Ngo van Minh
Hoat dong chan hUng thUc nghiep trong phong trao Duy Tan d Quang Nam
dau t h e ky XX
Ngo Van Minh
Hgc vien Chinh tri khu vdc IH.
EmaH Hen he: [email protected]
Tom tat: Tutudng duy tan eCia cac sy phu Quing Nam dau the ky XX dupe Phan Chau Trinh gdi gpn trong 3 chd Dan:"Khai dan trf, chan dan khf, hau dan sinh".Trong do, hiu dan sinh tuy dat sau nhUng cd y nghta rat thiet thdc nham thoat cinh "dan ngheo nude khd".Tu tudng nay dupe trien khai trong thUc te, ed tac dung to Idn khdng chi d nhdng hoat dpng chan hung thUc nghiep binh thudng ma edn la sucovu eho tinh than khdi nghiep, vi mue dfch t u chu, t u cudng eua ea dan toe. Anh hudng cua nd khong chi bd hep d Quang Nam ma con lan tda den nhieu dia phuong khic cua nddc ta bay gid.
Tif khoa: Phong trdo Duy tdn/Hdu ddn sinh/Chan hdng thdc nghiep/Phon Chdu Trinh.
Abstract: The renovation thought of Quang Nam's scholars in the early twentieth century was encapsulated by Phan Chau Trinh in a slogan with 3 phrases focusing on the people: "Broaden the people's mind, invigorate the people's spirit, and enrich the people's well-being". In particular, although the "enrich the people's well-being"is placed at the end ofthe slogan, it exudes a practical meaning to escape the situation of "difficult country with poor people" This thought, implemented in practice, has a great effect not only in normal activities of revitalizing career but also encourages the entrepreneurial spirit, for the purpose ofthe people's autonomy and self-reliance. Its influence was not only limited in Quang Nam but also spread to many other localities in Vietnam at that time.
Keywords: Duy Tan movement; Enriching the people's well-being; Career revival;
Phan Chau Trinh.
Ngay gijfi bai: 15/12/2019 Ngay duyet dang 15/02/2020 1. Oat van de
Chu thuyet duy tan cua cie sy phu Quang Nam dau the V.</ XX dupc Phan Chiu Trinh goi gpn trong 3 chd Dan: "Khai dan trf, chan dan khf, hau dan sinh". Trong do, hau dan sinh tuy dat sau nhung ed y nghta rat thiet thUc.TutUdng nay trien khai trong thuc te da tao dugc mpt phong trao chin hUng thUc nghiep kha sdi ndi d nhieu lang xa duy tan cua tinh Quang Nam luc bay gid.
Nghien edu ve npi dung hau dan sinh trong tutudng duy tan cCia cac sy phu Quing Nam, nha Quing Nam hpc Nguyen Van Xuan d i ed nhan djnh kha xac dang. Ong cho ring
Tap chf Khoa hpc xa h^i miSn Trung, Sfi 01 (63) -2020
khai dan tri, chan dan khi va hau dan sinh "ci ba deu tU lap trong lien lap, deu bd sung cho nhau, hda vao nhau de tap dai thanh. Do do, h i u d i n sinh cd nhdng phuong phip rieng de tien hanh m i neu nd khdng thanh thi cac ehCi truong kia cung bien thanh hu ao, ehi la t h d t d chuong mdi, cd hai nhieu hon la cd lpi cho viec edu nude, ddng nude" (Nguyen Van Xuan, 2010). Trong t i e ph^m Phong trdo Duy Tdn ong da cd nhdng khio sat ve mdt sd hoat dpng chan hung thuc nghiep d phia bac tinh Quing Nam, ndi bat nhat la vdi trudng hpp Quing Nam hiep thuong eong ty 6 Hpi An va Hpi thuong Dien Phong lap tai lang Phong Thd, huyen Dien Ban.Trong khi do, vdi cae huyen phfa Nam cCia Quang Nam, phii chd den t i p b i n t h i o danh miy nam 1980 Phong trao yeu nude chong Phdp cda nhdn ddn huyen Tien PhUdc cCia ong Tran Ngpc ChUdng, cac hoat dpng chan hung thuc nghiep d mdt sd ling xa nay thudc huyen Tien Phudc mdi dupe sang ro. TU nhdng nam 1980 trd di, cac huyen cCia tinh Quing Nam lan lupt xuat b i n sich Ijch sd phong trao dau tranh each mang, trong dd cd diem qua cie hoat ddng thdi phong trao Duy Tan tai dja phuong minh.
Ba Phan Thj Minh (tdc Le Thj Kinh), chau ngoai cu Phan Chau Trinh sUu tam dupc tUTrung tam luu trd h i i ngoai Phap, hinh thanh nen hai tap sich Phan Chdu Trinh qua nhdng tdi lieu mdi da cung cap eho gidl nghien cdu nhieu t i l lieu de cap true tiep den hoat dpng eCia Phan Chau Trinh va phong trao duy tan, trong dd cd nhdng hoat dpng chan hung thUe nghiep tai Quing Nam.
Tren co sd nghien edu nhdng t i e pham cCia cac sy phu duy tan Quing Nam cdn luu lai va dUa vao ket q u i khio cdu cua nhdng nha nghien edu di trude da cdng bd rpng rai, cung vdi nhdng tai lieu vda mdi sdu tam dUde va phdng van eic vj eao nien d mpt sd dja phuong, t i c g i i bai viet mudn gdp them mpt vai nhin nhan ve tutudng hau dan sinh cua cac sy phu duy tan va he thdng lai cac hoat dpng chan hung thue nghiep tren pham vi c i tinh Quing Nam nhdng nam dau the k^ XX'.
2. Hau dan sinh trong tdtiidng duy tan cda cac sy phu QuSng Nam
Hau dan sinh la mpt trong 3 ndi dung, eung la 3 muc tieu ca b i n nhat ma cac st phu Quing Nam (Phan Chau Trinh, Tran Quy Cap, Huynh Thuc Khang, Le Ca, Phan Thue Duyen,...) dat ra cho cdng cudc van dpng duy tan cua minh. Hiu d day vdi nghta la bdi cho d i y len, tde la lam eho ddi sdng cCia dan ngay cang no du va phit trien kinh te dat nude bang nhdng bien phap va td chdc theo hudng t u l u c t u cudng (Huynh Ly, 1992). Hau dan sinh dugc xem la muc tieu tiep theo, tat yeu cua khai dan trf va chan dan khf. Bdi neu khong cd hau dan sinh thi sU khai - chan do khdng cd y nghta thiet thUc, va nhu vay chu thuyet duy tan se thieu tinh triet de.
Cd hau d i n sinh mdi thoat cinh "dan ngheo nUde khd". Nen kinh te nddc ta qua hang ngan nam von da la kinh te tieu ndng. Su giau ed d ehdn hUdng que dupc the hien chd yeu bang thoe lua. Cae nghe thu cdng khdng ddng gdp may, ngoai nhdng lang nghe truyen thdng rathichlla nghe phu cCiangUdi ndng dan dthdn que. Nghe budn cua ngudi Viet thi nang ve tam |\? tieu thuong, thieu tinh than hpp t i e va khdng cd tam kinh doanh
Ngo van Minh
Idn nen khdng the sanh vdi thuong nhan Trung Qude, cang khong the sinh vdi nen h i i thUdng cua cie nddc phuong Tay. 0 lang xa cang ft budn ban, ma neu cd thi chO yeu do phu nd dam lay. Ndi chung, nghe budn d V\eX Nam qua ca ngan nam van khdng tao ra dupe mpt tang Idp thUdng nhan cd tinh than hpp tic, hpp quan vl mot nen san xuat Idn phd cudng chung eho dat nddc. Trong sudt hang ngan nam dudi che dp phong kien, vUOng trieu nao du cd tieng la than d i n thi eung ehCi yeu thue hien chfnh sich trpng nong nham eho ngUdi dan dCi an dCi mac. Vua Minh Menh nhieu lan noi ve chfnh sach nay. Nha vua xudng du cho bp Hp: "Viee nong tang vdn t d xda eac bae de vUOng deu trpng", va "Viee dan sinh khdng cd gl can trudc hon viec eay gat. Tram ddi vdl viee khuyen ndng, tdtrUde den nay, thudng ndi di nhie lai nhieu lan, that mudn dan ta chuyen can lam rupng, de mpi ngUdl cung dupe cung cap day dCi" (Qudc sd quan trieu Nguyen, 1994). Den khi dat dUpe ach dd hp len dat nUde ta, chfnh sach khai thac thupc dja cua thdc dan Phap khong chi day nhanh q u i trinh ban eijng hda eCia ndng dan d ndng thdn ma cdn "het sdc ngan trd sdc sinh sin iam eho cong nghe b i n xd khong the md mang dupc'; cung chfnh vi vay ma"tu b i n b i n xd khong ed the lUc gi" (Hd Chf Minh, 2011). Trieu dinh phong kien bay gid thi bae nhupc, khong losinh kecho ngUdi dan. Trong ThU dda Chinh phd Bdng Duang nam 1906, Phan Chau Trinh viet:"Trong khoing vai mUOi nam nay, eic bae dai than an dam nam dia d ehdn trieu dinh, chi biet chieu le cho xong viec; quan lai d cae tinh thi chi lo cho vdng than the ma ha hiep bdp nan d ehdn huong thdn, d i m st phu thi ganh dua nhau vao con dudng ludn eudi hot ninh, khong biet Hem si la gi; bpn cung dan bj nan bdp mai ma mau mCi mpt ngay mot khd, khdng cdn dUdng sinh ke nda"^ Den khi bj ket tpi xiii giuc dan ehdng thue, trUdc tda an Nam trieu ong cung Idn tieng phe phan: "Cie ngai ngdi tren dau dan, lai an Ipc nddc, moi nam mdi thing, hoac nam tram ddng, hoac hai ba tram, dudi nda cung mpt tram, tam chfn chuc, bdng ay khong phi(maumCicCiadansao?Themacdngdiyenan!it, khong lovldan mddudngsinh ke, toan viec cdng Ipi de eho ciJngvdsd xuat, khong biet lay chi nop thue, den rCi nhau lam ha sach di yeu cau nhuthe, ay la tpi tai cac ngai; eae ngai khdng biet tdi thi chd, lai dd cho ngUdi khic sao?" (Minh vien Huynh Thuc Khang, 1959).
Chfnh tdthue tetren nen eae nha duy tan Quing Nam chCi truong cung vdl khai dan trf, chan dan khf edn phii hau dan sinh. De cd dpng cho hau dan sinh, trude tien eae dng day manh tuyen truyen phe phan tam Iy tieu ndng, tieu thuong de nang hang ngan nam eCia ngudi d i n Viet Nam. Trong Tmh quoc hon ca viet nam 1907, Phan Chau Trinh phe phin ngudi minh chi ed tuduy kinh te nhd, manh mun, tam ly"rupt cua gan sda" chi lo cho dCi bda qua ngay. Ngddi ndng dan chi loanh quanh vdi "doi vUdn, canh dat, gde ao"; ke giiu ed tuy ed tien ma khdng biet lam eho sinh lpi bang sin xuat kinh doanh, khong biet cung nhau hun vdn tren tinh than "hpp quan" lap cong ty de md mang cdng thuong nghiep;
chi la giau co tdcho vay nang lai, bdc lot chfnh ddng bao minh trong nhdng lue ho roi vao canh ngat ngheo chd khong d i m dua gan dau tri vdi eae nha buon nude ngoai de x i y dung mpt nen kinh te tU chu, tU cudng cho dat nddc. Vdi nhdng k^ "hpe st van nhan" thi
"vung ve tram thdc", chang cd nghe nghiep nhdng cd tU khoe ring "st nhat td dan".
Tgp chi Khoa hpc xa hpi mign Trung, S6 01 (63) -2020
Cic ong keu gpi phii chan hUng thUe nghiep, ma trudc het la mdi ngudi phai cd va phai gidi mpt nghe:
"Mau mau di hgc Idy nghe, Hgc roi ta se dem ve dgy nhau"^
Ve sau, trong bai viet Quoc ddn can phdi cd nhdng gi, Huynh Thuc Khang ndi ro hdn:
"Moi ngUdi phii cd mdi nghe nghiep rieng, trudc la de nudi lay than minh, sau la cho trpn nghta vu ddi vdi x i hpi... Nudc ta thud nay, bi mot ddi cau mau thuyet eCia tue nho lam cho sai lae (nhU cau: dan hdu td, sT vi ehi tien) cho anh st la quy, con nong, cong, thUOng deulanghemat. Magpilaanhstdd,cdphailahpcdupcnhuthien ha dau, chi hpe mpt cai nghe thi do lam quanma thdi, tap q u i n da lau, tham vao trong t u tudng ngUdi minh, hU van cang ngay cang cao ma thUe nghiep cang ngay cang thap, khdng nhdng khdng ai ed le ma thinh thoing cd mot ddi ngudi lo dudng thUc nghiep, lai bi trong xa hpi khinh bi, thi ra sudt c i ngUdi trong nUde ma lam dan vd nghiep! Ngudi da vd nghiep thi cdn ndi den viee gi?" Mpt khi "Ai eung ed nghe thi thanh d i n ed nghiep, dan da cd nghiep thi nen kinh t^ t u nhien phat dat, tram cdng nghin viee, cung gde t d noi ay ma ra". Tuy nhien, ong eung ndl ro la moi ngUdi can phii ehuyen phii gidi mpt nghe chd khong phii nhu trong dan gian nghegi cung lam nhUng ching chuyen nghe nao:"Ndi den trong dan gian thi nghe gi eung Iam ma nghe gl eung khong ed, eay rupng, lap vUdn, trdng dau, lam thudc, trong mpt nha m i gdm du cac nghe, nay thay mai thp, sdm chp chieu ngudn, than mpt ngudi ma kiem c i tram viec, xUa bay nay lam, vui dau chuc dd, quanh nam chan thing, lan than thay gia! 01, nghe ma khdng chuyen thi sao thanh nghe? Da khdng thanh nghe tdc la that nghiep!" (Bao Tieng Dan, 1927).
Theo cac nha duy t i n thi nude ta khong phai khdng cd tiem nang de lam giau, chang qua la ngUdi nddc ta khdng ed chf lam giau, nhat la do ngudi nude ta khdng biet hpp quan nhau lai, ngudi gdp vdn, k^ gdp cong de bung ra sin xuat kinh doanh nen dan ta ngheo, nddc ta ngheo. Viet bai tUa cho Hgp qudn doanh sinh thuyet cua Nguyen Thupng Hien, Phan Chiu Trinh nhan xet chua xdt ring ngUdi nUdc ta bay gid, trong lam an kinh te
"khdng ed cai doan the ben chat nao la ddng qua ba ngUdi, khdng ed mpt hpi xa, lpi fch nao l i vdn hon tram bac..., ndi den chuyen lap hdi budn, md trudng hpc, ddng xUdng thp, khan ddn dien thi thu tay ddng nhin, mot cai Idng khdng mudn mat; Ipi bang cai tde thi suy bl, va bing cai nui thi khdng nght"^Tddd, cic ong cd dpng ehung vdn lap ndng hpi trdng cac loai cay cd g i i trj kinh te eao; l i p xUdng det sin xuat hang noi hoa; md 16 ren. Id gaeh ngoi, xUdng mdc; lap thuong hpi md rpng thj trudng budn ban, lap ngan hang giup nhdng ngUdi "trf khdn cua kho" hoac "nghe cd tay khdng"de hp sin xuat kinh doanh.
Tutudng chan hung thUe nghiep cua cac nha duy tan Quang Nam la "hpp quan" vl phu cudng cho c i qudc gia chd khdng ehi cho mdi ea nhin. Day la "Dt nong hpp quan","Dt thuong hpp quan"- lay nghe nong va nghe budn de cung nhau lo viec nude. Hp xem do
22 NgS V3n Mmh
la m p t each t h e hien t i n h t h a n y e u nude, t u c u d n g d i n toe, b d i d a n c d giau t h i n d d c m d i m a n h , d i n giau nUdc m a n h t h i m d i tU ehu, t U c u d n g dupc, m o t khi "lpi q u y e n da n a m v a o t a y " t h i at se"e6 n g a y t i e n hda ed ngay v a n minh"^.
Tran Quy- C i p v i e t bai Khuyen ndng ca ed d p n g cho ehu t r u o n g "dt n o n g h p p q u a n " v a b a i / ( h u y e n thUdng ca k e u g p i "dt t h u o n g h p p q u a n " g d p v o n k i n h d o a n h :
Bd bgc tien ra do buon chung.
NgUdi cd cua, ke cd cong, Xdm nhau lgi cung dem long thdn dl,
Hiep bai cdt gdy nen non Thdi, Gdp ngdn dong nen cdi bien Dong,
Mdi ggi Id hdo kiet anh hdn^.
3. Phong trao chan hiTng thdc nghiep soi noi tai cac lang duy tan Quang Nam TU tudng hau d i n sinh cua cic nha duy tan Quang Nam da dupe trien khai trong thuc te. Phong trao chan hung thUe nghiep phat trien manh d eac phCi huyen cua tinh.
Trudc het ve nong nghiep cd phong trao l i p ndng doan hay ndng hpi trdng cac loai cay co g i i tri kinh te cao va hpp xa lam rupng. Mpt md hinh eCia phong trao nay da dupe td chdc kha thanh edng tai lang Phu Lam (nay thupc xa Tien Son, huyen Tien Phudc) do ly trUdng Le Cd ddng ra trien khai thdc hien. Tai day Le Co hien mpt phan dien tfch vUdn cua minh va van dpng mptsd ngUdi khac cung hien, lai td chdc cho ngudi dan vd them dat hoang nhan hinh thanh nhdng minh vUdn rpng Idn gpi la ndng doan trdng que, rieu, che, xen ke eay an q u i nhu thom, chudi. Hpp xa la nhdng d i m rupng cong va nhdng d i m rupng eCia mpt sd nha giau tU nguyen hien, cd lam van khe ehuyen quyen han hoi de dan ngheo den cay cay chung. Phuong tien va ndng cu sin xuat thi tat c i trau cay cung vdi ndng eg san cd cua tU nhan dupe huy ddng va tfnh cdng theo tdng loai. Hpp xa edn xuat tien, phai ngUdi den eae ling khac mua them trau cay, vai nam sau dan trau cua xa da len tdi 150 eon.
Tfnh den dau nam 1908, nhan dan Phu Lim da lap ra 6 nong doan va 5 hpp xa. Hoa lpi thu hoach dupe dem chia 2/3 cho ndng dan tfnh theo cong ngUdi, cdng trau, nhdng ngudi tan tat, gia yeu, 1/3 cdn lai ban lay tien nop thue, ung hp xuat duong va ehi vao viec nuoi com cac thay day hpe, mua giay mUe ci'p eho hpe sinh ngheo, don tiep ngUdi cac noi den Phu Lim^. Sau Phu Lam, viec lap nong doan, hpp x i dugc trien khai thue hien d nhieu lang xa duy tan khic thupc phuTamKy,nhUdCamY(nay thupe xa Tien Cam, huyen Tien Phudc) t u cudi nam 1905 den cudi nam 1907 da lap dupc 6 ndng doan, thu hut dupc 230 trong tdng sd 270 hp hop tac lam an. d tdng PhUdc Lpi cd den 68 ndng doan (Dan theo Iran Ngpc Chuong, 1980).Tal Thanh Bmh (nay thupe xa Tien Cinh, huyen Tien Phudc) cung ed ndng doan trdng que do Huynh Thuc Khing van dpng thinh lip (Huynh Thuc Khang, 1963).
Tgp chf Khoa hoc xa hpi mien Tmng, S6 01 (63) -2020
d Duy Xuyen, mdt sd nha nho duy tan lap hpi khuyen ndng, td chdc khai pha tai My Son hinh thanh Ndng hpi co dien tfch den 50 mau de trdng hoa mau (Ban chap hanh Ding bp huyen Duy Xuyen, 1996). dDai Loc, ong Nguyen Phiet (Tu Phiet), ngUdi lang Phu Phudc cung vdi cae ongThCi Bfch, ClyThp khai dat hoang dHd Chinh (nay thupc xa Dal Chanh) de trdng mfa va cay lua. (Ding bp Ding Cpng sin Viet Nam huyen Dai Loc, 1990).
d Que Son mot sd ngudi ddng ra lap ndng hpi, dap dap, chuyen rupng khd thanh rupng cd nude (Ban Chap hanh Hpi Ndng dan huyen Que Son, 1999).Tai ngudn Dui Chieng eCia huyen nay (nay thupe huyen Nong Son) cd sd ray Cd Vy do Tran Quy Cap cung mpt sd ngUdi len lap^Tuy noi day dat mau md nhdng do la vung nui, nude dpc, lai q u i xa khien viec di lai khd khan nen chi dupe mpt thdi gian ngan Tran Quy Cap phii quay ve vung ddng bang Hoa Vang van dpng lap ndng hpi Yen Ne rpng chdng 20 mau rupng. Cung d huyen Hda Vang, dng Lam Hdu Man van dpng eac n h i hao phu va mdtsd thanh nien khai hoang l i p ndng hpi trdng hoa mau. Sach Lich sdddu tranh cdch mgng huyin Hoa Vang 1928 - 1954^ va sach Qudng Nam - Dja /j?, lich sd, nhdn vdt fLam Quang ThU, 1974) deu viet noi khai hoang la vung Ddng Xanh - Ddng Nghe, nhung theo sach Hoa Phong - Ljch sdddu tranh cdch mgng 1930-1954 thi d vung Lam Vien, Hau VUc (Dang uy xa Hoa Phong, 1996).
Ve thCi cdng nghiep, mpt sd noi md Id ren, xUdng mdc, 16 chen, ed noi det v i i khd rpng thay the nhdng khung cdi det tay, ed noi md hieu may ao quan, lam giay dep, ndn mO. Tai lang Phu Lam, mpt sd thanh nien dupe cd dl hpc nghe sau do quay ve md dupc 416 ren va 3 phudng moc tai xa. Dac biet, lang Phu Lam va lang Phii Toin d eanh (cung thude xa Tien Son, huyen Tien Phudc hien nay) cd dat eao lanh nen Le Co hd hao nhdng ngUdikhi gii gdp tien eCia xay dung mpt 16 chen khdng ehi san xuat b i n cho dan xa ma edn ban eho nhieu xa lan can.
Nghe det d Quang Nam vdn cd truyen thdng l i u ddi, de cd ddng cho nganh nay, Phan Chiu Trinh dat thp cat han cho mdt bp Au phue mac di cic noi, vda de van ddng cii cich ve y phuc (ngudi duong thdi gpi l i mdt Tay Hd: ao banh to va mot chiec quan t i y bang v i i ndl hda Quing Nam nhupm den, that them c i i ea vat cung bang v i i den, di doi giay"d6n"mdvjtvadpieai ndn "eat"trang (Nguyen Hien Le, 2002) vda eo dpng ddng bao dung hang npi hda de bao hd eho nganh nghe cCia ngudi Viet, vda khdng phai mua hang dat tien cua ngddi Hoa. Ong Le Co cung lam tho van dpng:
Du md do vdi qudn thao, Ci^a ta md bd cda ndo md may?
DO khi ddi ret long dong, Ndo khi mUa ndng ai hdng chd che?^°
Ve thuong nghiep, d Quing Nam xuat hien mot sd hpi thuong Idn. Tai Hpi An cd Quing Nam hiep thuong cdng ty huy dpng dUpc vdn t d nhieu ngUdi. De cd the hoat dpng
Ngo van Minh
hop phip, khdng bj gay khd de, eae nha duy t i n mdi dupe ei vien Cdng sd hun vdn vi nhu theTdng ddc tinh Quing Nam mdi an t i m phe ddng ^ trong don xin lap. Ve viec nay, tdDgl Nam (Ddng co tdng bdo) d Ha Npi ed dang mau tin do mpt ngudi Quang Nam gdi den, cho biet cu the nhUsau:"Ky thing ba nam ngoai ngudi trong tinh t6i cd rCi nhau chung vdn lap hpi thuong d phd Hpi An buon ban, lay Ipi ma nudi nhau, dat ngudi trong tinh la quan thj ddc Nguyen Dinh Tang lam chu ty, Tri huyen Phan Tan lam ky that, ed xin phep quan cdng sd d tinh, rdi mdi khai thuong, ngudi trong mpt tinh c i , nhdng dng tan st, phd bang, ed nhan, tu tai, huong hao, huong mucva lao nhieu, deu ed chung phan ci" (Dgi Nam Ddng CO tdng bdo, 1907). Nhan xet ve Hpi thUOng nay, dng Nguyen Van Xuan viet:"Vi la mot cdng cupc doanh thuong d thanh phd Idn (thdi ay Hpi An eon rat phdn thinh) nen each td chdc cd phep tac, hang hda xep dit, phan loai co ngan nap. Nhieu hang hda da b i t chUde theo ldi trinh bay mdi nhu nUdc mam Nam O da biet vd chai, dan nhan. Tren eac mdn hang hda deu cd the tre, bien gia nhat dinh. Nhan vien tiep khich Ijch sU, mdi ngudi biet dung sd tay bo tui de ghi chep hang xuat, nhap. Hang nhap dUpc dUa vao cac kho A, B,C khac nhau.
Nhan vien kiem soat ghi nhan can than. Cd the day la mpt thuong eupe ed quy eCi bac nhat eCia ta thdi ay. Sau nay khong ehi ban hang hda, thuong cupc cdn b i n tan thu, b i n dd, sach vd, but mUe... thuong cupc h6a thanh chd tu hpi eae st phu ham md duy tan" (Nguyen Van Xuan, 1995).Thuong cudc nay mdi lam an phit dat dupc mpt nam thi bj Cdng sd Phap lam khd de, do y nhan thay cd dau hieu day la noi hoat dpng cCia phii Duy tan.
Sau Hpp thuong cOa ei tinh lap tat Hpi An phii ke den Hpp thuong Dien Phong lap tai lang Phong Thd (nay thupc xa Dien Thp, thj xa Dien Ban) do ed nhan Phan Thuc Duyen chCi truong. Cung theo khio cdu cua ong Nguyen Van Xuan, Hpp thUOng nay dupe xay dung khi be the, eo mpt nha lau (ed phdng tiep khach, chd lam viec, chd chda hang hoa), mpt nha ngang dai va hai nha nho nau com, an com va ngO. Hang hda gdm cd cic sin vat eCia vung ddng bang Dien Ban, Duy Xuyen nhu vai spr, dudng, dau phung, dau,... dUpc thu mua dua ve rdi dupe cic ghe bau chd xudng eho Hpp thuong d Hoi An ban, ngam tranh thuong vdi ngudi Trung Hoa, ca dung ghe bau vUpt bien di budn ban vdi cic tinh khie. Sd nhan vien cua Hpp thuong nay len den 40 ngUdi (Nguyen Van Xuan, 1995).
Tai cic lang duy tan khac cung cd nhdng hieu buon nhUng quy md nhd hon. Mpt sd cda hieu may quan ao ngin, budn ban giay dep, mu ndn... mpc len dDong Phu,Tan An, QueTrach... cCia huyen Que Son (Dang bd Dang Cpng sin Viet Nam huyen Que Son, 1985). Mpt sd tiem ban hang npi hoa eung moc len d eac lang Ha Tan, Ha Nha, Ai NghTa cCia huyen Dai Loc (Ding bd Ding Cdng san Viet Nam huyen Dai Loc, 1990). Lang Phu Lam cd hinh thdc buon b i n vdl ten gpi Thuong hpi binh dan. Thuong hpi nay chfnh thdc khai truong vao t h i n g 5/1905, co le la trUde tien so vdi eac hpi thuong khic eCia phong trao Duy tan tai Quing Nam.Tuy trong dOn Le Cd chi ndi den xin md mpt tiem budn tap hda de de xin phep, va vi ed y than oan cho ong nen trong bai viet tren bao Tieng Dan Huynh Thuc Khing ndi rang dng chi "lap cai cuoc budn eon eon, mua giay but ban cho hpc trd.
Tpp chi Khoa hgc xa hpi mign Trung, S5 01 (63) -2020
cUng mam mudi b i n cho d i n cay, nhU mpt cai quan trong nha que" (BioTleng Dan, 1932).
Song thUe ra, day la mdt dU djnh budn ban Idn cCia Le Cd. ThUOng hpi cd ban trj sU va mpt sd ngUdi chuyen dem hang die sin nhU que, tieu, che xudng Chp Van (Tam Ky), ca ra phd Hpi An, rdi mua nhdng mat hang nhu yeu nhu mam mudi, dau, vii... dem ve ban eho dan x i . Tir CO sd ban dau, thuong hpi md them cie ty buon ban d eic phai (lang Phu Lam c6 5 phii: phai Trung, phal Ddng, phai Nam, phai Tay, phal Bae) de dan tien den mua ban, vi dia hinh cCia lang cich t r d " . Ngoai lap thuong hpi binh dan d Phu Lam, Le Co cdn ehung vdn kinh doanh tai chp Vinh Huy (nay thupe xa Binh Trj, huyen Thing Binh). & Tan An Tay (nay thupc xa Tien Thp, huyen Tien PhUde),Tran Huynh nhan danh ly trudng, cijng vdi cac nha nho duy tan van dpng nhan dan lap mot khu chp bang gd Ipp tranh gdm 11 gian, chieu ngang khoing 8 met, d i i khoing 55 met, cao 5 met. Chp nay dan gian thudng gpi la chp Cay Cdc, la gian chp Idn nhat, rpng nhat so vdi hau het cac chp d huyen Ha Ddng bay gid, hang ngay cd hang tram, hang ngan ngudi til cac dja phuong den mua ban tap nap (Tran Ngpc Chuong, 1980). Chp buon ban phit dat den mdc nd dupe cac sd quan Trieu Duy Tan dua vao sich Dgi Nam nhdt thong chi, quyen viet ve Quing Nam. Ngoi chp nay tiep tuc tdn tai va phat trien sudt ei 100 nam. Den nam 2006, Oy ban nhan dan xaTien Thp mdi cho xay mpt ngdi chp thay the dat ten la ChpTien Thp, chi each dja diem ban dau khoing 300m. Xa Binh An Xuan gan do eung CO mpt thuong hpi nhd.
Viec lap thuong hpi d Quing Nam bay gid dien ra kha ram rd, nhdng den nay do thdi gian troi qua da hon 100 nam nen ehung ta khd ma khao sit dupc day du. Chi qua b i n bao cao mat cCia ehinh tdng Phudc Lpi BCii Tuy cCing phd tdng Phan Tjch va Le Hpi gdi Tri phu Tam Ky de ngay 16 thing 3 nam Duy t i n thdhal (16/4/1908) da cho biet d tdng nay cd den 46 tiem budn edng cpng ma lpi tdc thu hang nam tai moi tiem tdSOO den 1.000 ddng bae Ddng Duong (Tran Ngpc ChUOng, 1980). Mpt die diem cCia viec lap hpi budn d Quang Nam la nd dupc thanh lap g i n lien vdi md trudng tan hpc. Ve lau dai thi muc dfch lap nong doan, hpp xa, lap ca sd sin xuat thCi cdng, lap hpi budn deu nham hau dan sinh.
NhUng d thdi diem trudc m i t thi nhim ddng gdp cho hoat ddng khai dan trf lay hpi budn nudi trudng hpe, c i Cing hp cho phal Dong du cua Phan Boi Chau. Thdng qua hpi buon, cae sy phu duy tan tuyen truyen cdng cupc cdu nude eho nhan dan. Trong bao eao chfnh tri sd 184, ngay 5/12/1907, vien dai ly Phip tai Tam Ky bao cio vdi cap tren, han la vdi vien Cdng sd Quing Nam ve hpi budn nhU sau: "Con sd ngUdi gia nhip Hpi d Quing Nam ngay cang tang. Trong phCi Tam K;i' va Thing Binh, nOl d cua cic thanh vien cd i n h hudng Idn nhat cua Hdi, co nhjjfng noi, toan xa cung gia nhap. Hang thing, Hpi hpp vao nhdng ngay nhat djnh mdng mot va mUdl lam rat deu dan, hpp d cac chp chfnh. Co cudc sd ngUdi dU len den c i n g i n ngudi. Cac bai dien thuyet that ra khdng he ed npi dung p h i hoai. Neu hp cd d i kfch ddi chut chfnh quyen lUc cua quan lai thi ehu yeu hp van nhan manh yeu cau hpc hdi de tien tdi ed the t u minh cai q u i n lay minh. Hp ea ngpi ndng nghiep va thUdng mai nhu la nhdng phUdng thde de lam giau va nhd dd ma trd nen manh. Nhung chfnh d trong nhdng cupc hdi hpp do ma nhdng ngudi lanh dao tiep xuc vdi dan chung, lam eho
Ngo van Minh
d i n quen nghe theo ldi khuyen eua hp va sau nay se tuan theo menh lenh cCia hp" Cang luc, vien dai ly nay cang td ra lo ling trudc sU phat trien nhanh ehdng eua eac hdi buon d cie ling thupe phCi Tam Ky, den mdc y da phai viet trong bio cio sd 15, ngay 5/1/1908 rang:"Cac nhdm tu t i p dudi danh nghta hpi budn trong vungTamKy da phat trien nhanh den mdc neu ta cdn tiep tuc thieu quan tam se la khinh suat khdng lieu trddc va lieu Itnh"
(LeThi Kinh, 2001).
Ngoai lap hpi buon buon b i n trong pham vi cCia tinh, cae nha duy tan Quing Nam cdn chCi truong md rpng, khuech truong len thanh Qude thuong bang cich lap nhdng doan budn dem san vat cua Quang Nam vao Quy Nhon, Nha Trang, Phan Thiet, hoac ra Thanh Hda, Nam Dinh, Ha Ndi vda ban hang vda lam nhiem vu tuyen truyen cdng cupc duy t i n , rdi lai mua hang hoa eua cae dia phUdng do dem ve ban tai Quang Nam. Ong Vo Hoin la mpt thanh vien eua Hpi thuong Quang Nam ke lai vdi dng Nguyen Van Xuan vao nam 1969 rang:"Vi la Qudc thuong chd khong p h i i ehuyen tucho nen kiem ldi dupe ddng nao, chUng tdi chit bdp quy bau ddng ay. Chung toi khong tieu vao do mot xu, an udng xai phf gl lay tien nha ra, chd khdng phai dung vao tien cua nude", va ngoai sd Idi cua Qudc thuong dng con dugc cac vj d Ha Npi quyen giup mpt sd tien 2.000 ddng dem ve de gop phan vao cac cd sd mdi tao dung (Nguyen Van Xuan, 1995).
Phong trao chan hUng thue nghiep d Quang Nam mdi phat trien dugc vai nam da bi thuc dan Phip nhan dan ap phong trao xin sUu khat thue trong thing 3 nam 1908 thang tay triet p h i ludn nhdng eo sd ndng doan, thuong hpi, 16 chen, xudng mpc eua cac lang duy tan. Trong ban an cua Nam trieu ket tdi eac st phu Quang Nam vao ngay 3 thing 8 nam DuyTinthdhai(29/8/1908)chungta thay cic dng Phan Thuc Dien [dung ra la Duyen], Le Ba Thuan [dung ra la Trinh], Nguyen Dinh Tan, Mai Luyen, Nguyen Nhd, Le Xuan LUpng deu bi ket vao tpi "ru ky hpp thuong", "xuat vdn budn tUOng ddi nhieu'; hoac "md tiem buon"
(Nguyen The Anh, 1973). Dung nhd Phan Chau Trinh nhan xet ve b i n an het sdc am muoi
"van tinh vd ly, van nghta bat thong" nay:"NhUng khdn noi khong tim dupc cd de ket an xd td, nen lupm l i t nao la hpi buon, hpi dien thuyet, nao la mac doTay... bay bd cho ra thanh eii an" (Nguyen Quyet Thing, 1992).
4. Ket luan
Tu tudng hau d i n sinh cCia cac sy phu Quang Nam da tao dupc phong trao chan hung thUc nghiep 6 nhieu lang que duy t i n cua tinh nhdng nam dau the k]/ XX, nhat la no cd t i c dpng to Idn khdng chi vdi nhdng hoat ddng thde nghiep binh thudng ma cdn la sU CO vu cho tinh than khdi nghiep, tao nen mdt sU thay ddi t u duy ve lam an theo hudng
"nghe hay trf xao", "tranh khdn hpe kheo'; phat trien nhdng nganh nghe kinh doanh mdi tren tinh than hpp quan, khdng ehi vi ldi rieng m i cdn muc dfch tU chO, tU cudng eua c i dan tpc. Anh hudng eua no khdng ehi bd hep tai Quing Nam ma eon lan toa den nhieu dja phuong khie eua nude ta bay gid.
Tap cht Khoa hpc xa hOi mien Trung. 3 6 01 (63) -2020
Chii thich:
1. Bai Viet nay fli/oc riit ngSn va bien tap lai tC( chuyen de cung ten do tac gia thirc hien cho de tai khoa hpc cOa tinh Quing Nam "Phong trdo Duy Tan d Qudng Nam ddu the Ity XX: Lich sUva gaimif. De tai do TrU6ng Bai hpc Duy Tan chu tri, nghiem thu nam 2018.
2. Nhieu tac g i i . (1985). Hgp tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam (1858-1920). Quyen II. Nxb Van hpc. Ha Npi.Trang 63-64.
3. Dan theo Huynh Ly, vdi sir cpng tac cua Hoang Ngpc Phach. (1983). Tha van Phan ChauTrinh. Nxb Van hpc. Ha Npi. Trang 131.
4. Nhieu tac giS. (1976). Tha vdn yeu nude vdcdch mgng dau the ky XX (1900-1930).
Nxb Van hpc. Trang 250.
5. Nhieu tac giS. (1995). Trdn QUy Cdp, chf sT Duy tan VietNam ddu the k} XX. Nxb Da Ning. Trang 45.
6. Nhieu tac giS. (1995). Trdn Quy Cdp, chi si Duy tdn VietNam dau thekyXX. Nxb Da Nang. Trang 47.
7. Xem them Ngo Van IVlinh (2012). C/r/s/'LeCd frong p/iongffdo yeu ni/tJcc/jongP/idp ddu thekyXX. Nxb Da N5ng. Trang 111 -115.
8. Theo anh Nguyen Van Lanh can bo cong tac tai huyen Nong Son thi co the Cd Vy chfnh la Ca Dy, ten mpt ngpn nui d l<hu vdc thon Dui Chieng thupc xa Phudc Ninh cCia huyen nay. Ngddi gia tai dja phdong cho biet ngay xda ddng bao dan tpc thieu so song d day. Hien nay d huyen Nam Giang van co langCa Dy giap vdi xa Phudc Ninh cua huyen Nong Sdn. Con theo dng Phan Van Phd que xa Sdn Yen (huyen Nong Son) thi sd ray Cd Vy CO the la khu vuc Na Lau, qua khdi Dui Chieng,Ty, Se la den. Noi day dat mau mdva xda kia dung la ehdn rdng thieng nddc dpc. Na Lau nay thupc xa Que Lam cCia huyen Nong Son, giap vdi xa Phddc Ninh.
9. Ban sdu t i m Ljch sdDSng, Dang bp Hda Vang. (1995). Lich sUdau tranh cdch mgng huyen Hoa Vang 1928- 1954. Nxb Da Nang. Trang 29.
10. Ghi theo Idi ke cda ba Nguyen Thj Cue d thon 3 xa Tien Son, huyen Tien Phddc (1986).
11. Theo Idi cCia cac ong Le Nien, Le Ngp d thon 5 xa Tien Son, huyen Tien Phddc ke cho tac gia bai viet nay vao nhdng nam 1984 -1985.
Tai lieu tham khSo
Ban Chap hanh D i n g bp huyen Duy Xuyen. (1996). Lich sUddu tranh cdch mgng cOa nhdn ddn Duy Xuyen dudisuldnh dgo cda Odng. Tap I (1930 -1954). In tai Xi nghiep In Qudc doanh Quing Nam -Da Nang.
Ban Chap hanh Hpi Ndng dan huyen Que Son. (1999). Lich sUphong trdo ndng ddn vd Hoi nong dan Viet Nam huyen Que San 1930-1995. NxbDaNlng.
Ban sdu tam Ljch sd Ding, Ding bp Hda Vang. (1995) Lich sCrddu tranh cdch mgng huyen Hoa Vang 1928- 1954. Nxb Da Nang. Trang 29.
Ng6 van Minh
Bio Tieng Din, sd 7 (31/8/1927), sd 514 (20/8/1932).
Ding bd Dang Cong san Viet Nam huyen Dai Loe. (1990). Lich sdddu tranh cdch mgng huyen Dgi Lpc. Tap I (1930 -1954). In tai Xf nghiep in Bio Quang Nam - Da Ning.
Ding bp Ding Cong sin Viet Nam huyen Que Son. (1985). Lich sdDdng bp huyin Que San 1930-1945. NxbDa Nang.Trang 38.
Ding bp huyen Hda Vang. (1985). Lich sdddu tranh cdch mgng huyin Hoa Vang (1928 -/954J. NxbDa Nang.
Ding uy xa Hda Phong. (1996). Hoa Phong - Lich sdddu tranh edch mgng 1930 -1954 (So thio). Ding Ciy xa Hoa Phong xuat b i n .
Hd Chf Minh. (2011). Todn tap. Tip 3 (1930 -1945). Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia.
Huynh Ly. (1992). Phan Chdu Trinh, thdn the vdsunghiep. NxbDa Ning.
Huynh Ly (1983). Tha vdn Phan Chdu Trinh. Nxb Van hpc.
HuynhThucKhang. (1963). Tutruyen. Anh Minh djch va xuat ban.
Lam Quang Thu. (1974). Qudng Nam - Dia ly, ljch sd, nhdn vdt. Ban Lien lac ddng huong tinh Quing Nam va Uy ban Mat tran Td qudc tinh Thanh Hoa xuat b i n .
LeTTij Kinh. (2001). Phan Chdu Trinh qua nhung tdi lieu mdi Quyen 1 .Tap 1. Nxb Da Ning.
Mfnh vien Huynh Thue Khang. (1959). Phan Tdy ho tien sinh lich sd. Anh Minh xuat bin.
Ngd Van Minh. (2012). Chf st Le Ca trong phong trdo yeu nddc chong Phdp ddu thekyf XX. Nxb Da Ning.
Nguyen Hien Le. (2002). Dong Kinh nghia thuc. Nxb Van hda Thdng tin.
Nguyen Quyet Thang. (1992). Phan Chdu Trinh, cupc ddi vd tdc phdm. NxbTPHCM.
Nguyen The Anh. (1973). Phong trdo chdng thue mien Trung ndm 1908 qua cdc chdu bdn trieu Duy Tdn.lu sach Sd hpc. Bp Van hda giao due va Thanh nien.
NguyenVin Xuan. (1995). Phong trdo Duy ton. NxbDa Ning.
Nguyen Van Xuan, Dam Van Chf, Nguyen Q. Thing, Vd Dat. (1997). Phan Thuc Duyen trong phong trdo Duy tdn Viet Nam. Nxb Van hda.
Nhieu t i c g i i . (1976). Tha vdn yeu nUdc vd cdch mgng ddu the ky XX (1900-1930).
Nxb Vin hpe.
Nhieu t i c g i i . (1985). Hgp tuyen tha vdn Viet Nam (1858-1920). Quyen II. Nxb Van hpe. Ha Npi.
Nhieu tie gia. (1995). Tran QdyCdp. chi si Duy tdn VietNam ddu thekyXX. Nxb Da Ning.
Nhieu t i c g i i . (2012). Trdn Quy Cdp. Ngdn ndm gUang sdng. Nxb Van hpc Qude sdquan trieu Nguyen. 0994). Minh Menh chfnh yeu.Tap 11. Nxb Thuan Hda.
Tran Ngpc Chuong. (1980). Phong trdoyeu nddc chong Phdp cda nhdn ddn huyen Tien Phudc (sd thdo). Tai lieu dinh may.
