id sd KHOA HOC VA TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN RllNG TRAM TRA SU THANH KHU BAO TON
VA PHAT TRIEN DU LICH SINH THAI
• ThS. TrSn Thj Hdng Ngpc
B^ mdn M6i trudng vii Phit trien bin vJng Khoa Kf thu$t-C6ng ngh^ - Mdi trudng TrUdng D^i hgc An Giang
1. Gidi thieu
Vdi vd dep thien nhien hoang sd, ddc biet vdo mda nffdc ndi that Id tuyft vdi khi ngdm nhin rffng trdm Trd Sff ddm minh trong biln nffdc. Ndm tren dia bdn xd Vdn Gido, huyen Tinh Bien, tinh An Giang, rffng Trd Sff la mdt trong cdc sinh cdnh tff nhidn vd bdn tff nhien cdn sdt lai vdng ddng bdng sdng Cihi Lx)ng. Vdi dien tich 845ha, Id ndi tap trung sinh sd'ng cda nhilu lodi thffe vdt, chim nffdc, thd rffng vd ede lodi thuy san cd gid tri, trong dd cd nhilu lodi qu^ hidm. Vdi gid tri sinh hpe, rffng Trd Sff dffdc xem Id vdng dat ngap nffdc quan trpng cua tinh An Giang. Tff nhffng ldi the' cd sdn, kd't hdp ede tuye'n, dilm du lieh trong vdng se phdt trien rffng Tra Sff thanh khu du lich day hda hen, ha'p dan nhieu du khdch mdi khi den An Giang.
Hinh 1: Bdn do rdng Trd Su Hinh 2: Rdng Trd Sumiia nude noi 2. Cd sd khoa hoc ciia rCfng Tra Sd.
2.L Lich sichinh thdnh
Ban diu rffng Trd Sff dffdc trdng d l khai thde gd kinh tl. Theo kit qud khao sdt cda Vien Sinh thdi vd Tai nguyen Sinh vat, rffng Trd Sff dffdc ddnh gid Id ndi ed tim quan trpng Qud'c te trong edng tdc bao tdn dat ngdp nffdc tai ddng bang sdng Cffu Long [4]. Do dd, UBND tinh An Giang quyd't dinh phe duyft rffng tram Trd Sff thdnh Khu bao vf cdnh quan theo Quylt dinh sd 1530/QD-CTUB ngdy 27/03/2005. Hifn tai, rffng tram Trd Sff dffdc Chi cue Kilm lam tinh An Giang qudn I^.
2.2. Bdc diem khi hdu, dia hinh, dat dai vd chi'do thuy vdn
Nhiet dp eao va dn dinh quanh ndm, nhift dp tmng binh ndm 29°C. Lffdng bdc hdi cao nhat vdo thdng 3 la 132mm. Thdng tha'p nhat Id thdng 9 khoang 93mm. Tmng binh 1.282mm.
Dp Im khdng khi binh quan 81%, ed khoang 4 thdng khd, 3 thdng ban, 01 thdng kiet.
Mda mffa bat diu thdng 5 den thdng 10 vdi Iffdng mffa chiem 90% tdng Iffdng mffa nSm. Mda khd bat dau thdng 12 den thdng 4, Iffdng mffa chiem 10% Iffdng mffa nam.
Rffng dram Trd Sff thude vdng dia hinh ddng bdng trdng, ngap nffdc. Da't chd yeu Id phdn tilm tang, giau hffu ed va dam. Loai dd't nay dae tnfng bdi ldp than bdn ddy, xdp ben dffdi.
Khu vde Tra Sff chiu anh hffdng Id tff hai hffdng, dd Id Id tff Chdu Doe den Nhd Bdng chiem 80% tdng lffu Iffdng Id vd Id tff sdng Hdu theo kdnh rach chdy vdo ndi ddng chiem 20%, mffc dp ngap Id sau 2 3m.
Che' dp thdy van cda Trd Sff chiu dnh hffdng cda ede kenh rach npi ddng vd sff van hdnh cda cdc dap Tra Sff, Tha La. Hoat ddng eua hai dap Trd Sff, Tha La cd tdc dung dieu tid't mffc nffdc trong vdng [1].
2.3. Bdc diem tdi nguyen L3.L Thue vdt
Rffng tram Trd Sff ed 4 kilu quin xa thffc vat rffng. Cu thi nhff sau:
Kilu quin xd thffe vdt than go ngdp nffdc chua ph^n dd Id cay trdm {Melaleuca cajuputi) chie'm dien tich 85% phdn bd' diu khap khu vffe. Cd cdc sinh canh trdm.
+ Sinh eanh rffng tram gan thdnh thuc: dien tich khdng ldn, dp tan che 0,5 - 0,6. Mat dp binh qudn 7.900 cdy/ha, dffdng kinh 15cm. Chilu eao binh quan 14m. Dp ngap sau cda nffdc trong mda mffa 1,2 2m. Tap trung nhilu d khodnh la, lb, 2a, 2b, 3a. Vdng nay ed ddi cff trd rat ddng nen dffdc bao ve nghiem ngdt.
+ Sinh canh rffng tram trung nien: Phdn bd d ede khoanh lb, 2a ,2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, mat dp eay kha day 10.900 cay/ha. Dp tdn che ldm phin 0,6 - 0,7. Dffdng kinh 8 -lOem. Chilu cao binh qudn 11m.
Dp ngdp sdu cda nffdc trong mda mffa la 1,1 -1,4m. Cay tdi sinh, thffc bi, ddy leo bui ram hiu nhff khdng ed.
Tram d ddy phin ldn ede khodnh da dffdc chat tia thffa ndn rd't thodng, dep trff nhffng khu vffe ed sdn chim.
O sinh eanh rffng trdm ndy hien ed 3 sdn chim nam d phia Ddng Nam vdi mat dp chim khd ddng ddc, lam td vd sinh eon d dd.
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Hinh 3: Trdm trung nien Hinh 4: Trdm thudn thuc - Cdc kilu quin xa thffe vdt thdn gd trdn bd kenh, rach:
+ Sinh eanh thffe vat gd Bach ddn {Eucalyptus) vd trdm Uc {Melaleuca leueadendra) trdng xen ke vdi nhau sinh trffdng va phdt triln khd td't ehi dffdc trdng 2 bdn bd kenh ed dp eao khdng bi ngdp nffdc vdo mda mffa.
+ Sinh cdnh thffe vdt than gd cay tram Uc {Melaleuca leueadendra) vd tram {Melaleuca cajuputi) dffdc trdng trdn ede dffdng kenh phdn khoanh. Ca hai lodi trdm nay dffdc trdng edng mdt thdi dilm 1 2 ndm diu ed srf sinh tnfdng va phdt triln td't.
Cdc kilu quin xa thifc vat thdy sinh trdn kenh rach.
+ Sinh cdnh sen (Nelumbo nucifera) difn tich nhd nam phia Nam rffng Tra Sff, sinh trffdng va phdt triln tdt vdi dp che phu mat nffdc trdn 60%.
+ Sinh cdnh thffc vdt sdng (Nymphaea) vd ed nhi cdn (Utricularia): do ehe phd 60-70% mat nffdc.
Thanh phin thffc vdt chd ylu la loai sdng trang (Nymphaea pubeseens), sdng ehi (Nymphaea tetragona),
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sdng lam (Nyphaea nouchali), rong nhi cdn (Utricularia), rong dudi chdn (Ceratophyllum demersum), rong dudi chd (Myriophyllum).
+ Sinh cdnh thffc vdt bdo cdm (Lemna minor L) tap tning d khodnh 6a, bdo tai tffdng (Pistia stratiotes) tap tmng d khodnh 3a, 3b. Hai loai ndy xud't hien vdo thdng 8 vd phdn hdy vdo thdng 1.
Cdc kilu quin xa eay than thdo ngap nffdc trdn dd't ehua:
+ Sinh cdnh ed ehi (Cynodon dactylon) vd ed Rau mffdng (Lugvidgia octovalvis) phan bd d khodnh 5a, 6a, 6b ndm rdi rdc thdnh cdc khodnh nhd. Dp che phd tren 50%, eao 20 - 40em. Ngodi ra, ed sdy {Phragmltes Vallatorla), rau dffa nffdc (ludvidga prosstrata) phdn bd rdi rdc khdng diu.
+ Sinh cdnh ed bae (Leersia Hexandra) ndm giffa rffng, dp ehe phd 60% chilu eao 40 - 50em. Ngodi ra, cdn cd mdm mdc (Ischenmum rugosum), ed dng (Panleum repens), say {Phragmltes Vallatorla) ldm ddm rdi rdc trong rffng.
+ Sinh cdnh ed ndng (Eleochric): Phan bd Ddng Bdc vd trdn cdc rach chia khodnh bi can nffdc. D6 che phu tren mat dd't 80%, chilu eao 50 -100cm, phdn bd' diu.
+ Sinh cdnh ed say (Phragmltes Vallatorla) ndm d khu vffe sdn chim, dd che phd 60%, chilu cao 14 2,0m phdn bd thdnh ddm nhd khdng diu.
+ Sinh cdnh ed mdm md (Hymenachne acutigluma) ndm d phia Bdc, ndm vdng sdu ngdp nffdc, dp che phd trdn 80%, phdn bd' ddy vd diu. Ngodi ra, cdn ed ldc bdn (Seirpus grossus) vd nang (Eleochric) phdn bd rdi rdc [1].
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Hinh 5: Cd Mom md
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Hinh 6: Co Nhi can
Hinh 7: Bong sdng Hinh 8: Sen
2.3.2. Bong vdt
Khu he chim ra't da dang vd phong phd. Cd khodng 70 lodi chim nffdc, phin ddng la lodi chim se va c6 trang {Egrett gazetta), vac {Nycticorax nycticorax). Ddc bift, ed 2 lodi chim rat qui hilm dffdc ghi trong sdch dd Viet Nam la cd lao An Dd (Mycteria leucocephala) vd cd cd ran hay didng dilng (Anhinga melanogaster)[2].
Ngodi ra, cdn cd cdc d l nhd {Phalaerocorax niger), ga gd (Rallus), gd nffdc (Trlnga). Hai lodi diec Ida (A purpurea) vd rdng rdc vang (Ploceus hypoxanthus) hien nay rd't hie'm tha'y d rffng tram Trd Sff.
Ngodi chim mudng, theo sd Ueu khao sat bffdc diu ndi day da ed din 11 loai thd, 20 lodi bd sat va 5 loai e'eh nhdi la nhffng lodi phd bien edng xud't hien trong khu vffe. Vl thdy sdn ed 25 loai cd dffdc ghi nhan, la nhffng lodi ed gia tri kinh td' eao [3]
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Hinh 9: Cd ldm td trong rirng trdm Trd Su Hinh 10: Cd lao An Do 2.3.4. Bdc diem ddn cU
Ddn eff sdng quanh rffng chd ye'u la ngffdi Khmer vd ngffdi Kinh. Ngffdi ddn d day cude sdng cdn nhilu khd khdn. Hp sd'ng chd yd'u Id trdng trpt vd nhilu hp sd'ng phu thude vdo rffng nhff lay gd cdi, san bat chim thd, lay mat ong, budn bdn nhd trong rffng phuc vu du lieh... Dan ddn ed nhilu lodi chim qu^ di eff hodc dift vong. Do dd, rffng Trd Sff It nhilu cdng hi de doa bdi nhffng nhu elu eupe sd'ng hang ngdy cda ngffdi ddn sd'ng xung quanh rimg mac dd Chi cue Kiem Idm cdng da bdo ve vd quan I;^ rd't chat che.
2.4. Luan cii khoa hoc dephdt trien ritng trdm Trd SU thdnh khu du lich.
Tff ddc dnh sinh hpc, vi tri dia I^, che' dp thdy van cho thdy rffng trdm Trd Sff cd sinh eanh dep, he ddng, thffe vdt phong phd, dai dien eho he sinh thdi ngdp nffdc vdng ddng bang sdng Cffu Long. Vdi sd Iffdng quin thi sinh vdt dd ldn d l di tri cdn bang sinh thdi trong he. Rffng trdm Trd Sff khdng chi Id mdt trong nhffng dilm du lieh Udn hodn eua vdng Bay Ndi ma cdn Id ndi giao lffu kinh t l van hda du lich giffa An Giang vd Campuchia nen rat thudn Idi eho du khdch den tham quan. Ben canh dd, cdc cdp ehinh quyin dia phffdng edng da thi hien nhat qudn mdi quan he muc tieu phdt triln du lieh rffng tram Tra Sff, song song vdi ede boat ddng bdo tdn bdi vi bdo tdn da dang sinh hpe rffng trdm Trd Sff cdng Id mpt chien Iffdc thich nghi then chd't d l giup nhffng ngffdi ddn de bi tdn thffdng dffdng diu vdi biln ddi khi hdu. De'n nay boat dpng du Uch tai rffng trdm Trd Sff da that sff phdt triln ddng k l gdp phin tang ngudn thu ngoai te cho tinh nhd, ddng gdp dch cffe vdo viec phdt triln kinh t l xd hdi cda dia phffdng. Tuy nhidn, du lieh Trd Sff chffa that sff bin vffng, do hoat ddng du lieh chffa dffdc quy hoach hdp 1^, ngdn sdch cung cap cho bdo tdn cdn ban che', hdn nffa ede boat ddng xam lan, vi pham trong khu bdo tdn van cdn xdy ra. Vd'n dl eIn quan tdm d ddy Id viec thdnh lap vd quan ly he thd'ng khu bdo tdn rffng tram Trd Sff eIn dam bao sff can bang giffa ehi phi vd ldi Ieh va srf edng bang trong phdn bd chi phi vd ldi Ich giffa cdc bdn ed Uen quan, trong dd chd trpng dam bdo ldi Ieh eua edng ddng ddn eff dia phffdng, bdi vi kd' sinh nhai eua ngffdi ddn d day thffdng phu thudc nhilu va trffc tilp vdo srf da dang sinh hpe cda rffng. Do dd, d l phdt triln rffng trdm Trd Sff thdnh khu bao tdn trffde he't chdng ta eIn xdc dinh mdi de dpa ben ngodi tdc ddng tdi rffng tram Trd Sff thi vd'n d l ed bdn cda khu bdo tdn Trd Sff mdi ed thi giai quylt dffdc. Thid't nghi each td't nha't Id ndn trd lai eho khu bdo tdn Trd Sff mdt phin dang k l trong doanh thu tff du lieh, diu tff trd lai eho khu vffe ndy mdt edeh thda ddng, nham tang gid tri Idu ddi eua khu thidn nhien. Cdc nhd kinh te' vd du khdch diu nhan thffc dffdc khdng the cffu thidn nhien md khdng quan tam den quyin Idi eua ngffdi ddn dia phffdng. Vi vay, hp edng dffdc chia se mdt cdch edng bang. Chinh tri hdp 1^ vd kinh t l edng bang la ludn eff d l biln nhdn ddn dia phffdng thdnh nhffng ngffdi edng tdc vd dffdc hffdng quyin ldi trong bao tdn, trdnh bien hp trd ndn dd'i lap vdi bdo tdn.
Tff nhffng luan cd trdn, du lieh sinh thdi Trd Sff eIn phdi ed "Sff kit hdp ed sff quan tam tdi thien nhien vd trdch nhiem xa hdi", trach nhifm ndy khdng chi cda ede nhd quan ly, nha kinh t l ma nd bao gdm ed sff 19
nhay cdm cda nhffng ngffdi di du lich. Tuy nhien, van cdn mdt sd' edu hdi dffdc ddt ra khi khai thdc loai hinh du lich Trd Sff. Lieu du lich smh thdi Trd Sff ed thi tao ndn nhffng thay ddi cd bdn cho bdo tdn khdng? Du lich cd thi mang lai ldi ich xdc thffc cho cdng ddng dia phffdng, xay dffng nen thi trffdng dia phffdng bin vffng khdng? Vi vay, sff quan tam cda khdch du lich vd cdng ddng dia phffdng phdi dffdc ddm bdo. Vi nhffng I^ do dd du lich sinh thdi, cdng ddng d Trd Sff nen that sff day manh trong nhilu ndm tdi.
Ngodi ra, phdt trien du lich Trd Stf can phdi chd ^ de'n ye'u td mdi trffdng. Sff tdn tai vd phdt triln cua ngdnh du lich phdi gdn lien vdi mdi trffdng, du lieh phdt triln chi khi mdi trffdng dffdc bdo vf. Sff suy gidm cda mdi trffdng d mdt khu vffe ndo dd sc ddng nghia vdi sff di xudng cda boat dfng du Uch. Nlu nhff hifn tffdng chdy rffng, phd rffng, sdn bdn trdi pb^p, d nhiem ngudn nffdc, vd'n di chit thdi rdn,... vdn cdn xdy ra, thi du khdch se khdng cdn 1^ do gi ddn vdi khu du lich Trd Sff nffa.
2.5. Ket luan
D l bao vf vd phdt triln rffng trdm Trd Sff thdnh khu du Uch sinh thdi bin vffng, cin phdi ed nhffng hffdng dan vd bdi hpc qudn 1^ phd hdp thi mdi ed the phdt huy hit chffc ndng vd gid cda hf sinh thdi ngap nffdc nhdm phuc vu eho nhu elu nghi ngdi, gidi tri, trdi nghifm cda khdch du lich nhffhg phdi ddm bdo muc tidu phdt triln bin vffng kinh te', bin vffng mdi trffdng vd bin vffng vl vdn hda.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1. Binh Qu6'c An, 2011. IJfng dung GIS d l quin \S phan bo thtfc vAt tai rifng trim Tri Stf huydn Tinh BiSn.
2. Nguyen Cff, lEBR. Dilu tra da dang sinh hoc trong rifng Tri Stf.
3. Ph6ng Tai nguydn Moi trtfdng huyen Tinh Bi6n, 2001. Thtfc trang c6ng tic quin 1^ dS^t ngap ntfdc trdn dia bin huyin Tinh Bien
4. Tran Phu H6a, 2011. Hien trang rifng c6 dit ngap ntfdc vi cic giii phip quin I^ vi phit trien cjia dat rifng ngapntfdc.
T A I N G U Y E N SINH H O C V A CHAT l a O N Q MOI TRUdNG
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TAI RdNG TRAM TRJI Sif, TINH BIEN. AN GIANG
• Bill Xufin An, Nguyin Anh Tuan, L£ Qudc TuSn
Khoa Mdi trudng vi Til nguyin - Trudng D9I hqc Ndng lim Tp. HCM
MdDAU
Rffng trdm Trd Sff ndm trong khu vrfe Thd't Sdn hdng vi, thudc xa V5n Gido, huyfn Tinh Bien, tinh An Giang. Ndi day dang Id dilm du lich ha'p dan cda nhilu du khdch trong vd ngodi nffdc din tham quan va nghidn cffu khoa hpe... (Dat Mdi OnUne). Vdi difn tich rdng 845 ha, cd stf tdn tai eda nhilu lodi ddng thffc vat qu^ hiem vd van cdn mang tinh hoang da da Idm eho rffng trdm Trd Sff cd mpt dac tinh rd't ridng cda hf sinh thai dd't ngap nffdc tai ddng bdng sdng Cihi Long.
Nhffng ldi t h i ed san se tao ndn dilu kifn thudn ldi eho vifc phdt triln khu he sinh thdi rffng tram thanh mdt khu du lich sinh thdi (DLST). Tuy nhidn, d l ldm dffdc dilu ndy cin phdi cd mdt nghidn cdu vl tdi nguyen ddng, thffc vdt vd ch£t lffdng mdi trffdng nhdm phiic vu cho dinh hffdng phdt triln DLST mdt cdch bin vffng.