Anh hudng cua quan trj nhan li/c den hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien nganh det may Viet Nam
TRAM DANG KHOA'
T o m t a t - , -t J,' ; , Nghien ClfU duac thuc hien nhtm xdc dinh dnh hudng c&a thifc tien quan tri nguon nhan life (QTNNNL) de'n hieu qud ldm viec cua nhan vien trong ngdnh det may Viet Narn. lac giada^
sil dung phuang phdp nghien citu dinh luang vdi cdc ky thuat kiem dinh thang do bang h?so Cronbach's Alpha, phan tich nhan tdkhdm phd (EFA), kiem dinh gid thuyet nghien cUubang phan tich hoi quy tuyen tinh boi. Ket qud nghien cilu dd xdc dinh cdc yeu to thtfc tien QINNNL (sip xe'p theo thil tu quan trong gidm ddn) dnh hudng den hieu qud ldm viec cua nhan vien ngdnh det may Id Huan luyen ddo tgo, Luang thudng ddi ngg, Dgng life ldm viec, vd Tuyen dung phdn bo.
Ttt khoa: det may, hieu qua ldm viec, qudn tri nguon nhdn life
Summary
The study is to clarify the influence of human resource management on the peiformance oJ staffs in Vietnam's garment industry. The author applies quantitative method with scale testing including Cronbach's Alpha, Exploratory Factor Analysis, and hypothese testing by multiple linear regression. The results identify that practical aspects of human resource management such as training, preferential remuneration, work motivation, promotion (arranged in descending order of importance) create an impact on performance of the aforementioned workers).
Keywords: textiles, work efficiency, human resource management
^ GlOl THIEU ban m i u khao sat la giam dd'c dieu hanh
cac nha may det. Tai Viet Nam, Tran Mac du la qud'c gia dttng thff 4 tten the gidi ve quy Kim Dung & etg (2010) da thffc hi?n md xua't kha'u, mat hang det may, tuy nhien nang sua't nghien cu^i md'i quan he giffa thffc tien Iao ddng cua nganh det may Viet Nam cdn tha'p so vdi QTNNNL va ke't qua kinh doanh ttong cac dd'i thu canh ttanh. Nang sua't Iao ddng cua cdng cac doanh nghiep. Nghien cffu tttdng ttt nhan del may Viet Nam chi bang 80% so vdi Trung cho cac doanh nghiep quy md ldn hoac Qudc (Minh Thuy, 2016). trong linh vttc det may tiii chtta dttdc thiifc Mdt ttong nhttng nguyen nhan khie'n nang suat Iao hien tai Viet Nam. Vi vay, viec nghien ddng tha'p la boat ddng QTNNNL ttong doanh nghiep. cufu de tim ra md'i quan he nhan - qua gitta Md'i quan he gitta thttc tiln QTNNNL va hieu qua lam thttc tiln QTNNNL va hieu qua lam viec viec trong nganh det may da dttdc Yasir & etg (2011) cua nhan vidn trong nganh det may Vidt nghien cttu d Pakistan. Tuy nhien, nghien cttu nay gidi Nam la can thiet.
'TS., Trtfdng Dai hoc Kinh te TP. H6 ChiMinh I Email: [email protected]
Ngay nhan bai: 20/08/2016; Ngay phan bien: 11/10/2016: Ngay duyet dang: 13/10/2016
26 '^•"-
ccf s d LY THUYET VA PHLfdNG PHAP NGHIEN ClfU Col sof Iy thuyet va khung phdn tfch ThUc tiin qudn tri nguon nhdn lUc Thttc tien quan tri nguon nhan Ittc la cac boat ddng mang tinh td chffc hffdng de'n viec quan ly nhttng ngudn life ve con ngttdi, nham dam bao nhttng nguon life nay dang dttdc stt dung de hoan thanh cac muc tieu cua to chttc (Wright & etg, 1994).'_Singh (2004) da de xua't tiiang do thttc tien QTNNL gom: phan tich cdng viec; tuyen dung; dao tao; danh gia nhan vien; hoach dinh nghe nghiep va cd hdi thang tie'n; thu hut nhan vien tham gia cac boat ddng; dai ngd Ittdng thttdng. Dtta tten thang do cua Singh (2004), Tran Kim Dung & etg (2010) da de xuat bd sung them ba thanh phan ntta la thd'ng ke nhan sti, thiic hien quy djnh luat phap, khuye'n khich thay ddi.
Hieu qud ldm viec cOa nhdn vien De xac djnh hieu qua cdng tac td chttc ttong cac cdng ty thttdng dtta vao ke't qua cdng viec, bao gom ca khd'i Ittdng, chat Ittdng va mtte dp hoan chinh chi tieu cdng viec dttdc giao (Tran Kim Dung, 2011).
Trong nghien cffu nay, hieu qua cdng viec la ke't qua dffdc giu nhan ttong qua trinh thffc Men, dtta tten chat Ittdng cdng viec da hoan thanh va nhttng danh gia cua ban than nhan vien.
Mo'i quan he giita thifc tien qudn tri nguon nhdn lUc vd hieu qud ldm viec cua nhdn vien
Qureshi & etg (2007) da chttng minh thttc tiln QTNNNL tac ddng dttdng de'n hieu qua lam viec cua nhan \ i e n ttong nghien ciiu ve nganh vien thdng Pakistan.
Nghien ciJu,cua Singh (2004) dd'i vdi 359 cdng ty d An Dp cung cho tha'y cd md'i quan he gitta thttc tien quan trj nguon nhan life vdi hieu qua lam viec. Yasir &
etg (2011) da xac djnh tiittc tiln QTNNNL cd anh httdng de'n hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien trong nganh det tai Pakistan.
Thttc tiln QTNNNL se tac ddng de'n hoat ddng myen dung, dao tao va phat trien, ddng vien nhan vien, vl vay se tac ddng de'n hieu qua lam \ i e c cua nhan vien.
Dffa tten tiiang do tiiffc tiln QTNNNL cua Singh (2004) va ket qua nghien cuii cua Yasir & etg (2011), tac gia de xua't md hinh nghien cffu nhff Hinh 1.
Phifdng phap nghien cu^
D e dat dffdc muc tieu, tac gia stt dung phffdng phap nghien cuii djnh lffdng.
HINH 1: MO HJNH NGHIEN CClG DE XUAT Tuyen dung (Tdung)
Dao tao (Hluyen) Danh gia nhan vien (Dgia) Hoach dinh nghe nghiep (Hdinh)
Xac dinh cong vice (Xdinh) Lucmg thucmg, dai ngo (Lthuong)
Dpng vien nhan \ ien (Dvien)
Hieu qua lam viec
N g u 6 n : T a c cis ce Kuai
Ttinh tff cac bffdc dffdc tie'n hanh gdm chpn mau bang phffdng phap thuan tien vdi 250 phie'u tra ldi hdp le. Dd'i tffdng la nhan vien lam viec ttong cac cdng ty det may tai Viet Nam. Nghien cffu nay cd 33 bie'n quan sat nen kich thtfdc m i u nhtf vay la dat yeu cau. Sau khi thu thap dtt heu, cac btfdc xtt ly tie'p theo la kiem djnh thang do bang he sd' tin cay Cronbach's Alpha, phan tich nhan to' kham pha (EFA). phan tich tttdng quan va kiem djnh gia thuye't nghien cffu bang phan tich hdi quy tuye'n tinh bdi. Thdi gian nghien ciiu ttt thang 02/2016 de'n thang 08/2016 (Bai vie't sff dung each vie't sd' thap phan theo chuan qud'c te).
KET QUA NGHIEN CU'U
He so' tin cay Cronbach's Alpha dung de xac djnh dp tin cay cua thang do. Ket qua danh gia cac thang do thanh phan (7 nhan to ddc lap \ a 1 nhan to phu thupc) deu dat yeu cau vdi he so Cronbach's Alpha > 0.7 va cac bie'n quan sat ttong thang do thanh phan deu cd tffdng quan bie'n - tdng > 0.3. Rieng cd bien Tdung3 khdng dat yeu cau nen bi loai. Do do, cac bie'n quan sat cdn lai cua thang do nay deu dffdc gitt nguyen cho phan tich nhan td' EFA tie'p theo. Ke't qua do lffdng dp tin ca\ cua 8 nhan td' dffdc tdng hdp nhff Bang 1.
BANG 1: KET QUA CRONBACH'S ALPHA DANH GIA CAC THANQ DO THANH PHAN
STT
i
1 1
2 1 3
4 5 6
Ten nhan 1 t6'
Tdung Xdinh Hluyen Dgia Lthuong D\ien
SS'liWng bie'n quan sat
4 3 4 4 5 4
Bie'n quan sat
1
Tdung 1. Tdung2. Tdung4, Tdung5 Xdinhl.Xdinh2. Xdinh3
Hkuyenl. HIuyen2, Hluyen3, Hluyen4 Dgial. Dgia2, Dgia3, Dgia4
Lthuong 1. Lthuong2. Lthuong3, Lthuong4. Lthuong5 Dvienl. Dvien2. Dvien3. Dvien4
Hdinh Hdinhl.Hdinh2. Hdinh3
Hqua Hqual. Hqua2. Hqua3. Hqua4. HquaS
Economy and Forecast Review
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Ddng lite lam viec (FDL)
HiNH 2: MO HINH NGHIEN CflC HIEG CHINH H1+
Luang thuang, dai ngp (FLT) Tuyen dung, phan bd (FTD) Hu4n luyen, dao tao (FHL)
Nguon: Tac gia de xuat
Phan tich nhan td' kham pha (EFA)
Phan tich EFA qua thttc hien phttdng phap rut trich Principal Components va phep quay Varimax. Trong hai lan phan tich dau, cac bie'n khdng dat yeu cau (he sd'tai nhan to < 0.5) la Dgial va Xdinh3 bj loai. Ke't qua phan tich EFA lan cud'i nhtt sau:
Ke't qua kiem djnh Bartlett cho tha'y gitta cac bie'n ttong tdng the cd md'i tttdng quan vdi nhau (sig = 0.00
< 0.05). Ddng tiidi, he sd KMO = 0.885 > 0.5, chttng td phan tich nhan td' de nhdm cac bie'n lai vdi nhau la thich hdp va dtt lieu phu hdp cho viec phan tich nhan to.
Cac nhan td'deu cd gia tri Eigenvalues > 1, cd 4 nhan to dttdc rut trich ra ttt bie'n quan sat. Phffdng sai trich la 65.863% > 50% la dat yeu cau. Chffng td 4 nhan tdrut trich the hien kha nang giai thich dffdc 65.863% sif thay ddi cua bie'n phu thupc trong tdng the.
Ket qua phan tich EFA bie'n phu thupc trich dffdc I nhan to, cac thdng so deu dat yeu cau nen thanh phan bie'n phu thupc khdng ddi.
Ttt ke't qua phan tich EFA va Cronbach s Alpha nhtt tren, md hinh nghien cttu ly thuye't chinh thttc dieu cbinh gdm 4 nhan to tac ddng de'n hieu qua lam viec (Hinh 2).
BANG 2; DANH GIA MCTC DO PHCI HOP CUA MO HINH HOI QUY TUYEN TINH BOI
Mo hinh 1
He so' R
.608"
He so' R=
.357
He so R i - hieu chinh
.346
Sai so chuan cua isdc lu'dng
.530034
He so^
Durbin-Watson 1.644 Bien doc lap: FTD, FHL, FDL, FLT
Bie'n phu thupc: FHQ
BAMG 3: CAC THONG SO THONG KE TRONG MO HINH HOI QGY BANG PHUONG P H A P ENTER Big'n
1 Hing so FHL FDL FLT FTD
He sfl' chUa chuan hda He so' hfli quy B 0.589 0.296 0.163 0.168 0.154
Dp lech chuan
0.250 0.052 0.071 0.068 0.066
He sfl' chuan hoa
Beta
0.319 0.172 0.195 0.152
t
2.296 5.478 2.221 2.456 2.347
MiJcy nghta (sig)
0.023 0.000 0.025 0.013 0.020
Thfl'ng ke da cong tuye'n Dp chap nhan 0.921 0.543 0.507 0.736
H e s ^ phdng dai phttdng sai 1.089 1.888 1.983 1.378 Nguon: Ket qua phan tich diJ lieu cua tac gia
PhSn tich md hinh hoi quy tuyg'n tinh bdi
Phttdng tnnh hdi quy tuye'n tinh bieu diln md'i quan he gitta 4 nhan td tac ddng (bie'n ddc lap) va hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien (bie'n phu thupc) cd dang nhtt sau:
Y = a^, -I- a,X, -I- a,X, + apc, -i- a^X^-i- € Hoac:
Hieu qua lam viec eua nhSn vien = a^
-^ a,*FDL -1- a / F L T + a3*FTD + a/FHL + €
Nghien cuitt stt dung phttdng phap dffa vao mdt Iffdt (Enter), de phin tich hdi quy toye'n tinh bdi gitta bie'n phu thude (PHQ) va cac bie'n ddc lap (FDL, FL'T, FTD, FHL).
Ke't qua (Bang 2) cho tha'y, gia trj he so R- la 0.346, nghia la md hinh hdi quy tuye'n tinh da xay dttng phu hdp vdi dtt lieu 34.6%. Vi vay, cac gia tri bie'n quan sat trong nghien cttu giai thich dtfdc 34.6% hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien.
Kie'm djnh Durbin Watson = 1.644 ttong khoang [1 < D < 3], nen khdng cd hien tttdng tttdng quan cua cac phan dtt.
Kiem djnh tinh phu hdp cua md hinh hdi quy toye'n tinh bdi, nhan tha'y gia trj Sig.F rat nhd (< 0.05). Dieu nay cd y nghia la cac bien ddc lap trong md hinh cd todng quan tuye'n tinh vdi bien phu thupc, tffc la sff ke't hdp cua cac bie'n doc lap cd the giai thich dffdc sff thay ddi cua bien phti thupc.
Ke't qua Bang 3 cho tha'y, he sd phdng dai phffdng sai cac bie'n ddc lap (VTF) deu nhd hdn 2 (VIF bie'n thien ttt 1.089 den 1.983). He sd Tolerance deu > 0.5 (nho tiha't la 0.507) cho thay khdng cd hien tttdng da cdng tuye'n xay ra.
Gia trj Sig. deu < 0.05 cho tha'y ratte y nghia kiem djnh hai phia gitta cac bien ddc lap vdi bie'n phu thupc deu thda man dieu kien.
Khi xet t-stat cua cac bie'n de do dd tin cay thi cac bie'n ddc lap FHL, FDL, FLT, FTD deu dat yeu cau do t-stat > 2 (nhd nha't la 2.221) va cac gia trj Sig. the' hien dp tin cay kha cao, deu < 0.05 (ldn nha't la 0.025), nen cac bie'n ddc lap nay deu co tac ddng de'n hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien vdi dp tin cay 95%.
He sd hdi quy chuan hda (Beta) cua cac bie'n ddc lap deu mang da'u dttdng, cd nghia la cac bie'n nay cd quan he cung chieu vdi bie'n phu thupc - hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien.
Ttt thdng so thd'ng ke trong md hinh hdi quy d Bang 3, phttdng tnnh hoi
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K i n h tP v5 n.r-hQ,quy tuye'n tinh bdi cua cac nhan to anh httdng de'n hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien, nhtt sau:
Y = 0.319*FHL -I- 0.172*FDL -l- 0.195*FLT-l-0.152*FTD
Hay:
Hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien = 0.319*Hua'n luyen dao tao -t- 0.172*Ddng ltfc lam viec -I- 0.195*Lttdng thttdng dai ngd -I- 0.152*Tuyen dung phan bd
Ttt phttdng trinh cho tha'y cac bien ddc lap tac ddng va anh httdng de'n hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien. Trong dd bie'n FHL = 0.319 la bie'n cd ttpng so ldn nha't, cd nghia la bien nay cd vai ttd \a anh httdng nhieu nha't den hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien. Cac bie'n cdn lai FDL = 0.172; FLT = 0.195; FTD = 0.152.
Nhtt vay, ca 4 nhan td: FHL, FDL.
FLT, FTD deu cd anh httdng ty le thuan den hieu qua lam \ iee cua nhan vien. Ttte la khi FHL. FDL, FLT. FTD cang cao tiii nieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien cang cao. Trong 4 nhan td' nay thi nhan td' cd stt anh httdng dang ke nha't de'n hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien la FHL (do chi so' Sig. = 0) va nhan to FHL cung la quan ttpng nha't, flitt ttt tie'p tiieo la FLT, FTD, FDL. Nhtt vay, gia tiiuyet HI, H2, H3. H4 cho md hinh nghien ctiu dieu chinh chinh thttc dttdc chap nhan.
KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI Ke't qua nghien ciiu cho thay ca 4 nhan td ddng life lam viec theo thtt ttt, hua'n luyen dao tao. Ittdng thttdng dai
ngd, toyen dung phan bd, ddng life lam viec, deu cd anh httdng ty le thuan den hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien.
Ttt ke't qua nghien cu^i tren, theo chung tdi, de nang cao hieu qua lam viec cua nhan vien nganh del may, cac doanh nghiep can chu y nhttng diem sau:
Mot Id, cac doanh nghiep can quan tam de'n boat ddng hua'n luyen dao tao cho nhan vien. Mdt so bien phap cd the ap dung, nhtt: stt dung hinh thffc dao tao npi bp, hen ke't vdi cac trffdng dao tao thupc hnh vifc det may de dat hang dao tao va bao tieu dau ra cho cac trffdng. Ben canh dd, cac doanh nghiep det may cung can cd hch ttinh dao tao lai cho nhan vien, dam bao mpt nhan vien td'i thieu se dffdc tham gia khda dao tao lai mdt lan.
Hai Id, cai each tien lffdng cua nhan vien, dam bao thu nhap cua nhan vien todng xffng vdi ke't qua lam viec cua tttng ca nhan, xay dttng he thd'ng tieu chuan hdp ly de phan chia cap bac. Thttc hien che dp dai ngd vdi nhan \ ien cd nhieu sang kie'n ttong cdng viec. Nhttng chinh sach phuc ldi hen quan den nhan vien can dttdc thdng bao day du rd rang, giup nhan vien hieu rd quyen ldi cung nhtt ttach nhiem cua minh dd'i vdi cdng viec.
Ba Id, thu hut nhan vien tham gia vao cac boat ddng cua doanh nghiep, tao mdi trttdng than thien, thoai mai va nang dpng de nhan vien cd the xem cdng ty la nha va ludn dttdc quan tam chia se, phat huy gia trj ban than de xay dttng ngdi nha chung ngay cang ldn manh. Dong thdi, cai thien md'i quan he gitta lanh dao va nhan vien, gitta cac nhan \ ien vdi nhau bang each sff dung nhieu hoat ddng giao ltfu ben ngoai cdng viec.
Bo'n Id, cai tie'n hoat ddng tayen dung de cd the thu hut dffdc nhan Iffc gidi, phu hdp cho doanh nghiep. To chttc cac cudc thi tay nghe hen quan de'n Enh vffe det may de ttt dd toyen chpn nhttng ngttdi cd nang khieu cho doanh nghiep. Thttc hien thue ngoai ngudn nhan life thdng qua cac cdng ty chuyen cung cap nhan Ittc chuyen nghiep de dam bao doanh nghiep ludn cd dttdc nhan life vttng tay nghe chuyen mdn khi can md rdng quy md boat dpng.Q
I A I LIEU THAM KHAO
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