Nghien cdu - Trao doi
PHAT TRIEN NGUON NHAN LlTC N G A N H X A Y DlTNG 6 NU^dC TA HIEN NAY
THU^C TRANG VA GIAI PHAP
T h S . TRAN L E TRUNG '
Tdm t i t : Ngdnh xdy dung Id bgphgn quan trgng cua nen kinh te, cdn dugc quan tdm phdt trien ve mgi mgt, dgc bi^t Id yeu to ngudn nhdn luc. Bdi viet tap trung Idm rd thuc trgng vd dua ra nhung gidi phdp, kien nghi ve phdt trien nguon nhdn luc ngdnh xdy dipig trong thdi gian t&i.
Ttr khda: ngdnh xdy dung; ngudn nhdn li^c; phdt trien nguon nhdn luc
I
Dat v i n deVipl Nam dang diing trudc nhidu co
# hpi vd thach thiic de phdt tridn kinh td. Cdch mang cdng nghipp 4.0 dang dien ra d giai dogn dau va vipc tham gia mpt sd hipp djnh thuong mgi qudc td ldn, nhu FTA, EVFTA, TPP, AEC..., da dat ra bai todn khd cho vipc huy ddng ngudn lyc de phdt fridn kinh td. De phdt huy ngudn lyc sin ed, vipc dao tgo vd phdt tridn ngudn nhan lyc ddng vai frd rdt quan frgng.
Nhiing nam qua, ngudn nhdn lyc nganh xay dyng da nhdn dugc sy quan tdm dimg miic, ed nhimg budc phdt tridn vugt bge vd cd sd lugng vd chit lugng. Tuy nhidn, bdn egnh kdt qua dgt duge, ngudn nhdn lyc ngarih xdy dyng nudc ta hipn nay edn mgt sd bgn chd nhat djnh, ly Ip cdng
•'Vi?n Kien tnic quoc gia. Bp Xay dyng
nhan tryc tidp sdn xuat qua dao tgo ky ndng nghe cdn rat thap, tac phong cdng nghipp chua dugc cdi thipn,... ddn ddn ndng suit lao dpng khdng cao, chat lugng sdn pham cdn nhieu sai sdt 1dm gidm siic egnh franh frdn thj trudng qudc te ciing nhu ngay tgi Ihi trudng frong nude. Vi vdy, frong boi cdnh todn cdu hda vd hgi nhdp kinh td qudc te ngdy edng sdu rgng, de thye hipn mye tidu cdng nghipp hda, hi^n dai hda, nganh xay dyng cin de ra nhipm vy va nhiing gidi phap chuin bj nguon nhan lyc frong giai doan mdi dap iing ydu ciu phat tridn ddt nude.
2. T h y e trgng nguon nhan lyc ngdnh x3y dyng giai dogn 20U - 2020
Thye hipn theo chii truong, dudng loi ciia Dang, nganh xay dyng da cd nhieu chmh sdch dd ddo tgo, bdi dudng, phdt tridn ngudn nhan lyc. Ngdy 13/9/2012, Eg frudng Bp Xdy dyng
Khoa hpc chinh trj - So 7/2020
Nghien cdu - Trao doi 59 da ban hdnh Quydt dinh sd 838/(^-BXD phd
duydt Quy hogeh phat tiidn nhan lyc nganh xay dyng giai dogn 2011 - 2020 lain co sd cho vipc xay dyng kd hogeh 5 nam vd hang nam ve phdt trien nhdn luc ngdnh xdy dung ndi chung vd cua timg dan vf trong ngdnh ndi riing, ddng thdi tridn khai xdy dyng co chd, chinh sdch vd td chiie thye hipn phat tiidn nhan lyc cua todn ngdnh xdy dyng. Mue tidu cua Quy hoach phdt tiidn nhdn lyc ngdnh xay dyng giai dogn 2011 - 2020 la phdt tiidn todn di^n ve dao tao, tgo sy ehuydn bien rd rpt vd chit lugng nhan lyc, hinh Ihanh dgi ngu nhdn lyc chit lugng cao, dap iing ydu cau phdt tridn nhanh, ben vung frong qua trinh cdng nghidp hda, hipn dgi hda nganh xdy dyng; phat tridn nhanh nhiing nganh, liiih vyc md ngdnh xay dyng cd Ipi tiid so sdnh, gdn ddo tgo vdi gidi quyet vipc Idm - ddo lao theo dia chi. Tieh eye phan luong lao dpng sau dao tgo dgi hge, xay dyng mgt sd co sd ddo tgo dgt ehuan chat lugng vd chat lugng cao frong khu vye vd qudc te, ddp ling ydu cau ngdy cdng cao ciia ngdnh xay dyng frong nude, Iham gia egnh franh ed hipu qud frdn thj Irudng xay dyng khu vyc vd qude td. Cy thd:
Nhan lyc ngdnh xay dyng tang tir 2,9 tripu ngudi (nam 2010) len khoang 5 ttipu ngudi (nam 2015) vd khodng 8 - 9 tripu ngudi (nam 2020); ty Ip nhan lyc qua ddo tao tang tir mire 41,0% (nam 2010) ldn khodng 60,0% (nam 2015) va khodng 65,0% (nam 2020). Trong dd, b|c dao tgo nghd ehiem khodng 68,5% (ndm 2015) vd khodng 68,0% (nam 2020), bac trung eip chuyen nghipp chidm khodng 25% (nam 2015) vd khodng 24% (ndm 2020), bdc eao ddng chiem khodng 2,0% (nam 2015) va khoang 3,0% (nam 2020), bge dai hgc vd trdn dai hgc chiem khodng 4,5%i (nam 2015) vd khodng 5%
(nam 2020). Rieng ddi vdi ddo tao bdc dai hgc, myc tidu dd ra den nam 2020 Id todn ngdnh cd khoang 5.500 ngudi dgt trinh dp sau dai hgc va frdn dgi hgc, khoang 200 nghm ngudi ed trinh dp dgi hge va khodng 124 nghin ngudi cd trinh do cao ding chuyen nghipp. Phan dau ddn nam 2020 so gidng vien dgi hgc cd frinh dg thgc sT khodng 70%, cdn lgi 30% cd tiinh dg tien sT vd
tidn sT khoa hpc, frong dd cd khoang 100 giao su, phd gido su; giang vidn cao dang cd trinh dp thac sT khoang 60%, giang vidn ed trinh dp lidn Sl khodng S%.
Ngay 24/01/2017, Bd Xay dung da cd Bdo cdo sa kdt 5 ndm thye hidn chidn luge Quy hogeh phdt tiidn nhdn lyc nganh xay dyng giai dogn 2011-2020 (vdn bdn kem theo Cdng van sd 163/BXD/TCCB). Theo dd, nguon nhdn lyc ngdnh xdy dyng da ed budc phat tridn ed vd sd lugng ldn chat lugng. Sd lugng lao dgng todn ngdnh nam 2015 dgt 3,43 tiipu ngudi, tang 10,4% so vdi nam 2010 (3,105 ttipu ngudi);
ty Id lao dgng da qua ddo tao nam 2015 dat khodng 14,9%, tang 2,3%. so vdi nam 2010 (12,6%). Mang ludi cdc co sd ddo tao chuydn ngdnh xay dyng da phdt tridn rpng khdp tgi cdc viing midn, dia phuang. Trdn cd nudc cd khoang 80 trudng dgi hpc, cao ding vd frdn 300 CO sd ddo tap nghd cd dang ky dao tgo ehuydn ngdnh xdy dyng. Cdng tac ddo tao nguon nhdn lyc tgi cae don vj sy nghidp gido dye trye thugc Bd Xay dyng nhiing nam qua eiing dgt nhieu kdt qud tdt. Tdng sd edn bg qua dao tgo tgi cdc trudng thugc Bp Xdy dyng giai doan 2010 - 2015 khodng 151.392 ngudi vdi tdt ea cac hp dao tgo, trong dd dao tgo sau dgi hpe khodng 2.004 ngudi (dgt 1,3%); dai hgc 20.091 ngudi (dat 13,3%); cao ddng khodng 27.298 ngudi (dat 18%.); trung cip khoang 15.171 ngudi (dat khoang 10%)); dao tao nghd khodng 86.828 ngudi (dai 57,3%).
Cdng lac qudn ly nhd nude vd phdt fridn nhan lyc ngdnh xay dyng dugc tang eudng.
Ngdnh xdy dyng da phd duypt va tridn khai thye hipn quy hogeh ngudn nhdn lye giai dogn 2011-2020. Nhieu co sd ddo tao dgi hpc da md cde ma ngdnh mdi dd ddp img nhu ciu thye tidn tihu: Quan ly dy dn, qudn ly dd thj, kinh td dd thj,... Cdng tdc dao tao, bdi dudng edn bp, cdng chiic, vidn ehirc ngdnh xdy dyng duprc quan tam gdp phdn tich cyc nang cao chdt lugng ngudn nhan lyc ngdnh. Cdng ldc qudn ly nang lyc hdnh nghd ciing da dugc lugt hda frong cdc lugt chuydn ngdnh.
Khoa hpc chinh trj - So 7/2020
Nghien cdu ' Trao doi Ke hogeh tai chinh eiia chien luge quy hoach
dugc xay dyng long ghep vdi kd hogeh phdt tnen kinh td - xa hdi 5 nam vd hdng nam ciia Bd, dugc ngan sdch nhd nude bd tri ho ttg mdt phdn de thye hipn kd hogeh ddo tgo nhdn lyc tir ngudn chi thudng xuyen ciia Bd Xay dyng. De duy tti vd phdt huy hidu qua co sd vdt chat ciia cdc co sd ddo tao tryc thugc Bd Xdy dyng, hang nam, Bd da td chirc hpi nghj tdng kdt ddnh gid tinh hinh tu chii tai chinh cua cdc don vi sy nghidp edng lap thudc Bd; ddng thdi, rd sodt nhiem vy vd hogt ddng tai ehmh eiia cac don vi de xac dinh khd nang ty chu vd miic dp ty ddm bao vdn cho hogt ddng thudng xuydn eua don vi.
Bdn canh nhiing kdt qua dat dugc, ngudn nhan luc ngdnh xdy dfpig con ton tgi mgt so hgn che nhu:
Mgt Id, ty Id lao ddng qua ddo tao vdn cdn d miic thap (nam 2015 la 14,9%., frong khi cd nude la 19,9%); co cau trinh do van edn mat can ddi, tinh frgng thira thay, thidu thg ehua duge khdc phyc. Sd lupng ngudi dang ky hgc cao dang nghd, trung cdp nghd, so mydn nghe tai cdc ca sd nghe khdng dn djnh, ngay cdng cd xu hudng giam, vide tuydn sinh dao tao nghe gap nhidu khd khan; nhan luc 1dm qudn ly nhd nude d cap ca sd tai mdt sd dja phuong chua ddp img dugc ydu cdu thye hidn chiic nang, nhiem vy.
Sd lugng, chat lugng dpi ngu chuyen gia, can bg ky thugt cao cap, mdt sd bd phdn cdng nhdn lao ddng ttong cdc doanh nghiep cdn ban chd vd kidn thiic, ky nang, tac phong lao ddng cdng nghipp,... Ddi vdi cdn bd qudn ly nhd nudc vd xdy dyng tir Trung uong tdi dja phuang, cdn 32%. ed trinh do so cap vd chua qua ddo tgo, ridng cdp xa cd den 41%. la tririb dg so cdp vd 68,7%. chua dugc dao tgo ve kien thiic quan ly nha nude. Dpi ngii cdn bd, cdng chirc nganh xay dyng cdn bdt cap vd chuydn mdn, chi ed 36%
cd chuydn mdn ve kien tnic xay dyng. Didu ndy dnh hudng ddn hogt dpng xdy dyng ciia xa hgi tir khau quan ly quy hogeh, thdm djnh dy an, cip phep, qudn ly frgl ty xdy dyng""...
Hai Id. theo thdng kd ciia Bg Xay dyng, dpi ngu cdng chiie ca quan Bg Xay dyng my
cd nhiing budc ti-udng thdnh, nhung van con tinh trang "ng tidu chuin" cdng chuc (chuyen vidn, chuydn vidn chinh, chuydn vien cao cip,...), trong khi mot bd phdn khdng nhd cdng chirc co quan Bp khdng dugc ddo tao diing nganh, diing nghd. Dpi ngii cdn bp tgi cdc vipn nghien ciiu cd frinh dp cao nhung dp mdi tnmg binh ciing cao, trong khi lgi eac ca sd ddo tgo, vien chiic cd trinh dg dgi hgc cdc chuyen ngdnh xay dyng dgt thdp, nhat Id ITnh vye kidn tnic - quy hoach, xay dyng. Bdn egnh dd, ddi ngii doanh nghipp nganh xdy dyng duge ddo tgo, bdi dudng ve qudn ly doanh nghidp ciing chiem ty Id rat thap (3,90%i) va nhin ehung it dugc dao tgo bdi bdn, nhat Id kien thiic ve qudn ly kinh td frong ndn kinh te thj trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa,... Cd the ndi, thye Irgng nay da anh hudng khdng nhd ddn hidu qud quan ly, nhat la trong ITnh vyc quan ly dd thj va sy phdt trien chung ciia ngdnh xdy dyng.
Ba Id, he thdng ca chd, chinh sdch chua ddng bg, cy thd: chua gan kdt dugc giiia eung vd cau, giiia ddo tgo vdi su dyng; chua tgo dyng duge mdi quan hp giiia ea sd dgy nghe vdi doanh nghipp,... chua tgo dugc sy can ddi ve quy md vd ca cau ddo tao cde bdc hgc, cdp hgc ddn ddn tinh trang thira thay, thidu thg, chua cd CO chd, chinh sach ddi vdi eac trudng tryc thugc doanh nghipp, dgc bipt la co chd tdi chinh. Hp Ihdng thd che vd cdng tac ddo tao lai, cap nhdt kidn thiic cdn thidu vd khdng ddng bd; chua gdn yen eau bdi dudng, cap nhat kidn thire vdi vipc chuydn nggch, nang luang vd bd nhidm can bd. Cdng tdc kiem dinh chat lugng ddo tao lien hdnh cdn chgm, cdc lidu ehi ddnh gid chdt lugng cdn ngng vd cdng tac quan ly.
Do thye frgng ngudn nhdn lyc ngdnh xdy dyng ehua ddp lirig dugc yeu cau thidu cd so lugng, ydu yd chat lugng ddn den nang suit lao dgng, tidn dp chdm, chit lugng sdn phim cdn nhidu sai pham dan ddn giam siic egnh franh trdn thi trudng, dgc bipt Id khi hda nhgp vdo thj trudng qudc te.
Khoa hpc chfnh tri - So 7/2020
Nghien cdu - Trao doi 61 3. Giai phdp phdt trien nguon nhan lyc
nganh xay dyng trong thdi gian tdd Nguon nhdn lyc dap ling dugc nhu cdu thi tiordng se la ddn biy quan frpng giiip ndn kinh td phat fridn bdn viing. Do vay, vipc xay dyng va phdt hidn ngudn nhan lyc ndi chung va ngudn nhan lyc ngdnh xay dyng ndi ridng Id ydu cau cap thiet hien nay. Vide khac phuc tdn tgi bit cap eua ngudn nhan luc ngdnh xdy dyng khdng chi mpt sdm, mdt chieu, khdng phai d mdt vdi bp phan,... ma phai thuc hien d tit ca cac cdp va mang tinh thudng xuydn, lien tuc, lau ddi. Trong phgm vi bdi viet, tac gid xin khuyen nghi w^' ^6 gidi phdp sau:
Thie nhdt, ddi v&i ca quan qudn ly nhd nu&c - Dya vdo kdt qud quy hoach ngudn nhan lyc giai dogn 2011 - 2020, can td ehiic didu Ira chi lidu vd ddnh gid vd ngudn nhdn lye ngdnh xdy dyng. Ddng thdi, dua ra nhirng chidn luge nhim phat fridn kinh te - xa hdi d Viet Nam, phat tridn ngdnh xay dyng, dap img nhu cdu xdy dyng va nang eao chat lugng dau thdu, Ihidt kd vd quy hogeh.
- Quy hogeh mang ludi ede trudng ddo tgo thupc ngdnh, dau tu xay dyng ca sd vdt chat phyc vy dao tao. Tap trung phdt tridn dao tgo nghd ngan ban, nang cao ndng lyc quan ly xay dung vd phdt tridn dd thi ddi vdi edng chirc lanh dgo, chuydn mdn dd thj cdc cap, xdy dyng dpi ngu giao vidn, can bd khoa hpc cd trinh dp cao frong cde ITnh vyc,...
- Ban hdnh quy djnh chuc danh ciing nhu bd sung cdc chiic danh nham phdn logi, khuyen khich ddo tao can bd quan ly, cdng nhan gidi ngdnh xdy dyng, nhu: giam ddc cdng ly, tdng gidm ddc tdng cdng ty, ehi huy trudng du dn dgc bidt, nhdm A, B, chirc danh tdng edng frinh su, ky su trudng, ky su chinh,... Ddi vdi cdng nhan la nghd nhdn, thg cd, thg chinh.
- Nhd nude cin ddnh kinh phi dd khuyen khich cac doanh nghipp nghidn cim khoa hgc nhim dp dyng cdc cdng nghd lien ridn, tii dd, nang eao nang suit lao ddng, tang nang luc canh franh trong ca chd thj tiudng.
Thie hai, ddi v&i casdddo tgo. hu&ng nghiep
- Ddi mdi ndi dung, chuong trinh ddo tao theo hudng dap img ydu cau ciia thj trudng, tang cudng dao tao theo dia chi, co che ddt hdng de ra trudng (ddi vdi can bd vd cdng nhan) cd vide lam ngay, khdng phai ddo tao lai.
- Chii ddng bdi dudng, dao tao lai dpi ngii giang vidn dd hp dugc cap nhat kidn thiic, cdng nghd mdi.
- Lidn kdt vdi cae nha sdn xuat, phdng thi nghiem, xudng phat minh sang chd dd chu ddng cap nhdt edng nghd mdi, phdn mdm mdi, may mdc mdi hay ndi each khac Id ty ddo tao chinh minh trudc.
- Thu hiit vd sir dyng cd hidu qud ngudn lyc cua nudc ngoai dd dao tgo ngudn nhan lyc chat lugng cao cho nganh xdy dyng, dde bidt Id ddi vdi nhiing ngdnh, nghe tien tidn, edng nghp mdi, mui nhon cua nganh xdy dyng ma Viet Nam chua dao tao dugc bode frinh dp ddo tao thap, kem hidu qua.
Thieba, doi vai doanh nghiep su dung lao dgng - Chii ddng lap kd hogeh cdng tdc ngudn nhan lye frong qud frinh sir dyng cho timg giai doan:
sii dyng, ddo tao, ddo tao lgi; dy bdo nhu cdu sir dyng nhan luc frong ky sdn xudt tiep theo.
- Lien doanh, lidn ket sir dyng nhan Iyc frong cdc doanh nghiep vdi nhau.
- c i n cd cdc chinh sdch dai ngp hgp ly ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng, nhu tien lucmg, bao hiem thit nghiep va cae phiic lgi xa hpi khdc. Do lao ddng ttong nganh xdy dyng Idm vide frong mdi trudng khac nghiet
- Kidm fra djnh ky cdc van de lien quan ddn ddo tgo vd phdt tridn ngudn nhdn lyc.
Tdm lgi, dd phat fridn ngudn nhan lyc nganh xay dyng d nudc ta hien nay, can tidn hanh ddng bd vd hidu qud cdc giai phap. Sy quan tdm chi dao cua cdc cdp iiy ddng, chinh quydn tir Tnmg uong ddn dja phuang Id rdt can thiet frong tridn khai co che, chinh sach vd dai ngd, thu hiit, phdi tridn ngudn nhan lyc nganh xay dyng trong thdi gian tdiQ
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item/7065/nguon-nhan-luc-hoat-dong-xay-dung-o-vi- et-nam—thuc-frang-va-giai-phap.aspx Khoa hoc chinh trj - So 7/2020
