Dien dan nong thon mdi
Huyen thoai hay ngo nhan?
T
rong nhCTng chO trUOng phat trien trdng trpt t d trddc d i n nay, ft cd c i y n i o g i y nen mdt sii ban t h i o sdi ndi nhu mlc- ea - mdt ely trdng mdi dUdc Chinh phd chd truong md rdng manh me, trien khai mdt d c h d p t i p v i eung nhan dupe nhieu y kien trai chilu.Ngudi chu trUdng va ung hd menh danh mIc-ca l i "nd hoing" eua eae hat, "ely t^ dd" "eay vang" ngudi do du cung khdng ft 1^ do de ma cinh bao. Chung tdi cho ring sii phdt t r i i n thanh cdng mie-ea quyet djnh d tinh b i n vdng cda nd trong he thdng ely trdng va tinh canh tranh cda ndng sin n i y tren thj trUdng.
Do vay, danh g i i ddng t i l m nang cung nhu lUdng h i t sii rCii ro chfnh la ddng gdp tdt n h i t cho viic thdc h i i n ehd trUdng niy eua Chfnh phd.
Sau day xin b i n nhilu v l d c thach thde.
Nang suit cCia mIc-ca chf b i n g khoing 1/3 so vdi n i n g suat d e loai ciy trdng cho q u i hach khac;
ty- l i n h i n trong hat cung t h i p hon nhieu (4 kg hat tdt ddpc 1 kg nhan), tl l i hao hut, sly khd, khiu hao, nhan edng l i m eho gia thanh nhin k h i cao. Vd hat rat cdng can dau t u t h i l t bj ehe bien dae biit. Cung do nang suat nhan thap, dau tU ban d l u cao, cdng n g h i eao va tieu ehu^n chat lUpng r i t cao n i n iPi nhuin phu thude rat Idn v i o gia thj trddng d l u cuoi ehuoi g i i trj, v i g i i d thi rat khd d i i bao. NgUdi quylt djnh s i la eae cdng ty da qudc gia ve thuc pham cao d p , va my pham v i d e t i c nhan n i m cdng n g h i cao v l c h l bien; cdn ngudi lam ra sin pham saeap ehju nhilu rdi ro hdn.
Ve gid trj cCia hat mSe-ca, khi lay
* Co van tnidng Ky thudt Quoc te, Bg Ngoai giao, Thi/ong mai & Phdt trien Canada.
Nguy§n Cue trifdng cue Khuyln n6ng &
Khuyln ISm
ham lupng dinh dUdng ma so sanh thi nd ed nhdng Uu diem, nhung khdng cd ca sd de k i t l u i n khdng CO loai hat nao thay t h i dupe. Vdi ham IUdng dau eao vUdt trdi (chat beo 78,2%) hat mIc-ca rat khd b i o q u i n . Cdn v l h i i u q u i kinh t l tht khdng t h i lay gia trong sieu thj eua eae nude phat trien ma nhan vdi nang suat tdi da; vi de dat duac gia ban do cdn bao nhiiu d i l u k i i n k h i t khe v l an toan thUe pham p h i i thda man. Gfa hat mac ea tren thi trUdng t h i gidi vao khoang 2-3 USD/kg hat; gia ed the eao hon the ehi la trong trudng hpp nhat thdi, khdng nen coi la gia trung binh. Cd ngudi neu gia hat 30 USD/kg la sU thoi phdng.
V l thd nhudng, mIc-ca d n dat tdt, thoat nudc; ft chua (pH 5.5 - 6.5).
Dat ddi cda ta p h i n ldn chua pH
< 5.5; tuong t i i nhd lac hay hudng duong, khi pH < 5 t>' l i l i p r i t eao.
Ciy d n khi h i u mat, mUa I m v i khd han xen k i ; can lupng mUa binh quan 1.000-2.000 mm/nam, nhiet dp binh quan 25°C; khdng thap dudi lO^C. Nhiet dp thieh hpp nhat l i 12°C d i n 32°C. Mdt trong nhdng y i u d u sinh thai t h i l t y l u nhat ddi vdi ciy mIc-ca la b i i n dp nhiet, dae b i i t la nhiet dp thi'ch hpp cho eay ra hoa. Nhiet dp tdi Uu de ely ra nhieu hoa la t d 12°C d i n 21 °C, tdt nhit la IS^C. N l u nhiet do ban d i m thap han 12'<: va cao ban 21 "C ely d l u khdng the hinh thanh ehoi hoa. Su phan boa 34 hinh thanh chdi hoa d i l n ra trong t h i n g 11 v i nd hoa vao cudi t h i n g 2 d i n d l u t h i n g 4. Hau het eae gidng mIc-ca deu bj khd dpt d tren 35X. va ngdng quang hop d 38''C.
d Tiy nguyin ehi nhdng vung cao 500 den 1.000m mdi ed the cd c^c d i l u kien khf hau nhu vay, phdi hpp vdi t i i u ehuan dat nda thi d i i n ti'ch phu hpp cho mac-ca khdng Ic^.
GS TS Nguyen TCf Siem * NhCfng dien tieh thfch hdp nhUvay da duac sit dung cho eae eay khac n i n khdng edn nhilu, ddi hdi l i l n khoanh 50 ha eang khd. Cie ehfnh saeh ho trd den nay ehi khuyen khich qui md 50 ha trd l i n , cho nen lam vung tap trung, qui md Idn l i mdt thach thde gida bien ndng d i n nhd l i va edn qui djnh han dien.
Theo khuyln cao cCia nginh Ndng nghiip tinh, h i i n d y mac-ca d Dak Lak mdi ehi trdng d dang t h d nghiem, dieu kien thd nhudng, khf hau tai nhieu khu viie trong tinh khdng phd hpp vdi loai cay nay, nen c i n nhac ky, tranh d l u t u d at d l rdi g i n h l l y h i u q u i v l sau.
Cay mac-ca rat nhieu hoa, mdi chum bdng hinh dudi sdc cd t d 100-300 hoa, nhdng ty l i dau q u i lai rit thap, chi dat 0,1 - 0,3%; khi hau khdng thuan Ipi cd t h i hoan toan khdng d l u q u i . Ra hoa dau qua ddi hdi mdt nhiet dp dn djnh va thap (khoang 18-25''C), p h i i keo dai trong v i i t h i n g , trong khi khi hau Viet Nam khdng cd mdc dd 6n djnh dai d i n t h i . La eay t u thu phan va thu phan cheo, neu trdng don l i hay trdng xen nang suat se khdng cao. Bd re I n ndng, eay de do khi gid ldn. NhC^g trd ngai n i y r i t de gap d Tiy Bae v i Tiy Nguyin v i ngay trong 1 tfnh, 1 huyin khdng p h i i vung nao eung trdng dupc. D i l u k i i n dat dai-khf hau phde tap eda ta ddi hdi p h i i d i n h g i i tfnh thfch hap cda mac ca cho mdi vung trdng hep.
Day la d i l u k i i n tien quyet nhiing chung ta ehUa l i m .
Theo quy hoach den nam 2020 se ed 200.000 ha trdng mle-ea tai Tay Nguyen va 30.000 ha tai lay Ble.
DU k i l n den nam 2025 tdng sin luong hat mic ea cda Viet Nam dat 200.000 tan hat. Mue t i i u nay la qua eao neu Idu y ring sau may chuc nam phat trien, den nay d t h i gidi mdi ed 80.000 ha. Mat khie cung
Hdi KHOA HOC PHATTRliN N O N G T H O N VIET NAM
ehua ly g i l i dUde thda dang tai sao ndi xuat xd v i thuan ldi eho mac- ca lai ed edng n g h i cao nhd Oc, Nam Phi, My, Guatemala ma hp khdng md rdng d i i n tieh nhanh chdng.
Mac-ca nhan gidng b i n g chilt ghep, v l sau it nhat 7-10 nam mdi eho thu hoach kinh t l ; diem hda vdn rat chim va neu trdng bang eay thdc sinh s i khdng cho q u i . Gidng nhd cac c i y l i u nam (ca phe, eao su, ...) khi eay edn nhd ndng dan khdng t h i n h i n b i l t dau la gidng tdt, cay ghep hay thiie sinh; sau khi trdng h i n g chuc nam mdi b i l t thi ehi ed chat bd. H i thdng cung dng gidng chda dupe td chdc; hat mac- ca chu y l u la nhap khau, khdng cd may don vi sin xuat gidng ed chdng ehi; neu gap rOi ro thi duong nhien ngudi trdng ganh ehju. Hiin nay gidng mIc-ca h i u h i t d l u khdng rd ngudn gde, xuat xd, khdng it nha vudn lai ghep nhdng loai ely kem ehat lupng ngudi d i n rat khd nhan b i l t . & L i m Ha nhieu hd d i n da pha bd h i n g loat vudn mac-ca bdi du tuoi tdt nhung lai khdng eho qua.
NhUvay, mudn phat trien ddng loat thi cung khdng the eung d p gidng tdt kjp dupe.
V l trdng xen, mie-ca la eay tan rdng, ehilm d i t (mat dp ddng dae 300 cay/ha), la ram, khdng thich hpp nhUcac caytrdng xen ehe bdng eho ca p h i hay che (nhu mudng den, mudng la k h i , keo d i u , ...la nhdng cay da lpe lUa t d may ehue n i m qua).
Khi trdng xen, chua k l viie tranh chap nude v i chat dinh dUdng, thi viie bdn phan khoing, phun thude sau ehSe ehSn I n h hudng d i n t i i u ehuan an toan thiie pham do khach hang yeu d u . Thd nghiim trdng xen vdi ea phe dau t i i n nam 2004 d 1 hd huyen Krdng Nang hay vai nOi khic, ehua rut ra k i t luan dang tin. Nang suit lay 1 eay suy ra nen khd t h u y l t phuc. Chung ta cung da trdng xen d p h i vdi trau, que, sau rieng, v.v. v i da khdng t h i n h edng.
V l binh, cay nay rat man d m vdi Phytophthora, can phai chpn tao gidng du sde de khang. Benh n i m n i y da gap d eao su, khd trj va viee phun thude s i anh hudng tdi chat lupng hat; bj vUdng vao tieu chuan an toan thdc p h i m ma khieh h i n g qui djnh nghiim ngat.
V l d d b i o thj trddng, d i n nay
ehda ed dd bao thj trUdng mdt each thuyet phuc. Thdng tin sau day dang de suy nghi: " D i n nam 2006 thi s i n luang mIc-ca d Hawaii b i t dau g l i m do eung vUdt elu"'. Nam 2013 toan t h i gidi s i n xuat khoing 135.000 tan hat ehUa bde vd. "My dinh trdng thuang mai d Florida nhung that bai vi nang suit thlp"^.
Nghien cdu l i u nhat ve so sanh gidng mIe-ca la eCia Viin KHKT Ndng lam nghiip Tay Nguyen la t d 2002, den nay mdi ehpn 3ugc 10 gidng cd t r i i n vpng, dem trdng khio nghiim d i i n hep d may noi quanh Budn Ma Thudt va d c chuyen gia cCia Vien dda ra khuyln nghj rat t h i n trpng la can phai 3\jac danh g i i ky trddc khi phd b i l n rdng rai ra sin suit, d i e b i i t la edng t i c ehpn gidng va quy hoaeh vung trdng eho eay mac ea. PhSi khang djnh rang Viet Nam chda cd nhieu ehuyen gia ve cay mac-ca, cdn ehuyin gia ve sin pham mIc-ca thi gan nhu chua cd. Trong khi do thi nhilu y kiln khac (ehCi y l u l i ngddi khdng nghiin cdu) lai khuyln nghi md rdng mdt d c h t h i i qua rat de g i y I n tdpng mle-ea l i mdt huyen thoai. Mdt sd Ngin hang Idn nhanh chdng hddng dng, cam ket dau tU h i n g ehue ngan ty ddng la dang mdng. Cd vj lanh dao Ngan hang ndi "se khdng chi ban ma lam ludn", vj khic quyet t i m : "Khdng ai l i m thi tdi cung t u trdng"; p h i i chang ed cd t i l n I I trdng dupe; vdn la d i l u kien d n nhung chUa dd. Cung ed ngudi ed trieh nhiem q u i n ly vdn eho ring:"... can ed quy hoach, xay dung d e quy ehuan tao gidng va eham sde, hudng dan viie ehe b i l n , lam sao d l che b i l n s i u va thuc sU tao n i n dUde eac ehudi gia trj t d hat mIc-ca"; day la sU than trpng d n t h i l t . Trong ludng y k i l n ban t h i o vda qua, dang Idu y la ehua t h i y t i i n g ndi cda nhdng ngddi trdng mae-ea dich thde.
Co sd khoa hoc p h i t trien mle- ea edn nhilu diem chda chle chin, ehua the yen t i m . De phat trien
1.'Hawaii Macadamia Nuts: Final Season Es- timates". Hawaii Department of Agriculture July 13,2007. Retrieved April 7,2012.
2. Boning, Charles (2006). Florida's Best Fruit- ing Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc p. 117,
eay trdng chu liic nhu ca p h i , eao su, ngd,...ehung ta cd d e Vien nghien edu tUdng xdng m i eung p h i i nhieu thap kJ mdi djnh vi 3ugc eae cay nay trong h i thdng ndng nghiip. Tudi thp vudn eay chf I I dieu kien can, cdn d i l u k i i n du de nghe san xuat mle-ea ben vdng p h i i xet t d khfa canh kinh t l (hieu qua tren ddn v| d l u tU, gia trj gia tang,...); khfa eanh xa hpi (td ehde ehudi g i i tri, hai hda mdc dp hudng Ipi cda cae ben tham gia) v i mdi trudng ( t i i nguyin d i t , nUdc, xd ly d nhiem, v.v...). Nhu vay chic ehan p h i i qua nghien cdu va thd nghiem tdng bude gidng va canh tie, c h l b i l n , song den nay van chUa cd mdt bd giong chuan v l ely mle- ea eho vdng lay Nguyin. Hiin mdi chi cd vai md hinh nhd trong khi Tay Nguyen, Tay Bae thi rdng Idn, vi t h i p h i i k h i o nghiim, thd nghiim rdng ban trddc khi eho trdng md rdng. €)4 ed ea sd khoa hpe, ft nhat p h i i cd 1 de tai Idn nghien cdu trien khai mdt d c h toan dien va ddng bd.
T h i m 1 c i y v i o h i thdng d y trdng l i rat hay v l nhilu mat. Song, phat t n i n mle-ea la mdt ehu trdong ldn, nhdng ehua dupe chuan bi day du. De ehle ehan t h i n h cdng can phai: danh gia v i d u bao thj trudng tdt han; nam chic khach hing y i u d u t i i u c h u i n gi (nlu l i san phim hdu ea nghia la khdng ddpe bdn phan khoing va phun thude thi cdc khd); danh gia mde do thfch hdp ( d dat va khi hau); qui hoaeh ehi t i l t ; nghien edu thd nghiem (R&D) trUdc khi md rdng; khio nghiem de ed bd gidng tdt; to ehde h i thdng cung cap gidng xac nhan; ehpn edng n g h i v i td chdc he thdng thu mua, c h l b i l n b i o d i m t i i u chuan ATTP;
thdng tin day du v i t i p huan ngUdi trdng. Day la d e bdde khdng t h i bd qua, ehd khdng phai t h i i dd lung chdng, t h i l u quyet t i m .
Phit b i l u tai Hdi t h a o X h i l n lupe p h i t t r l l n cay mic-ea" 7/2/2014, dng Vuang Dinh Hue, Trudng ban Kinh tlTrung dang DSng chi ra ring
"Viet Nam chda cd mdt ehiln Idpc phat trien eay mlc-ca". Mdt ehiln Idpc nhUvay p h i i cd trude khi trdng ddng loat va nhdng ndi dung t r i n d n ddpc tinh den trong v i i c x i y ddng chien lUdc do./.