Hu^ Tgp 8, So 2 (2017)

^4.f. .9i5l.?^5?^. !?9S.y^ ^ ^ £ . • ^ ^ ^ ^ ' ^ " ' ^ 8 ^^ ^^"^ ' ^ ° ^ h ^ - ° ^ Hu^ Tgp 8, So 2 (2017)

M 6 I Q U A N H E G I C A F O L K L O R E VA VAN HQC VIET:

LICH S i r VA N H C T N G K H U Y N H H U ' 6 N G NGHIEN CLTU

Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan Khoa Ngir vdn, Trudng Dgi hpc Su pham - Dgi hpe Hue Emai: nganpedagogy@gmail.com T 6 M T A T

Viec nghien ciiu vai tro va su ton tgi ciia cac thanh to folklore doi vdi su ra ddi vd phdt trien ciia van hpc viet da frdi qua mdt qud frinh xung dpt Idu dai frong gidi hpe thuat. Trong khi mpt sdhpe gid thupc trudng phdi Elitist (tinh hoa) xem xet cac chat lif u folklore nhu nhiing di chi hoa thgch thi phan Idn eac nhd nghign ciiu khdc cho riing vifc hpe tap cac phuong dien ciia vdn h6a dan gian, kiai thiie eiia nhiing ngudi that hpe, each ke mft cau chuyfn ti^ sy... da cung cSfp mpt he chat lieu tuyft vdi cho cde nha van sang tgo. Do do, vifc nghien ciiu m5i quan he ndy, theo thdi gian, cang liic cang frd nen phiic tgp hon khi thay vi chi can cu vao "cde yeu to dan gian" hifn hiiu frong van hpc viet de do ludng su dnh hudng, cac nha khoa hpc da hudng tdi vifc nghien ciiu qua frinh tai thiet phiic tap eae cau tnie van hda dan gian frong van hpc vdi timg the logi va giai dogn ljch su eu the.

TiJr khoa: van hpe dan gian, van hpc viet, truyfn co tich, truyfn truyen ky

Trong Su tieh hoa eua tha tru tinh Phdp the'ky XDC, hgc gia ngudi Phap - Brunatiep da sii dung thuyet tiai hda ciia Darwin de gjai thieh su bieh thien ciia loai hinh van hgc, dng eho rang "cac loai hinh van hge khae nhau, d miic do rat Idn, gidng nhu s u phat triai tien hda eiia sinh vat, va khi mdt logi hinh van hgc nao dd (giong loai) mat di, thi mgt so nhan to mdi cua nd di vao frong logi hinh van hgc (giong loai) mdi" [7,fr .323]. Do dd cd the thay, van hgc viet d Vift Nam, dac bift la truyen ngdn thdi trung dgi eiing chiu anh hudng sau dam tir nhiing truyen tiidng tu su dan gian lau ddi ciia dat nude, bieu hien qua trinh tien hda the logi mang tinh phd quat toan nhan logi tiong giai doan qua dd t u van hge tmyen khau sang nhiing tae bang van ban. Qua tiinh nay tim thay nhieu diem tuong dong tiong sir xuat hifn cac the logi van hge thdi Athur, Victoria d Anh, tieu thuyet hifp sT Phap, Diic, thdi Chau Au tnmg dai thjnh ky - nhiing the loai va nhiing giai dogn eiing sii dung yeii to ky ao tiong folklore lam nen tang.

Moi quan hi giiea folklore vd vdn hgc viei: Uch sir vd nhdmgldiuynh huang nghiin ciu

1. Lich sie nghien ciiu moi quan hf giira van hpc dan gian va van hgc vi^l fren the gidi

Ljch sir nghien ciiu ve van de moi quan hf giiia van hgc dan gian va van hpc viet tir lau da dupe cac hgc gia frong nganh van hda dan gian va phe binh van hpc quan tam tim hieu. Tuy nhien, vdi ban chat rdng Idn ciia vaii de va frong phgm vi Hep can tai Ufu gidi hgn, chiing tdi frinh bay ve eac cong frinh nghien ciiu tap trung vao cac ndi dung: khuynh hudng nghien ciiu van hpc dan gian frong van hgc va van hda, vai de dudng bien gidi va khu vue chuyen tiep hinh flianh frong su tuong tac qua lai giira hai hf thdng va vai frd, su tiep biai, ke thira va nd luc chuyeii hda eac thanh td folklore vao tiong tac p h S n van hgc.

Trong chuyen luan cd tua de "Folklore and the Fantastic in Nineteenth-Century British Literature" (Folklore va chat ky ao frong van hpe Anh the ky XIX), nha nghien ciiu Jason Mare Harris da tap tnmg nghien ciiu qua trinh eae nha van the ky XIX bat chudc, siia ddi, va bien ddi eae chat lifu dan gian vao frong cae cau chuyfn van hge ky ao. Trong chuyen muc tong thugt, dng n h | n djnh rang van hgc vi^t da sii dung mot khdi nang Iupng vd tgn frong eac bi^u tupng va ed mau cua van hgc dan gian - hap thu, chuyen ddi va tai tao nd thanh nhiing cap do bieu tugng cao hon tiong dd cac tinh chat ciia tin ngudng dan gian da bj nd lue tude bd. Nd eo gang cung cap mdt he thong phiic tgp cae bieu tugng ma d do cae boi eanh da dupe tiao truyen tinh hgp li eao hon nham giai thich cho nhiing su kifn von khdng the nao giai thich. Cdng trinh nay mac du nghien cniu cac eau chuyfn dan gian nhu la nguon edi va su khai sang hpp ly cho vifc hinh thanh the logi van hpe ki ao d Anh vao the ki 19, the nhung day la mpt la mgt frong nhiing gpi md quan frpng gjiip eho ehiing tdi nhin nhan su tucmg tae eiia cac cau chuyfn dan gian d Vift Nam da ed gia fri nhu the nao doi vdi ljch sii hinh thanh ciia the loai truyen ky thdi tmng dai frong trudng hpp ciia Vift Nam

M. Bakhtin, nha nghien eiiu md dudng cho trudng phai Hinh fliiie Nga - frong tieu luan ed tua de Tifu thuyii vdi tu cdch Id mgt the logi cua vdn hgc cdng bo vao nam 1941, khi dua ra nhiing tieu chi de phan bift tieu thuyet vdi cae the logi cdn lai, da minh dinh bang each doi lap nd vdi sii thi ciing nhu vdi nhiing the logi van chuong khae eiia thdi dgi co dai co dien va tnmg dai - cai ma dng gpi la nhihig the loai cao thupng da hodn thdnh. Trong qua trinh phan tieh, Bakhtin da dua ra nhirng nhgn dinh ddc dao ve goc re va su ke thira eiia eae the loai eao thugng vdi sit flii hay tiuyen thuyet dan gian. Ong cho thay su giong nhau ve co che caii tgo cae md hinh khdng - thdi gian, va khoang each ehi phoi ciia frgt t u tdn ti eiia eae the logi tir su dan gian len eae the loai van hge viet frong thdi dgi co dgi co d i a i va tnmg dgi. Trong mdt hinh thiic ngan ggn va ed dgng, nhgn dinh eiia Bakhtin da chiing minh su ke thira eiia van hgc viet ddi vdi van hge dan gian khdng phai can eii fren eae chat lifu be mat ma nam d nhiing phan cau tnie chim thude ve ki thuat gian each hda, tinh hoan ket va eac nguyen tae ve tinh frgt tu... Bakhtin ndi "Ba dge di&n eiia eau tnie sii flu ma ehiing tdi vira

J A P CHI KHOA HOC VA C 6 N G NGHE, Tnrong Dai hpc Khoa hpc - DH Hug Tap S, So 2 (2017)

phan tieh it nhieu deu cd the tim thay d nhihig the loai cao thugng khac ciia thdi co dgi cd d i a l va thdi trung dai. Niim sau dudi nen mdng ciia tat ea eae the loai eao thugng da hoan flianh ay van la each danh gid thdi gian nhu vgy, v i n la vai frd nhu vay ciia truyen thuyet, van la khoang each tdn ti tuong tu... Chiing nhan duge gia tri, tam vdc eao Idn chmh vi chiing dugc sap nhap vao qua khii, la cai nguon goc duy nhat ciia mpi su sinh ton dich thue va gia tri dich thuc" [4,ti.43]

Ben canh dd, Sdng tdc cua Frangois Rabelais vd nin vdn hda ddn gian Trung co vd Phuc hung, mgt chuyen luan khae eiia Bakhtin, dupe xem la mdt frong nhiing cdng frinh nghien eiiu tmdng hgp noi tiaig khi lam sdng td each mpt nha van da tid thanh vT dgi nhu the nao khi tham thau duge gia trj tinh hoa cua ca hen tang folklore qua hang ngan nam ljch sii. Bakhtin viet: "Thue chat, nhiing hinh tupng eua Rabelais d a i ngay nay ve nhieu mat van edn la mdt bi ^ . Chi cd the giai dap bi an nay bang each nghien ciiu that sau ve nguon goc dan gian ciia Rabelais. Neii Rabelais ed ve het siic cd don va khdng giong bat ki mdt ai giiia nhiing dgi dien cua nen "van hge Idn" frong sudt bdn the ky gan day, thi tiai lgi, fren eai rien sang tac dan gian da dupe k i a i giai diing dan, ehinh bon the ky phat frien van hpe ay lai de ed ve nhu la mdt eai gi day dae thii va khdng giong bat cii mpt eai gi, cdn nhiing lunh tupng eiia Rabelais thi hda ra lai d dudi mdi nha than thude etia hen van hda dan gian da phat trien frong suot bao nhieu theky"[3,fr.l43]. Co nhien, van de thiet yeu ma chiing tdi muon de cap d a i day khdng ehi dung lai d nhiing nhan djnh tong quan cda Bakhtin ve su ke thira ciia van hgc viet doi vdi van hge dan gian hay Rabelais da chiu anh hudng nhu the nao tir foklore, ma d chd, each ma Bakhtin lua chpn va trien khai de kham pha deh cimg nhiing dieu tudng nhu de dang nhung Id thue het siie cdng phu ve each ma van hge dan gian anh hudng den van hgc thanh van. Tiaig eudi frao tieii dan gian, theo Bakhtin, da the hifn mdt hinh fliiic het siie sinh dpng ban chat khdng hoan bj va kha nang doi mdi ca hifn thuc eiia nd. Do do, cac nghf si bae thay thdi Phuc hung, dge bift la Rabelais, da ke thira va nang len mdt tiinh dp phat triai eao, dua chiing da frd thanh mpt cdng cu nghe thugt thau tdm hifn thuc hihi hif u, tao nen cdt Idi eho mdt ehii nghia hifn thiie sau rgng. Chuyen luan nay sau do da cho thay siic anh hudng sau rdng cua phuang phap nghien ciiu van hge tir gdc do van hda dan gian doi vdi nen ti luan va phe binh theky XX.

Cd mdt dfeu rd rang la, tiong khoa hpc nghien eiiu folklore d phuong Tay va eae nude Chau Au, van de moi quan he giiia van hgc viet va van hge dan gian thudng dupe tap trung x ^ Iy nhieu nhat d trudng hpp ciia huyen thoai, tiong mdt nganh nghien eiiu chuyen bift ed ten la Mythology (Than thoai hge). De cap d a i xu hudng nay, hge gia va cong trinh tieu bieu nhat phai ke den N.Frye vdi Gidi phau phi binh ra ddi nam 1957. Nha khoa hpe nay ludn co xu hudng dua huyen thoai va van hpc tid nen gan gdi, thgm ehi d mpt miic dp cao nhat, huyen thoai va van hpc hda tan vao nhau.

N.Frye hudng den viee tim hieu can re cua van hpe frong cae md hinh huyen thogi, hon

Moi quan hi giia folklore vd vdn hgc viei: Hch si vd nhimg khuynh hudng nghien cuu nua dng cho rang van hge khdng ehi cd cae can re ma cdn ed ea cai ban chat ben tiong, eai CO sd cda tri tudng tupng nghf thuat tiong nghi le huyen thoai. Do do, hoan toan c6 the phdn tich van hpe bang cac thugt ngii huyen thoai va mau gdc. N.Frye viet: "Bdi vi than thogi, nhu tdi ndi ban dau, ehu yeu muon ndi d a i mdt kieu truyen nao dd. Day la eau ehuyen ma frong do mgt vai nhan vat ehii chot la than thanh hoge la m^t kieu nao dd cd siic mgnh hon eon ngudi... Vi vay, giong nhu tmyen ke dSn gian nd la mdt mo hinh truyen trim tupng. Nhan vat ed th^ lam nhiing gi hp thieh, va cho thay nhihig gi ngudi ke thich: ehang can hpp ly hay logic frong ddng co hanh dgng. Nhiing g^ xay ra frong than thogi la nhung gi ehi xay ra frong tmyfn; chiing d frong the gidi van hpc bift lap. Vl vay, than thoai ve bdn chat ed cimg kiSji yeu cau doi vdi nha van viet truyen h u cau ma truyfn ke dan gian ddi hdi" [10,fr.688]. Nhu vgy, rd rang N.Frye coi huyen thogi ludn ludn ton tgi frong van hgc nhu mdt thii de cuong va mdt su phac thao, hay ndi each khac cac mau gdc huyen thoai ludn ton tai d do va bang cac thao tdc phan tich van hpc, ngudi ta hoan toan ed the nhan ra.

Trong mdt frao luu nghien cihi khae, (dudng nhu dugc khdi phat tir V.IA.

Propp - chuyai gia ve folklore ma Iy thuyet hinh thai hge truyfn co tich ciia ong dupe eae nha eau tnie lugn ke thiia) mge du khdng trirc tiep ban ve moi quan hf giiia van hge dan gian va van hpe viet, nhung ehii nghia ediu tnie vdi cdng tiinh tieu bieu C^«

triic vdn bdn nghi thudt ra ddi vao nam 1970 eiia tae gia I.U.Lotman da ed nhiilu dan du va minh chiing lien quan deh van de nay. Trong khi phan tieh eau tnie cac van ban nghf thuat nhu la su md hinh hda the gidi vd hgn vao frong cae khung kho gidi ban, dng da Ian luat chiing thuc bang cac dan chiing tir cae tae pham ciia nen van hoc truyen khau, tiinh bay nhiing dau Miu quan tigng to chic nin cde edit true khdng gian van bdn da khien cho cdc cau chuyen tu su dan gian tid nen khae bift nhu flie nao doi voi eac cau ehuyen eua van hgc viet. Them vao do, tiong Nguon gdc truyin kedudi su soi sdng cua logi hinh hgc, hpe gid ndy tien binh dien the loai da lam mdt cuf c truy ^m ngudn gdc ciia cae van ban tmyen ke hifn dgi tir tiong van hpe dan gian. Lotman ndi:

"So do eau tnie tinh each nhan vat dudi su anh hudng ciia truyen thong huyHn tiioai - tmyen thuyet tham nhdp vao eae tac pham van hgc ciia thdi k^ mudn sau nay, tid thanh ngdn ngii dupe cae van ban dua vao de ti^n thugt ve s u khai thj hoge su thay ddi ban chat ciia nhan vdt mdt each ddt ngdt. Chang hgn, thang ngoc hoa thanh hoang de frong eae tmyfn eo tich than ky. Cd flie tim thay sir tham nhap true tiep eua so do nay vao eac tae phaim d nhung tiidi ky sau frong logi chuyen ke ve nhung k^ dai ae hoa thanh thanh nhan" [8,151]

Ngoai ra edn cd the ke d a i mdt so eac cdng trinh nghien eiiu trvre tiep hoac gian tiep ve mot quan he gjiia van hpe viet va van hpc dan gian frcmg eae the loai va cac giai doan eu tiie nhu: Nghiin cieu so sdnh Tiin ddng tdn thogi vd Truyen ky mgn luc (Tran Ich Nguyen) va Nguyin Nam vdi Jiandeng Xinhua and Truyin ky mgn luc: Adaption as Literary Interpretation (Tiin ddng tdn thogi va Truyen ky mgn luc: Cai bien vdi tu each tiep

TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHg, Truong Dgihpc ^ o a hpc^- DH Hue Tgp 8, S5 2 (2017)

nhan van chucmg) frong dd cd de cgp den van de tmy tam nguon goe eua truyfn truyen ky Trung Quoe va Viet Nam tu nguon truyen ke dan gian. I.X.Lixevich vdi chuong nghien ciiu Folklore vd vdn hge. Van xudi nghe thudt co tinh tiii. Tiai thuyei frong cdng frinh Tu tudng vdn hgc eo Trung Qud'c. Fairy Tales from Fairy Tales (Co tieh tir co tieh) eua tae gia Jan M. Ziolkowski vdi chuong d i a i hinh nhu: Folktales in Medieval Latin Poetry (Tmyen dan gian frong tho Latin thdi tnmg cd). Chuyen luan Fairy Tale In the Ancient V^orld (Tmyfn ed tieh frong flie gidi ed dai) eiia tae gia Graham Anderson kham pha tmyen cd tich da ton tgi nhu the nao tiong cae hinh thiie tieu thuyet lang man xa xua frong chuong Fairytale into romance (Su chuyen d&i dia truyin cS tich vdo trong truyin ngan trung co phuang Tdy). Hay A Companion The Fairy Tale (Dong hanh eimg nhiing cau ehuyen eo) ciia tac gia Hilda EUis Davidson and Anna Chaudhri vol phan nghien eiiu Rewriting the core: Transformations of the Fairy Tale in Contemporary Writing (Tai thiet cot ldi: Su chuyai doi eua truyen cd tieh vao frong van hpe duong dgi)...

2. Lich su nghien ciiu mdi quan he gjua van hpc dan gian va van hgc viet d Viet Nam O Viet Nam, viec nghien ciiu moi quan he giiia van hgc dan gian va van hpe viet xuat hien rat sdm frong cac bai viee cua eae hpe gia noi tiaig frong linh vyc folklore va van hgc. Tir nhung nam 60 ciia the ky XX, van hgc sir Vift Nam bat dau xac lgp mgt each rgng rai quan nifm xem van hgc dan gian nhu mdt bd phan hgp thanh cua van hgc dan tpc. Nha nghien ciiu Chu Xuan Dien tiong bai viet Nhd vdn vd sdng tde ddn gian (Tap ehi Van hpc, so 1, nam 1966) da md dau cac danh gia cua minh bang nhan dinh: "Kinh nghifm nghe fliuat phong phii ciia nhan logi hang bao ddi nay da vgch rd nguyen nhan flianh cdng chd yeii ciia cae tac pham u u tii d tat ea eae nude la su tien hf mgt thiet eua nha van vdi ddi sdng nhan dan, vdi sang tae tap the cua nhan dan"

[ll,fr.367]. Ciing frong bai viet nay tae gia eho rang tinh chat va quy md ciia moi tien hf cnia nha van vdi sang tac dan gian bieu hifn ra mdt each khac nhau do phu thupe vao nhiing dieu kien lich sue, xa hdi nhat dinh. Cae tae gia nhu Dinh Gia Khanh, Chu Xuan Dien qua cdng trinh Van hoc dan gian Viet Nam (Nxb Giao due, 1962), tuong tu, da khang djnh nhiing gia tri ben viing ciia van hpc viet frong tuong quan vdi van hpe dan gian.

Vao nam 1974, tiong ehuyen lugn mang tua de Tim hieu tiSh trinh vdn hgc ddn gian Viet Nam, Cao Huy Dinh da danh toan bd chuong bdn de ban ve: Nhitng ehimg tieh ciia vdn nghi dan gian ti trdng dong deh giiea ddng Qudc dm thi tap. Day dupe xem la mdt frong nhung bai viet nghien ciiu trudng hgp dau tien khi tac gia ehiing minh cho eac nhgn djnh ciia minh bang each phan tieh nhiing dau vet va su anh hudng ciia ca dao, tue ngii d a i ddng van hpe bae hpc thdng qua trudng hgp tho Qude am eua Nguyen Trai. Sau do, Vu Ngpc Phan vao nam 1976 cd cac bai viet: Anh hudng qua lgi giua vdn hgc ddn gian truyin mieng vd vdn hgc thdnh vdn Viet Nam va Thi xem tha khdc ai dao nhu the ndo?" frong cudn tieu luan Qua nhimg trang van (NXB Van hge) da tiep tue khuynh

M6t quan he giiea folklore vd v&n hgc viH: ljch sie vd nhimg khuynh hudng nghiin cihi hudng khang dinh dnh hudng cda van hge dan gian vdi nhflu tiie tai van hgc; tiiay dupe quan he bd sung, song song tdn tgi ciia hai bd phan van hgc nay. Ngoai ra cdn co the ke deh phan Moi quan hi giua ngudn truyen k^ddn gian vdi cdc the logi tu su van xudi nam frong bai nghi&i ciiu "Mdi quan hi giua vdn hgc ddn gian vdi vdn hgc viel thdi trung dgi ciia Kieu Thu Hoaeh - in frong Vdn hgc Viet Nam theky X - XIX, Nhimg van de li lugn vd lich si). Khang dinh gia tij va siie anh hudng ciia van hge dan gian frong hen van hge dan tde, dng ndi: "Trong suot mudi flie ki ciia thdi ki Dgi Vift dge lap, tix ehii, kho tang tmyfn dan gian v i n ludn la mdt tae nhan mgnh me, ehang nhiing gdp phan vao su hinh thanh ciia eae the logi van hgc tu su, ma cdn ludn giu vai fro eo sd tu tudng - tiiam my tiong eae tiie logi dd" [ll,ti.244]. Khdng flie khdng nhae den nghien eiiu tdng thuat cua tac gia Nguy&i Dang Na tiong cdng tiinh Vdn xudi tu su Viet Nam thdi trung dgi. Trong khi nhin nhgn su van dgng va phat trien ciia van xudi Vift Nam thdi tnmg dgi, tae gia da ehi ra nhihig dac diem the logi va bude di lich sii ciia van xudi tM' sir, tiong do khdng it Ian de cap d a i vifc van ban hda tmyfn ke dan gian va siic tae dgng ciia ngudn cii Ufu dan gjan len su hinh thanh ciia van xudi nghe thugt Ben eanh cac nghien ciiu mang tinh diait khai quat, nhieu cdng trinh nghien ciiu trudng hpp bat dau xuSTt hifn. Cdng trinh lugn an tien si eiia Tran Thj An viet nam 2000 la mdt vi du tieu bi^u eho khuynh hudng nghien eiiu nay. Trong luan an cd tua de: Ddc trung th^logi vh viec van bdn hoa truyen thuy^ ddn gian Viit Nam, ngoai viec tam hi&ii hifn tupng van ban hda tiong su va than tich, tac gia da danh frpn chuong ba de tim hieu su chuyen hoa ciia the logi truyen thuyet dan gian frong van xudi thdi tnmg dai Vift Nam. Hay vao nam 2002, tiong chuyen lugn Lofli hinh tdc pham Thiin uyen tap anh, tae gia Nguyen Huu Son Cling danh nhieu nhgn djnh ed gia tirj khi ban ve Khd ndng tich hgp cdc yeu. tojolklore vd mdi quanhigiua truyen Thien su trong Thien uyih tdp anh vdi thu tich vd truyin eotich...

Tren eac bao va tgp ehi, eiing cd nhieu bai viet dang chii y nghien ciiu ve mm quan he gjiia hai bd phgn van hpe eiia dan tdc. TiSu bieu la Le Kinh Khiem vdi bai viet Mdt s&van di ly thuyei ehung ve mdi quan he giua vdn hgc ddn gian vd van hge viel (Tgp du Van hgc, sd 1, nam 1980). Tae gia nhan mgnh : "Khdng the nghi&i ciiu van hge dan gian ma khdng tim hieii tae ddng qua lgi eiia nd vdi van hpe viet, cang khdng the hieu duac day dii, sau sac bd phgn van hgc viet neu khdng biet den anh hudng cua van hpc dan gian" [ll,ti.327]. Bai viet hudng d a i vifc xdy dung dien mgo tong quan ve nhiing binh difn tac ddng qua lgi giiia hai hf thong van hpc, dua fr^n cac cii Ufu so sanh ve phuong difn xa hpi va ndi dung y thiie he va fren binh dien sang tgo nghe thudt. Trong phan ket ciia bai nghien ciiu, dng viet: "Quy luat chung ve moi quan he giiia van hgc dan gian va van hgc viet frong nhirng giai dogn khae nhau ve lich su, tiiy theo trinh do phat trien eiia van hda dan tdc, tiiy theo chat Ufu ngdn ngii dugc su' dung se cd nhiing bieu hifn dac thii. Quy luat ehung dd tien eac the logi khae nhau, frong eae tdc pham eiia cae nha van tiiudc eae khuynh hudng nghe thuat khae nhau lai mang nhiing xac djnh rieng ma ehi ed su phan tieh cu the mdi chi ra dupe" [ll,fr.337]. Tuy nhien, tiong

J A P CHI KHOA HOC VA C 6 N G N G H ? , Truong Dgi hpc Khoa hpc - DH Hu^ Tap 8, So 2 (2017)

khudn khd eua mdt bai nghien cuu, tat ea cac nhgn djnh do tae gia dua ra deu mang tinh chat khai quat, ehua dua ra eae dan chiing cu the hoac dua fren eac nghien ciiu trudng hgp nao.

Ddi vdi tinh hinh nghien ciiu moi quan hf giiia van hgc dan gian va van hgc viet tiong khoa nghien ciiu foUdore, Dd Binh Tri la mdt frong nhiing hge gid nhin nhan mdt each sau sac rang van de nay d Viet Nam cd nhieu bat cap. 6 n g ndi frong May y kim vi van de nghien eim moi quan hi giua vdn hgc viei vdi vdn hgc ddn gian (Tgp chi Van hge, 1989, so 1): "thii nhat, khdng the luge quy moi quan hf giiia van hgc dan gian va van hgc viet ehi d van de folklorisme (tinh dan gian hda ciia eae tae pham van hpc), thii hai, khdng the chi can cni vao "cac yeu to dan gian" hien hihi frong sang tac cua cac nha van de do ludng anh hudng ciia van hda dan gian doi vdi nha van ay. Folklorisme eua mdt nha van khdng phai la mdt thii ehi so dii tin eay ed the dimg de dai lugng hda ehinh xac moi quan he thuc tgi ciia anh ta doi vdi truyen thong van hgc dan gian"[ll,ti.350].

Tir thuc te nghien cihi dd, chiing tdi nhgn thay rang, viee dua ra nhiing khai quat va nhan djnh ehung da phan dua tien cam nhan true quan frong cac nghien ciiu tii thap nien 50 den 80 ciia the ky XX, da bude dau ed thanh tuu frong viec nhin nhan ban chat thue su cua moi quan he tac ddng qua lgi d eaii tnie chim phiic tap giiia hai ddng van hpe. Mgt sd cac nghien cihi trudng hpp cni the bang each quy ehieu cae dai luong gidng nhau hay khac nhau tien tiing tac pham hay tae gia eu the de di d a i ket lugn ve su tac dpng va xam nhap Ian nhau cua van hpe viet va van hpe dan gian mang lgi khdng nhieu ket qua (do su venh lech ve cac dgi Iupng so sanh). Do dd, de lam day dan them va khac phuc cac hgn che tiong tim hieu van de nay, cac nghien eiiu ve sau da hudng su chii y eiia nunh vao tiing the logi, frong timg giai doan Uch sii cu the de nhin nhgn va danh gja sau sac hon ve moi quan he giiia hai dong van hgc.

3. Danh gia chung ve cac khuynh hudng nghien ciiu dnh hudng cda van hpc dan gian d a i van hgc viet: trudng hop moi quan hf giua truyfn ke dan gian va truyfn ngan thdi trung dgi

Viee nghien ciioi nhiing gia tri, vai frd va su ton tai ciia cae thanh to folklore doi vdi su ra ddi va phat triai ciia van ban van hge frai qua mpt qua trinh xung dot lau dai frong gidi hge thugt. Trong nhieu thap ky trude, eae nha Nhan hge van hda nhu Franz Boas hay Emile Durkheim da bat dau the hifn moi quan tam danh cho su hien dien eua van hge dan gian frong cae van ban van hpc bang each nd lue tach rieng re eae bai hat, giai dieu, va nhiing cau chuyen ed nguon goe td "ddn gian". Trong cae nghien ciiu nhu vay, hg da s u dung nghf nhan n h u mgt nguon cung cap thdng tin va xii Iy eac hogt dgng nghe thuat nay ehi n h u mgt tdi lieu Uch si. Nhiing ngudi nghien cniu van hgc theo trudng phai Elitist (each tiep can theo ehii thuyet ciia tang ldp u u tii) tham chi da cung chia se mdt tien de quan frpng duy nhat cd the dupe tinh gian d a i mpt phuong trinh

Mm quan hi giiea folklore vd v&n hgc viel: lich sie vd nhimg khuynh hudng nghiin cihi

sau day: Vdn hgc - Nghe thudt = Van hda ddn gian [2,fr.82]. Nhiing gia djnh xuat hifn tir sdm nay eho rang nghf thuat dan gian, vi mdt vai ly do, thudng don gian hon so voi van hpe, dd la truyfn ke ddn gian, eac ban ballad, va cac sii thi truyen mifng phat sinh tir mpt su thiic day ngay tho va thieu ky xao, la san pham eiia tam tri don gian khong ed kha nang suy nghi sau sac. Hp xem nhung tmyfn dan gian thoat Iy tiiuc te bang tudng tugng thd kf ch va khdng doi dSu vdi nhung eau hdi sau sac nhat. Trong khi do, van hge viet la sdn pham ciia su vi te va tam tri van minh, d dd dien ra nhiing qua trinh tam ly tham fram hon so vdi van hgc tmyen mifng va ddi hdi ngudi viet phai hudng ve con ngudi vdi tu each la ca nhan d mdt trinh dp cao, khdng phdi d miic dp anh ta la mdt bO phgn ciia tgp the xa hdi hay d u phan vao fliam my ehung ciia cpng ddng. Dac trung eiia kieu nghien cihi thdi ky nay nhu Carl Lindahl nhan xet: "cae nha nghien ciiu van hda dan gian da nghien ciiu van hpe de thi^t lap "su ton tgi cua cdu chuyfn truyen mieng frong nhiing khoang khdng gian va thdi gian nhat dinh tiong qua khii", tiong khi cac hpc gia van hpe da md rdng thSm sir quan tam eiia hp d a i van hda dan gian ehi don thuan la de ehiing minh bang nhiing phuong each nao dd ma

"cac nghe si b i ^ doi ndi dung ciia van hda dan gian va vugt qua eae gidi han ciia t r u y ^ thdng" [5,fr.83]. Hf qua ciia loi nghiSn ciiu nay Id su bd qua cac tinh nang trinh dien va cde ehiie nang xa hdi dac bift eua truyfn k^ dan gian,

Nguge lai, eac nha nghien ciiu theo chu nghia dan tpc lang mgn thdi lg' dau, nhitng ngudi khuyen khich su tioi day cnia mem tu hao quoe gia thdng qua vifc eiing CO bdn sac dan tdc va su ton cac gia trj van hda dan gian n h u anh em Wilhelm - Jacob Grimm, Johann Gottfried von Herder cho rang su don gian eua van hda dan gian bieu hien u u the eiia nd vdi van hpe viet. Nhiing ngudi tin rang nen van minh da bj lam hdng va lu md eae gid tri ea ban cua eon ngudi, dong thdi nhin fliay tiong nghf thuat dan gian eae di ehi eiia mdt frgng huong, thdi gian, boi canh da qua tot hon, noi ma ngudi ta tgo ra mdt the gjdi nghe thugt tgp trung ki^n dinh vao cac yeu to thiet yeu cua cupe sdng. Theo hp, nghe thugt dan gian khdng bi pha hdng bdi cae tham chi^u ve bi&i ddng xa hgi, chinh tri, hoac hanh tiang van hda khae nhau eiia xa hdi tri thiic noi mpi thii ngay cang tid nen phiic tgp va nghe thuat suy doi, bdi folklore la mdt mdi trudng thuan nhat, it lai tap.

Nhu v0y, tuy thugc vao nhiing chii kien va djnh kien eua nh^ phe binh, dac tinh dem gian bi quy ket ciia nghf thuat truyen mifng cd the la mpt tinh chat uu viet hoac ngugc lai. Tuy nhien, cae nha nghien ciiu tieu bieii n h u Bogatyrev va Jakobson frong Folklore as a Special Form of Creativity (Van hda dan gian nhu mdt hinh thiic dac bift ciia sang tgo) da tir choi each nhin phan vj eao thap cho van hda dan gian va van hgc, frong khi tdn frgng su khac biet chiie nang ciia ehiing. Dong tiidi, hg tap trung si;

ehii y ve ranh gidi nang dgng giua hai hf thdng, ve nhung b i a i doi chiic nang ddnh dau su hifn difn ciia van hda ddn gjan frong van hpe hay van hpe tiong van hda dan gian tgo nen nhiing luan diem quan tigng tiong Iy thuyet ve "dudng bien gidi va khu

TAP CHI KHOA HQC vA CONG NGHE, Tmcmg Dgi hpc Khoa hpc - DH Hug Tap 8, So 2 (2017)

vuc c h u y a i tiep". Thdng dung nhat la cac each tiep can thien ve nhin nhgn nghf thuat dan gian n h u la nguon cdi, budc dem tiai hda doi vdi nghf thugt bang van ban. Cac nha nghien cihi nhu Chadwicks, Veselovsky da lap lugn rang nghe thuat truyen mieng don gian hon van hpc chi vi nd dgi dien eho mdt giai dogn trude dd frong su phat triai eua nen van minh. Van hpe truyen mieng khdng nhat thiet phai tot hem hogc te hem so vdi van hgc, nhung nd don gian. Tuong tu, frong cdng trinh Thi phdp van hgc Nga co, tac gia Likhaehev nhan djnh: "O the ky XVII do anh hudng cda su phan hda sau sac giai cap frong xa hgi va su Idn len ciia eae dd thj, khi van hge dan gian rdi khdi cac thanh phan ba ehii tiong xa hdi, thi nhiing mgt ciia ddi song xa hgi dugc my hda von th&n nhuan cac y^u id eiia van hpe dan gian liic nay ddi hdi phai cd nhiing hinh thiic thda man doi vdi nd. Nhiing the logi mdi xuat hifn vao the ky XVII la do van hgc dan gian nit lui tao nen nhiing khoang tiong" [6,ti.l05]. Do dd, tii cudi the ky XIX, ngay cang nhieu eae nha nghien eiiu van hda ddn gian nhan ra rang dien xudng dan gian dich thue la su kien nghf thuat ban dau duge tgo nen bdi nhimg cd nhan tai nang, dong thdi ban than chat Ufu folklore da cung cap cho nha van chii de va motif, eae md hinh cau tnie edt tmyfn ciing nhu tgo nen mgt sy: anh hudng mgnh me den van hpe viet nhieu hon ehinh hp tudng tugng. "Trong cde the ky XV - XVU eae hinh tupng va motif eiia huyen thoai cd dai, sau do la huyen thogi frong Kinh Thanh da frd thanh kho tang eiia hinh tugng thi ca, cdi nguon ciia eac cot tmyen. Bat luan cd su khac bift to Idn tiong dinh hudng tu tudng ciia cdc tac gia hoge gjiia tu Ufu sinh hogt - lich sii cua hp va tu duy huyen thoai nguyen thiiy thi "tu duy" huyen thoai van khdng hoan toan bi "bde gd" va edt truyen truyen thong, an du truyen thong van ngam bao luu d mdt miic dp nhat djnh he ngii nghia truyen thong. Dong thdi chinh d cae the ky XVI - XVn, tiong phgm vi cot truyen truyen thong da hinh thanh nhiing kieu logi van hpe khdng truyen thdng, cd siic mgnh khai qudt to Idn, cae kieu logi nay da md hinh hda nhung dac d i a n eiia thdi dgi minh ma edn mpt so kieu hanh vi ehii yeu toan nhan logi... tiic nhung cai dupe gpi la nhiing 'hinh tugng the ky' da frd thanh khudn mau dac bift cho flidi ky sau" [6,fr.305].

N h u vay, lugn diem quan frgng thudng dupe thong nhat thiia nhgn tiong gjdi nghien ciiu la bat ky quoe gia nao eiing deu khdi dau bdng nen van hda dan gian. Tren rien tang folklore nay, khi ti'eh hpp day dii cac dieu kien ve su hinh thanh nha nude, su thdng nhat quoe gia, sir gdn ket vdi mpt chinh the van hda tipn ven, su Wnh thanh cae cdng eu giao tiep van hda va dge bift la su xuat hifn cua mdt ddi ngu nhung tiianh phan cd hpc thiic tiong xa hpi cd kha nang sang tac, van hgc viet se ra ddi, tren co sd thu hudng nhung tinh hoa van hda dan gian.

& phuong Ddng ndi ehung va Vift Nam ndi rieng, su thiia nhgn vai tid cua truyfn ke dan gian doi vdi viec hinh thanh tmyen thong van hpe viet la dieu khdng gay franh eai. Dudng nhu doi vdi tmyen ngdn thdi tmng dgi, folklore ciing la mpt dang "dien ed" thdng qua do, nha van viet truyen ky ed the thuc hanh dugc quan diem

Mdi quan hi giUa folklore vd vdn hgc vOi: lich si vd nhieng khuynh hudng nghien cuu

sang tao gidn dan Id nguon gdc eua mgi bim hda. Cd the xem tmyen ke dan gian la mgt dang Uin van bdn (intertextuaUty) dau tien dupe hinh thanh nham phuc vu eho y dd "y tgi ngdn ngogi". Ban ve dieu nay, nha nghien eiiu Tran Thj An vieh "Mac dau hinh thanh tuong doi mudn nhung nen van hpc trung dgi Vift Nam van mang dae diem gidng voi van hpc viet cac nude ti&i tiie gidi la bat dau b&ig viee ghi ehep van hpe dan gian. Day la Wnh thiic sdm nhat ciia van hpc tmng dgi, hay ndi n h u B.L.Riftin, la giai dogn "hau ed dai" hoge "trung co so ky" [l,ti.l40]. Nha nghien ciiu nay ding eho rang vifc tiep nh$n van hpc dan gian cila van xudi tu su tnmg dai Vift Nam dien ra theo hai xu hudng vdn bdn hda va vdn hgc hda. "Van ban hda la vifc ghi ehep Igi truyen luu hanh frong dan gian theo each ciia timg tac gia ehii khdng h u eau them. C( hudng nay, tac gia van xudi trung dgi thudng lay cd cot truyfn lan motif d^ td chiie, sap x^p thanh tmyen. Do dd, ehIng la gi khi bp phgn van hpc nay vira la ddi tupng ciia van hgc viet, vira la doi tupng ciia van hpe dan gian. Bd phgn nay tuong iing vdi giai dogn dau eiia van hge tnmg dai, d Vift Nam, dd la giai doan tir the ky X den the ky XIV. Van hgc hda la viec lay mdt yeu to ciia van hpc dan gian (cot truyen, motif, de tai, nhan vat) de sang tgo nen mgt chuyfn hoan toan mdi. Hifn tugng nay dugc coi la "su vay mupn" van hpe dan gian" [l,ti.l41].

*b Vift Nam, khi tien hdnh soi chieu lai Uch sii ciia van hpe thdi tnmg dgi se thay su ket noi giiia van hpe dan gian va van hpc viet thudng ton tgi d ba dang thiic:

(1) vifc sii dung van hda dan gian true tiep nhu van hgc, (2) vifc sii dung folklore tiong mpt hinh fhiic siia doi nhu van hpc, va (3) viee sii dung folklore nhu mpt nguon tham ehieu frong vifc tgo ra van ban nghf thugt. Trong ba Wnh thiic ket noi ay, mcS quan hf dau tien dupe xem la rd rang n h a t Chi quai vd chi di, vdi cac tap tieu bieu nhu Viit diin u linh (1329, Ly Te Xuyen) va Linh nam cMch qudi (the ki XIV eiia Tran The Phap) la nhiing the logi van hpe dau tien thdi trung dgi dugc thira nhan nhu la each xii ti sdm nhat cua nha van vdi cac cdu chuyfn dan gian. tf phuong each phiie tap nhat, nha van hifn dai va hgu hifn dgi thudng sir dung van hda dan gian nhu mdt nguon tham ehieu, mdt dang ket noi mang tinh chat "Uen van ban", tiong dd chat Ufu dan gian dugc tai hien khdng phdi d cap dg cdt tmyfn, nhan vat, hay su thay ddi dudng day cdt tmyfn ma la cdm thiic van hda va tu duy logic huyen thogi d nhung cap dp cao hon ban (nhu tmdng hgp ciia Nguyin Huy Thiep vdi eae tae pham Kiiin sac, Vdng lia, Pham tiii, Truang CM...). Dge bift, d giai doan thii hai ma ehiing tdi quan tam (sii dung tmyen ke dan gian frong mdt hinh thiie siia doi nhu van hgc), vifc hgc tap cae phuong difn ciia van hda dan gian, kien tiuic cnia nhiing ngudi that hpe, each ke mgt cau ehuyen tu si^... hogc bdi su ket hpp ciia rat nhieu nguon tir doi song dan gian da cung ealp mgt he chat lifu tuyft vdi cho eae nha van sang tgo. Cac gia trj cu the eiia van hoa dan gian vdi nguyen Ufu ma nd eung cap nhu cae md hinh cot trayen ed siie Idi euon, siic hap dan dac bift Cac tac gia chap nhgn col trayfn Ihii nghiem tii van hda dan gian va tdi thiet nhiing cot tmyfn nay flianh nhiing eau chuyen ngan dang nhd bang sir

TAP p r i KHOA HOC VA C 6 N G N G H S , Tnrong Dai hpc Khoa hpc - DH Hue Tgp 8, So 2 (201!^

thay ddi, bang each them nhan vat va eae thiet lap mdi tir kinh nghifm rieng va mdi t m d n g van hda xa hpi mdi ciia hg.

Cudi cimg, ngoai vifc thira hirdng cac chat Ufu nghf thuat, nen tang truyen ke dan gian frong truyen ngan thdi tnmg dgi cdn dupe the hifn tiong vifc the logi nay da dupe tiirra hudng tam miic va nhan quan van hda tir folklore. Tmyfn ngdn thdi trung dgi ling hd nhirng gia tii ben vung da dugc hinh thanh tir tmyfn ke dan gian va mdt lan nua dua fren nhiing nguyen tdc dao diic cd tinh doi lap va minh bgeh, dugc kien tgo vimg chai frong trayfn truyen khau de phan xet ndi dung dao diie va xa hgi mdi duge dua vao cot tmyfn. Tu tudng dan gian Iiie nay tiiam gia ddng vai tio nhu mdt hf thdng tham djnh van hda va tam guong phan chieu cd quyen nang len fren cac tac pham van hpe. Day chinh la phucmg tiuic huu hieu ma nha van da su dung de gdp phan tgo nen cac the logi tmyfn ngan ddc dao thdi tmng dgi.

Cd the ndi, frong hon mdt the ky vua qua, chiing ta ehiing kien su quan tam ngay cang tang cnia eac nha khoa hgc doi vdi eae eau chuyfn truyen khau. Vdi tat ed nhiing hogt khoa hpe tam huy^t ay, rat nhieu eae cdng frinh nghien eiiu cdng phu va sau sac ve tmyen dan gian da dugc cac nha khoa hgc cdng bo rgng rai fren toan th^

gidi. Nhung hogt dgng khoa hoc nay da lam sang td nhiSu van de con vudng mac va siia chiia lgi nhieu ly thuyet cda thdi ky dau. Dieu nay khien cho viee nghien eihi truyfn ke dan gian cang Iiic cang frd thanh mdt Uhh vue hap dan, thu hiit dupe sir quan tam ciia ddng dao cac nha khoa hpc, ciing nhu khich If viee ap dung eae Iy thuyet mdi vao viec nghien ciiu va soi sang nhieu VMI de edn bd ngo. Ben cgnh do, sau khi nghien ciiu mpt each sau rdng ve van hpc dan giam truyen tiiong, khoa hpc nghien ciiu folklore bao gjd ciing chuyen moi quan tam tir mdt xa hgi tiong qua khii sang mdt moi Uen he vol qua khii gan, vdi hien tai tham chi la tuong lai. Vi xet den cung, eae sang tac ngdn tir dan gian la mgt trung gian de tim ve qua khii. Nhung dge diem eiia nd da the hien frcmg thdi ky trung dgi va van dang h i a i hifn tiong ddi song duong dai, d eae the loai tiong cac thdi Id van hge khae nhau vdi da phan bieii tupng va eo mau cd nguon gdc tir folklore. Day chinh la nguyen nhan ma eae hpe gia tien the gidi ciing n h u d Vift Nam dac biet quan tam va ludn muon tim hieu ngay mgt nhieu hon ve su anh hudng sdu sac cua eae eau ehuyen dan gian len cac the logi van hge ngoai folklore. Dong thdi ehi rd moi quan hf, su tae dpng qua Igi mat thiet giiia nhiing eau ehuyen tmyen khau, mdt hinh thiic tu su pho quat cua toan nhan loai vdi eae tae p h ^ n van hge viet d limg giai dogn khae nhau frong Ijeh sii. Vi vay cho d a i tan ngay nay, vifc md rdng pham vi so sanh the loai van hpe dan gian vdi cae the loai khac eua van hpe viet de nghien eiiu su anh hudng, eae khu vue chuyen tiep, dudng bien gidi the loai va each tiuic ma cac yeii to folklore ton tai frong van hpc viet vdn la mOt linh vuc md ra nhieu tiiai vpng nghien ciiu.

Moi quan he giiea folklore vd v&n hgc viii: ljch si vd nhimg khuynh hu&ng nghien ciu TAI L l | U THAM KHAO

[1]. Tran Thi An (2000). D&c trung the logi vd viec vdn bdn hoa truyen thuyii ddn gian Viet Nam.

Lugn an TS Ngii van,

[2]. Bacchilega C. Calvino's Joumey: Modem Transformations of Folktale, Story, and Myth.

journal of Folklore Research, Vol. 26, No. 2 (May - Aug., 1989), pp. 81-98.

[3]. Bakhtin M. (2006). Sdng tac cua Francois Rabelais vd nen van hoa dan gian tmng co'vd phuc hung (Tir Thi Loan dich). Nxb Khoa hpc xa hpi

[4]. Bakhtin M. (1992), Ly ludn vd thi phdp tiai thuyei (Phgm Vinh Cu tuyen chpn, dich va gi(M thifu). Truong viet van Nguyen Du.

[5]. Harris J. (2008). Folklore and the Fantastic in Nineteenth-Century British Fiction .Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited

[6]. Likhaehev X, (2010) Thi phdp van hoc Nga c5'(Phan Ngpc djch). Nxb Van hpe.

[7]. Ho A Man (2011). Giiio Hinh v&n hoc so sdnh (Le Huy Tieu dich). Nxb Gido dye Vift Nam.

[8]. La Nguyen (tuyen dich) (2012). Li lugn van hoc nhitng vffn de hiin dgi. Nxb Dgi hpc Su phgm.

[9]. LS Tin (1993). Sa luge ljch sie ti^u thuyii Trung Quoe (Luong Duy Tam dich). Nxb Van hoa.

[10]. Lpc Phuong Thuy (2007) Li lugn phi binh v&n hgc Thegidi theky XX, Tap 2. Nxb Gido dye.

[11]. Vifn Khoa hpc xa hdi Vi|t Nam (2005). Tdng tap v&n hgc ddn gian ngudi Viet - Nhgn djnh va Ha ciu. Tap 19. Nxb Khoa hpe xa hpi.

TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE, Tnrong Dai hpc Khoa hpc - DH Hue T$pS,So2(2017)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOLKLORE AND LITERATURE:

HISTORY AND TENDENCY IN STUDY

Nguyen Thi Kim Ngan Department of Literature, Hue University College of Education Email: nganpedagogy@gmaiI.com ABSTRACT

The study on the role and existance of folklore elements in the generation and development of written literature have been experienced the lasting argument process among scholars , While some researchers belonging to the Elitist approach method consider the folklore - related materials like fossil fraces, others think that the study of folklore, knowledge of the illiterate and way to tell a narrative story, etc has provided the excellent primary materials for the creation of authors. The study is based not only on existing folklore elements in written literature but also on frend of the re-contruction of folklore in every genres and specific historical period.

Keywords: fairy-tale, fantasy medieval, folklore, literature.

Nguyin Thi Kim Ngan sinh ngay 24/04/1984 tgi Quang Tri. Ba tot nghiep CLf nhan nganh Su pham Ngii van nam 2006 va thgc si chuyen nganh Van hoc dan gian tgi Dgi hpc Su phgm Ha Npi nam 2009. Nam 2014, ba nhgn hpc vi ti&i sT chuyen nganh Van hpc dan gian tai Vifn Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam. Tir nam 2006 den nay, ba cong tac tgi Khoa Ngii van, Trudng Dgi hpc Su phgm - Dgi hpc Hue. Ba da cho xuat ban nhieu tap sdeh va co rihiSu bai bdo dang fren cde tgp chi khoa hpc chuyen nganh.

LTnh vuc nghien ciiu: Van hoa dan gian.