^AinjaJ>^ va Tai nguyen Mai trudng Thira ThiEn Hue H6i Dja ly Vict Nam
Tim hieu tri thipc ban dja cua dan toe thai trong canh tac nong nghiep a huyen Quy Chau, tinh Nghe An
Tran Thj T u y l n ' , D i u Khic Tai' Abstract
Indigenous knowledge is generally described as the knowledge that local people in a given area or sommunily have developed over iime and which they continue lo develop (Scoones & Thompson, 1994a, ffarren, 1991). Indigenous knowledge gradually been eroded, even m danger of disappearing with the ievelopmeni of science rushing techniques and trends of globalization.
Quy Chau is a mountainous district in the northwestern of Nghe An province, where has 80% of Thai peole live. Residents and long-term opioitation of the lerritoiy in Quy Chau. Thai has established her own
• aillufe, which has more knowledge arc! experience m agricultural produclion. This paper presents the inhial pidmgs of Indigenous knowledge of'I'hai peole in Quy Chau district, Nghe An province.
l . D ^ T V A N D f e
Tri thuc bin dta li tri thuc dugc tao ra bdi mot nhdm ngudi qua nhilu thi he song va quan he I'chjt che vdi thien nhien trong mpt viing nhit dinh (theo Johnson, 1992). Tri thuc ban dja din bj mai 'mpt, tham chi cd nguy co bicn mil trudc su phat trien nhu vu bao ciia khoa hpc kT thuit va xu the loan 'tiu hoa, Vi vay, nen phit trien nghien ciin tri thij*c bin dia nham thu thip, luu trir, nang cao sy hiiu
biet cic tien trinh phii trien, iing dung vi dieu ehinh ky thugt cita cac cpng ddng cu dan dja phuang (Wongsamun, 1992), Hien nay tren the gidi cd tren 120 nudc boat ddng trong ITnh vyc nghien eiru tri thiiic bin dia nham tang tinh hieu qui trong phit trien ndng thdn vi quan ly ben virng tai nguyen thicn tihien. Ben canh do, tri thirc ban dia dang dugc nghien ciju hd trg cho cic nghien ciru khoa hpc, lam -ting ngudn tu lieu co sd ve mdi trudng, dugc sir dung de dinh gii tic dgng cua quy trinh phit trien, diroc sir dung nhu mpt cdng cy de lya chgn, quyet dinh. Tim hieu, nghien ciru kien thijc bin dja cua tScdSn tpc thieu sd khdng chi la giai phip phat trien kinh te mi cdn gdp phan khdi phyc va gin giir iiiOt bp phan cua nen van hoa qudc gia.
Quy Chau la huySn mien niii cao d Tay Bic tinh Nghe An, cich Thanh pho Vinh 145km, cd toa
^dja ly tir 19°06' din 19''47' vT dp Bic, 105''54' din lOS^n' kinh do Ddng; tilp giip huyen Qui Phong vl phia Tay va Tay Bic, giap huypn Tuong Duong phia Tay Nam, giap cac huy^n Quy Hgp, Con Cuong Phia Nam va Dong Nam; giip tinh Thanh Hoi phia Bac va Ddng Bic. Day li mdt trong rlhihig huyen cd thu nhgp thip nhat ciia ci tinh, Cupc sdng eiia ngudi dan phy thudc vao san xuit ndng
^ghiep la chi'nh (nam 2009, ndng - lam nghiep chilm 49,8%) nhung nin ndng nghiep phat trien chgm
^i khong dn djnh, keo theo san lugng ndng ngiep thap, mdi trudng sinh thai thay ddi theo hudng tieu
^ , cac te nan xa hpi ngiy cang gia tang (nghien ma tuy, HIV, mai dam ,..). Mac du nhimg nam gan
%nha nudc da cd nhilu chinh sach phit trien kinh te d miln niii nhu: giao dit giao riing, cac chinh sich khuyen ndng, Quy Chau cung da nhan dugc nhilu dy an ho trg phit triin ndng nghiep (ca trdng
•f^tva chan nudi) nhung hipu qui thap. Mgt trong nhirng nguyen nhan la khi thyc hien dy in chua i^ien cihl kT phong tyc tap quan canh tac ciia ngudi dan, kT thuat tien tiln dua vao chua phu hgp vdi
^ hoi ciia ngudi din bin dja.
'tt( '00 0(0 Ti-Dai hoc Vinh
p A l t KINH TE - XA H O I ; DIA LY CHINH TR| - QUAN SI/
Hpi Bja ly yi TAi nguyen Moi trudng Thua Thien Hue Hpi Bia 1^ VigiN^
Cu h^ va khai thic ianh thd lau dai tren minh dat mien Tay Nghp An, ngudi Thai da lao |§^
dugc cho minh nhimg net van hoi rieng khdng lan vdi cac dan tgc khac trong viing (Thd, Kho Mu,.. j va ciJng khic vdi ngudi ddng tgc ciia hg d Tay Bic (dan tgc Thai d San La, Dipn Bien,...). Tren co si thua ke vdn truj^ln thong van hoa cua ngudi Thai d Nam Trung Hoa, Ddng Nam A va Tay Bic, kh|
vao Nghe An, sdng trong nhifng dilu kien vira cd tinh chit chung ciia mii rirng nhiet ddi viia cd n^
rieng do anh hudng cac dilu kien dja li tu nhien, dgc bift la dja hinh va khi hau, ddng bao Thii da tich luj dugc nhilu kiln thirc, kinh nghiem trong sin xuat ndng nghiep.
D I nang cao hieu qua kinh t l cung nhu dim bio mdi trudng sinh thai va dugc su chip nhgn cao ciia cgng ddng (vdi gin 80% li dan tgc Thai) trong sii dyng dit thi viec nghien ciiu, tim hiiu kiln ihiic ban dia ctia dan tdc Thai d huyen Quy Chau la mdt ndi dung quan trgng. Dieu do khdng chi nham myc dich gin giO' lgi nhihig net van hoa quy bau ciia ddng bio Thai ma edn cd the phit huy nhirng gii trj do cho sy phat triin ndng - lam nghiep bin vftng. Budc dau chiing tdi tim hiiu tri thuc ban dja cua mgt tpc ngudi ddng bio dan tgc Thai d (^uy Chau) trong ITnh vuc sin xuit ndng nghiep lam co sd cho djnh hudng phat trien nong lam nghiep ben vQng.
2. NOI DUNG 2.1. Tri thirc ban dja
Khai niem tri thiic hin dja hay kiln thiic bin dia/tri thiic dia phuang (Local/Indigiousj knowledge) xuat hipn lin diu ti6n vao nam 1979 trong mgt tac phim ciia Robert Chamber, den nam!
1980 da dugc D.M.Warren va Brokensa su dung dugc diing phd biln tix diu nhiing nam 90 ctia the 1^
XX cho din nay [3]. Tuy nhien, ngi him eua khai niem nay da va dang dugc thio luan nhilu bdi cac tae gia trcing va ngoai nudc. Tri thiic bin dja la tri thiJC dja phuang, dae thii ddi vdi mpt nen \ an hoi hay mpt xa hpi [5]. Tri thirc ban dia la tri thirc dugc sii dung bdi nhifng ngudi dan dja phuang trong.
cupc song ciia mdt mdi trudng nhit djnh (Langil va Landon, 1998). Theo Johnson, 1992, tri thirc ban- dja la nhdm tri thiic dugc tgo ra bdi mdt nhdm ngudi qua nhidu the he sdng va quan he chgt che vdi thi6n nhien trong mgt viing nhit dinh. Tri thirc bin dja li nhftng tri thiic dugc rut ra tii mdi trudng dja phuang, vi vay nd gan li8n vdi nhu cau cua con ngudi va dieu kipn dia phuang (Langil vi Landon, 1998). Theo Warren, 1991, tri thiic ban dja la tri thirc dia phuang - dang kiln thirc duy nhat cho mpt nen van hda hay mgt xa hpi nhat dinh. Day la kien thiirc ca ban cho vi?c ra quyet djnh d miic dia phuong v6 ndng nghipp, cham sdc siic khde, che bien thiic an, giao dye, quan ly tai nguyen thiSn, nhien, va cac hogt dpng ehii yeu ciia cpng ddng ndng thdn. Tri thuc ban dja la tri thiic cua c^ng dongj cu dan trong mpt cpng dong nhat djnh phat trien vugt thdi gian va lien tuc phat trien (IIRR, 1999). Tri;
thuc ban dia dugc hinh thanh dya vao kinh nghipm, thudng xuyen kiem nghiSm trong qua trinh sii
dyng, thich hgp vdi vin hda vi mdi trudng dia phucmg, nang dgng va bien ddi. ' Nhu vgy, tri thiirc ban dja la mpt khai ni^m kha rdng, bao gdm cac kiln thirc vl san xuat kinh te,.
ve viec thi'ch irng vdi ty nhien (trdng trgt, chan nudi, sin bin, hai lugm, hoat dgng nganh n^e), vd quan ly (quan ly dat dai, xa hOi, con ngudi), vl giao dye (cac moi quan he, cac the ling xii giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi, vdi cgng ddng, vdi xa hgi), vl y te cdng ddng (dinh dudng, siic khde, y hgc dafl gian),... Tri thirc ban dia gin lien vdi kinh nghiem trong sinh hogt va iing xii vdi moi trudng ciia ngufri din dia phuong. Trong qua khii, cac cpng ddng dan tgc ban dia sdng phy thugc rit nhieu vio mfii trudng ty nhien va hg sd hihi nhirng kho tang tri thirc khong Id vl moi tnrdng d dja phuang. Theo Roy Ellen va Holly Harris trong "Tri thiic ban dia ve mdi trudng va nhiing hien dii" tri thirc ban dja ciS nhimg dac diem sau [dan theo 2]:
- Tri thijrc ban dia mang tinh dja phuong, bit nguon tir mpt dia diem cu thi, la mgt tgp hop cu^
cac kinh nghiem cd dugc tir nhihig con ngudi song tai dia diem dd. Vi?c di chuyin nhung kiln thiic nay sang mgt dja diem khac se dua den nguy co lam bien ddi cac tri thire nay.
724 Hgi nghf Khoa hgc Dfa ly Toan qudc ldn thir 6; Thanh phd Hui, 9/201'^
^ ^ ^ ^ j j T i i j i g u y c n M5i truong Thiia Thien H u i Hpi Bja ly Viet Nam
' , Tri thirc bin dia li nhiing tri Ihirc duac uuyen mieng, hoac duoc chuyin giao Ihdng qua cac
f
thiic md phdng hoac md la. Ghi chep lai nhirng Iri thuc nay bing van ban cd the lim thay ddi ]g thudc tinh die trung cua chiing. Ghi chep lai cd the lim cho cic tri thirc niy dl lilp can va lau nhimg lgi cung lam ''i^n ddi cic tri thirc niy nhu trong irudng hgp tren., Tri thirc bin dia li he qua cua cic gin kll^ Ihuc te Irong ddi sdng hing ngay vi lien tuc dugc
•giagclbingcic kinh nghiem, cic lin thu, cic loi vicac ihir nghiem cin trgng. Nhirng Irai nghiem 1^ la san pham tieu bicu ciia rit nhilu the he. Nhung thai bai cua cic thu nghiem niy inh hudng true ji^den ddi sdng cua nhirng ngudi dang thuc hinh nd Irong klii nhirng ihinh cdng cua cac Ihu nghiem pjycothi duac coi la cdng cu do ludng tdt cho ly ihuyit ihich nghi cua Darwin.
-TH thiic bin dia cd xu budng li loai kien Ihirc mang linh thyc tiln vi gia thuylt - kinh nghiem hon ia mang tinh ly ihuyll tbco nghTa chinh xac nhii. 0 mdi muc dp nao dd Ihi Iinh Iruyin mieng, phi van ban, cung nhu sy gan kel ciia nd trong cac hoal dpng ihuc tiln hing ngiy vi nhirng hdi irc chira dimg no gay ird ngai cho nhirng kieu td chirc can Ihill cho su phat uiln ciia loai In Ihiic mang tinh ly thuyet sudng.
-Truyen ihdng la "mpl nhin Id hay Ihay ddi va lim biln ddi khdng hdi kit" khi dugc gin vdi Iri thic, Tri thirc ban dia vi the lien tuc Ihay ddi, dugc lao ra vi tii lao, dugc khim phi va hi mil di mac du ducmg nhu nd Ihudng dugc Ihc hien nhu trong mpl trang thii tTnh.
- Tri Ihirc ban dia dugc chia se d mdt mirc dp Idn hon rit nhilu so vdi cac loai ui thirc khac, bao g^m ca ui thirc khoa hgc. Day chinh la ly do vi sao ddi khi nd cdn dugc gpi la "Irt Ihirc ciia dan", mpl cich gpi bat ngudn tir^chinh Ihe he ciia no trong ddi sdng san xuit hing ngay, Tuy nhien, su phin bd ctia Iri thuc bin dia van mang Iinh phin doan, phin biet vl mat xa hpi Nd thudng dugc phin biet dot xirng trong khudn khd mdt khu vuc din cu, vi du nhu theo gidi hoac ludi hoac dugc phin bd^trong k\' ih ctia tirng cijihin rieng biel Ciing cd the li cd cic chuyen gia thdng qua cic kinh nghiem cita ho, ho|ic cic nghi le hogc quyen lyc \e mat chinh iri,
- Mac dii Iri Ihuc ban dia cd the lap Irung vio cac ca nhin va cd ihl dugc dal den bing mirc dp g3n ket ydi cic nghi le hoac cac ciu true bicu tugng khic nhung sy phin bo ciia nd ludn giin doan, Nd khong Idn tai trong mpl Ihl tdng the mi d liing noi va vdi tirng ca nhan. Tri Ihirc bin dia khdng duoc chuyen giao (hdng qua Ihyc hanh va giao liep xi hdi trong do
- Vice coi Iri thiic ban dia mang linh chinh the hgp nhit trong khudn khd ciia cic truyin thong vin hoa rdng ldn hon, tich rdi nhirng van de ky thuit vdi cai khdng mang tinh ky thuat, ly tinh vdi cii khdng ly tinh Ii cin dugc .xem xei lai.
_^ De hieu mdt cich ro ring tri thuc bin dia chiing la cd the so sinh vdi Iri Ihirc khoa hpc, Khdng giong tri Ihuc khoa hoc, Iri Ihuc bin dia ngim an vi khdng phd bien rpng Tn Ihuc ban dia khdng duoc lieu chuin hoi, the hicn bang ngdn ngir dia phuang trong khi tri thirc khoa hpc dugc lieu chuin hoi vi uirpc the hien bang cic thuit ngir cd tinh toin ciu Q phuang dien nay, tri Ihirc bin dia nhin chung khdng the di chuyen dugc ra khdi khu vuc ciia minh irong khi tri Ihuc khoa hoc li mpt he thong Iri thiic, cd khi nang ung dung lorn ciu. Tri Ihuc bin dja la kicn Ihiic sinh kc Irong khi Iri thirc khoa hoc phuc vu phat trien kinh tc Ihi Irudng, Kien thirc ban dia li cic ky Ihuat cho vice sin xuat theo quy md
"ho, dap iing nhu ciu cua gia dinh, trong khi khoa hoc dya iren sin xuil quy md Idn de cung cip cho
•hi trudng qudc gia, qudc te. Nhung ngudi sdng irong ncn kinh te sinh ke, tu cung, ly cap thudng sin ''"at ra du dip irng cho nhu ciu cua gia dinh minh, do \ay ma khdng qui cd gang che ngu thien nhicn
"ay khai thac nd mpl cich Iriel de, hp phat Iricn nhirng cdng nghe hii hoa vdi Iu nhien.
Nhu vay, de dat tdi muc lieu phit Irien ben virng (nhin manh den khi ning dap irng dugc nhu cau ciia ciia hien iai mi khdng lam anh hudng den nhung the he liep theo) lhi tri thirc bin dia can dugc
^lA LY KINH TE - XA flOl, DK l.Y CHINH TRI - QUAN SU 72.5
H^i Pja ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong ThiJa Thien Hui Hpi Dia ly Vic-( f^^^
nghien ciiru, bin ton vi kct hgp vdi tri thiic khoa hge bdi tri thiirc truyen thdng, the gidi quan vav5n hoa ciia cic tgc ngudi bin dia an chtia mdi quan hd hii hoa, than thien vdi mdi trudng. Ching hjni irong ndng nghiep, vdn trii qua mpt qui trinh thich nghi tir rat lau ddi, ngudi din d timg dia phuong da hiiu rit rd mdi quan he giira vit nudi, cay trdng vdi cic dieu kipn ty nhien cd inh hudng tdi qua trinh sinh irudng vi cd cac bien phap kT thuat phii hgp. Khi cac nha khoa hgc biet each phoi hpp nhirng tri thiic bin dja niy vdi nhii'ng tri thirc va phuong phip khoa hgc hien dai, hp cd the giiip cay trdng va vat nudi thich nghi tdt hon vdi dilu kien dja phuong. Truimg hgp ngudi Aru sdng tren quan dao Aru d khu vuc Ddng Indonesia la mgt vi du tieu bilu. Cae hogt ddng kinh te cua ldc ngudi nay chti ylu phy thugc vio 2 logi gid miia Ddng va gid miia Tiy. Trong giai dogn gid miia Ddng tir thing 5 din thing 10 hang nam, n^udi Aru ehl tiln hanh thu thap hii sim d c i c bai thuy trieu, bai cit, danh bit ca hoac lam viec va san bin tren dat lien. Den dgt gid miia Tay keo dai tir thing 11 den thing 4 hang nam, ngudi Aru tap trung vio vipe thu hogch hai sam tai cic dii da ngim, vung nudc sau, lan md ngpc trai vi tham chi la sin bit ea map. Ngudi Aru hiiu dugc yeu td miia vi thuyjrieu la hai nhan to then chot quylt dinh sd lugng hii sam ngudi Aru cd the thu hogch dugc trong mdi lin di. Ngudi Aru luu giiir cho minh nhiing hieu biel sau sic ve hii sim va cic each thiic de thu hoach hii sam dugc hicu qua nhit (Osseweijer, 2003: 64-65) [6].
Ngiy nay, tri thirc bin dja dugc xem nhu la mdt trong nhirng vin de then chdt trong vice su dyng tai nguyen thien nhien ben vung vi sy cin bang trong phat trien (Brokensha va ctv,, 1980;
Compton. 1989; Gupta, 1992: Niamir, 1990; Warren. 1991a).
2.2. Khai quat ve dicu kicn dia li va dan tpc Thai ct huyen Quy Chau
Quy Chiu cd dja hinh chit yeu la ddi niii, do ddc tuong ddi Idn, tren 72% dien tich cd dp cao tren 200m (mdt sd dinh nui cao tren 1 .OOOm nhu: Pii Hudng (1,162m), Pii Cd Cd (1.124m)), bi chia c^t bdi mang ludi sdng ngdi day dac. Day la huyen ed dipn tich dit ddi nui idn vdi 103.963,22 ha, chicm 98,30% tdng dien tich ty nhien ciia huyen. Ngoii eic die diem chung cua khi hiu nhiet ddi gid niiiava gid miia Tiy nam khd ndng ciia viing Bac Trung Bd thi Quy Chau cdn cd nhiJng die diem khac do sy phan hoi dia hinh nhu: ldc xoay, mua da, lii lyt thudng xay ra. Quy md kinh te huyen Quy Chau ihupc logi nhd be so vdi cie huyen, thi trong tinh Trong co cau kinh te, nong - lim nghiep ehiem ti Irpng cao va lim nghiep dugc xic dinh li the mgnh ciia huyen (nam 2009, ndng - lim nghiep chiem 49,8%).
Quy Chau la mgt trong nhii'ng noi ty cu chinh va dugc coi la cai ndi ctia ddng bao din tpc Thii d Tay Bac Nghe An (viing Phii Quy) vi la mpt Irong sd it huypn mien nui ciia tinh Nghe An c6 hai din tdc sinh sdng chii yeu la: Thii va Kinh (trong khi cac huyen liln ke Que Phong gdm 5 din tpc sinh sdng: Kinh, Thii, Thd, Kho Mil, Mdng; Quy Hgp gdm: Kinh, Thd, Thai,...). Theo Tdng dicu tra dan sd nim 2009, dan tgc Thii d Quy Chau cd 39.699 ngudi, chiem tren 74,43% din so ciia huy^n;
dan tdc Kinh cd 13,480 ngudi, chiem 25,27%, edn lai la cac dan tgc khac (0,3%). Ngudi Thai dinh cir d day da kha lau. Cac nhdm ngudi Thai hipn nay bao gdm: Tay Mudng (cd noi edn ggi la Hang Tdng, hogc Tay Chieng), Tiy Thanh (cd noi ggi la Man Thanh) va Tay Mudi. Qua trinh tgc ngudi trong khu vue mien mil Nghe An dinh cu gin vdi cie di tich khio cd hgc va tai lieu dja danh, cd hang loat chiing cd ve sy tdn tgi kha lien tyc ctia cu din d day mdi tgo nen cic nen van hoa khao cd day dan: Di tich ngudi Viet Cd d hang Thim Om (thugc xa Chiu Binh); le hpi Hang Bua vdi hdi thi "Ngudi dep hang Bua"cd lieh sutukhi vua Bao Dai ve day (Hang Bua),...
2.3. Tri thiic ban dja trong san xuat ndng nghiep ciia dan toe Thai d huyen Quy Chau 2.3.1. Canh tac lua nirdc
Liia la san pham chii dao trong san xuat ndng nghipp ciia ngudi Thai. Rugng va ray la noi irdng trgt chinh ciia hp. Hp tu xung minh la "pd hay me na" ("dng riy ba rupng"). 0 Quy Chau cd ca rupng bgc thang va rugng bang d nhirng canh ddng dgc thung lung. Ngudi Thai da sdm biit phan chia canh 726 Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu6; ThdnhphdHui, 9 20h
^jjajaKviTii nguygn Moi trudng Thu^ Thien Hui Hpi Dja ly Viet Nam
^ng thanh nhirng bp phgn khic nhau dl trong vi cham sdc. Rudng dugc chia thinh hai loai. Rugng jitdc mua phan bd d nhiing khu dat cao chi dit nudc tudi 1 vy. Nang suit va thdi vu ciia loai rugng pi*hoan loan phu thugc vio ty nhicn (nhd mua), vi vgy ning suit kem. Rugng nude ngam li rugng cd ijjlchii dpng nudc tudi. Ca hai cich phan loai tren cung bao ham ca y phan logi rudng tot, xiu "ni t^ng, na lod"g"' """"Pig ""^o^c ngim" li rupng tdt, cdn "rudng nudc mua" li rudng xiu.
Tuy nhiSn, each phan loai tren chua phin hgng dugc dit tdt xiu (rudng nudc mua nhin chung la xau dll vdi canh tic nhung vin cd nhirng thiia tot han rugng nudc ngam), Vi vgy, ngudi Thai phin hjng dit theo cich khic: dit rugng hang tot la rudng nhilu miin nim d gin bin ("na hang ban va ni pSc muang"); hgng xiu la nhiing thiia d kl sat ben bai cit cgnh sudi, d nai cao, it mim. Hp phan hgng nhir vgy nhain lua chpn logi gidng thich hgp vdi timg logi dit rudng. Nguon chit hiiu co cung eip cho mpng chit yeu la phan miin cita rirng niti sau nhirng Iran mua Idn do vl, phin ric dd tir cic ban ra nwcmg va tro ddt tir ram rg. Tir nhii'ng nam 60 den nay ngudi din da bill dimg phan chudng bdn niOng.
Trong cac khau kT thuit lien hoin nhu' lim rupng ma, ngam ma, cay, bira, true, cham sdc ngudi dan rit chu trpng den khau lim ma bdi ho quan niem "di ci ching pen na" (tot mg hem tot lita). Trong khau cay, bira, true thiidng ciy 2 lugl, true de tao mat bing din lite dii nhuyin mdi cay. Trudc diy nguai Thai de triu quan rudng xong rdi cay ("dn na"). Diu vel van hoa "hoa canh thuy nau" truyen thong niy vin cdn ton tgi den trudc Cich mang thing Tam. 6 nhimg vimg thung lung hep khi xdi Idp tit mat mong, ngudi ta chi cin dot cay cd, ram rg rdi dan nudc vao, ngim dit cho mem rdi cho triu bd dam thanh bim de cay liia. Ho khdng phai diing eiy vi tang dit canh tic mdng nen ciy sc quit len Idp dat sau han, ngheo miin lam thoai hoa dat. Diy la hinh thiic canh tic rat nguyen thuy ngiy nay vin dirpc ap dyng ddi vdi nhii'ng nai mat bang qui hep (trong Tu lieu thu tjch cd Viet Nam cd ndi cac cu dan Vi?t Cd diing Idi canh tac tren day), Hien nay diu vet dd khdng cdn d ddng bing, dii dong bang Biic Bp hay Hg luu sdng Ca, hinh inh dd vin cdn sdt lai rit it d vimg "Kinh te thung lung" cita ddng bio dan tdc Thai. Q viing rirng niti (cic xa viing sau nhu Dien Lam, Chiu Phong), trau, bd, Ign, ga lhi r6ng nen viee lhu gom vi ciy liia rudng nudc bdn phin chua dat ra. Ngay nay, ddng bio Thii da biel dung ciy, bira va canh tie rugng nudc ciing dat trinh dd kha cao nhung net van hoa cd xua trong canh Stic cua hp cdn lai rat it can dugc bio tdn, Tim quan trgng ciia viec lam rudng nude da dugc diic ijcet trong ciu tuc ngii': "hay tem ta bd td ni hdi quang" (nuang rdng qui tam mat ciing khdng
bing mpt thira rupng rgng hay hpp) [1].
Die biet, trong dilu kipn cd thfi, dan tdc Thii d Quy Chau deu tan dyng kha nang ty chay cua nudc vio san xuit liia nudc. Hg da sing tao ra cac cgn nudc. Cgn nude li mgt sing tgo trong ky thuat lim thity Igi cua cu dan thdi ky tiln cdng nghiep. Cgn nude dugc lim bang tre, gd, ip dung theo nguyen tic Igi dung dong chiy, ngan dong, igo ip lyc, tie dpng cho gudng quay. Khi gudng quay s6 mic nudc tir dudi sdng, sudi len dd vio he thdng muong ming, din nudc vio ddng rudng. Ciing vdi cpn nudc la hp thong thiiy Igi nhu dgp chin nudc (cdn ggi la muong - phai), ke ngan thdng myc nudc (con gpi la lai), ming din nudc tdi timg thiia rupng (cdn gpi la lin), He thdn^ thuy lgi niy, gdp phin giai phdng stie lao dgng trong suot thd^i ky dii, trudc khi cdng nghiep phit trien. Dgc cac sdng, sudi d
^ xa ctia huyen cd nhilu cgn nudc hogt ddng. Lam con nudc dan gian, vat lieu cd thi tu tiic dugc vi
•Aflng tdn nhilu cdng. Trung binh hai ngudi lam mgt cgn nude mit gin mdt ngiy (mpt cdng), tudi thg
•"Tng binh cua mdi cgn nudc khoang mudi nam (tdng hgp ket qua dieu tra 50 ndng dan d bin Hoa
"^'en, xa Chau Tiln).
Gin day, ndng dan Quy Chau da su dung cic loai may cay, may bira vao lim dat vi chgn cac giong liia ning suit cao. Ndng dan da chii trong diu tu may mdc phuc yu san xuat, da cd miy cay da
^^^K nang, miy tudt cdng suit tir 8 - 10 CV, miy bom nhd Trung Qudc vi Hin Qudc, miy xay xit '•^ may nghien thirc an gia siic, binh phun thudc trir sau ed dpng ca,.,. Tuy nhien, d nhirng xa ed dia
^lA lY KINH l e . XA HOl; DIA LV CHI'NH TR! - QUAN St;' 727
Hpi Bja 1;^ vi Tai nguyen Moi tru-ong Thira Thien Hue Hpi Dja ly Vigi Njji hinh khd khan, canh tic liia van chit ylu sir dung bing sire ngudi va nhirng tap quan eanh tic truoc diy. Mat khic, do chan nudi trau, bd la Igi thi cua huyen, dien tich rugng dit it nen ndng dan QuJ Chau khdng miy thilt tha vdi miy mdc ndng nghiep mi van sti dung sue keo cita trau, bd.
Hinh 1 Cgn nudc vd cdch ldm cgn nudc - dnh chup lgi bdn Hoa Tiin, xd Chdu Tien (22/3/2011)
2.3.2. Canh tac nuang ray ' Ben cgnh eanh tic rudng nudc, ddng bao dan tgc Thai tiln harh eanh tie nuang ray vdi ciy
trong chinh la liia va cic logi cay luong thuc phu: nhu ngd, khoai, san,,., hoa mau: rau, do, lac. baubi.
D I tiln hanh canh tic riy ngudi Thai da bill phin loai riy dl sii dung thi'ch hgp. Theo die dicm dja hinh, cd riy doc, riy bing; Theo gidng cay Irdng cd ray liia, ray ngd, ray sin, riy cham; Theo kTthu§t canh tic, cd riy diing cudc, ray diing ciy, ray diing dao, riu; Theo thdi gian sir dyng, cd ray mdt vii (hiy hull), riy hai vu (hiy lpc); Theo do phii xanh ciia cay ed ray rirng gii va ray rirng tii sinh. Tuy nhien ngay ca logi nuong nay ddng bao cung chua bien nd thanh vudn dn djnh.
Trudc day, do dien tich rimg cdn nhieu, nuong riy trdng liia, ngd, san... cung trong tinh hang du canh. Du canh ciia ngudi Thai d Quy Chau cd hai hinh thiie: du canh luin chuyin vi du canh bo trg.
Va vl phuang thiic canh tic cung cdn dan gian nhu d vung dit ciia ngudi Kha - mu, Hmdng vi I nhdm Tay Pogng (dan tdc Thd) trong viing Tay Bac Nghe An: phat ddt, chgc 16, tra hat va d mdt ddi nffi diing cudc (ldi canh tic "dao canh hoi chitng"). Tuy nhien, ddng bao Thii tirng cd kinh nghipm sir dyng khdn kheo he sinh thai rimg va dit rimg nhiet ddi. Cac gia dinh chgn nhung vat dat tdt, hp chat, dot va don sach trudc khi gieo hat "phit - ddt - choc - tria". Cich gieo hat la chgc Id bang ggy, it gay xao trpn ciu tugng dit va hgn che su rua trdi ting dat mit. Theo kinh nghiem ciia ndng dan, nhimg vgt dat miu den hogc nau sim dugc chpn trdng lita nep vi dd la loai dat tdt (thuc chat nhirng vimg dit do nhieu miin), sau khi canh tic mgt vai vu hp chuyin sang trdng sin. Chu ky canh tic trudc day tii 6 - 8 nam, sau do cdn 3 - 4 nam. Thdi gian huu canh trudc diy 4 - 5 nam, hien nay 3 - 4 nam, thgm chi 2 - 3 nam, N£u co thdi gian huu canh du dai thi du canh luan chuyen khdng gay tac hgi ldn trong vlpc lam suy giam von rirng va xdi mdn dat bdi rimg la loai tai nguyen cd hgn cd the phuc hdi. Tuy nhien, do thdi gian huu canh bi riit ngan dan nen dat dang bi ngheo kiet nhanh.
Mpt logi ray khac trdng bdng d6 liy bdng d$t vai, ddng bao d3 ap dung mpt so bien phip tha"*
canh: cuoc xdi ky, cd bdn phan, chim chiit cin than hon nhiing nuang khac,
Du canh bd trg la hinh thiic phat ray cgnh rupng lua nudc. theo each giai thich cua hp, vira at phong phii them nguon ndng sin, nhit la khi ngudi dan d day chua quen vdi ky thu5t thim canh M nudc, vua qui ty dugc vao rugng liia ngudn dit mau bi rCra troi (cung cip them dinh dudng) va tan trc
Hot nghj Khoa hgc Dia ly Toan qudc ldn thii 6; Thdnh pho Hue, 9/20''
Hfli Bia 1^ vi Tii nguyen M6i tru&ng Thii-a Thien Hui Hpi Pja Ij* Vigt Nam
(Jo dit cd, cay dgi sau mdi mua riy (cung cap tac nhan khii chua). Nhiing ban ngudi Thai sdng cgnh
• diKfflg 6'^° thdng dang canh tic theo hinh thiic niy. Ray dugc coi la tal sin cd djnh cua ndng dan. Du jjnh bo trg khong cd tac hgi nhieu ddi vdi rirng, vi ray logi nay khdng phi rirng gia, thudng cd dien tich nhd, chii yeu nim quanh rugng lua nudc, gin ban.
J Cdng cu lam dit cua ngudi Thai ciing rit ddc dio, dugc sang tao cho phii hgp vdi dieu kl?n dja Jf cua dja phuang. Dd la cai mai (lua), cay (thay), bira (phia), tryc cgnh (luc tyc),... Cac cdng cy nay
•diuylu dugc su dung d eic xa viing sau, vimg ngoii it dugc su dyng han.
2J3. Trong chSrn nuoi
So vdi trong trgt, chin nudi d Quy Chau kem phat trien hon. Cac vat nudi nhu: trau, lgn, gi chii ylu diing trong le lat, ciing te, nghi le, Trau la con vat dugc ngudi Thii quy trpng vi ngoai vi$c sii d^g lam siirc keo ndng nghiep cdn la vat ciing td tien va dugc nudi vdi sd lugng ldn. Dan tpc Thai tir ISu di biet nudi trau bd vdi sd lugng ldn. Trudc Cach Mgng Thing 8, Quy Chau la viing nudi trau ndi tjfeg ciia xii Ngh?. Trudc day, trau bd dugc nhan dan nudi dudi gam nha sin, thi rdng nhung gan day m$t so gia dinh da lam chuong va nudi theo hinh thire chan dit. Chan nudi lgn d Quy Chau trudc day rit hgn che, chu ylu nhim myc dich cimg te va Iam thiic an, ngay nay van chua phat triin. Khac ydi nudi lgn d miln xudi, lgn dugc nudi theo hinh thiic tha rdng (nhu trau, bd), khdng nhot trong chudng trgi. Tuy chin nudi theo phuong thiic truyin thong nay nang suit khdng cao nhung cd chit lugng thjt tit, hipn nay gii thanh loai lgn nay ("lgn nit") tren thi trudng lai cao gap nhieu lan gia lgn thdng thudng. Dgc bipt, vit bau la gilng ban dia d huyen Quy Chau, thjt tham ngon ndi tifing trong tinh.
Hi?n nay vjt thjt khdng du cung cap cho thj trudng nhung ngudi dan d cic xa (dac biet la cac xa viing sfiu) chua md rdng chan nudi phan vi chua quen vdi sin xuat hang hoa, phan vi thieu kien thuc ve ch5n nuoi t|p trung (ed din hon 90% ngudi din bin Pieng Cim, xa Chau Phong tri ldi "nudi it dl thi, dl tim ve, nudi nhilu tha ra khdng tim vl dugc, nhdt lgi se khdng dii liia cho nd in "). Tren dia bin huy?n mdi cd trang trai nudi vit bau ciia dng Le Quang DiSu (din tpc Kinh) d xa Chau Tien, cd 2 n^in con vit biu, trong dd vjt biu de la 1,6 nghin con. Chi tinh rieng thu nhgp tir vjt de la 20 tri^u/thing. Co thi xem trang trai niy nhu mdt diln hinh vl kit hgp giiTa tri thiic bin dia (giong vjt dja phuong) vdi tri thiic khoa hpc (md hinh trang trai).
Tri thiic ban dja mang tinh die thii cho mdi khu vyc, moi cpng ddng nhit djnh. Nd dya tren nhimg kinh nghifm dugc tich liiy, thira kl tic ngudi niy qua ngudi khac, ddi nay qua ddi khac. Khi m6i trudng ngay cang trd thanh mdt vin de quan trpng ddi vdi nhan logi, tri thirc bin dja ciing trd thanh mpt giai phap dl cae nha hogch dinh chinh sach, nhi nghien ciiu tim each cai thien dieu kipn mfii tnrdng tot han bing nh&ng bien phap it ton kem va cd kha nang thich nghi tdt vdi dieu ki^n dia phuong.
Quan nghien ciiru, thu thap va phan tich kiln thuc bin dia tai huypn Quy Chau, tinh Ngh^ An (theo phuang phap thu thap kiln thirc ban dja ciia Vien khoa hpc Lim nghiep Viet Nam [2]) chiing tdi ftiy rang: gan 80% dan sd ciia huyen la dan tdc Thii vdi cac tgp quan sin xuat lau ddi cua hg da tgo ra mOt von kiln thire dang quy cin gin giii va phat huy d huyen Quy Chau. Ben canh dd, qua qua trinh nghien curu thyc dja va phdng vin ngudi dan chiing tdi nhan thiy kha nang tilp thu khoa hgc - kT thuat ciia ddng bao rit hgn chi, nhat la d cic xa vung sau (Dien Lam, Chau Phong,...). Trong san xuat ndng I8hi?p, thi manh cua ngudi dan d day la trong trpt (chii ylu la trdng rirng va lam nuong riy) va chan nuoi dgi gia sue.
BIA Lt KINH Tt - XA HOI; DIA LY CHINH TKI - QUAN SU
Hpi Dja ly va Tii nguyen Moi tru-ong Thira Thien Hui H$i Bja 1^ Vigt
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Vi Van Bien, Van hoa vgt chit ciia ngudi Thii d Thanh Hoa viNghe An, Nha xuat bin yjn hoa dan tdc, 2006.
2. Biii Quang Thing (2007). Mdi quan he giifa van hoa va mdi trudng. Tai lieu dy in "Tn thj^
ban dja ve mdi trudng". Vien Van hoi - Thdng tin. Ha Ngi
3. Hoing Xuan Ty, Le Trgng Ciic (chu bien) (1998), Kiln thiirc bin dia ciia ddng bao viing cao trong ndng nghiep va quin ly tii nguyen thien nhien, Nxb Nong nghiep. Ha Ndi.
4. Vien Khoa hgc Lam nghiep Viet Nam, Trung tam nghien ciru sinh thai vi mdi trudng riing^
Phuongphipthu thap vast! dung kien thii'c bandia, Nha xuat ban Ndng Nghiep, Ha Ndi, 2001.
5. Alan, R. Emery and Associates (1997), Guidelines for Environmental Assessments and Traditional Knowledge. A Report from the Centre for Traditional Knowledge of the World Council qf, Indigenous People (draft), Ottawa.
6. Osseweijer, Mannon (2003). 'We Wander in Our Ancestors'yard': Sea Cucumber Gathering!
in Aru, Eastern Indonesia, in: R Ellen, P Parkers & A Bicker (eds), Indigenous Environmental]
Knowledge and its Transformations - Critical Anthropological Perspectives. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. London and New York. Pp 55-78.
Hgi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6, Thdnh phd Hui, 9/2012