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ANH HUONG CUA KHOI FDI DEN NANG SUAT LAO DONG TOAN NEN KINH TE VIET NAM
> DO THI PHUdNG
TOM I A I:
FDl cd the inh hucmg tdi ndn kinh le a lai ca cac ITnh vyc kinh le. vin hda vi \3 hgi. Tuv nhidn. ddi vdi cac nude dang phal trien. nhil li cac nude ngheo, ky vgng ton nhal ciia vide thu hut FDI chu ydu la nhim mgc lieu ling trudng kinh id. FDI Igo co hgi cho cac nude ngheo tidp cgn cdng nghe 'idn lien hon. de dang chuyen giao cdng ngh? han. thiie dav qui yinh phd bidn kidn ihuc, nang cao k> nang quan Iv vi trinh dg lao dgng. .. Tac dgng nav dugc xem la cic tic dgng Iran vd ning suit cua FDI, gdp phin tim ling ning suit cua cac doanh nghiep Irong nude vi cudi ciing li ddng gdp vao ting truimg kinh te ndi chung.
Iir khda: Von FDI. ning suit lao dgng, edng nghiep cao, ndng nghiep.
1. Anh huong khoi doanh nghiep FDI den ting ning suit lao dgng
Doanh nghiC'p FDI giil vai trd quan trgng trong V icc Iryc tiep ddng gdp vio tde dg ting truong ning suit tao dgng eua \ lel Nam Tgi Hgi nghj Cai ihien ning >uai lao dgng qudc gia 2019. Tdng cue Thdng ke cho biet: NSLD doanh nghi?p nha nude dgi 6"S.t iridu \ ND lao dgng, Tuy nhidn NMD cua doanh nghidp nha nude dai miic cao chu veu van dya v iio uu the irong v icc phan bd ngudn lyc.
djc biv'l li ngudn l;;c tai nguven ihien nhidn; doanh nghiep ngoai nha nude dgt 22S.4 trieu \ ND lao diin^. doanh nghiep cd vdn diu tu iryc tidp nude ngoii (FDI) dgt 330.S trieu \ ND kioddng. gap 3.5 lan mirc NSLD chung ca nude. (Bieu dd I)
NyuviM! nhin la do s\f khac biei ve ITnh vyc dau tu. khu virc FDl tgp trung chii veu trong linh vyc cdng iiyhicp che bidn. khai khoing va nhirng nganh CO ning suai lao ddng cao: Irong khi khu vyc ndi dia lao dgng van chu veu lip trung trong ITnh vyc ndng nghiep. nganh co co nang suit lao dgng tuv ci ddi rat thip. Dieu na> dan idi nang suit lao dgng binh quin cua khu vyc FDl cao.
Cd the noi. FDl giir vai ird quan Irgng Irong viec iruc liep ddng gop v ao idc do tang truang nang suit
lao dgng cua Viei Nam Tuy nhien, dong gdp ciia khu vgc FDl vao lang Irudng nang suit lao dgng phan ton do djch chuyen lao dgng lir khu vyc ning suai lao dgng thap sang khu vyc FD! vdi ning suit lao dgng cao hon (chiem 64%). Trong khi dd, ddng gdp vio ling Irudng nang suit lao dgng Ihyc sy lir khu vyc FDl (da trir phan ddng gdp do djch chuydn lao dgng) chidm ly I? nhd hon rat nhidu (36%).
Didu niy cd nghTa, Viet Nam di nhin dugc lac dgng lich cue tir FDl. Song nhin chung mirc dg tic dgng tich cyc cdn thip, chii ydu do kha ning canh tranh, hgc hdi, nhat la Mdn kei san xual, Iham gia vio chudi cung ung ciia doanh nghiep trong nude cdn yeu. Day cung la nguyen nhin co ban hgn che nhan dugc lac ddng lan Ida tir FDl.
2. Giai phap gia ting tic dgng lan tda cua khu vyc FDl den ning suit lao dgng nen kinh te Thu nhdt. chinh sach ihu hiit FDI hien chua lim tdi vai trd lao lidn kdt giua doanh nghiep FDl vdi doanh nghiep trong nude. Do dd, tdi diy cin tip trung tang nang luc cua khu vyc doanh nghiep trong nude, die bi?t la doanh nghidp tu nhin, de tao didu kidn va ca hgi cho khu vyc trong nude nhin dugc tic dgng lan Ida lir FDI. Mdi sd chuyen
120 So 12 - Thang 5/2020
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KINH IE
Bieu do J: Nang suat lao dong trong ktiu vt/c doanh nghiep nam 2019
Nang suat lao dong (trieu VNO)
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
298,7
I
• Nang suat lao dgng {tn?uVND)
Doanh Doanh Doanh Doanh nghigp ca nghigp Nha nghiep FDI nghigp phi
nu'dc nLKdc Nha ni/dc
So li^ii tai Hdi nghi Cdi ihien nang siidl lao ddng quae gia 2019
gia kidn nghj. dd ITnh vue FDI thuc su hidu qui can ed nhung chinh sich bit bugc ddi vdi nhi dau tu nude ngoai khi dau lu tai Viet Nam, ching hgn nhu veu cau hg phai dat ly Id ndi d[a hda 60",i. thay v i cam kel ty Id ngi dia hda 10" II nlur da sd cac nha dau tu hien nay. Cd nhu vav, FDl mdi lao dugc sue lan Ida tdi khu vue doanh nghiep trong nude. Bdn canh dd. Viet Nam can phai nang cao nang lyc doanh nghiep trong nude thdng qua cac dy an phal trien cdng nghiep phu iro- phit trien nhi cung cap cho ca doanh nghiep trong va ngoai nude. Ddng thdi. can khuyen khich ting cudng ca che hgp tac. lien kel giira doanh nghiep trong nude vi doanh nghidp FDI. Nice ihu hiil FDl hien nav' thdng qua nhieu cdng cu uu dii nhung can phai gin chit V ai V iec igo dyng mgng ludi cung cip Irong nude...
Thir hai. cin tao co hgi cho \uai hien lac ddng Iran va ting kha ning hap thy cac lac dgng trin lich cue ciia FDl cho cac doanh nghiep trong nude.
- Thav vi khuydn khich ihu hut FDI vao mdt sd nizanh nhu hien nav. cd !e ndn quy dmh mgt
sd ITnh V uc cim dau tu va cho phep cac nha diu tu nude ngoai dau tu vao cac ITnh vyc cdn lai.
Nhanh chdng thuc hien chuong irinh cd phan hda DNNN. lao co hdi va ma cua hon nu"a cho sy gia nhap lhi trudng ciia doanh nghiep cd vdn dau tu nude ngoai va doanh nghiep ngoai qudc doanh trong nude a mdt sd nganh ma bidn na> van do DNNN chii ydu nam giu.
Ddng thdi thyc hien idl cam kdt vc giam thue quan va hang rao phi thud quan theo Id trinh hpi nhap v a lidn trinh ly do hda thuang mai, qua dd tgo ap tyc ve cgnh tranh cho tat ca cac doanh nghiep va giam thieu mirc do bao hp doi vdi mgt so nginh dang dugc iru dii. Cic bien phap trdn day se lam giam muc do lap trung ciia FDI vao mgl sd nganh san xuat thay thd nhap khau. Ihu hiit ngudn vdn nay vao tat ca cac nganh, qua do lao ca hgi de cd dugc tic ddng tan Ida cho cac doanh nghiep trong nude va nen kinh Id.
- Tiep luc phan cap vide ra quyel djnh cap phep dau lu va ting qui md dy an mi cac cap tuong img dugc quvet dinh. Thay ddi nav cd Ihd tac dgng ngay tdi qui md du an va tang idc
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dg giii ngin. ddng ihcri tgo kich thich dav nhanh cii each hinh chinh ndi chung vi d cic imh'ihinh phd ndi ndng. Nhu di neu d trdn. phan eip can gin vdi trich nhiem ci nhin v a danh gia thdng qua hieu qua kinh td-xi hgi dich thuc ciia cac dy an.
- Khuven khich thu hiit FDI vio cic vimg ngoai eac trung lim cdng nghiep \ i do thj Idn. Trudc het nhim giin bdt mirc dg tgp trung cao d cic viing nav. mgt mil tiep lyc di> manh phan cip nhu da neu d trdn; mil khic cin ed ehinh sich hd trg cic linh trong xiic tidn dau tu, nhanh chdng dio tgo ngudn nhin lyc de dap img ciu vd lao dgng quin ly vi cdng nhin cd lav nghe. Trong giai dogn Idi. uu the sd thugc vd cic tinh Ian can. tiep giap cac trung tam tgp irung FDl. Vi vay cd ihd im tidn hem chinh sach xiy dyng co so hg ting cho cac tinh niy. tgo mgt vinh dai xung quang cic thinh phd Idn dd md rgng din pham v i hogl dong ^u^i cac doanh nghiep FDI vd mil dja ly.
- Kdl qua phan lich dinh lugng ve tic dgng tran cho Ihay bing chirng ve lac dgng Iran lich cue cua FDI ddi vol cic doanh nghiep ^ua va nhd. ke ca DNNN Do vav. cin tidp tyc day mgnh chinh sach phai tridn cic doanh nghiep vira va nhd. ddng thdi cd bien phap ho trg cic doanh nghiep nay tgo mdi lidn kci san xuit \oi cac doanh nghiep FDI trong timg nhdm nginh. Nha nude cung can hd trg cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd ting ning lyc dd co thd Iy hgc hdi. tidp thu cdng nghd mdi vi chuvcn giao cdng nghd lir ddi lac lien kel san xuil. Cac bidn phap hay dugc thyc hidn trdn the gidi la cung cip Ihdng iin midn phi hoic phi rit ihap cho cac doanh nghiep vua va nho. td chirc cic cudc gap gd de cic doanh nghiep cd thd trao ddi true iidp vdi nhau, id chue cae Idp bdi dudng. dao lao can bd tam v idc Irong cac doanh nghiep nay.
Tang ning tuc ve R&D ciia doanh nghiep trong nude dd ting kha nang hip thy cdng nghd mdi vi ihiic dav chuydn giao cdng ngh? thdng qua nhidu bidn phip. \ i dy. Nha nude hd trg dao igo can bg R&D ciia doanh nghiep bing each tai trg eac chuong uinh trao ddi chuydn gia giua eac vien nghidn cuu. trudng dgi hgc vi doanh nghiep;
thyc hien cac chuang trinh nghien cim (nganh, san pham mdi) co sy tham gia vi ddng tii trg ciia cac ben ciing huang lgi
- Nang nhanh tv I? lao dgng di qua dio tgo ciia ca ndn kinh id ndi chung va cua lao dgng trong cac doanh nghi?p trong nude ndi ridng de ling khi ning ddn nhan lien bg khoa hgc kv thugi mdi.
Thir ha. can chii Irgng chat lugng ciia ddng vdn FDl thu hut thay vi so tugng Ciing voi do. tgp trung phit iridn cdng nghiep hd irg vi cd nhthig hanh dgng cy Ihd hon. Trong dd. uu lidn liep cgn tin dyng ddi vdi nh&ng nginh/ITnh vyc ho trg uu tidn phat tridn. Chinh phii. cic Bg, nginh tidp lyc td chirc cic cugc ddi thogi. trao ddi giiJa cic igp doan FDI Idn va nhim tim kiem ddi lac cung cip diu.
Thiir iir. irinh dg lao dgng thap ciia \iei Nam ti nhin td can trd lie dgng tich cyc ciia ngudn vdn FDI vdi ning suit lao dgng. Ci cip dg doanh nghiep. trinh dg lao dgng thap se hgn chd khi ning liep thu vi chuyen giao cdng ngh?. Nhu vay, ndu thieu lao dgng cd trinh dg dap irng d mgt muc nio dd. V iec phd bidn cdng nghd s2 khd hoic khdng \a) ra. Do dd, cin dao tgo nang cao trinh dg, y thiic ngudn lao dgng.
Neoai trinh dg lao dgng. chdnh lech ton vii cdng nghe va ning suit lao dgng eung dang gii) khd khin cho vide di chuyen lao dgng cd chuyen mdn gii^a cic doanh nghiep FDI vi doanh nghi§p irong nude. Bdi vay, can ihidi phai thu hep khoing cich niy.
Hon nira &Q tang hidu img tich cyc tir khu vyc FDI Iheo chieu dgc, khu vyc ngi dja phii iham gia lidn kel dugc vdi khu vyc cac doanh nghiep nude ngoii thdng qua cung irng dau vio vi ngugc lai
3. Ket luan
\'iei Nam dugc danh gii di khi thanh cdng irong thu hut FDI va khang dinh FDI cd tic dgng lan tda den ning suit tao ddng. Tuy nhien, miic dp tic dgng tan tda vin cdn thip. chua tuong xCmg vdi tiem ning va ky vgng ciia djnh hudng thu hiil FDI cd chgn tpc va hieu qua. '"Muc do lien kel ngugc vi hen kel xudi gitra khu vyc FDI vdi khu vyc ngi dja cdn thap d tat ci cic nginh, die biet nhdm nganh cdng nghe va ky thuat cao. Didu dd ngy > ring, kha nang tic ddng giin iidp vao nang suit lao dgng ciia khu V uc FDI thdng qua hidu ung Iran v d cdng ngh?
vi ky nang lao dgng la thip". dgi dien Vien Kmh Id
\'iei Nam cho hay"
122SO 12-Thang 5/2020
KINH TE
I W LIKl FHVM KHAO:
I. Cyc Dau tu nude ngoai Bg Kd ho^ch va Diu tu (2018). Hieu qud cua FDl vd ddi hoi viec thay ddi chiin linrc thu hiu ddu tir inrc liep ninrc ngoai cua Vi('t Nam
1. Nguyen Thj Tue Anh (2006), Tde dgng lan Ida nang sudt cua ddu nr iruc tiip nuuc ngodi d Mel Nam. https./ vieinamfinance,\n/tac-dong-lan-toa-nang-suat-cua-dau-tu-truc-tiep-nuoc-ngoai-o-viel- nam-201 so: 161053.17062,him
} LC-van Hung {2017). FDl vd Idng tnrang nang siuii lao dgng &yiei Nam- \gii y ddi vdi ddng von FDl tir EU. Hgi thao quoc le "Nang cao chai lugng lyc lirgng lao dpng Viet Nam trong bdi canh thuc hi^n Hiep dinh Thuang mgi ty do Viv*I Nam - Lien minh Chau Au (EU)
4 \icii Nghien cim Toan ciu McKinsey (2012). Giirnhip tdng inrdng bin \irng lai liei .\iim Tiidch thirc ve ndng
Ngii> nhan bii: 26/4/2020
Ngiy phan bi^n danh gii vi sua chira: 6/5/2020 Ngiy chap nhin ding bii: 16/5/2020 Thdng tin tac gid:
ThS. DOTH! PHUgfNG
Khoa Kinh te co sd, Trudng Dai hpc Kinh te - Kv thuat cdng nghiep
IMPACTS OF THE FDI SECTOR ON THE PRODUCTIVTT\
OF VIETNAM^S ECONOMY
• Master. DO THI PHUONG Faculty of Economic Fundamentals University of Economics - Technology for Industries
ABSTRACT:
Foreign direct investment (FDI) can affect all economic, cultiual and social aspects of a country. However, for'developing countries, especially poor ones, the greatest expectation of attracting FDl is primarily for economic growth. FDI creates opportunities for poor counyies to access more advanced technologies, facilitate technology transfer, accelerate the dissemination of knowledge, and improve management skills and labor skills. These impacts are considered as spillover effects on productivity of FDI, contributing to increase productiv it\' of domestic enterprises and finally contributing to economic growth in general.
Keywoeds: FDI, labor productivity, high technology industry, agriculture.
So 1 2 - T h a n g 5/2020123