I KHOA"HOC 1[SgagS!!^B
GIAI PHAP BAO VE N G U 6 N NlT^C HE T H 6 N G THUY LCn THAC HUONG '
Nguyen Thanh Hien Vi$n Khoa hge Thiiy lgi Vi^tNam Nguyen V i n Tinh Vi^n Quy hogch Thiiy lgi
Tdm tat: Hogt dgng phdt trien kinh te-xa hgi tdc dgng bdt lgi den nguon nu&c luu vuc song Cdu, song Thuang ddn den nguon nu&c cdp cho he thdng thuy lgi Thdc Huong bi suy thodi, 6 nhiim nghiem trgng. Hi thing thuy lgi Thdc Huong nhdn nu&c thdi khong qua xu ly tir khu do th], ddn cu (Thdnh pho Thdi Nguyen, Bac Giang, cdc huyin Hiip Hda, Viit Yen, v.v...) xd true tiip xuing hi thdng kinh tiiu gdy ra d nhiim cue bg, ciing v&i dieu kien ngudn nu&c cgn kiet vdo mua khd da ldm d nhiem trdm trgng ngudn nu&c trong hi thing thuy lgi Thdc Hudng, chdt lugng nu&c khdng dgt tieu chudn cdp nu&c phyc vu sdn xudt nong nghiep va ddn sinh. Nghien cuu kit hgp ket qud gidm sdt chdt lugng nu&c tir ndm 2016 den nay v&i tinh todn cdc phuang dn cdn bdng nu&c dd di xudt gidi phdp tdng thi cdp nu&c, cdi thi?n moi tru&ng nu&c h? thong thiiy lgi Thdc Hudng, bao gdm gidi phdp xic ly ngudn thdi, gidi phdp cdng trinh thiiy lgi vd gidi phdp qudn ly di gidm thieu d nhiim phtic vuphdt triin kinh ti-xa hgi trong vimg.
Tie khda: H$ thong thuy lgi Thdc Huong, chat thai, d nhiim nguin nu&c, mdi trir&ng nie&c, gidm sdt chat lugng nu&c, gidi phdp gidm thieu.
Summary: Socio-economic development has a negative impact water resources of the Cau River and Thuong River, leading to decoded and seriously polluted water sources in Thac Huong hydraulics structure system. Thac Huong hydraulics structure system receives wastewater from urban areas and residential areas such as Thai Nguyen, Bac Giang, Hiep Hoa and Viet Yen.
Untreated waste water is discharged directly into the sewerage system, (Coinage system causing local pollution, combined with law level of discharge in the dry season, caused severe pollution of water resources in Thac Huong hydraulics structure system. The quality of water in Thac Huong l^draulics structure does not meet standard for agricultural production and ecosystem. The stucfy incorporates results of water quality monitoring starting from 2016, with calculations of water allocation alternatives that have proposed a comprehensive solution for water supply, for water environment improvement in the Thac Huong f^draulics structure system, including waste treatment, monitoring of waste water effluents, development and operation of hydraulics structure system to reduce water pollution serving socio-economic development in the region.
K^words: Thac Huong hydraulics structure system, wastes, pollution of water sources, water environment, water quality monitoring and mitigation measures.
M O DAU sd xd phia nam sdng Thuang cua thdnh phd Bde H? thdng thOy Igi Thac Hudng thugc fia ban ^ ' ^ S . tinh Bde Giang va 9 xa ven kdnh tudi cac huy^n Tan Yen, Vi^t Yen, Hi^p Hoa, mOt '^^'^ f^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ' " ^ Nguyen.
Hg thong thuy lgi Thac Hudng la mgt trong 6 khu tudi, dong thdi cung Id mgt trong 9 khu tidu Ngdy nhgn bdi: 14/4/2015 thugc luu vyc sdng Chx, cd nhi?m vy tudi cho Ngdy tiidng qua ph^bi^n: 08/5/2015 52520 ha ddt canh tdc vd tieu cho 71.060 ha.
Ngay duy?t dang: 15/5/2015
82 TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA C O N G N G H C T H O Y L(?I S(5 38 - 2017
KHUAHUL • ^ . l ) I J i M ! l = M Thdi gian qua, d nhiem nude trong cac h§
thdng thuj lgi tgi cdc viing ven dd ndi chung vd h^ th6ng thuy Igi Thac Hu6ng ndi ridng dang ngdy cdng gia tSng va Id thdch thiic ldn ddi vdi sdn xudt ndng nghiep, dan sinh. 6 nhiem ngu6n nude tudi dnh hudng ddn chdt lugng nude phyc vy sdn xudt ndng nghigp vd dnh hudng tdi sue khde cua ngudi dan.
Trudc yeu cdu cdp bdch vd giai phdp chong d nhiem, d ^ biet Id chdt lugng ngu6n nude cap cho sdn xuat ndng nghi|p vd sinh hogt, Bg Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn da giao V i ^ Quy hogch Thuy lgi nhif m vy giam sdt, dy bdo chdt lugng nude trong h? th6ng thiiy Igi Thdc Huong tir ndm 2016 ddn nay. Bai vilt gidi thi^u kit qua gidm sdt chdt lugng nude h§
thdng thiiy Igi Thac Huong va dd xudt gidi p h ^ gidm thieu d nhiem phyc vy san xudt
ndng nghi$p vd ddn sinh trong vimg.
1. FHU'CfNG PHAP NGHlfeN ClfV 1.1 Lay mau vd cdc chi tieu phan tfch a) Th&i gian vd vj tri ldy mdu
Gidm sat chdt lugng nude tgi 15 vi tri, m6i vi tri dugc ldy mdu 2 idn/thdng, thdi gian ldy mSu tCr thang 1 den thdng 3 nhdm ddnh gid vd du bao chdt lugng nude phyc vy cdp nude gieo cdy vy Ddng Xuan (thdi gian cd nhu cdu sii dyng nude Idn).
b) Cdc chi tiiu phdn tich
- Chi tieu 1^ hda: Nhi$t dO, pH, DO, d$ din, dg dye, TDS, BOD5, COD, nhdm Amdni, Na;
Ca,Mg;
- Chi tieu vi sinh: Eecal.Coli;
- Chi tieu kim logi n|ing: Pb, Cu;
Ban dh vj tii khao sat chat lirgng nude hf thong thuy lgi Thdc Hu6ng
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Hinh 1: Bdn do v{ tri lay mdu nu&c h$ thdng thuy lgi Thdc Huong
1.2. Phutmg phdp phdn tich WQC-24 hang TOA - DKK Nhat Ban.
a) Chi tieu phdn tich ngodi hien tne&ng b) Chi tieu phdn tich trong phong thi nghiem Nhi?t dd, pH, dd ddn, dO dye, mgn, DO dugc Cdc chi tieu dugc phdn tich tgi phdng Thi do bdng may do da chi tieu hidn trudng Model nghiem chdt lugng nude thugc Vien Quy
T^P CHf KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E T H O Y LOI $6 38 - 2017 83
I KHOAHOC ^ . I . U I t U l a ! ! ^ hogch Thiiy lgi, sd dyng cdc phuong phdp tieu ehuan hi§n dgi, cd dg chinh xdc cao ttr 10"^ -
10"^ ppm. Cdc phuang phap sit dyng phan tich trong phong thi nghi?m nhu sau:
- Xdc dinh tdng chat rdn hda tan bdng TCVN 4560-1998, sdy khd d 105°C, sur dyng can phdn tich cua Dure cd do chinh xdc 10^ g;
- Xac dinh Natri bdng TCVN 6196-1996, thidt bi sur dyng do Id quang k l nggn ICta Jenway cua Anh cd dg chinh xdc 10-3 ppm;
- Xdc dinh Ca^"" bdng TCVN 6198-1996, chdt chi thi la EDTA, do chinh xdc 10-2 ppm;
- Xdc dinh Mg^"^ bdng TCVN 6224-1996, chdt chi thi la EDTA, do chinh xac 10-2 ppm;
- Xdc dinh NH4'" bdng TCVN 4563-1988 phuang phdp do quang, sit dung thiet bi do la UV-Vis - Shimadzu cua Nhgt Ban, cd dO chinh xdc 10-3 ppm;
- Xac dinh NO2" bdng TCVN 6178-1996, phuang phdp do quang, sii dyng thiet bi do la.
UV-Vis - Shimadzu cua Nhat Ban, cd dd chinh xdc 10-3 ppm;
- Xdc dinh NO3" bdng TCVN 6180 -1996, phuong phdp do quang, su dyng thilt bi do Id UV-Vis - Shimadzu ciia Nhgt Bdn, cd do chinh xdc 10-3 ppm;
Xac djnh COD bdng TCVN 6491-1999, phuang phdp Bicromat, dd chinh xdc 10-2 ppm;
- Xdc djnh BOD5 bang TCVN 6001-1995, phuang phdp dp ke thuy ngdn bdng thidt bi WTW BOD cua Diic, dg chinh xac 10'^ ppm;
- Xdc dinh Fecal. Coli bdng TCVN 6187/1- 1996, phuong phap mdng Igc, nudi cdy d 44''C trong hi dm Memmert cua Ddc, sai s6 0,5*'C.
- Xdc dinh kim logi ngng Cu, Pb, bdng TCVN 6193-1996, phuong phap quang ph6 hdp thy nguydn tii khdng nggn liia (AAS-GF), sd dung thiet bi do Id Mdy quang phd hap thy nguyen tii ket n6i Id Graphit AAS 6600-Shimadzu cua Nhdt Bdn, dO chinh xdc 10-6 ppm.
2. KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ
Kit qua gidm sdt chat higng nude tir nam 2016 den nay dugc trinh bay trong cdc Hinh 2, 3, 4 vd 5. Cdc biSu do md td ham lugng DO, COD, BOD5, NHt^ vdi true hoanh la vj tri ldy nmu dgc kenh chinh hd thdng thuy Igi Thdc Hudng theo thdi gian, tryc tung bilu thi bam lugng cac chi tieu d nhiem.
Hinh 2: Dien biin hdm lugng DO dgc kenh chinh
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Hinh 3: Diin biin ham lugng COD dgc kMi ddnh
Hinh 4: Diin biin hdm lugng BOD5 dgc kinh chinh
84 TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H $ T H O Y L O I S O 38 - 2017
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Hinh 5: Dien biin hdm lugng NH4 ' dgc kenh chinh
Ket qud phdn tich cho thdy, ham lugng DO dao dOng trong khodr^ td 5 din 9 mg/I, ndm trong gidi hgn tit Al din B l trong QCVN 08:
2015. Ham lugng cac chdt d nhiem thd hien qua BOD5 vd COD thay ddi qua cdc dgt khdo sdt nhung tuong ddi dn dinh. Tgi cdng Ke Non, gid tri BOD5 cao nhdt Idn din 16,2 mg/1, vugt gidi hgn BI trong QCVN 08: 2015; COD Id 23,9mg/I, thap hon gidi hgn B l vd vugt gidi han Al trong QCVN 08: 2015. Dien biln ham lugng NHi"^ tren kenh chinh ndm dudi gidi hgn Al trong QCVN 08:2015.
3. N G U 6 N G A Y 6 NHlfeM
Sdng Cau Id ngudn nude chinh cap cho h^
th6ng thiiy Igi Thac Hudng, theo bdo cao hi?n trang mdi trudng nam 2015 ciia 6 tinh trdn luu vyc, tdng lugng nude thai tCr sinh hogt vao luu vyc sdng Cdu, sdng Thuang vdo khoang 100.000 mVngdy, trong dd nude thdi khu vyc dd thi chilm 50%.
Tong lugng nude thai tii cdc khu cdng nghi?p, co sd sdn xudt xa vdo luu vyc 968.000 mVngdy; khoang 200 Idng nghl, mSi ngdy thdi ra mdi trudng tren 6.600 m^ nude chiia cac hda chdt d^c hgi (xiit, chdt tay rita, phen kep, nhya thdng, Javen, lignin, phdm mau, v.v...);
nude thdi tir 40 ca sd y tl, b^nh vi?n mSi ngay khodng 480 m^. Cdc viing sdn xudt ndng nghi$p tren luu vyc su dyng phdn boa hoc Idn ddn 500.000 tdn/ndm, lugng du thtra khodng 33% se chuyin vao h? thong.
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Do lugng nude thai dd vdo luu vyc ldn dan den chat lugng nude sdng Cdu bi d nhidm, dac bi$t chat lugng nude tgi cac dogn sdng chay qua khu dd thi, khu cdng nghiep, khu Idng nghe h\ 6 nhiim nghiem trgng. Ham lugng cdc chat d nhiem cao, BOD5 vugt quy chudn tOr 2.67 din 5,4 ldn, COD vugt quy chudn td 2,67 din 5,4 Ian, DO thdp han quy chudn tu 2,74 ddn 5,3 ldn, ham lugng NO2 vugt quy chudn tit 1.68 din 8,03 ldn.
4. GIAI PHAP GIAM THifeU 6 NHIEM NGU6N Nirdc
Trudc tinh hinh d nhilm ngudn nude trong hd thong thiiy Igi Thdc Huong diin bidn phiic tgp, do gia tdng cac ngudn thdi vao h^ thdng, cdn phai cd cac gidi phdp tdng the d l bdo vg ngudn nude, gidm thidu d nhiem, cdi thifn mdi trudng nude tren luu vyc. Cdc gidi phdp chinh bao g6m:
4.1. Giai phap xu- ly ngudn thdi
Tinh Thai Nguydn dang xdy dyng 2 nhd mdy xii ly nude thdi tgi thanh phd Thai Nguyen, tilp tyc tridn khai xay dyng vd hodn thien he thdng xii ly nude thdi tgi cdc khu cdng nghiep tdp trung. Thanh ph6 Bde Giang dang xdy dyng giai dogn 2 trgm xii 1^ nude thai tap trung nhdm xu: ly todn bd nude thdi d cac phuong phia Bde sdng Thuong.
Ddi vdi khu cdng nghiep Quydt Thdng, nhd may gidy Hodng Van Thy thugc tinh Thai Nguydn, cdc khu cdng nghiep Dinh Tram, Vi^t Hdn, Quang Chau, Van Trung thugc tinh Bde Giang, v.v... can phdi xii If tri?t dd nude thdi bdo ddm dgt tidu chudn trudc khi xa vao h? th6ng kdnh tieu.
Quy hogch h$ thdng tieu thodt nude tir cdc khu dd thi, quy hogch lang nghe, tieu thu cdng nghi?p, nhu: dgt nhugm, to tdm, may tre dan xudt khau, tai chd nhya tgi huygn Hiep Hoa, Idng nghl ndu rugu Van Ha, v.v..., di chuyin cac h§ san xuat, chan nudi tap trung tgi cac Idng nghl gdy d nhilm ra xa khu dan cu.
TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA C O N G N G H 6 T H O Y LOI S(5 38 - 2017 85
KHOA HOC
4.2. Giai phdp cdng trinh thuy lgi Ngo vdt Idng kenh, cdi tao, nang c ^ cac cdng trinh trdn kenh, xdy dyng cdng ddu kdnh chinh dd ldy nude tudi tit d$p ddng Thac Hudng trdn sdng Cau vdi luu lugng 25 m^/s. Nghidn cdu xay dyng trgm bam Hodng Van vdi luu lugng 8m^/s, ldy nude td sdng Cdu d l bd sung nude cho kdnh Trdi.
Xdy dyng trgm bam tidu Ydn Ninh dd tieu vgi cho 1.492 ha ndm d hg luu ciia khu tidu. Nang cdp cdc trgm bam Gia Son, Huu Nghi, NOi Ninh, Ngg Khong 2, Niii True, Viet Hda, Cdm Bdo dd ddm tieu cho 9.336 ha cua khu vyc.
Sau khi cdc cdng trinh di vdo hogt dgng se bd sung ngudn nude, trdnh nude tu dgng vd duy tri ddng chdy thudng xuydn, cdi thign dang k l chdt lugng nude trong h$ thdng.
4.3. Giai phdp vk quan 1^
Tang cudng cdng tdc thanh tra, kilm tra cdc khu cdng nghiep, ca sd sdn xuat, Idng nghe thyc hi&i chuong trinh bdo v$ mdi trudng. Xur ly nghidm cdc nhd mdy, xi nghi?p, lang nghl xa nude thdi ra hg tiidng khdng ddm bdo ydu cdu. Khdng cho phep xd nude thdi tryc tiep chua qua xu ly tu cde 4diu cdng nghigp, Idng nghl, cdc khu dan cu tgp trung vdo hg th6ng.
K E T L U ^
Sd ligu gidm sdt chdt lugng nude trdn hg thong thuy lgi Thdc Hulng cho thay, d nhiem ngu6n nude trdn h0 th6ng thdy lgi cd xu hudng gia tang, dnh hudng ldn din chat lugng nude phyc vu sdn xuat ndng nghiep va ddn sinh. Vi v^y, can tiep tyc triln khai d6ng bg cdc gidi phdp tdng the dd cai thign chdt lugng nude ddp ting yeu cdu phat triln kinh tl-xd hOi, bdo v$ mdi trudng trong viing.
T A I U$V THAM KHAO
[1] Vi$n Quy hogch Thuy lgi, 2016. Bdo cdo gidm sat, dy bdo chat lugng nude trong h$ tiling cdng trinh thuy Igi Thdc Hudng.
[2] Vi^n Quy hogch Thuy Igi, 2015. Ra soat quy hogch thuy lgi phyc vy tdi cdu tnic ngdnh ndng nghilp vimg d6ng bdng sdng Hdng.
[3] Vign Quy hogch Thuy Igi, 2016. Ra scat quy hogch thuy lgi luu vyc sdng Cau - Sdng Thuong.
[4] Bdo cdo hi|n trgng mdi trudng tinh Thai Nguyen giai dogn 2011-^2015.
[5] Bao cao hi$n trgng mdi trudng tinh Bde Giang giai dogn 2011-^2015.
86 TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E T H C I Y Lpl S 6 38 - 2017