GDP xanh: xu hudng tiep can mdi trong moi quan he tang trudng Icinh te va phat trien
ben vung hien nay
PHAM THANH CONG
trUdc tdi nay, GDP Id ehi tiiu kinh td thdng dung- mdt chi sd chudn dtd ddnh gid ''trinh do phdt triin cua mgt nin kinh te. GDP thudn tuy chi Id tdng sdn phdm qudc gia, tdc Id tdng sd lugng hdng hda vd dich vu dugc sdn xudt ra trong mgt thdi ky. Chi so'ndy thudng khdng xem xet dUgc qud trinh sdn xudt ndy cd ich hay khdng, khdng dtdnh gid dUge tinh bin vitng hay khdng bin vOng. Hiin nay ed nhiiu chi so'thay the GDP dugc sii dung nhU Chi sd'phuc lgi kinh tebin vitng (ISEW) dp dung d Bi, Chile, Ddc, Y...; ehi sd'phdt tridn dich thUe (GPI) d Uc vd GDP xanh d My vd Trung Qud'c. U cdc nUde ndy, ngUdi ta quan niim ehi so GDP xanh nhU Id mot thUdc do eho sit phdt trien bin vitng. Trong dd, ehi phi cua hogt ddng kinh tephdi bao gdm cd ede ehi phi tiim tdng nhU ehi phi suy thodi tdi nguyin; chi phi do tdi phgm; chi phi do suy thodi tdng ozon; chi phi do d nhiim khdng khi, tidng on...
1. Khai n i l m GDP xanh
GDP xanh (hach tofin xanh) la mot chi so' nhim dfinh gia ehfi't lUdng tfing trudng kinh t l bing vile khfi'u trfl ehi phf v l mdi trfldng kinh te: GDP xanh = GDP chi phi tilu dflng tfii nguyin vfi mfi't mat v l moi trfldng do cac hoat dong kinh t l .
GDP xanh nhim di tinh tofin chi phi thilt hai moi trflcing vdi tilu thu vfi sfl dung cfie ngudn tfii nguyin thiin nhiin tfie dong din GDP thuin. Dilu nfiy dfi tao dilu kiln cho GDP dfldc tinh trin ea ba mfit: kinh tl, xfi hdi vfi mdi trflcing.
Dl tinh GDP xanh, ngfldi ta dfla vfio tinh toan cua Liln hdp qud'c theo cfich hach tofin moi trfldng (SEEA) (The system of integrated environmental and economic accounting) vfio nfim 1993 vfi dfldc cai tiln nhilu lln, gin dfiy nhfi't lfi SEEA 2003. H | thdng nfiy dUdc coi lfi mot he thd'ng tai khoan qud'c gia (SNA) mdi vi dfi dfla ylu td mdi trflcing vfio trong SNA, no da md rong vfi bd sung cfie tfii khoan ngudn lfle tfl nhiin theo ludng vfi khoi vdi cfie tfii khoan san
xufi't vfi tfii san. Hach tofin gdp moi trflcing vfio cfie tfii khoan kinh t l dfldc bieu thi dfldi nhilu hinh thflc khfic nhau:
(1) Ding thflc v l ngudn sfl dving:
0-i-M = IC-i-C + CF-HX
Vdi 0: hfing hda vfi dich vu dfldc san xufi't ra.
M: nhfip khiu.
IC: tilu dflng trung gian.
C: tilu dflng cudi cflng.
CF: tdng tieh luy tfii san.
X: xufi't khiu.
(2) Ding thflc v l gifi tri gia tfing cd tinh din ylu td moi trfldng do'i vdi mot ngfinh kinh tl:
EVAi = Oi-ICi CCi-ECi = NVAi EQ Vdi EVAi: gifi tri gia tfing thuin cd ylu td mdi trfldng ngfinh i.
Oi: gifi tri san xufi't vfit ehfi't, dich v\i ngfinh i san xufi't ra.
Pham Thdnh C6ng, ThS, Vien Kinh tl Viet Nam.
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GDP xanh: xu hirdng tid'p cdn ...
ICi: ehi phi t i l u dflng trung gian ngfinh i.
CC;: t i l u dflng tfii san ed dinh ngfinh i.
EC;: chi phi do tdn thfi't vfi xudng cfi'p moi trudng do nganh i gay ra.
NVAJ: gia tri gia tang t h u i n eua ngfinh i.
(3) D i n g thflc v l san p h i m trong nfldc cd tinh d i n mdi trUcing cho tofin n i n kinh t l :
EDP = Tdng EVAi EC^ = NDP - EC = C + C F - C C EC + X - M
Vdi EDP: tdng thu nhfip qudc dfin thiic t l CO ylu to'moi trUdng (GDP xanh).
EVA;: tdng gifi tri gia tang cd y l u to' mdi trUctng eua ngfinh i.
ECh : chi phi xfl ly 6 n h i l m mdi trUdng do t i l u dflng ho gia dinh cuoi cung gay ra.
CF: tich luy vdn.
CC: t i l u dflng vdn.
Vdy hgch todn GDP xanh trong SEEA cd khde gi so vdi hgch todn GDP trong SNA?
GDP trong SNA thi ehi tinh tofin d i n cac ylu td' trong san xufi't vfi t i l u dflng, trong dd khdng t h i h i i n dUde chi phi mdi tnidng vfi phan anh sU xudng cfi'p eua he thdng tfii nguyen t h i i n n h i i n do hoat dong kinh t l vfi ddi sdng cua con ngUdi gay ra.
GDP trong SEEA thi vfin dUa t r i n GDP trong SNA nhUng cd khfi'u hao tfii san cd dinh vfi cd tinh d i n tfii san mdi trudng dUdc t h i hien dUdi dang hien vfit vfi gifi tri, qua trinh dUa tfii san dd vfio trong san xufi't, t i l u dflng ho gia dinh...
Nhfl vfiy he thdng nfiy da bd sung dfldc ylu td moi trfldng vfio tfii khoan kinh t l , do lfi: i) sfl t i l u hao moi trfldng do hoat dong kinh t l gfiy ra; ii) chi phi moi trUdng do hoat dong cua ho gia dinh vfi cac ngfinh kinh t l da chi tra di sfl dung cfie tai san mdi trudng trong qua trinh san xuat, lfim cho cfie tfii san dd bi xudng cfi'p.
Tuy dfi dUa y l u to' moi trUdng vfio trong hoat dong kinh t l , nhUng di tinh toan nd ra sao thi khong ddn gian. Lien hqlp quoc da
dUa ra ba phUdng phap dinh gifi mdi tnidng trong he thdhg SEEA
1.1. Dinh gid ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien theo gid thi trUdng
PhUdng phfip dinh gifi ngudn tfii nguyin theo gia thi tnidng dUdc sfl dung di tinh mflc khfi'u hao tfii nguyen. Qua dd ed thi tinh dfldc nhflng thay ddi v l gifi tri cua ngudn tfii n g u y i n da dfldc ghi trong muc "'sil thay ddi v l Ifldng khac" trong tfii khoan tfii san cua SNA. Sfl t h a y ddi nfiy bao gdm:
khfi'u hao tfii nguyin; sfl can k i l t ngudn tfii nguyin do khai thac vfi sfl xuohg cfi'p chit lfldng tfii nguyen do 6 nhiem moi tnidng gay ra (dUdc tinh b i n g gia thi trUdng eua trfl lUdng tfii n g u y i n dd).
T r i n thiic t l , cd t h i sfl dung gifi thi trudng di xac dinh gifi tri eua ngudn tfii nguyin. Trong tnidng hdp nhU vfiy, co the fip dung mot so' phUdng phfip tinh sau:
Tinh gia tri hien tai t h u i n (net present value - NPV) cua trfl Ifldng tfii nguyin: bing (=) gia thi trudng eua hfing hda, dich vu (dii kiln) mfi ngudn tfii n g u y i n cd t h i cung d p , trfl (-) chi phi (dfl kiln) phai bo ra d l khai thac ngudn tfii n g u y i n se dfldc p h i n thu hoi tinh, rdi tfl dd c h u y i n thfinh gifi hiin tai b i n g cfich sfl dung ty 11 chiit k h i u . Tuy nhiin, vile fip dung phUdng phfip nfiy lfi khd, vi n l u nhU tfii nguyen nfiy do nhilu ngfinh kinh t l khfic n h a u ddng thcfi cflng khai thfic s^ dung, mfi di cd dUdc thdng tin chi t i l t n h u vfiy lfi rfi't phfle tap.
Tinh gifi tinh (net price) eua tfii nguyin:
phUdng phfip nfiy bo qua sU giam sflt gifi tri cua tfii n g u y i n do bi xuong cfi'p theo thcfi gian. Ddn gia tinh cua mdt ddn vi tfii nguyen dUde tinh b i n g gia thi tnidng thvtc te eua nd trfl (-) chi phf khai thfic mdt ddn vi tfii nguyin. Gia tri cua ngudn tfii nguyin sau do dUdc tfnh b i n g khdi lu^ng cua ngudn tfii nguyin n h a n (x) vdi ddn gifi mdt ddn vi tfii nguyin.
Xac dinh tUdng ddi gifi tri xudhg cfi'p, can k i l t ngudn tfii nguyin, dUdc tfnh ddn gian b i n g h i i u gia tri cua trfl Ifldng tfii
le
Nghiin cdu Kinh (isd395 - Thing 4/2011- GDP xanh: xu hudng tli^p cdn ...
n g u y i n (theo cfich tfnh t r i n h bfiy cl t r i n ) vfio d i u k^ trfl (-) gifi tri trfl lUdng tfii n g u y i n vfio cud'i kf xem xdt. Ngofii ra, cd t h i thay the each tfnh nfiy qua cfich tfnh td'ng t h u nhfip nhfin dUde tfl vile khai thfic ngudn tfii n g u y i n trong thcfi k:^ xem xdt.
1.2. Dinh gid viec bdo ve, phuc hdi tdi sdn mdi trudng
PhUdng phfip tfnh gia tri tfii n g u y i n mdi trudng b i n g gifi tri thi trUdng n l u t r e n ehi dUde fip dung do'i vdi nhflng loai tfii n g u y i n eo t h i tfnh dUde gifi tri kinh t l cua nd. Ndi each khfic, nd chi dUdc dp dung do'i vdi nhflng loai tdi n g u y i n cd the giao dich dUde t r i n thi trUdng (nhu efic loai khoang san, mot s6' loai dfi't dai, v.v...), trong khi dd ddi vdi mot sd loai tfii n g u y i n khfic (nhU: nUdc, khdng khf, d l t hoang, da dang sinh hoe, v.v...) thi khong t h i fip dung cfich tfnh trflc t i l p gia tri cua chflng theo gifi thi trUdng, vi nhflng tfii n g u y i n nfiy ft dfldc dem r a t h i trUdng mua bfin.
D l tfnh dUdc sU t h a y ddi v l gifi tri cua nhflng loai tfii n g u y i n mdi trfldng nfiy, ngfldi t a cd t h i sfl dung each tfnh ehi phf di duy tri, bao tofin ngudn tfii n g u y i n thay t h i cho cfich tfnh dUa vfio gia thi trUdng ndi t r i n .
Chi phf d l bao v l , phuc hdi tfii n g u y i n mdi trudng lfi ehi phf le r a phai bo ra trong mot thdi k^ nhfi't dinh d l t r a n h sU xudng cfi'p hay t r a n h nhflng tac dong t i l u cUc cd the xay ra cho moi trudng do hoat dong kinh t l gfiy ra. Gifi tri tdn thfi't v l moi trudng do cfie hoat dong kinh t l gfiy ra, nd khdng chi xay ra trong h i i n tai (trong thdi k^ xem xdt), mfi eon ed kha nfing anh hUctng d i n tUdng lai. Ndi cfich khfic, dfiy lfi tdng t h i cua nhflng tdn thfi't v l kha nfing cung flng cua moi trUdng do efic hoat dong kinh t l h i | n tai cd t h i gfiy r a (vfio thdi dilm hi$n tai hay trong tUdng lai). Vdi cfich t i l p cfin n h u vfiy thi gifi tri kinh t l cua nhflng tdn thfi't mdi trfldng dfi xay ra trong giai doan h i i n tai mdi chi p h a n finh mdt p h i n cac tfic dong cua mdi trfldng d i n
Nghiin aiu Kinh tisi395 - Thing 4/2011
ddi sdhg kinh t l xfi hdi trong h i i n tai mfi chfla p h a n finh kha nfing anh hudng d i n tUdng lai.
Trong trudng hdp cac hoat ddng kinh t l khdng gfiy tfie ddng xfi'u tdi ehfi't lUdng moi trUdng thi chi phf duy tu, bao tofin ehfi't lUdng mdi trUcing dUde coi nhU b i n g 0. Vf du nhU: tdc do khai thfic rflng vfi ngudn hai san b i n g hofic nhd hdn tdc do tfii tao tfl n h i i n cua cfie loai tfii nguyen dd; hay ngudn nfldc tfl n h i i n du thoa man nhu c l u cua hoat dong kinh t l , sinh hoat mfi khdng lfim xfi'u di ehfi't lUdng nUde; v.v....
1.3. Dinh gid dich vu moi trudng theo phuang phdp ngdu nhien Dinh gifi dich vu mdi trUdng theo phUdng phfip n g l u n h i i n l i l n quan tdi vile dUa ra efic tinh hud'ng gia dinh di hoi mot nhdm ddi tUdng cd l i l n quan xem ho sfin sfing chi t r a bao n h i l u t i l n di dflQtc hudng thu mot loai dich vu moi trUdng nfio dd.
PhUdng phfip nfiy dU0c thflc h i | n dUdi dang cfie cudc phdng vfi'n t n i c t i l p cfie dd'i tUdng cd l i l n quan hay tra ldi eua ho qua efic phii'u hoi. Tuy n h i i n phUdng phfip n g l u nhien rfi't khd do dUde mot cfich chfnh xfic gifi tri thUe cua dich vu mdi trudng eung nhu v l mflc do tdn hai (theo gia tri) doi vdi mdi trUdng. Dfic b i | t , rfi't khd ed t h i dam bao do chfnh xfic eua phUdng phfip khi dUde sfl dung di xfic dinh gifi tri eua efic tdn hai moi trfldng cd the xay ra trong tUdng lai. T r i n thUe t l , vi^c fip dung cfie phUdng phfip n l u t r i n de xfic dinh gifi tri tfii nguyen vfi mflc do tdn hai eua moi trfldng do cfie hoat dong kinh t l xfi hoi gfiy ra lfi khdng h i ddn gian, gifi tri efic san p h i m vfi lao ddng cd t h i xfic dinh dfldc khi dfla ra thi trfldng vfi gifi tri cua chung dUde p h a n anh qua gifi thi trUdng, vfiy eon y l u td moi trUdng thi se phan finh nhu t h i nfio khi nd khdng dUa vfio thi trudng. Do vfiy theo mot sd chuyin gia kinh t l da k h u y i n nghi n i n thay chi phi t i l u dflng tfii n g u y i n vfi mfi't mfit v l moi trfldng do cfie hoat dong kinh t l b i n g chi phi cua nhflng hoat dong chdng d nhiim.
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GDP xanh: xu hirdng tll^p cdn ...
2. K i n h n g h i e m c u a m o t so nfldc k h i x a y dflng c h i so GDP x a n h
2.1. Kinh nghiem cua Trung Qudc Tfl khi thflc hien chinh sfieh md euta vfio nfim 1970 vfi trd thfinh thfinh viln WTO vfio nfim 2001, Trung Qudc dfi trd thfinh nfldc cd tdc do phat trien nhanh, vdi tdc do tfing trudng binh qufin t r i n 9%/nfim, trong mot thdi gian dfii Chinh phu Trung Qudc quan n i l m r i n g tfing trUcing ddng nghia vdi phfit trien vfi mang lai ngudn lfle c i n thii't cho xfi hdi, kinh t l vfi moi trfldng. Vile theo duoi muc t i l u tang trflcing GDP cao trong mot thdi gian dfii dfi tao ra n h i l u bfi't dn vfi mfiu thufin xa hoi cung nhfl moi trfldng. Theo tinh tofin eua Uy ban Bao v l moi tnidng qudc gia (SEPA) thi khoang 18% tfing trudng GDP cd dUde tfl vile khai thac qufi mflc cfie tfii nguyin. Theo k i t qua nghiin eflu eua Ngan hang T h i gidi, hfing nam ci Trung Qudc ed khoang 460.000 ngfldi chit sdm do 6 nhiem khong khf vfi nUde vfi cd khoang 300.000 ngfldi nfla c h i t sdm do nhflng doc to' b i n trong nhfi ci (Reuters 2007 Trung Qudc ylu c l u Worldbank khdng cdng bo' sd lieu v l ngfldi Trung Qud'c ehl't sdm moi nfim do 6 nhilm khong khi vfi nfldc). Tfl nhflng hfiu qua dd thi Hoi ddng nhfin dfin, Uy ban Mdi trfldng qudc gia vfi Tong cue Thdng k l phdi hdp thflc hien thi diem vile tinh GDP xanh d 10 tinh/thfinh. T h i n g 3 2006 Trung Qudc chinh thflc sfl dung ehi sd t i l u thu nfing Iflcfng tren GDP nhfl mot trong nhflng chi so' dfinh gia phat t r i l n d d p vi mo. Vile t i l n hanh tinh toan GDP xanh ci
10 tinh thanh eho thfi'y q u y l t tfim cua Trung Quoc trong vile theo dudi muc t i l u tfing trudng b i n vflng. Di'n t h i n g 9- 2006, Uy ban Bao v l moi trfldng qudc gia vfi Tdng cue thdhg k l fi'n hfinh "Bao eao n g h i i n eflu danh gia qudc gia xanh cf Trung Qudc nam 2004"
dfla t r i n k i t qua tinh toan do dia phfldng cung e l p vfi cong bd chi so' GDP xanh d i u tien bao gdm nhflng tdn thfi't ve moi trflcing.
Theo bfio efio nfiy thi tdn thfi't kinh t l do suy thofii moi trfldng cua Trung Quo'e nfim 2004 lfi 64 ty USD, ehii'm 3,05% GDP vfi ehi phi
d l khac phuc 6 n h i i m chiem 1,8% GDP, tfldng dfldng 287,4 ty NDT, nhflng tren thi^c t l khoan chi dfinh cho vile x ^ 1^ rfic vfi khic phuc 6 n h i l m khoang 190 ty NDT, t h i p hdn n h i l u so vdi n h u c l u .
Theo bfio efio nfiy thi quy trinh tfnh tofin bao gdm 3 bfldc:
Budc 1: tinh tofin khdi Ifldng d nhiim bao gdm khdi Ifldng 6 n h i l m dfldc xfl 1;^ vfi khdi Ifldng 6 nhiem dfldc tao ra vdi 3 loai d nhiim dfldc tfnh d i n lfi 6 n h i i m khdng khf, nfldc vfi ehfi't thai r i n
Budc 2: gia tri 6 nhiem quy ddi thfinh tien gdm ed:
-t- Chi phf eho vi$c bao v$ mdi trfldng: chi phf xfl ly moi trfldng b i n g khdi Ifldng 6 n h i i m xfl ly n h a n vdi chi phf xd if t r i n moi ddn vi 6 n h i i m . Sd" l i i u v l khdi Ifldng 6 n h i i m da cd sfin trong cae thdhg k l , cdn chi t i l u v l mdi trfldng cho moi ddn vi d nhiem co t h i thu thfip dfldc tfl so" l i i u d i l u tra.
-I- Chi phf duy tri ehfi't Ifldng moi trfldng b i n g lUdng ehfi't thai tao ra nhfin vdi chi phf de duy tri ehfi't lUdng mdi trUdng t r i n mSi ddn vi.
•1- Chi phf l i l n quan d i n suy thoai mii trUdng: lfi khoan ehi phf quan trong vfi cung lfi ehi t i l u khd tfnh toan nhfi't thdng tin dfldc thu thfip chu yeu thdng qua efic cudc dilu t r a v l tdn thfi't do 6 n h i i m .
Bude 3: GDP da dflde d i l u chinh bdi ylu td moi trfldng (EDP: environmental domestic product)
EDP = GDP - ehi phf duy tri c h i t lfl(?ng moi tnidng
Tuy nhien EDP nfiy khong phai lfi GDP xanh theo y nghia thflc cua nd (vi thilu chi phf liln quan d i n tfii nguyin). Mfic dfl vfiy, dfiy lfi phfldng phap hflu feh vfi kha thi de c6 t h i dfla nhflng y l u td'ed ban h i n quan din chi phf moi trfldng vfio trong GDP, ngofii ra vi§c thflc hien tinh tofin nfiy eiing lfi dong Iflc de khuyen khfeh chfnh quyen dia phfldng quan tam hdn d i n y l u t ^ mdi trfldng trong qua trinh phat triln. Chiln Ifldc GDP xanh nfiy
18 Nghiin cdu Kinh :4s6395 - Thing 4/2011
GDP xanh: xu hudng ti£fp cdn ...
cung giup Trung Quoc thflc hien mue tilu tfing tnlclng di ddi vdi phat triln bin viing.
2.2. Kinh nghiem cda Uc
Vile xay dflng chi sdnfiy tai uc (thflc ehfi't lfi GPI) bao gdm nhflng ylu td sau:
NhQng ehilu hUdng chfnh tfic ddng din sfl thay ddi trong ehfi't Ifldng sdhg eua ngUdi dfin Uc.
- Cfi'u trflc vfi sfl tfing trflcing kinh te.
- Moi trflcing.
BANG 1: Cac chi so do
Quy tnnh xfiy dUng nfiy bao gdm bdn budc chfnh sau:
- Dinh nghia ba linh vflc ed ban eua phfit triln (kinh tl, xfi hdi, mdi trUcing).
Tao Ifip mot danh sfieh efic ehilu hUdng phfit triln.
- Chon mdt tfip eon eua cfie ehilu hudng mfi ehung ta ed t h i xfic dinh dUde cfie chi sd.
- Chon mdt hay nhilu chi sd di thi hiin tflng ehilu hudng dudi dang thdng kl.
lfldng cua Uc nam 2004
Chieu hud'ng chinh
Siic khoe
Gido due vd ddo tao
COng viec
Thu nh4p qudc gia
Khd khan tdi ch&th
Tdi san qudc gia
Nhd cufa Ndng sudt
Ti^u chi phdt triln chinh
Tudi tho, k^ vong khi sinh
Ngudi trong d6 tu6i 25-64 c6 bdng trung hoc chuyen nghiep hay ph6 thdng trung hoc
Ty le thdt nghiep
Thu nhdp kha dung rdng thuc t6 qudc gia theo ddu ngudi
Thu nhdp thuc t l kha dung trung binh tuong duong hdng tudn ciia hd gia dinh thudc hang 2 vd 3 tinh theo thu nhap
Tdi san qudc gia thuc t l rdng tinh theo ddu ngudi
Khdng cd chi sd chfnh Nang sudt da nhdn td
Ti£u chi phdt triln bd sung
Ty le ngudi sdng d^n 25, 50,75 mdi Ty sudt ciia tre so sinh
Ngudi che^t vi nguyen nhan cd thi trdnh duoc Ty le ngudi bi ung thu
Ty le ngudi bi ddt quy Chi tieu bat bude eho benh tat Ty le ngudi di hoc til 1-19 m6i Ty le hoe lai 6 nam thii 7/8-12 tu6i
Ty le di hpc vd miie dd tham gia eua nhQng ngudi trong dd tu6i t£r 15-64 tudi
Vdn eon ngudi Thdt nghiep trd hinh Ty le ngudi dang ldm viec Ty le thdt nghiep ddi han
Ty le thdt nghiep tren tdng sd dan
Tdng thu nhdp qudc ndi binh qudn ddu ngudi Ty le lift kiem qudc gia tren GDP
Sd ngudi dang chiu dp luc vl nhd b (khd khan vl tdi chinh dl tra eho nhd b)
T ^ tdi san diuc vd no eua qudc gia binh qudn ddu ngudi Tdng trii luong vdn rdng binh qudn ddu ngudi
Tdi nguyen kinh t l ciia qudc gia da duoe phdt hien No nude ngodi rdng thue t l
Tdng tdi sdn ed dinh qudc gia binh quan ddu ngudi Tdng gid tri tdi san hd gia dinh
Khdng
Nang sudt lao ddng
Nghiin aiu Kinh tisa39S - Thing 4/2011
19
GDP xanh: xu hUdng tl<^p cdn
Canh quan thien nhien
Dai duong va cac cira sdng Cdc mdi quan tam qudc t l vl mdi trudng Gia dinh, cdng ddng va su ddng thuan xa hdi
Tdi pham Chinh phii, dan chii vd quyin cdng dan
Cdc lodi chim vd ddng vat ed vii dang bi de dpa
Dien tfch da't bi hoang hda hang nam Nhilm man, nhiing tdi san trong khu vuc bi anh hudng cao
Quan ly ngudn nudc, nhiing khu vuc cd ty le sit dung vupt qua 70% san lupng khai thac bin vihig
Khdng
Tdng lupng khf thai nhd kinh rdng
Khdng c6 chi sd' chinh
Nan nhan cua tdi pham cd nhan vd tdi pham trong gia dinh
Khdng cd chi sd chfnh
Chi cho ddu tu vd phdt triln
Ty le ngudi ldm cdng tdc chuyen gia trong t&ig lao ddng Ddu tu cho phdn mIm tren GDP
Ty le doanh nghiep cd website hay trang chii
Xu hudng phdt triln cdc chiing loai cd nguy eo Ddng vat cd vii bi tuyet chiing
Dien tfch ddt trong cac khu bao tdn Khu vuc riitng nguyen thuy
Chi sd vl thue trang cdc cifa sdng Sd ldn trdn ddu
Khf thai nha kinh thodt ra Lupng khi CO2 do dupc
Lupng tieu thu cdc san phdm phd hiiy tdng ozon Sd tre va sd vu li di
Tre em trong gia dinh ma ca bd vd me diu khdng c6 viec ldm
Cdng viec tinh nguyen Ty le ngudi bi gilt chit
Ty le ngudi sinh ra d nudc ngodi Id cdng ddn Uc Sd ngudi bo philu
Sd phu nii trong qudc hdi NguSn: Hall 2005.
Trong efic chi sd tren, cd mot sd ehi so' ed the khong phu hdp vdi dieu k i l n thflc t l Viet Nam nhUng nhin chung, vile xay dflng cfie chi so' nay la tUdng doi phu hdp vdi dilu kien va ylu c l u phfit trien trong bdi canh mdi cua Viet Nam vfi the gidi.
3. Viet N a m d o i v d i c h i so G D P x a n h 3.1. Tqi sao Viet Nam nen tidp can vdi chi sdnay?
Qua trinh phat t r i l n eua Viet Nam eo nhilu diem tUdng ddng vdi Trung Quoc, nhfi't lfi tfl sau qua trinh cai cfich, n i n kinh te Viet Nam d i u dat tfing trflcing cao trong vong 10 nfim trcl lai day. Tuy nhien, eung gfidng nhu Trung Qudc, sfl phat trien cua Viet Nam eung dang phai ddi mfit vdi cac
vfi'n de nhu nguy cd moi trudng ngfiy cfing trd nen suy thoai; tfii nguyen t h i i n nhiin bi khai thfic bfla bai vfi ngfiy cfing can kilt; bfit binh d i n g xa hoi tfing... Nhflng y l u to nfiy lfim gia tfing fip lue cho n i n kinh t l cung nhu tao ra fip lfle cho xfi hdi.
Sau khi hoan thfinh vile thflc hien child lUdc phat trien 10 nfim (2001- 2010) thi vfi'n di moi trUcfng cl Viet Nam dang trd n i n gay git, n h i l u hoat dong san xufi't kinh doanh gay 6 n h i i m moi trUcfng d i n tdi phai ehi mot lUdng ngfin sach ldn (hfing chuc ty ddng) cho vile xvt ly do tinh t r a n g t r e n gfiy ra. Din nfim 2010 ty 11 ehfi't t h a i r i n do thi dUde thu gom la 85% nhUng lai bfi't cfip v l phUdniR phap xfl ly, dfic bi^t lfi ehfi't thai y t l .
20 Nghiin aiu Kinh iis6395 - Thing 4/2011
GDP xanh: xu hudng tl^p cdn
BANG 2: Di§n b i e n d o t h i h o a d nifdc ta trong 1/4 the ky qua va dtf bao d^n n a m 2020 Nam
Sd lupng dd thi (tit loai V ud len) Ddn sd dd thi (trieu ngudi) Ty le dan dd thi tren tdng dan sd todn qudc (%)
1986
480 11,87
19,3
1990
500 13,77
20,0
1995
550 14,938
20,75
2000
649 19,47
24,7
2003
656 20,87
25,8
2006
729 22,83
27,2
2009
752 25,38
29,6
Dubdo 2010
28,5 32,0
2020
40,0 45,0
NguSn: Nien giam thdng ke qudc gia vd thdng tin tiir Bd Xdy dung.
Ngofii ra, vile thu gom, xfl ly ehfi't thai ndi chung chu y l u tfip t r u n g tai cfie bfii rac hofic chon Ifi'p sd sai gfiy d n h i i m nghiem trong mdi trUdng nUde, dfi't vfi khong khf, lUdng c h i t thai r i n tfl efic khu cong nghiip h i i n nay tfl 25.000 d i n 30.000 tfi'n/ngfiy dim vdi lfldng rac thai cong nghiep khoang 20%, cdn lai 80% tfl ba vflng kinh t l trong diem.
Vile xfl 1^ nUdc thai ci khu cong nghiip mfic du ty 11 cfie cd sd 6 n h i i m moi trUdng da xfl
DO THI: Udc t i n h t y le t o n g Ifldng nfldc
ly t r i l t di khoang 70%, tuy n h i i n trong 154 khu cong nghiip dUde dilu tra chi cd 39 khu da cd tram xfl ly nfldc thai tfip trung, 27 khu cong nghiip dang xay dflng, 27 khu mdi cd k l hoach, cdn lai 61 khu v i n chfla cd k l hoaeh t r i l n khai vile xfl ly nfldc thai tfip trung. Sfl gia tfing nUde thai trong khu edng nghiip lfi khfi ldn vdi to'c dd gia tfing so vdi sU gia tfing tdng lUdng nUde thai tfl efic linh vUc trong tofin qudc.
thai khu c o n g nghidp cua 6 v u n g kinh te
06ng bdng sfing Oki Long, 8%
Q6ng bing s6ng H6ng, 26%
Ddng Nam Bd, 49%
Trung du ni^n niii phia Bdc, 2%
Bdc Trung Bfi vd duydn hdi niin
Trung, 2%
Tdy Nguy6n, 13%
NguSn: Tdng cue Mdi trudng tdng hpp, 2009.
Thflc trang tren cho thfi'y Vilt Nam eIn phai cd g i n g hdn nfla trong vile thflc hien muc t i l u phfit trien b i n vflng ddi vdi vile k i t hdp tfing trfldng kinh t l hdp ly. Vile dfla mot ehi t i l u vfio di tfnh tofin trong tfing trflcing trong dieu k i l n h i i n nay lfi rfi't c i n thilt. Cfie chi phf xfi hoi vfi moi trfldng dfldc dfla vfio tfing trflcing se phan finh tdt hdn
Nghiin aiu Kinh tisi395 - Thing 4/2011
hieu qua cua tfing trflcing. Tuy n h i i n vi|c xfiy dflng tfnh tofin ehi sd GDP xanh lai khong ddn gian, e I n sfl nd lfle rfi't nhilu tfl efic phfa khfic nhau nhfl nhfi nghiin cflu, thd'ng k l , quan ly... Mfic dfl ehi sdnfiy hofin tofin chfla phai lfi hofin hao vfi nd lai cdn ph\i thuoe rfi't n h i l u vfio cfie ylu td khfic trong n i n kinh t l , nhung nd lfi mot trong 2 1
GDP xanh: xu hUdng tid'p cdn ...
nhflng ehi sd se giup eho vile hfldng n i n kinh t l theo mo hinh phfit t r i l n hieu qua vfi ben vflng hdn.
3.2. Mot sd nguyen nhdn cd the tdc dgng tdi viec xdy dUng chi so ndy tqi Viet Nam
• Nguyin nhdn khdch quan:
-I- T r i n t h i gidi hien nay, vfin cdn n h i l u t r a n h cfii v l vile dinh nghia GDP xanh, each thii't Ifip ehi t i l u danh gia cung nhfl cd n i n dUa GDP xanh vao tfnh toan hay khong.
-1- Vile lUa chon mo hinh ap dung, cung nhu dUa cdc y l u to' vfio dfinh gia cung r a t khd khan vi cd n h i l u y l u to' ed moi quan he g i n k i t vdi nhau nhu mud'n tang GDP thi nhieu nUde phfit trien cong nghiip, tao nhilu vile lfim cho ngUdi lao dong nhUng gfiy ra 6 nhiim moi trUdng, anh hudng sflc khoe ngUcfi dan vfi lfim tang chi phf y t l d i n tdi tdng GDP (do cdng nghiip dUde p h i m phfit trien, chi phi dich vu y t l tfing).
-I- Vile tfnh tofin GDP xanh tai nhilu qudc gia lfi khfic nhau vfi chUa ed sU thong nhfi't, n i n rfi't khd de so sanh gifla efic quoc gia vdi nhau, dilu nay cung anh hfldng nhilu tdi vile dfla chi so' GDP xanh vfio tfnh toan.
• Nguyen nhdn chu quan:
-I- Ddi vdi Viet Nam mot nfldc dang phfit t r i l n thi tfii nguyin dong gdp cho GDP khfi ldn; 6 n h i i m moi trUdng eao, hieu qua sfl dung vdh chUa cao dan tdi khi tfnh GDP xanh thi td'e do tfing trUdng cua qud'c gia se giam, anh hudng d i n can do'i vi mo vfi dfiy lfi mot thfich thflc do'i vdi Viet Nam khi mudn ehuyin ddi sang mot phfldng thflc tfnh tofin mdi.
-I- 6 Vilt Nam, n h i l u dia phfldng xem GDP nhfl lfi mot t i l u chf dfinh gifi hieu qua cua dia phfldng dd. D l duy tri tdc do tfing trflcing kinh t l thi nhieu dia phfldng chfi'p nhfin hy sinh moi trfldng vfi vile dfla he thd'ng mdi vfio cd t h i gay anh hfldng n h i l u tdi thanh tfch cua dia phfldng.
Do vfiy, de ed t h i dfla dfldc ehi sd GDP
•'xanh'' vfio tfnh tofin, d i l u e I n lfi tao dfldc khung quy dinh v l sfl dung tfii nguyin vfi
chdhg 6 n h i i m moi tnidng vfi thong nhfi't vdi quy dinh qudc te, vfi cd t h i Ifldng hda dflcfc nhflng chi so' sut dung tfii nguyin ddng thdi vdi vile Ifldng hda hoat dong lfim 6 nhiim moi trfldng sinh thai.
Qua each dfinh gia v l thflc trang ciing nhfl cac y l u to khi xay dflng chi sd GDP xanh nfiy, mot s6' giai phfip sau ed t h i giup Viet Nam tflng bfldc t i l p cfin vdi ehi sd nfiy:
Thit nhdt: cac nhfi kinh te vfi t h i n g ke e I n Ifi'y chi sd GDP xanh lfim thudc do tfnh tofin cho sfl tfing trfldng kinh t l vfi phat t r i l n b i n vflng thong qua vile nghien cflu vfi dfinh gifi tdng qufit v l chi t i l u mdi trfldng tai ca nfldc, hay tflng khu vflc. Ngofii ra, nin dfla ehi so' nfiy tflng bfldc d i n vdi cfie trfldng dai hoc n h u mot mon hoc trong kinh t l , coi nhu lfi mot trong nhflng y l u t d dfldc sfl dung cho viec dfinh gifi p h a t t r i l n b i n vflng cua n i n kinh t l .
Thit hai: tkng cfldng d i u tfl cho bao vl moi trudng thdng qua vile trich mot phin ngfin sfich cung nhU k i t hdp vdi vi|c sfl dung vdn ODA, thuc d l y vi|c thUc hiin nghiim tuc Lufit Bao v l mdi trUdng thing qua fip dung cfie cong cu quan 1^ kinh t l trong quan ly moi trUdng. Dd'i vdi cac doanh nghiep gay 6 n h i i m mdi tnidng thi phai ddng cfla; cfie doanh n g h i i p n l u khd khfin vl vdn thi Nhfi nude cd t h i eho vay vdi Ifii sufi't Uu dai ed thcfi h a n ro rfing d l xfl 1^ hofic cd 16 trinh thflc h i i n nd, n l u khong thflc hi|n dfldc thi phai ddng t h u e bao ve mdi trfldng.
Thii ba: thuc d l y vile fip dung t i l n bo cong nghe cao vfio cfie doanh nghiip, efic dfl an d i u tfl san xua't cae t r a n g t h i l t bi xfl 1^ 6 n h i i m mdi trfldng, ciing n h u xfiy dflng cfie cd e h l k h u y i n khfch hoat ddng san xufi't v6i cong nghe sach
Thit tU: dfio tao, bdi dfldng vfi cd chfnh sach thoa dang di hinh thfinh ddi ngu cfie chuyen gia ve moi trfldng di ho du t i m lfim h a t n h a n thflc sfl trong hoat dong bao v$
cung n h u tfnh toan cfie chi phf gay ra do 6 n h i i m mdi tnidng. Nhfi nfldc n i n tfip trung dfio tao ky thufit ddi vdi cfie ngfinh n g h i vl
22 Nghiin cdu Kinh tis6395 • Thing 4/2011
GDP xanh: xu hudng tiep cdn ...
moi tnidng trong cfie tnidng dai hoc; gfli cfie du hoc sinh d i n efic nude t i l n t i l n di hoc tfip cfie edng nghe mdi v l mdi trudng...
Thd ndm: thuc d l y vile xfiy dflng cd e h l t h i m dinh cdng nghe moi trfldng qudc gia:
xfiy dung cfie cd che chfnh sfich t h i m dinh, thfinh Ifip hoi ddng chuyin gia (phai lfla chon dung chuyin gia, am h i i u chuyen mdn, ed tfic phong lfim vile khaeh quan, khoa hoe), Ifldng hda dfinh gifi tflng loai edng n g h i theo cac t i l u chf dfla ra phfl hdp vdi dilu k i l n Viet Nam.
Tdm lai, vile tfnh tofin chi t i l u GDP xanh cl Vilt Nam khong ehi thay dUde vai tro eua ede ngudn lUc va ddng gdp chung cua chung ddi vdi tfing trUcing, md edn giup Chfnh phu nhfin ra nhflng ehilu hudng thay ddi de d l ra nhflng chfnh sfich phfl hdp. Mfic du ed the vi|c tfnh tofin nay ehua thfit chfnh xfic, nhUng no se giup eho ngUdi dfin, doanh nghiip nfing cao nhfin thflc vfi ddng vai tro lfim chu thflc sfl ddi vdi sfl phfit t r i l n di tflng bfldc cd nhflng hfinh xfl tdt hdn, thfin
t h i | n hdn vdi moi trflcing, vdi nhflng gi mfi minh dang cd vi xdt d i n cflng thi muc t i l u cao nhfi't cua phfit t r i l n lfi dem lai cuoc sdhg tdt dep eho con ngfldi hdm nay vfi mai sau./.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
Bdo cdo cua Tdng cue Mdi tnrdng qudc gia nam 2009 - Tdng cue mdi trudng - Bd Tdi nguyen mdi trudng:
1. Chuyen dl: GDP xanh thudc do chdt lupng tang trudng bin viing. Trung tdm thdng tin du bdo kinh t l xa hdi qudc gia, 2006
2. Intergrated enviromental and economic accouting an optional annual - UN 2000
3. Intergrated enviromental and economic accouting 2003 -UN 2003
4. Hall, J., 2005, Beyond GDP: Measures of Economic, Social and Environmental Progress, Research Paper, AustraUan Bureau of Statistics, ABS Catalogue no. 1351.0.55.007
5. Wang, J. et al., 2006, A Smdy Report on China Environmental and Economic Accounting in 2004.
Nghiin aiu Kinh tisi395 - Thing 4/2011 23