ddi hay rifing re.
r/nf* ba, vi lien ddi trong bdo lanh Bdo lanh nhifiu ngudi la tnidng hpp ghi nhdn tdn tai tinh trgng lifin ddi gifia nhihig ngudi ddng bao lanh. Ndi dung nay dupc quy djnh tgi Diiu 365 BLDS ndm 2005. Du thdo BLDS (sfia dfii) tiip tuc ghi nhdn ma khfing cd sy sfia ddi, bfi sung ndo. Theo dfi, phdp luat Viet Nam chi ghi nhdn tinh trang lifin ddi tin tgi trong quan hfi nghia vy gifia nhftng ngudi bao lanh. Tuy nhifin, thyc tiln xet xfi eho thdy cd nhiiu vy vipc Tda an xfi ly theo hudng ghi nhdn tinh trgng lien ddi gifia ngudi bdo lanh vd ngudi dupc bao ldnh. Phdp lugt nhifiu nudc trfin the gidi cung quy djnh vfi vin de ndy, nhu d Phap, cac bfin cd thfi thda thudn vi lifin ddi gifia ngudi bao lanh vd ngudi dugc bao ldnh'.
Day chinh Id mdt ghi nhdn cd tdc dung djnh hudng khd tdt ddi vdi cac duong sy khi hp chip nhan tham gia giao kfit hpp ddng. 0 nudc ta, cac ben cung cd thi thda thudn vl vific lifin ddi thuc nghia vu.
Nfiu cdc bfin cd thda thudn vfi lien ddi gifia ngudi bdo lanh vd ngudi dugc bao ldnh thi trach nhifim cua ngudi bdo ldnh bj day cao hon. Phap Iuat vdi tinh thin cfing bdng, minh chinh cdn ddm bdo rdng nhi!hig gi duong su dugc huong phdi ximg dang voi nhiing gi hg da hi sinh. Chinh vi vay, phdp lu|it nfin md rpng them ngi dung quyfin ciia
^ PGS.TS. D 5 v a n Dai, sdd, tr. 519.
QUYBfNH vi NGHIA VU...
ngudi bao lanh dugc hudng vfi thdi han tiiyc hifin nghla vu; diiu kifin vd phuong thfic thyc hi$n nghta vy bao ldnh nfiu khi din han ma ngudi bao lanh khdng thfi thyc hifin dugc nghla vu.
Thii- tu, vi trudng hgp nhieu ngu&i co quyen liin d&i
Cd thfi nhdn thiy rang, quyfin lifin ddi khfing chi giup ngudi cd quyen dat dupc lgi ich mpt cdch hipu qua md cdn tgo dieu kifin cho ngudi cd nghia vy thuc hien nghta vu mdt cdch nhanh chdng va de ddng. Tuy nhien, trfin thyc ti, cac bfin rat it thda thugn vfi quyen lifin ddi, bdi 16, trong trudng hpp nay, lpi ich ngudi cd quyin lai bj phy thudc nhftng ngudi cd quyfin lifin ddi khdc. Khi din han thyc hifin nghta vy, mpt ngudi trong sd nhung ngudi cd quyfin lifin ddi cd quyin yfiu cdu ngudi cd nghta vy thuc hifin toan bp nghia vy dfii vdi minh. Tfi dd cd thi phat sinh vin dfi chiim doat, tiu tan tdi san, tript tifiu quyen lgi cfia nhiing ngudi cd quyfin lien ddi khac. Rui ro vfi mdt thuc te trong linh hufing ndy khd cao. Vi vgy, de hgn che thip nhit rfii ro khi giao kfit hpp ddng vdi thda thuan vi tinh trang lifin ddi gifia nhftng ngudi cd quyen, can ddm bdo yeu td can bing vi mdt Igi ich cua cdc duong sy.
Vi m$t thyc tiln, cd thi thiy rdng di hgn chi rfii ro cho nhiing ngudi cd quyin lifin ddi khac, cdc bfin cd thi thda thugn khi thanh todn nghta vu, mpt trong so nhung ngudi cd quyin lien ddi dfing ra nhdn thanh todn toan bp nghta vy cd trdch nhipm thyc hifin vipc ky gfii todn b§ dfii tupng cua nghta vu vao mOt tdi khodn trong ngdn hang, vipc gidi trdi chl dugc diln ra sau khi cd sy thong nhit cfia tit cd nhfing ngudi cd quyin lien ddi. Vi$e ndy vfia ddm bdo tranh dugc rui ro cho nhiing ngudi cd quyfin lifin ddi khdc dot vdi phin nghta vu cfia minh,
vua hgn chfi dugc tranh chdp xdy ra vdi ngudi cd nghta vu do sy thifiu minh bach, rfi rdng trong viec thanh todn nghta vy.
Vfi mat phap ly, cd thfi thfia nhgn phuong thfic ky gui tgi ngdn hdng nhdm bao todn ddi tupng cua nhiing ngudi cd quyin Iifin ddi. Day ciing la mfit trong nhung bipn phdp bao dam dugc BLDS 2005 ghi nhdn.
Do dd, viec quy dinh vfi ky quy bit bupc trong trudng hpp nay Id rat khd thi. Quy dinh ndy cd the dupc xdy dyng nhu sau:
"7ro«g tru&ng hgp nhieu ngu&i ed quyin liin d&i ddi v&i ddi tugng la mpt khodn tiin.
vdt. gidy l& cd gid md cdc bin khdng cd thda thugn khdc lhi ngu&i ndo thyc hi^n quyin liin d&i sephdi ky gui tdi sdn do vdo ngdn hdng de thicc hi$n nghta vy hodn lgi cho nhieng ngu&i cd quyen lien d&i khdc".
Thir nam, ve trdch nhipm khi mpt ngu&i CO nghia v(* liin d&i gdy thipt hgi
Hipn nay, phdp lu$t ghi nhgn vin de thyc hipn nghta vy lifin ddi tai Diiu 298 va 299 BLDS ndm 2005. Trong dd, nha ldm ludt in djnh ve phuong thfic thyc hifin nghia vu lien ddi vd quyfin lifin ddi, nhung lgi khdng quy djnh vfi trudng hgp ngudi cd nghla vy gdy thifit hai cho bfin cd quyfin thi vipc xfi ly vi pham ciing nhu xem xet trdch nhipm cfia nhftng ngudi lifin ddi khac sfi dugc tien hdnh nhu thi nao. Theo nguyfin tie ty do giao ket hgp ddng, cdc bfin cd thi thda thugn dy lieu trudc vfi vin di ndy, nhung trfin thyc ti, phin ldn cac duong su Igi khdng thda thuan, thdng nhdt trong hgp dfing. Vfi nguyfin tdc, ai gay thifit hgi ngudi dd phdi chiu trdch nhipm bdi thudng. Cd thi thdy, trong trudng hpp moi ngudi thuc hifin tfing phin nghta vu va gdy thiet hgi thi v i ^ xac djnh trdch nhifim bii thudng rifing re Id
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