' Nghiin cdu - Trao ddi
GIA TRI NHAN VAN TRONG TlT TlTdNG CANH TAN d VIET NAM CUOI THE KY XIX DAU THE KY XX
ThS. TRAN THI HOA<'>
Tom tat: Gid tri nhdn vdn la mpt trong nhung gid tri ndi bat trong tu tuang canh ldn a Viet Nam cudi the ky XDC dau the ky XX ndi rieng, trong lich su tu tuang Viet Nam ndi chung. Nd dugc hinh thdnh tir nhimg dieu kien vd yiu cdu cua lich su - xd hpi Viet Nam cudi thi ky XDC ddu thikyXX. Gid tri nhdn vdn trong tu tuang canh tdn a Viet Nam cudi the ky XIX ddu the ky XXdugc the hiin qua nhirng ndi dung chinh nhu de cao vai trd cua con ngudi, cu thi Id de cao vai tro, quyen lgi vd nghia vu cua nguai ddn, lay ddn ldm gdc; long yeu thuang. quan tdm sdu sdc den con ngu&i vd ly tudng gidi phong con ngudi, gidi phdng nhdn ddn vd giai phdng ddn lpc Viet Nam. canh tdn cuoi the ky XDC ddu thi k^ XX, yeu thuang vd quan tdm den con ngu&i,
Tu khoa: tinh nhdn vdn. tu tuang
I
Dat van deTu tudng canh fan d Viet Nam
• cudi thd ky XX ddu thd ky XX co npi dung phong phii, dd lai nhieu gia tri trong lich su tu tudng Viet Nam. Song mgt trong nhiing gia tri ndi bat chinh la gia tri nhan van. Gia fri nhan van dugc hieu la de cao con ngudi, yeu thuang va quan tam den con ngudi.
'•'Tmong Dai hpc Trdn Dai NghTa Khoa hoc cliy;ifcijr! - So 9+10/2019
lay con ngudi lam muc tieu va trung tam cua su phaf fridn xa bdi. Tuy nhien, gia tri nhan van trong tu tudng canh tan d Viet Nam cudi thd ky XIX ddu thd ky XX dupc binh thanh, tdn tai va phat tridn tir chinh dac diem va yeu cau khach quan ciia lich sir - xa bdi Viet Nam.
Dd la yeu cdu danh dudi thuc dan Phap xam luge, gianh Iai ddc lap chu quyen cho dan tdc, ty do - hanh phiic cho nhan dan; ddng thdi, kd thira nhiing gia tri truyan thdng cua dan tdc Viet Nam; dac biet la Iy tudng giai phdng con ngudi ciia Chii nghTa Mac. Do dd, gia tri
102 • Nghien cdu - Trao doi nhan van trong tu tudng canh tan d Viet Nam
cudi the ky XIX dau the ky XX dugc the hien d nhiing ndi dung chu yeu nhu sau:
2. Noi dung
Mdt la, gia tri nhan van frong tu tudng canh tan d Viet Nam cudi the ky XIX dau the ky XX dugc the hien d quan diem de cao vai frd, quyen lgi va nghTa vy ciia ngudi dan, lay dan lam gdc. Do dd, cac nha tu tudng canh tan giai doan nay da phe phan tu tudng tdn quan quyen, de cao dan chu, md rdng dan quyen.
Trong be tu tudng phong kien, mdi quan he giira vuang quyen va than quyen thdng nhat vdi nhau, cung vdi tu tudng triet Iy "Thien menh", cung nhu quan niem "tdn quan quyen"
thdng fri frong ddi sdng xa hdi. Theo dd, ve mat xa hdi, frong qude gia, vua dugc coi la
"Thien tir" thay trdi hanh dao, chan dat dan chiing, cdn ve mat tinh than thi than, thanh, trdi, menh trdi... la nhung lyc Iugng giii vai trd chi phdi.
Nhu vay, nhan dan dugc hieu la than dan, dugc xem nhu tai san thudc quyen sd hiiu cua thien tir va than dan thi khdng dugc xem la chu the ciia quyen lyc xa bdi Ve thyc chat, tu tudng tdn quan quyen la tu tudng de cao vi tri, vai frd ciia vua trong cac mdi quan be xa bgi:
vua - tdi, cha - con, chdng - vg... va muc dich duy nhat la bao ve vi tri va lgi ich ciia vua:
"d do van menh cua dat nudc va than dan gdn lam mdt vdi sd phan ciia qude vuong""*.
Cudi thd ky XIX dau fh£ ky XX, dudi lac ddng cua thdi dai, dac biet la tu tudng dan chu tu san cua J.J.Rousseau, Ch.Montesquieu.., ciing nhu ciia Khang Hiiu Vi, Lucmg Khai Sieu Tdn Trung Son... dugc du nhap vao Viet Nam, quan niem ve dan, vj tri, vai trd, quydn va nghTa vu ciia dan da cd sy thay ddi, thay the va vugt qua quan niem "than dan" truyen thdng ciia che do phong kien, chdng lai tu tudng "tdn quan quyen" ddi lap hoan toan vdi quan diem Nho giao.
Dang Huy Tni khang dinh, nhan dan chinh la sire manh ciia dat nudc cho nen ngudi cam quyen can phai quan tam, bdi bd den cai gdc
la nhan dan: "Khi manh cua nudc la lay dan Iam gdc. Boi bd cai goc do mdi la thay thudc gidi"'^'.
Cdn Pban Bdi Chau cho rdng, dan chinh la trdi, cd nghTa la y dan la y trdi. Chinh vi vay, vua khong dugc vien vao cd minh la con trdi ma lam nhung didu khdng chinh danh, khdng phii hgp vdi y dan, di ngugc lai vdi Igi ich ciia nhan dan, dieu dd la trai vdi y trdi: "Vua phai idy dan Iam frdi, dan chinh la trdi ciia ke diing ddu cai tri"'^'. Ddng quan didm^ vdi Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh cho rdng, nhan dan mdi la thanh, la than va nhan dan mdi la ngudi lam chii van menh ciia dat nudc;
"Dan ta la thanh la than,
Ben gan chac da, qui than ciing kieng"*'''.
Tren ca sd do, cac nha canh tan giai doan nay da di den gan dan vdi nudc, cd quan he bien chirng vdi nhau, gan dan quyen vdi quoc quyen. Nguyen Truong To da dua ra pham trii quoc dan va dat nd trong mdi quan he vdi vua, vdi trieu dinh phong kien: "Mgi quyen lgi banh vi trong mgt nudc phai do vua nam, va ciing vdi qude dan chia se ndi vui budn"''', Ong ciing cho rang: "Pham qude gia ddi vdi nhan dan mudn viec chang khac nao huyet mach trong than the"''^', nhung chua gan dan vdi nudc va chua ban den cac quyen co ban ciia qude dan.
Phan Bpi Chau da gan dan vdi nudc va khang dinh, nhan dan cd vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi sy tdn tai ciia mgt ddt nudc: "...dugc ggi la mdt nudc thi pbai cd nhan dan, cd ddt dai, CO chil quyen. Thieu mdt trong ba cai dd deu khdng dii tu each Iam mdt nudc. Trong ba cai dd thi nhan dan la quan trgng nhdt""'.
Ddng thai, dng cdn cbi ra mdi quan be bien chirng giua dan va nudc: "Khdng cd nhan dan thi^ dat dai khdng thd cdn, chu quydn khdng the lap: nhan dan cdn thi nudc con, nhan dan mat thi nudc mat"^«). Tir dd, dng khdng dinh moi quan he bien chiing g,ua "qude quydn"
va "dan quyen" la nudckhdng eon thi dan cung khong con, nudc mat thi quyan ctia dan cung mat va ngugc Iai: "Dan quydn ma dupc
Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 9+10/2019
IF* Nghien cdu - Trao ddi
dS cao fhi nhan dan dugc ton trgng, ma nudc cung manh. Dan quyen bi xem nhe, thi dan bi coi khinh, ma nudc yeu. Dan quyen hoan toan mdt thi dan mat ma nudc cung mat"'"'.
Do vay, dng chii truong xay dung mpt nha nitdc do nhan dan lam chu, mpi ngudi dan dku CO quyen cdng dan.
Phan Chau Trinh cung dd cap nhieu ve khai niSm qude dan khi phe phan che dp quan chii, ong keu gpi vua Khai Dinh hay "dem chinh quyen dang tra lai cho qude dan"""'. Ong cho rdng, sau khi danh dudi thuc dan Phap gianh Iai dpc lap chu quyen cho dan tpc, viec xay dyng nha nudc dan chii hay quan chu phai do nhan dan lua chgn va quyet dinh: "Sau khi da khoi phuc son ha rdi, thi quan chii hay dan chii nhut nhiit biy theo y qude dan""".
Hai Id. gia tri nhan van trong tu tudng canh tan d Viet Nam cudi the ky XIX dau the ky XX cdn dupc the hien d long yeu thuang va quan tam sau sac den con ngudi. Day la m^t trong nhiing gia tri cao dep va la mdt dao ly Idn the hien gia tri nhan van sau sac trong buyen thdng van bda Viet Nam ndi chung, bong tu tuimg canh tan Viet Nam cudi the ky XIX ddu thS ky XX ndi rieng.
Nguyen Trudng To cho rang: "Dieu dang ghet la tdi ac, dieu dang yeu la tinh ngudi"""'.
Ben canh dd, Nguyen Trudng To cdn de nghi Lap Vien due anh va Trai te ban dd "nudi ngudi ngheo khd""''... Dang Huy Tni cam thong voi ddi sdng lao ddng vat va ciia ngudi:
"Den canh khuya ta mdi di nam va day trudc nha Iai. An thi qua quyt cho xong, chia se gian khd vdi dan"""^'. Xudt phat tu fdm Idng vi nudc, vi dan ma dng da ty xay dung cho minh mpt phuong cham lam viec: "Neu cd Igi cho d^n thi phai quyen bien ma lam, dii cd dua den tdi va thi mdt minh ta chiu co khd gi""^'.
Phan Bdi Chau cung cam thdng sau sac ven cudc sdng lam than ciia nhan dan va nhan fh3y hp chinh la ddi tugng chiu nhidu ap birc, bdc Igt mpt each vd ly va bat cdng vdi hang fram thiir thue do chd dp thyc dan phong kien
Chinh vi the, dng da td cao tdi ac do su cai tri va bdc lot tan bao cua thuc dan Phap gay nen: "Ddng bao chiing tdi, cho ddn nay da chiu tram cay ngan dang, tren ngudi da thit khong chd nao lanh Ian, hoi thd thoi thdp, cd tai ma nhu diec, cd mat ma nhu mil, cd mieng ma nhu cam, cd tay chan ma nhu te liet""*''. Ong Cling len an nhiing ngudi mac dii Cling la ddng bao, sinh ra va Idn Ien trong mdt nudc nhung nghi ky, chem gidt Ian nhau: "Da cimg sinh ra va ldn Ien trong dat nudc cua cha me, ngudi mpt nudc tiic anh em mdt nha.
The ma lai nghi ky nhau, chem giet nhau, tinh tinh ngay cang each biet, doan the ngay mdt lia tan, den ndi khien cho ngudi trong nudc khdng mdt ai la khdng gap canh bo vo hiem ngheo""'\ Tir dd, dng keu gpi mpi ngudi doan ket, dac biet la doan ket tdn giao: "Mgi ngudi Viet Nma ta ciing vdi Quang phyc quan deu cd tinh nghta ddng bao - frir nhiing ke cam tam theo giac, chdng Iai Quang phuc quan, dan luong, dan giao deu yeu men nhau, nhat luat khdng cd sy phan biet ddi xu""^'.
Phan Chau Trinh cung la nha canh tan cd tam long yeu thuang nhan dan sau sac, dac bief la nhiing ngudi dan ngheo, chiu nhieu ap biic, bdc lot. Ong thuong cam vdi su thdng khd ciia ngudi dan vi suu cao thue n|ng: ^
"Thuong nhiing ke ngheo nan thidu thdn, Thue ciing sieu khdn don quanh nien.""^'.
Ong to cao thuc dan Phap la nhiing ke lot da, hiit mau nhan dan ta, day dga nhan dan ta khdng ai song noi, den miic ngudi bd di tha phuang khdng biet "chdn xac" d nai nao cdn ke d Iai cung chiu canh "viit xac d noi muong ranh"'^°'. Khdng chi td cao thyc dan Phap, Phan Chau Trinh cdn phe phan nhan dan ta mac dii ciing mdt ndi giong nbung khdng biet thuang yeu, diim bpc nhau, tham cbi cdn bam bai nhau, chem gidt lln nhau: "Trong mgt lang mdt dp cung cdu xe nhau, cung ndi gidng vdn coi nhau nhu tbii hdn"''". Qua dd, dng keu ggi ngudi dan Viet Nam phai bidt doan kgt, ddng tam hiep lyc giiip do nhau: "Da bief sdng tbi phai benh vyc nhau, dng cha minh
Khoa hpc cliintljri - So 9+10/2019
' Nghien Cuu .- Trao ddi ngay xua cung da hieu den. Cho nen mdi cd
cau: "Khdng ai be diia ca nam" va "nhieu tay lam nen bdp" (...) gdp gid lam bao, gium cay lam ning"'^^'.
Tir chd yeu thuong va quan tam sau sac den con ngudi, cac nha canh fan d Viet Nam cudi the ky XIX dau the ky XX da xem viec giao due hoan thien con ngudi nham dap irng yeu cau thyc tidn khach quan ciia lich su - xa hdi Viet Nam liic bay gid phai dugc quan tam hang dau.
Nguyen Trudng To khang dinh: "hien tai la sinh Iuc ciia qude gia, sinh lyc con ngudi ta ma manh thi mgi gan cdt trong ngudi deu manh"'^^'. Ddng thai, dng ciing chi ro tac bai ciia dudng ldi hpc thuat sai lam: "Khdng cd mdt nen hpc thuat sang sudt thi phong tyc se ngay mdt bai hoai, ldng ngudi se ngay mdt gia ddi, phu phiem, trdng rdng. Tap tuc se Iam thay ddi con ngudi, dii ngudi tdt se khdng tranh kbdi anh hudng, hudng gi nhiing hang dudi. Ldng ngudi da hu hdng tbi khd tim dugc ngudi chudng nghia thuc tam sdt sang cong viec"'^"'. De khac phuc nhiing bau qua ay, Nguyen Trudng To de xudng viec hgc thuat theo hudng "Cdn phai tim cai bgc thyc dung, pban chia ra cac kboa, cac mdn, ban thudng nhieu cho nhiing ngudi du thi vao cac khoa, cac mdn nay de khuydn khich ddn dan dua ddn kdt qua lgi ich thi te doan se ddn ddn mdt di"*"'.
Cdn Dang Huy Trir cho rdng: "Ngudi tai dau phai do trdi sinh ra mgt each nglu nhien"'^*'. Do do, dng dd nghi cdn phai dao tao nhiing con ngudi cd nhiing bidu bidt sau rpng tren nhieu ITnh vyc: "Lap cue day nghd, tuyen thieu nien thdng minh, rude ngudi mdi phuang Tay den day ngdn ngii, van ty, toan phap, dd hga"<^^'.
Phan Bdi Chau khang djnh: "chiing ta hpc cdt de lam ngudi"'^^'va giao due la lam cho:
"dan tri se md mang, dan khi se ldn manh, dan quyen se phat dat"*^"'. Vi the, dng cho rang, can phai giao dye cho tat ca mpi ngudi:
"Mgi viec ma dan ta can hpc deu mdi thdy.
md trudng dd cho ngudi nudc ta bat ky giau ngheo, sang hen, frai gai"''"'. Ben canh dd, dng cdn chii truang: "dat Vien tir thien cam hda dd giao hda ngudi bi tdi phai giam cam;
lap trudng day ngudi mu, ngudi cam, ngudi didc, ngudi tan tat dang thuong; lap nha nudi tre md cdi, nha nudi ngudi gia yeu, nha hd sinh cho ba de"''". Hem niia, Phan Bpi Chau cung rat quan tam ddn viec giao due cho binh linh, phu nii...
Phan Chau Trinh chii truang "khai dan tri"
de md mang nang cao hieu biet cho quang dai quan chiing, lam cho ngudi dan nhan thirc dugc quyen Igi cua minh, phat huy tinh thdn dan chu, tinh thdn tu do... dac biet de quan chiing nhan dan "dam cd cai nhin dao ldn ngai vang, dao Idn quy tdc, dao ldn Khdng Manh, dao lgn hgc van, dao lgn dac quyen, dao Ign phuong thiic sinh boat, phong tuc, t^p quan vao mdt thdi xa hpi cdn tdi ngdm"'"'.
Do do, dng chil truang tien hanh ddi mdi ve ndi dung giao due, hpc cac mdn khoa hgc ky thuat, kboa hpc ty nhien "each vat tri tri", md trudng day nghd... Ngoai ra, cac nha canh tan giai doan nay cdn keu ggi ngudi dan tranh xa rugu cdn, thudc phien, c d b a c . . .
Ba la, dinh cao cua gia trj nhan van trong tu tudng canh tan d Viet Nam cudi thd ky XIX dau the ky XX la quan diem va ly tudng giai phdng con ngudi. Quan trpng ban quan diem va ly tudng giai phdng con ngudi frong tu tudng canh tan giai doan nay khdng phai la quan diem va ly tudng giai phdng con ngudi trim Urgng, ndi chung, ma dugc thd hien mdt each sau sdc, cu thd frong quan didm giai phong chinh nhan dan Iao dpng va dan tpc Viet Nam.
Diem den hay muc dich cuoi ciing cua ly tudng giai phdng con ngudi, giai phdng nhan dan va giai phdng dan tdc Viet Nam giai do^n cudi the ky XIX dau thd ky XX la danh dudi thuc dan Phap, gianh Iai ddc lap chu quydn cho dan tgc, ty do va hanh phuc cho nhan dan. Dieu nay da lam nen gia tri nhan van cao ea va xuyen sudt frong tu tudng canh tan d
Khoa hoc chinh trj - 3 5 9+1 0/2019,*
'Nghiin cdu -Trao ddi 105 Viet Nam cudi thd ky XIX dau the ky XX. Vi
chi CO nhu vay, tu tudng canh tan giai doan nay mdi dap irng dugc yeu cau khach quan va nhiem vu cdp bach do lich sir - xa bdi Viet Nam cuoi thS ky XIX dau the ky XX dat ra;
ddng thai dap iing nguyen vpng cua toan the nhan dan va dan tdc Viet Nam Iiic bay gid.
Bdi, "Trong bdi canh dd, chua bao gid nhu Iuc bay gid, dpc lap dan tdc trd nen la yeu cau ca ban, khach quan va khat vgng chay bdng cua dan tdc Viet Nam - mpt dan tpc dang phai chiu canh "mdt cd, hai trdng" dudi ach bdc lot ciia thuc dan va phong kien"'"'.
Trudc ddi hdi cap bach cua lich sir, cac nh^ canh tan giai doan nay da dua ra nhieu chii tnrong, bien phap va each tbiic tien hanh cihi dan, ciiu nudc la canh tan dat nudc ve mpi mat kinh te, chinh tri, van hda, hgc tap khoa hpc ky thuat cua phuong Tay, md ciia bang giao vdi nudc ngoai... Iam cho dan giau nudc manh, dii sire danh dudi thyc dan Phap xSm luge.
Nguyen Trudng To cho rang, de danh dudi thirc dan Phap chi cd "bai con dudng la canh tan tien bp va md rdng giao thiep mdi cd the bao dam khdng bi chiing vd lay"''"'. Dang Huy Tni ciing cho rang, canh tan tu cudng la giai phap cho tinh binh lich sir - xa hdi nudc ta liic bay gid: "... Mudn ha long cam phan u? Diing ke tu cudng, tu tri, dan dan khoi phuc, dd la thugng sach"''^'. Ciing quan diem vdi Nguyen Trudng To va Dang Huy Tm, Nguygn Ld Trach khdng dinh ty lyc, tir cudng la yeu td quyet dinh nhat bao dam chong giac thang Igi: "... vd each chdng giac, noi ro ra tirng muc tbi rdt nhidu, nhung didu quan trpng nhat chdng qua cbi mdt tidng "ty tri" ma thoi"'"^'. Phan Bgi Chau chi ra rdng, Phap xam luge nudc fa la do cd siic manh vat chat ctia van minh phuang Tay. Tir d6, dng keu gpi ty cudng dan tdc va xem day la bien phap quyet dinh sy chidn thdng trong cudc canh tranh sinh ton; "Bdi vi tu cudng thi khi the minh manh, khi thd manh thi chuydn yeu Ihanh manh. Y lai ngudi ngoai thi khi thd
yeu, kbi the ydu thi manh hda ydu"'"'. Theo dng, "dan tri phai dugc md mang, dan khi nen gap dugc bdi dudng dfi lam nen tang cho viec ciru qudc""^'.
Song, khac vdi cac nha canh tan Nguydn Trucmg To, Dang Huy Tni, Nguyen Ld Trach va Pham Phii Thir, Phan Bgi Chau cho rdng, nhiem vy cua each mang Viet Nam liic bdy gid phai giai quydt triet dd ddng thdi hai nhiem vy la danh dudi thyc dan Phap va lat do che dp phong kien: "Mgt la khu trir di tdc, khdi phuc qude quyen; bai la pha bd tan gdc nen chuyen che, lap nen mdt chinh the hoan thien"''^'. Tir dd, dng chii truang ket hgp ca hai phuang phap hda binh va va phuong phap bao dpng via trang: "Giao due va bao ddng ddng thai ciing tbi hanh"''"".
Thyc chat ciia hai phuang phap do la vira dau tranh bao dpng vii trang danh dudi thyc dan Phap va xem day la nhiem vu hang dau;
vua nang cao dan fri, chan hung dan khi, phat frien kinh td... va xem day la nhirng cdng viec gdp pban hd trg cho cudc dau tranh bang phuong phap bao dpng. Tren co sd dd, Phan Bdi Chau khdng chi thanh lap Quang Phuc qudn dd xay dyng lyc lupng vii trang, che tao vu kbi ... ma cdn chii trpng xay dyng mat tran doan ket qude te vdi muc dich tranh thii sy ung bg va giiip dd qude te de danh dudi thyc dan Phap, gianh Iai ddc lap cho dan fdc nhu thanh lap td chiic Bdng A ddng minh hpi, thanh lap bdi Chdn Hoa hung A.
Pban Chau Trinh cung khang dinh trong dieu kien thuc td ddt nudc Iuc dd khdng cdn each nao khac la phai ty lyc, ty cudng tao nen sire manh ndi lyc, di dan "ddng tay vd nen hop ma doaf lai lgi quydn". Trong Thu gui Nguyin Ai Quoc ngdy !8 thdng 2 ndm 1922, dng vidt: "mpt chung tdc muon nhu chung tdc van minh chi cd ty lap ty cudng"'"". Tuy nhien, dng cho rdng "Bao ddng dt thdt bai^ va dt cbdt"'*^', dng chil truong ddu franh bang phuong phap hda binh ddi quyen dan sinh, dan chu mdt each cdng khai: "Cho nen su van dgng cua dang tdi, toan la tu tap dan chimg
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106 ' Nghien cuu - Trao ddi dudng dudng chinh chinh, dien thuyet, hpp
chi sT, khao ciru chinh tri thdi the, an to ndi Idn, ngudi va viec ai nay deu thay"''"'. Ddng thai, dua vao Phap cau tien bd de xda bd che dp quan chu va tien banh: "Khai dan tri, chan dan khi, bau dan sinh" va cudi ciing la gianh Iai ddc lap chu quyen, ty do hanh phiic cho nhan dan va dan tgc Viet Nam. Tii dd, dng da keu gpi va fd chirc phong trao Duy tan ddi cac quyen lgi kinh te, cac quyen ty do, dan chil,... bang nhiing hinb tbiic dau tranh mdi me nhu van dpng, tuyen truyen, thanh lap cac doan the... ddi dan quyen, dan chii cho nhan dan.
Nhin chung, nhirng chii truang va bien phap thyc hien Iy tudng, khat vpng va sii menh cao ca la giai phdng con ngudi, giai phdng nhan dan va giai phdng dan tdc Viet Nam cua cac nha canh tan d Viet Nam cudi the ky XIX dau the ky XX khdng phai liic nao ciing thdng nhat nhung hp ddu cd chung mdt ddng co, mdt muc dich duy nhat la gianh lai ddc lap cho dan tpc, dem Iai banh phuc cho nhan dan. Theo Chuang Thau va cac tac gia khac: "Trong thyc fe, cd ngudi dat vdn dd chdng Phap len bang dau, cd ngudi dat van de duy tan ra trudc, nhung ca hai van la thdng nhat mdt muc tieu cudi cimg la giai phdng dan tdc"'"'".
3. Ket luan
Cd the ndi, bdi canh lich su cudi thd ky XIX cudi the ky XX d Viet Nam da quy dinh nhirng ndi dung gia tri nhan van trong tu tudng canh tan d Viet Nam cudi thd ky XIX dau the ky XX. Dd la quan diem de cao vai trd cua con ngudi, tiic lay dan lam gdc; ldng yeu thuong, quan tam sau sac den con ngudi va Iy tudng giai phdng con ngudi, giai phdng nhan dan, giai phdng dan tpc Viet Nam. Nhiing ndi dung nay da chiem mdt vi tri quan trgng trong lich sir tu tudng Viet Nam va trong giai doan bien nay van dugc Dang, Nha nudc va nhan dan ta ke thira, giir gin va phat huy. •
'"Shuaishi Masaya, Phong trao ddn loc Viet Nam vd guan hq cua no v&i Nhdt Bdn vd chdu A: Tu tuang cm Phan Bgi Chdu vk cdch mang thi giai, t | p 1, Nha xudt ban Chinh t n qu6c gia. Ha Noi, 2000, fr.20O (2).(i4),(i5),(26).(27|vii(35)fj|j,g jiuug Dzoauh, Bui Van Con va Pham Tudn Khanh, Ddng Huy Tru -^ Con ngu&i vd Idc phdm. Nha xudt ban Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh, Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh, 1990, tr.284, 272, 168, 364 va fr.436
(3),(i7),(i8M37)vi(39)Plian B^j Chau, Todn tgp, tap 3, Nha xudt ban Thuan Hoa - Trung tam Van hoa ngon ngir D6ng Tay, 2000, tr.69, 39, 368 va fr. 134
(4), (10), (ID, (19), (20), (21), (22), (41), ,42, vi(43) Nguygn ySn Duong, Tuyen tap Phan Chdu Tnnh. Nha xuat ban Da Nang, 1995, tr.l43, 673, 635, 296, 490, 353, 777, 696, 544 va tr.545
(5), (6), (12), (,6), (23), ,24), (25, vd i^ij^ang Bd cdn, Nguyin Tru&ng To - con ngu&i vd di thao, Nha xudt ban Thanh phd H6 Chi Mmh, Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh 2002, tr.203, 310, 210, 321, 207, 248, 251 vatr. 464 (7),(B)vAi9)phai) B^i Chau, Todn tgp, tap 3, Nha xudt ban Thuan Hoa - Trung tam Van hoangon ngii Ddng Tay, Hu6, 1990,tr.68
(29), (30) v= (3.) Phan Bpi Chau,7bd/i tap, tap 2, Nha xudt ban Thuan Hoa - Trung tam Van hda ngon ngir Dong Tay, HuS, 2000, fr. 179, 184 va tr.l86
(16) .a(38) Phan Bgi Chau, Todn tap, tap 5, Nha xudt ban Thuan Hoa - Trung tam Van hoa ngon ngir Dong Tay, Hue,2000, tr.271 vatr. 168
'^*' Phan BQI Chau, Todn tgp, tap 10, Nha xudt ban Thuan Hoa - Trung tam Van hoa ngon ngir Dong Tay, Hue, 2000, tr.208
'"'Nguyen Van Xuan, Phong trao Duy tdn. Nha xudt ban Da Nang, 1995,tr.33
'^^'Nguyln Xuan Thdng, Doc lap. tu chu vd hoi nhap quoc ti cita Viet Nam trong hot canh moi. Nha xudt ban Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, tr.l 14
"^'Mai Cao Chitcmg va Doan Le Giang, Nguyin Lo Trach dieu tran vd tha vdn. Nha xudt ban Khoa hoc xa hgi, Ho Chi Minh, 1995, tr.95
' - ' P h a n Bo. Chau, Todn tgp, tap 6, Nha xudt ban
S;i9tfrTr^''"^'"^^^"^^""^^^"^^^^'
'«' Chuang Thau, Tri^u Duong va Nguyin Dmh Ch^
1930). Nha xuat ban Van hoa, Ha Noi, ] 976 tr. 18 Khoa hoc chinh tn - S6 9 + l O / 2 0 j | |
