Tin ngircrag tho" cung to tien cua ngirol Tay if huyen Krong Nang, tinh Dak Lak
LaiThiVanf
Tom tat: Tin nguong truyin thdng Id mdt hinh thuc sinh hogt cdng ddng khdng thi thieu, la nhu cdu tdt yiu vd cdn thiet ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh thdn ciia con ngudi. Duge hinh thdnh tren ea sd niim tin vdo su bdt tu ciia linh hdn td tiin, tin ngudng thd ciing td tien cua ngudi Tdy ludn chiem vi tri, vai trd quan trgng trong ddi sdng tdm linh ciia hg. Bdi viit tim hiiu cdc hinh thirc thd ciing td tiin chu yeu, ddng thdi chi ra nhiing xu hudng van dgng, biin ddi trong tin ngudng thd ciing td tiin cua ngudi Tdy d huyen Krong Ndng, tinh Dak Lak nhdm phdt huy, giii gin gid tri vdn hda truyen thdng trong ddi sdng ciia ngudi Tdy hiin nay.
Tir khda: Tin ngudng, Thd ciing td tien, Ngudi Tay, Dak Ldk
Abstract: Traditional beliefs are among indispensable community activities, and a crucial part of people's spiritual life. The Tdy people's ancestor worship, formed on the basis ofthe belief in immortality and ancestor's soul survival after death, always plays an important role in their spiritual life. The paper explores the typical forms of ancestor worship, and points out the changing trends in the Tdy people's ancestor worship in Krong Nang district, Dak Lak province in order to promote and preserve traditional cultural values ofthe Tdy people today.
Keywords: Beliefs, Ancestors, Tay Ethnic Group, Dak Lak Province
Dat van de
Tin ngudng Id niem tin tdn giao, mot hien tuong vdn hda. Tin ngudng trayen thdng la binh thiic sinh boat cdng ddng khdng the thieu, la nhu cdu tat yeu va cdn thiet ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh than ciia con ngudi. Tin ngudng thd ciing td tien dugc hinh thanh tten CO sd niem tin vao su bat tir ciia lmh hon to tien, cd vi tti, vai trd quan ttgng nhdt ttong ddi song tdm linh eua ngudi Tay.
'"' ThS., Vien Khoa hpc xS hgi viing Tay Nguyen, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam;
Email: [email protected]
Huyen Krdng Ndng ndra d phia Ddng Bac tinh Dak Ldk, each trung tdra tinh 50km theo dudng Qudc Id 14, Qudc 16 29. Huyen cd 23 ddn tdc anh em cimg sinh sdng. Ddn tpc thilu s6 phia Bac di cu den chiem ty le 18,61 % so vdi tong sd hd toan huyen. Ngudi Tay d Krdng Nang (chu yeu di cu tiJ do tii cac tinh Cao Bdng, Bdc Kan, Lang Son) co t i n g so 13.129 ngudi, co mat d hdu khap 12 xd, thj tran tren dia ban huyen, phdn bo chu y l u tai cdc xa Ba Tam (6.074 ngudi), Ea Tdn (1.533 ngudi), Dlieya (1.471 ngudi), Ea Dab (1.418 ngudi) (Chi cue Thong ke huyen Krdng Ndng, 2019).
Thdng tin Khoa hoc x i hdi. sd 10.201^
Vl sinh sdng tap tmng tai tung xa ttong huyen nen vdn hda trayin thing ndi chung va tin ngudng thd ciing td tien ciia ngudi Tay ndi rieng dugc bdo luu kha tdt, song khdng nam ngoai xu the biln ddi tdt y l u cua van hoa. Tin ngudng thd ciing td tien cua ngudi Tay chiia dyng nhimg gid tti van hda tpc ngudi dugc hinh thdnh tu lau ddi, la nhdn td quan ttpng cau thdnh nen van hoa tinh thdn va phdn anh nhiing gia tri dao diic, thdm my, nhdn sinh quan, the gidi quan ciia tdc ngudi cdn dupe bdo Imi, gin giii. Bdi viet' tim bieu cac hinh thiic thd ciing td tien chu yeu, ddng thdi chi ra nhiing xu hudng van ddng, bien ddi trong tin ngudng thd Cling to tien cua ngudi Tdy d huyen Krong Nang, tinh Ddk Lak.
' Bai viet la mgt phan ket qua cim De tai cap ca so nam 2019: "Tin ngitong tho ciing to tien ciia nguoi Tay o huyen Krong Nang, tinh Dak Lak", do tac gia lam chu nhiem, Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi viing Tay Nguyen la to chiic chu tri. Cac phan tich trong bai viet dua vao ket qua nghien ciru thuc dia tai huyen Krong Nang, tinh Dak Lak (nhung xa co nguoi Tay sinh song tap trung nhu Ea Tam, Ea Tan, Dlieya, Ea Dah...). Dien da dan toe hgc la phuong phap dugc sir dung chii yeu khi chiing t6i nghien cuu thuc dia.
Bang phuong phap djnh tinh, tac gia trai nghiem ciing voi ngucri dan dja phuong de quan sat tham du cac hoat dong ciing nhu viec thuc hanh nghi le trong cuoc song hang ngay cua hg. Dong thoi, chung toi van dung thao tac phong van sau, phong van hoi co, thao luan nhom doi voi cac thong tin vien phii hgp, nhat fa nhimg nguoi am hieu va co uy tin trong cong dong nguoi Tay nhu thay cung (thay Tao, thay Then, thay Put), nguoi gia, can bo dja phuang... de co thong tin tin cay, doi chieu voi cac tu lieu thu thap dugc de CO cai nhin so sanh ve nghi le tho cilng to tien cua nguoi Tay truoc day va hien nay. Chiing toi tien hanh khao sat cac le, tet trong nam ciia nguoi Tay nhu T6t Nguyen Dan, lit Thanh minh, Ram thang Bay, dam tang, dam cuoi, ll man tang, tham gia le hpi van hoa dan gian Viet B5c 16 chiic tai xa Ea Tam vao djp dSu nam (ngay 15, 16 thang Gieng hang nam) dk co cai nhin t6ng th^ vh tin nguong tha cimg tfi tien ctia nguoi Tay 6 huyen Krong Nang.
1. Quan niem ve td tien va tin ngirdng tho"
cung to tien ciia ngirdi Tay
Td tien la khai niem dung d l chi nhiing ngudi cd cimg huyet thdng da chet nhu cu, ky, ong, ba, cha, me... cd dnh budng ldn d i n ddi sdng ciia t h i be nhiing ngudi dang sing. Trong qua ttinh phat triln ciia lich sii, khdi niem td tien cd sy bien doi, phdt ttien, no khdng chi bd hep ttong pham vi huyet thdng - gia dinh, ddng hp... ma md rdng ra pham vi cdng ddng, xd hdi.
Tin ngudng thd cimg t l tien dugc hinh thanh tren ca sd nilm tin vdo sy bat tii cua linh hdn td tien. N i l m tin do bat ngudn tir udc mudn mang tinh bdn nang - udc mudn trudng tbp ciia con ngudi. Con ngudi da thieng lieng hda tinh cam thuang yeu, thai dp kinh trpng doi vdi td tien. Bang nghi le thd Cling td tien, con ngudi the bien quan niem ciia minh ve cai chet vd cudc sdng sau khi chet, giai tda ndi sg hai khi phdi ddi mat vdi cdi chet, gdp phan can bang trang thai tdm ly, dn dinh xd hdi.
Thd cung td tien la hinh thiic tin ngudng quan trpng nhdt trong ddi song ciia ngudi Tdy, xuat phat tir sy ghi nhd eong an ngudn cdi, gan vdi quan niem ve su bat diet ciia linh hdn con ngudi sau khi chet. Vdi ngudi Tdy, td tien dupe quan niem nhu nhung vj thdn hd menh cho con chdu d duong the dugc khde manh, hudng phiic, tranh hga, ngugc lai con chdu phai thd Cling td tien chu todn tbi mdi khong bi td tien qud trdch.
Ngudi Tdy quan niem co sy t i n tai cua linh hdn ben trong the xac con ngudi, gpi la khodn (via). Hp quan niem, khi con ngudi chet di, khong cdn the xac cho via tni ngu nen via se chuyen boa tir khodn sang phi tiic la chuyin tii via sang ma. Td tien trong tilng Tdy gpi Id "ddm" bode "Co ddm", duac hilu la goc re, coi nguin; "Ddm d cay cdi
Tin ngudng thd cting.. 53 la re cai, d ngudi la td tdng" (Nguyen Thi
Yen, 2009:438). Td tien gdm cac thi he da chet ke tiep nhau ttong gia dinh. O ngudi Tay, khi mot ngudi thugc the he cha me, dng ba chSt se ttd thanh mdt thanh vien td tien mdi ggi la dam mau (td tien mdi) hay cdn gpi la dam rd. Ngudi Tay quan niem, td tien tdn tai d 3 noi: mudng Trdi, nghia dia va gia tien.
Quan niim td tien d tten trdi (ma mudng Trdi): Sau khi cha/me chet, con chau nhd thay Tao Idm le thu gpi hdn via dua len ttdi sdng vdi ma gia dinh va td tien d tren ttdi. Trong the gidi quan ciia ngudi Tay, Trdi dugc hinh dung nhu la sy ldn ngugc cua mat ddt, noi do ciing cd mong ddng, nha ciia, rimg niii, sdng bien, mudng thii. Linh hdn ngudi chet ve cu tni d mudng Trdi ciing dugc phdn hang theo nhung quy dinh cu the: ngudi chet tre hoac chua vg, chua chong dugc phdn d mudng trai gai de cd ca hpi tim hieu ket duyen; ngudi chet binh thudng (chet gid) ve vdi td tien, ddng hp; tte so sinh chet dugc di ddu thai; ngudi lam nghe thay ciing khi chet dupe ve lam quan d mudng Tien, mudng Phdt. Noi d ciia linh hdn d tren ttdi ciing eo nhd cua, mdng nuong, ttdu bd, ga Ign, ciing lam dn nhu d coi tran gian.
Mdt sd thdy Tao d Krdng Nang quan niem, "td tien d tren ttdi cd tir khai sinh lap dia, tir khi cd hg la cd td tien, hp tdn tai tten mudng Trdi. Con ngudi khi chet di chi mong udc dugc ve vdi td tien tten mudng Trdi de hudng lac, nhung phai trdi qua ddy du cdc nghi thiic tbi mdi dugc len mudng Trdi. Vi vdy, phdi mdi thay Tao den lam le de hdn ngudi chet theo chinh dao (dao, kinh, su), neu khdng theo chinh dao thi khong the gia nhdp the gidi td tien" (Phdng vdn thdy Tao Van Thang, sinh nam 1966, xa Ea Tam).
Trong quan niem cua ngudi Tay, viec chuyen ddi linh hdn sau khi chit vl vdi td tien d tren trdi phai ttai qua nhung quy trinh, nghi thiic rieng. Sau khi ngudi nhd tat thd, con chau bao tang cho anh em, hg hang, lang xdm, ddng thdi mdi thay Tao den lam le tien dua ngudi chet vl thi gidi ben kia. "Khi mdi chit, linh hdn van dugc xem la d ue, chua dugc ttinh bdo vdi td tien, neu khdng td tien se khdng chdp nhdn, tham chi la ttdch phat" (Phong vdn ba Trieu Tbi Tuyen, sinh nam 1960, xa Dlieya). Sau khi thi the dugc thdy Tao lam phep, tam riia bdng rapt thii nude thanh
"tinh khiet", hdn ngudi chet mdi trd nen sach se va thanh khiet, sau do ngudi nha lam le eiing td tien (le thanh phuc) va mdi dugc phep bao cho td tien biet trong nha ed ngudi vira chet, mdi td tien ve nhan le vat va xin td tien cho phep lam le de ngudi chet sdm sieu thoat va dugc td tien tiep nhdn d mudng Trdi.
Quan niim td tiin d ban thd (ma nhd) • Ngudi Tay quan niem rang, con ngudi khi chet bin via vdn ludn qudn d trong nha, phii hd, ddi theo con chau. Td tien ngy tri d ban thd, nen vdi hp, ban thd rdt quan ttpng vdi ngudi sdng, la nai linh thieng, tudng nhd cdng on cua td tien, ludn dugc ddt d giira gian nha chinh va dugc thd phung tir ddi nay sang ddi khac, la "dau mdi" ket ndi giiia ngudi chet va ngudi sdng. Ma nha la td tien tryc tiep cua gia dinh, do do, con chdu phai lap ban thd, ciing vao nhiing dip le, tit va nhirng ngay quy dinh trong ndm.
Khi thuc hdnh nghi ll, ngudi Tay diu mdi td tien vl thu budng vd tm rdng td tien ttd ve chiing giam, ddn nhan ldng thanh cua con chau, dl rdi phii bd con chdu nhiing dieu tdt dep.
Quan niem td tien a khu md (ma md md) • Khi eon ngudi chet di, tuy the xac thdi
54 Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi. sd 10.2019 riia, hda tan vao ldng dat nhung vdn cdn
mot bd phdn hdn via quyin luyin t h i xac ma ludn quan d quanh khu vuc mo ma - nai chdn cdt the xdc, vd md md dugc xera la nha eiia ngudi chit. Do dd, khi cha/me chet, viec ttpng dai cua con chau la lo md yen md dep de cha me dugc hudng phiic d t h i gidi ben kia. Vi thi, hg rdt chii ttpng xem hudng dat md vd chdm sdc md md. Ho quan niem, cha me cd md yen, md dep thi con chdu mdi de lam an.
Tin ngudng thd ciing td tien eua ngudi Tay d Krdng Ndng phd bien vdi hai binh thiic: Thd ciing td tien ttong gia dinh vd thd Cling td tien cua lang xa, ttong dd ndi bat hon cd la thd ciing td tien trong gia dmh (binh tiuic thd chii y l u ciia ngudi Tdy), nham gido due, nhac nhd con chdu nhd ve td tien, cdi ngudn, giir gin truyen thong gia dinh. Trong tdm thiic ciia ngudi Tdy, td tien la bat tu, linh hdn ciia hp ludn d ben canh phil hd, ddi theo con chau.
2. Cac hinh thiic thd cung trong tin ngirdng thd ciing td tien ciia ngirdi Tay d huyen Krong Nang hien nay
2.1. Thd ciing td tien trong gia dinh Ddi tugng thd ciing: Chiem vi tri quan ttgng nhdt ttong ddi sdng tdm linh cua ngudi Tay la thd ciing td tien. Tin ngudng thd Cling td tien trong gia dinh phdn dnh mdi quan he ddng huyet. Ngudi Tay thd td tien 3 ddi (bd me - dng bd - cu, thd chung tren rapt ban thd); cdn tir ddi thii tu ttd v l tmdc thi gdp vdo bat huong td tien chung, ciing duge dat ciing mdt ban thd.
Ngudi Tdy d Bdc Kan di cu vao Krdng Nang chia se, to tien dugc thd d ban thd tinh tii 9 ddi trd xudng, tren 9 ddi khdng cdn thd niia ma dua ra ddng. Tren ban thd thudng cd ba bdt huong va thd d i n 9 ddi.
Bat huong d giiia la bdt huang td tien, thd tir ddi thii 5 trd lai. Tir ddi thii 6 ttd v l
tiTToc d i n ddi thii 9 thi gia nhdp bat huarig Tao qudn (Tao quan chinh la td tien tir aoi thu 6 den ddi thii 9 cua gia dinh), ddt ben phai, canh bat huang td tdng'. Bat huang ben ttai thd Ba mu (Me va). Ngudi Tay d Krdng Nang chia se: "Chiing tdi d^y con chdu phai ludn nhd d i n cdng cm td tien.
Ngudi Cao Bdng, Bdc Kan chiing toi ciing td tien it nhdt phdi d i n 6, 7 ddi. Thuc ra ddi ndo cung phdi tiid. Bdt huang mdy ddi deu d tten ban thd, cii thd mai the thdi. Bdo la 9 ddi thi di ra ngoai ddng, nhung chd biet cd di khdng, khdng thdy dugc, con chdu ddi sau van cii tilp tiic thd" (Phdng vdn dng Hoang Duy Chinh, sinh nam 1951, xa Ea Tam). Nhu vdy, cd t h i thdy, v l ca bdn ngudi Tay khdng xac dinh dugc ehdc chdn linh h i n td tien sau 9 ddi cd cdn d tren ban thd hay khdng nen each hieu thd td tien nhilu ddi (ddm tren, nghia la td tien chung ciia gia dinh) vdn la each hieu phd bien ttong quan niem ciia hp.
Nai thd ciing: Ban thd td tien la chon ton nghiem, noi thyc hanh cac nghi le gia dinh ngudi Tdy, dugc lap cd dinh, dat d noi trang ttpng nhat hoac gian chinh giiia cua ngdi nha. Ban thd la noi linh thieng, chi ddt bat huang va bay dd thd ciing. Trong each ttang tti, cd gia dinh trang tti cdu ]iy, cdn than, ban thd lam bdng gd tdt vdi net chara khde cdng phu, nhung ciing cd gia dinh trang tti don gian, so sai (ehl la mot ban thd ddng bang go don sa, dp vdo vach nha). Ngudi Tdy quan niem td tien ngu tti d ban thd. Id "dau radi" ket noi giiia ngudi chit va ngudi sing, "bat huong chinh la cho ngoi cua td tien, de khi td tien v l cd cho ma ngdi" (Phdng vdn ba Trdn Thi Hda, sinh nam 1948, xa Tam Giang).
' Tuy nhien, a nhifiu gia dinh, bat huang ben phai tho Phat, con bat huong Tao quan dat 6 bSp.
I'm ngudng thd ciing.. 55 Nghi Ii thd cung: Nhin chung khdng
qua cdu ky, chii yeu nham myc dich bao cao vdi td tien nhiing su viec cu the vao timg thdi dilm ciia nghi ll va cdu xin sy che chd, phii hd cua td tien. Thyc hien le Cling thudng Id ngudi ddn dng diing dau ttong nhd, thay mat cho gia dinh bdo cao su viec, mdi td tien ve hudng thy le vat.
Li vdt thd cung: Tiiy theo timg nghi le cu thi ma chuan bi cdc loai le vdt khac nhau, nhimg phd bien nhat la ga, vit, thit Ign, rugu, che, com, hucmg, tien vang ma.
Thdng thudng, mgt raara ciing trinh bdo td tien cua ngudi Tay khd don gidn. Ddt chinh giua mdra ciing la mdt con ga trdng thien luge bao gom cd tiet, gan, long, me va mot cai dia dyng mdt mieng thit Ign chin (khodng 0,5kg - 1kg). Phia ddu mdm dl 5 bat cam ddy, 5 ddi diia, 5 cai ly udng rugu, 5 cai ly udng che. Khi ciing, hg thdp huong len ban thd, khdn mdi td tien ve hudng le vdt, cam them mgt nen huang vdo con ga va mieng thit, "lam nhu vay de td tien nhdn dugc day du cac le vdt raa minh dang ciing"
(Phdng vdn ong Hoang Van Ddng, sinh ndm 1967, xd Dlieya). Trong mdt tudn huong, hg rdt rugu, che mdi to tien khodng 3 ldn, "moi ldn rot mdt chiit rugu/che vao 5 cai ly dung rugu vd 5 cdi ly dung che de mdi td tien vira an, viia udng" (Phdng van dng Hodng Van Ddng, sinh ndm 1967, xa Dlieya). Khi huong sap tan, hp ddt tien vdng ma va khdn to tien nhdn lay le vat mang ve cdi dm.
Thdi gian tho cung: Ngudi Tay thudng thuc banh nghi le thd ciing td tien vao nhung ngay tet (cdn ggi la nghi le thudng ky) va nhirng ngdy le (cdn gpi la nghi le bat thudng). Nghi le mang tinh chdt trayen thdng theo lich tiet quy dinh hang nam, vao nhimg dip tet theo phong tuc. Tinh theo dm lich, hp Cling td tien phd bien d nhiing dip tet nhu: Tet Nguyen Dan, Tet Thanh minh
(tao md vao mung 03/3), Rdm thang Bdy (ngay 14/7), Tit Doan Ngp (miing 05/5).
Vdo nhung ngay nay, cac gia dinh thudng md Ign, gd, vit, lam cac mdn an ngon dl ddng Cling to tien va de cac thanh vien vl sum hpp ben mam com gia dinh.
Vdi ngudi Tay, td tien dugc coi la vi than bdn menh, cd vai ttd quan trgng doi vdi sy hung thinh ciia gia dinh nen moi khi CO viec ldn nhu cudi xin, ma chay, lam nhd, ddy thang, mimg thg, di lam an hoac di hpc xa... hp deu sam le vdt hoac thdp huong trinh bao, cau xin td tien phii hd. Ngodi ra, khi gia dinh ndo gap hoan nan hay cd ngudi dm dau,... hg thudng xem bdi, neu thdy phan td tien qud trach do thanh vien nao do cd hanh ddng pham hiiy vdi td tien, hp phdi sara le vat nhd thdy ciing den nhd Idra le ta.
Nhiing nghi le trong trudng hgp tren dugc ggi chung Id nghi thuc bat thudng trong nam, tieu bieu vao cac dip le cudi (le dam hoi, le dn hdi, le cudi, le lai mat) va tang le, le day thang, le mimg thg, vdo nhd mdi...
Ben canh dd, do anh hudng ciia dao Phat, nen vao ngdy ram va mimg mot hang thang, ngudi Tay thudng ddng len ban thd rapt dia hoa qud va thap huong khan dng ba, td tien.
2 2. Thd eiing td tien cua ldng xd (Thd edng/Thd dia)
Ngudi Tay quan niem, Thd cdng la ngudi cd cdng trong viec thdnh lap va bao ve dan bdn, dugc ngudi ddn coi Id td tien ciia bdn lang.
Ddi tugng thd ciing. Do huyen tiidng muu sinh chii yeu bdng ndng nghiep, trong dieu kien cdn phu thupc nhieu vdo thien nhien nhu thdi tilt, khi hdu, ddt dai, dong thdi xudt phat tu quan niem "van vdt huu linh", ngudi Tdy tin rdng lyc lugng sieu nhien cd thi tac ddng din cudc sdng eua cpng dong.
Theo hg, rimg nui, ddng mdng, dat dai, sdng suoi... diu cd cdc than linh cai qudn. Do do.
56 Thdng tin Khoa h<?c xa hdi. so 10.2019 khi tien hanh khai pha ttdng ttgt phai xm
phep cac than linh. Than linh ed loai lanh va loai dii. Than linh dii khdng dugc thd cung thudng xuyen, ma ciing vao liic ngudi, vdt bdt an, cdn thdn lmh ldnh la nhung phiic thdn ludn phil hp, bdo ve con ngudi nen dugc thd ciing chu dao, khdng chi mang tinh gia dmh ma cdn mang tinh cdng ddng.
Tieu bieu ttong thd ciing to tien ciia lang xa ciia ngudi Tay d Krong Nang la thd Cling thdn Thd cdng/Thd dia. Thd dia la vi thdn bdo ve ldng bdn, niii rimg, ddt dai, cdy ttong, gia siic. Hg quan niem, edc vi thdn nay cd cdng xdy dyng, bdo ve lang ban, nen khi qua ddi, hg dugc dan ldng nhd on, phong lam thdn bdn menh cdng ddng va duy tti viec thd ciing d vung dat di cu. "Ddt cd Tho cdng, sdng cd Ha ba, cho nen chiing tdi sinh sdng d vimg ddt ndo thi deu cd thdn Thd cdng cai qudn vimg ddt dd, chiing tdi thd Cling de cdu cac than phu hd, bdo ve cho mpi ngudi cd cudc sdng yen dn" (Phdng vdn dng Hodng Vdn Thang, sinh nam 1966, xd Ea Tam).
Noi tha cung: Mieu la nai thd Thd cdng/Thd dia - lyc lugng sieu nhien da dugc thdn thdnh hda. Da sd cac vi thdn ndy khdng cd ten ma chi dupe gpi chung la "Thd than". Noi thd thudng d ddu hoac cuoi thdn ldng, tai mdt gdc cay to hoac chdn niii da, noi cd nhieu ngudi qua lai, hg lam rapt cdi raieu nhd, dat radt dng huong. Vdo dip Tet Nguyen Dan bay dip le cdu miia, cac gia dinh mang le vdt ra mieu de ciing tho than; hoac khi trong lang cd ngudi chet, CO tre radi sinh, xdy dyng cdng ttinh, lam nhd mdi... hg deu thap huong bao cho Thd thdn de cdu an.
Li vat vd thdi gian thd cimg- Le vdt thd ding td tien cua ldng xa khong khac vdi le vat thd ciing td tien trong gia dinh (mdm le thudng gdm xdi, gd, mgu, thit.
hdnh ttai, huong, tiln vang ma). Nhieu gia dinh ngudi Tay d Krdng Ndng vdn giii tuc ngdy 30 T i t chudn bi le vdt mang ra ciing mdi Thd cdng an T i t tmdc vdi y ngbia ton kinh. Thdng thudng, moi nai cd quy djnh te thdn Thd cdng vdo mdt ngay cd dinh ttong nam, thudng vao cac thang dau nam, vao dip cdu miia va ciing cdu an giai ban. Le t l thdn Thd cdng tai cac thdn ngudi Tay d xd Ea Tara, huyen Krong Nang dien ra vao ngay 15 thang Gieng (tiling vdi thdi gian td chiic le hdi van hda ddn gian Viet Bac).
Cdc gia dinh cd thi sdm chung hoac rieng mdt mam le mang ra mieu ciing thdn Thd cdng cdu cho nam mdi mua thudn, gid hda, miia mang tuoi tdt bdi thu, con ngudi manh khoe, hanh phiic. Khi nghi l l hoan tdt, dd Cling se dugc ddn ldng td chiic mdt "biia cam cdng cam" ddu xuan (bode tap trung theo timg nhdm hd gia dinh).
Nghi le thd cung: Sau khi cdc hd gia dinh mang ddy dii le vat tap tnmg tai mieu Thd cdng, thay ciing se tien hanh nghi le Cling nhdm cam ta cdng diic cua Thd cdng da phu hd cho miia mang bdi thu, vdt nuoi cay trdng tranh dugc benh tdt, mgi ngudi ed dugc cudc sdng dm no, thdn ldng yen dm.
"Budc sang ndm mdi cdu mong Thd cdng tiep tuc phil bp giiip d o ngudi ddn trong thdn bdn, trong xd cd ddy du siic khde de tien banh sdn xudt thu dugc nhieu thdng lgi, cac loai benh tdt hi day liii, mgi ngudi doi dao sire khde, nuoi Ign chdng beo, nudi bd chdng ldn, ttong thdn, trong ban ngay cang CO nhieu niem vui, niem phdn khdi" (Phdng vdn thdy Tao Hoang Van Phai, sinh ndm 1974, x a E a Tdn).
3. Mot so xu humig bien doi trong tin ngudng thd cung td tien cua ngirdi Tay o"
huyen Krong Nang
Xu hudng mdt ddn cdc nghi Ii mang tinh cdng ddng: Mdt trong nhiing nghi ll
Tm ngudng thd ciing... 57 mang tinh cdng ddng cua ngudi Tay la tuc
thd Thd cdng. Vi du trade day ngudi Tay d mdi ban thudng cd chung mdt ngay te Tho cdng (theo quy dinh cua timg noi) d milu thd, sau phdn nghi le thi mpi ngudi tap tinmg an udng tai ddy. Tuy nhien, hien nay viec nay khdng cdn phd bien. Cdc nghi le mang tinh cdng ddng ndi chung khdng con phd bien ttong ddi sdng cua ngudi Tdy d Krdng Ndng. Chi mdt sd it thdn bdn ngudi Tay cdn duy tti cac raieu thd thdn ban menh, nhung cdc nghi thiic va le hdi da CO sy bien doi, radt ddn yeu to edng ddng va ttd thdnh tuc thd ciing mang tinh chdt ca nhdn hoac gia dinh.
d Krdng Ndng, ngudi dan cd y thiic phuc hdi le ciing cdu mua (ciing td tien lang xa cdu mot mua mdng bdi thu) nham khai ggi lai y thiic cdi ngudn thdng qua Ngay hpi Van hda dan gian Viet Bdc vao dip ddu xudn mdi (ngay 15, 16 thang Gieng hdng ndm). Tuy nhien, ndi dung da CO nhieu bien doi, phdn le khdng dugc chii y nhieu, phdn hpi cung dugc bd sung bang cac boat ddng vui choi giai tri hien dai. Xu hudng hien dai hda, todn cdu hda da gdp phdn chuyen giao khoa hpc cdng nghe va cdc phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing den cac thon lang. Ngudi ddn dupe tiep xiic vdi nhieu kenh thdng tin sach, bao, dai, vd tuyen, Internet, cac phuong tien thdng tin giai tri, giao luu van hda giira cac khu vyc... Do vdy, sinh boat van hda cdng ddng khdng cdn la nhiing boat dpng thu hiit duy nhdt ddi vdi ngudi ddn nhu trudc day. Yeu to tdm linh trong cac le hpi md ddn, nhu cdu sinh boat van hda tdm linh khdng cdn la thiet yeu... Dd la nhung nguyen nhdn co ban khien ngudi ddn cd phdn thd o ban vdi viec td chiic cdc sinh boat le hpi cd tmyen ndi chung va tin ngudng thd ciing td tien ndi rieng.
Xu hudng bien ddi cdc sinh hogt nghi le trong gig dinh: Ngay nay, su giao lim manh me ve van hda giiia cdc vimg miln, giiia cac tdc ngudi da it nhilu tdc ddng lam thay doi ve each thiic td chuc va thyc hanh nghi le trong thd ciing td tien ciia ngudi Tay d Krdng Ndng. Ve ca ban, cac dd le cua ngudi Tay vdn tuan thu theo quy dinh cd tmyen. Tuy nhien, do ddi sdng kinh te phat trien nen le vdt ttong cac nghi le ciing dugc bd sung theo xu hudng hien dai: Dd vang ma thay ddi vdi mdu ma da dang, mdu sac sac sd. Ngoai qudn do, mil, giay dep, tien vang, hp cdn mua them cac vdt dyng khac dang td tien nhu xe may, dien thoai, tivi...
vd nhu vay chi phi cho mua sdm do ma tdn kem ban so vdi tmdc ddy.
Xu budng hien dai hda do le la tdt yeu, the bien sy da dang hda trong qua trinh giao luu tiep bien ciia van hda tin ngudng Tdy thdi hien dai. Ben canh do, boat ddng thd Cling td tien cua ngudi Tay d Krdng Nang hien cdn dien ra xu huang gidn luge tha tue trong cdc nghi le 6 nhieu gia dinh Sy gidn luge dien ra tieu bieu ttong nghi le mimg thp va nghi le trong tang ma. Ve co ban, bp vdn thuc banh ddy du cdc quy trinh theo tmyin thdng, nhimg npi dung ciing va nhieu budc tien hanh dugc gian luge.
Xu hudng phuc hdi vd phdt triin cde sinh hoat nghi le trong gia dinh: Neu nhu cac sinh boat nghi le mang tmh cdng dong dang cd xu hudng giam dan thi cdc sinh boat nghi le ttong gia dinh lai cd xu hudng phuc hdi vd phat ttiin d cdc dia phuang ngudi Tdy. Dieu nay cd thi ly gidi bdi, trong tin ngudng tiid Cling to tien bam chira nhiing phong tuc tap quan dd ttd thanh vdn hoa, nep song gdn bo Idu ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh thdn ciia ddng bao raa khdng dl gi tiiay ddi dugc.
Hien nay, ddi sdng vdn hoa vdt chdt ciia ngudi Tay cd nhieu thay ddi thi cac nghi ll
58 Thdng tm Khoa hpc xa hdi. sd lO-SOl^
mimg thg, dam tang hay nghi l l thd ciing ttong nhimg ngdy l l tit, tuy cd dan xen cae yeu td mdi nhung v l eo ban van bao luu dugc nhirng net cd tiiiyln cd v l ndi dung va cdch tiiiic thuc hien. Ngudi Tay rdt ton ttpng l l nghi theo phong tiic co trayin cua ddn tdc, ddng thdi, cudc sdng ciia ngudi ddn ddn dugc cdi thien, do do quan niem "phii quy sinh 18 nghia" cung la mot trong nhimg ly do cua su phuc bdi nghi le gia dmh.
Su phuc hdi vd phat triln sinh boat nghi le thd Cling td tien hien nay khdng chi xudt phdt tir y nghia nhdn sinh, giao due ldng hieu thao, ldng nhdn di, biet cm doi vdi td tien ma cdn xuat phdt tir nhu cdu tara lmh.
Viec td chiic cac nghi le ciing bdi ve co ban nham thda man niera tin va giai tda noi lo lang mo hd ve nhiing bdt on trong cudc sdng cua ngudi ddn. Chinh su gan ket va tong hda moi quan he giira yeu td tara linh va phong tuc tap quan da gdp phdn bdo luu cdc nghi le co trayen cua ngudi Tay trudc sy tham nhdp ciia cac yeu to van hda hien dai vao ddi sdng tinh than. Cd the ndi, cac nghi le trong gia dinh ciia ngudi Tdy la su the hien sdu sdc niem tin tin ngudng va cac quan niem ve dao diic, Idi sdng, tinh cdm mang tinh trayen thdng.
Nhu vdy, tmdc sy phat trien cua kmh t l cimg nhirng tien bd ciia khoa hgc ky thuat, cac nghi le mang tinh cdng ddng nhu thd Thd cong dang cd xu hudng mdt dan ttong sinh boat van hoa tin ngudng, cdn cdc sinh boat nghi le ttong gia dinh lai cd xu hudng phuc bdi va phat trien. Dieu do phdn anh nhung gia tti nhan sinh trong tin ngudng thd ciing td tien va niem tin tin ngudng ciia ngudi Tdy d Krdng Nang ve the gidi tdm linh.
Ngoai ra, tmdc khi di cu ngudi Tay cdn CO hinh thiic thd ciing to tien ddng tdc
va thd Cling td tien cua qudc gia (thd Bac H6 bode dn tit gio td Himg Vuong - srih hudng tii van hda ngudi Kinh), nhung khi di cu vdo Krong Ndng, ngudi Tdy chu yeu di cu theo gia dinh, khdng di cu tiieo dong hp, nen khdng p h i biln hinh thiic thd cung td tien ddng tdc; nhdm ngudi Tay d Krong Ndng khong dn tit gid t l Hiing Vuang, ciing khdng phd biln thd Bac H i nhu ngudi Tay d huyen Cu M'Gar.
Ket luan
Tin ngudng tiid cung td tien ddp iing nhu cdu tdm linh cua ngudi Tdy, giiip hp gidi tda tdm ly, mang lai sy binh dn ve tinh than, on dinh v l xd hpi. Trong cupc sdng hien nay, mac du van ddng, bien ddi Id xu thi tdt ylu, nhung vai ttd cua tin ngudng thd cung t l tien d i i vdi ngudi Tay d Krdng Nang van khdng thay ddi, vdn duge bao luu va gin giir song hanh vdi sy phat ttien, ddng thdi CO nhimg bieu bien bien ddi kha phiic tap. Cdn thiet phai cd nhiing giai phdp ddng bp tir cdc cdp chinh quyen dia phuong, tuyen ttuyen, van ddng, ndng cao y thiic ty giac ciia ngudi ddn nhdm loai bd nhung yeu td tieu cyc, lac bau va bdo tdn, phat huy nhung gia tti van hda ttuyen thdng ttong tin ngudng thd ciing td tien cua ngudi Tay d huyen Krdng Nang hien nay Q
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Chi cue Thdng ke huyen Krong Ndng (2019), Bdng thdng ki ddn sd huyen Krdng Ndng (tinh din ngdy 30/4/2019.
2. Do Trinh Hue (2006), Vdn hda. tdn gido, tin ngudng Viet Nam dudi nhdn quan hgc gid L. Cadiere, Nxb. Thudn Hoa, Hul.
3. Nguyen Thi Yen (2009), Tin nguong ddn gian Tdy, Niing, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hpi. Ha Ndi.