men ehuong ASEAN vOI hpp tic chuyin nganh
1RIEN VQNG C|)A DONG TIEN CHUNG ASEAN VA KINH NGHIEM Tif DONG EURO
1. D$t van de
Sy ra ddi cfla ddng tiln chung khu vyc la dinh cao cua qud trinh phdt triln cfla he thing tidn te qude tl nhdm thich umg vdi nhiing giao luu kinh tl ngay cdng md rdng.
Mdt ddng tidn chung, thdng qua nhumg tac dOng tich eye cua nd sg gdp phdn xod nhod ranh gidi vd cdc rdo cdn gifla cdc qude gia, cung cd cdc mdi lien kit da cd, ddng thdi khuyin khich cdc lidn kit khu vyc phdt triln Ign nhumg pham vi, cdp do cao hom.
Nhflmg y nghTa cfla dong tiln chung da vd dang dugc kilm chflmg bdng thyc tien van hdnh cfla ddng EURO ndi ridng vd sy phdt trien cfla Lign minh chdu A,u (EU) ndi chung. Nhumg thdnh cdng nay da thflc day y tudng xdy dyng cdc ddng tiln chung cfla khdng it khu vuc, trong dd cd ASEAN. Vdi myc tidu xdy dyng Cgng ddng ASEAN vdo ndm 2015 theo Hiln chuang ASEAN thi mdt dong tiln chung se khdng nhflmg trd thdnh trung tdm hgp tdc cua Cdng ddng kinh td ASEAN md cdn cd y nghTa mat thidt trong viOe ciing cd, tdng cudng quan he hgp tdc gifla cdc nude thdnh vign trong hai try cdt COng dong an ninh-chinh tri ASEAN vd COng ddng vdn hod-xd hdi ASEAN thdng qua nhflng Igi ich chung vd nhflmg van dl chung cflng tdn t^i.
ThS.LiMINHTliN*
PHAM HONG HANH **
2. Lich stf hgp tac tien te cua cac nvdc ASEAN
La mdt trong nhiing ndi dung hgp tdc kinh tl, linh hon cfla hgp tac cfla ASEAN, hgp tdc tidn te khu vuc da dugc tiln hanh ngay tfl nhumg ngay ddu thanh lap. Tfl muc dich hgp tdc ban dau nham ho trg cho cdc nudc thanh vign khi gap nhumg khd khan tdi chinh nhat thdi, den nay, cdc nhd lanh dao ASEAN dang cd nhflmg budc di ddu tidn trong qud trinh thdng nhdt tiln te dl hudng tdi myc tidu xa ban la sy ra ddi cfla dong tien chung chdu A.
Ngay tfl ndm 1977, cdc ngdn hang trung uong cfla 5 nudc ASEAN khi dd Id Thdi Lan, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia vd Philipine da ki thod thudn ho trg ngoai te nhdm cung cdp nhumg khodn tin dyng ngdn ban bang ddng dd la MI cho cac nudc thdnh vign gap khd khan nhdt thdi trong thanh todn qude tg.''' Tdng sd tien ddng gdp cfla cdc nudc, tdi da Id 100 trieu USD. Moi qude gia ddnh tdi da 20 trieu USD san sang cung cdp cho cdc nudc thdnh vign. Khi cdn thigt, mdt quoc gia cd thd vay tdi da 40 trieu USD. Tfl ndm 1978, muc hd trg tfl mdi qude gia dugc ndng ldn 40 trieu USD vd khi cdn cd thg vay toi da 80 trieu USD.'^' Ban ddu, cdc thod
* Giing vign Khoa luat qude tg Trudng Dai hpc Luit Hi Npi
*•* Cdng ti xuc tiin thuang hi?u BMS
T ^ CHl LUAT HOC S6 9/2008 79
Hien chuang ASEAN vdi hap tie ehuyin nginh
thudn Swap tiln te nay chi cd hieu lire 1 nam. Tfl nam 1978 cdc thod thudn bd sung gia ban them tfl 1, 3 din 5 nam da dugc ki klt.'^' Gdn day nhdt, Thoa thuan bd sung ldn thfl 5 nam 1992 tilp tyc gia ban thdm 5 nam tfl ngdy thod thuan cd hieu lye, 5/8/1992.''*'
Nam 1997, thg gidi da chflng kien cugc khiing hodng tai chinh-tien te nghiem trgng vdi nhflmg hau qua nang nd. Bat ddu tfl Thai Lan, cugc khflng hoang nhanh chdng lan sang Philippine, Indonesia,- Malaysia vd Singapore. Chinh phfl cdc nudc ndy sau nhidu cd gang nd luc dd gifl gid ddng ndi te da phdi tuyen bd thd ndi tien, khdng can thiep vao thi trudng ngoai hdi. Sau Ddng Nam A, nhu hieu ling day chuygn, khiing hodng tigp tyc tdn cdng cac nudc vd cdc vflng lanh thd khdc trong khu vyc nhu Han Qude, Hdng Kdng, Nhdt Ban, Dai Loan.
Cugc khflng hodng da bdc Id khdng it ban che cfla cdc nudc trong khu vuc, dac biet la khd ndng phdi hgp gidi quylt cdc vdn dh nghidm trgng xdy ra. Bdn thdn moi nudc ASEAN chua dfl thyc lye dl ty cflu minh, trong khi ASEAN cflng chua cd co chi hgp tdc dfl manh de hd trg cho nhau khi cdn, ngdn chan nhumg hdu qud mang tinh day chuyen xdy ra. Cugc khung hodng cflng cho thdy y nghTa vd tdm quan trgng cua mdi trudng tidn te dn dinh ddi vdi su phdt triln kinh td khu vyc cflng nhu thi gidi. Nhiing digu nay da thflc day boat ddng hgp tdc tiln te cfla cdc nudc ASEAN md rdng ra nhiing pham vi vd quy md mdi.
Theo "Kl hoach hanh ddng Hd Ndi"
thdng 12 nam 1998, cdc nhd lanh dao
ASEAN da ddng y nghien curu tinh khd thi vl viec thilt lap he thong ti gid hdi dodi vd ddng tiln chung chau A. Y tudng nay tigp tyc dugc dua ra tai Hdi nghi Cdp cao ASEAN + 3 tai Manila thdng 11 ndm 1999 vd ASEAN + 3 tai Thdi Lan thdng 5 ndm 2000. Tai cdc hdi nghi ndy, cdc nudc dd chinh thflc tuydn bo hd trg phdt tridn cdc hinh thflc hgp tdc mdi trong ASEAN + 3 gdm 10 nudc ASEAN vd 3 nudc Id Hdn Qude, Trung Qude, Nhdt Bdn vdi 4 ITnh vyc chinh: Trao ddi thdng tin khu vyc, thod thuan Swap tidn te, phdt tridn khu vyc tdi chinh va cudi cflng Id phdi hgp ti gid, trong dd, bdn tdi vide thidt lap mdt co chd ti gid AERM va mdt ddng tien chung khu vyc.'^^
Hdi nghi tai Thai Lan da nhdt tri thdng qua
"Sang kidn Chieng Mai" CMI vdi ndi dung thidt lap mang ludi thod thudn mua lai va hodn ddi song phuong BSAs.'^' Muc dich cfla cdc thod thudn ndy Id dd trdnh vd xfl li cdc cugc khiing hodng tidn te trong tuong lai cd thg xdy ra nhu cugc khflng hodng nam 1997. Theo dd, cdc nudc tham gia sg ho trg cho cdc nudc ban trong khu vuc, khi nudc do cd nguy co bi tan edng bdi ddu co tidn te vd nhflmg dnh hudng khdc ed nguy CO gdy mdt dn dinh tidn te. Cdc dilu kien chu yeu cfla Thod thudn Swap tiln tO Chigng Mai bao gdm:
- Thdi ban hgp ddng: 3 nam;
- Cdch thflc thuc hidn: Swap mgt chilu hodc hai chigu;
- Ddng tien thuc hien: Ddng tiln cua nudc dua ra ydu cdu hoac USD;
- Thdi gian rflt tiln: 90 ngdy moi ldn, cd
80 TAP CHi LUAT H O C S6 9/2008
men chuang ASEAN vOI hpp tie ehuyin nganh
thi quay vdng 7 ldn (tdi da Id 2 ndm);
- Ldi sudt: Lai sudt Libor (lai sudt lidn ngdn hdng tai thi trudng Ludn Ddn) + 150 digm CO bdn.
So vdi cdc thod thudn Swap tiln te ndm 1977 (da hit hieu lye vdo nam 1997) thi quy md cfla sdng kidn ndy rdng hom nhidu. Tinh din ngdy 10/11/2005, da cd 17 thoa thudn dugc ki kdt cd tong gid tri 58,5 ti USD gifla 8 qude gia, trong dd, cac nudc ASEAN la 31,5 ti USD, vdi su tham gia cfla 5 quoc gia la Thdi Lan, Malaysia, Philipine, Indonesia va Singapore.'^'
Trgn CO sd bdn phdc thdo cfla cfla Nhdt Ban, Han Qude, Thai Lan, thang 8 nam 2003, Bd trudng tai chinh cdc nudc ASEAN + 3 da bat tay vdo viec thyc hien budc ddu cua "Thi trudng trdi phieu chau A" dg phdt triln thi trudng trai phigu khu vyc. Ndm 2003, cac nudc chdu A da thanh lap quy trdi philu chau A vdi sd tidn 1 ti USD.'^'
D I ddy manh hgp tdc tign te khu vyc, tao tiln dl cho sy ra ddi cfla ddng tiln chung, ddu ndm 2006, Ngdn hdng phdt triln chdu A (ADB) da cdng bd kl hoach phdt hdnh ddng dan vi tiln te chdu A (ACU) lam don vi chudn dl theo ddi sy biln ddng ti gid cfla ding ngi te cfla cdc nudc thanh vign trong khu vyc theo hinh mau cfla ddng ECU, don vj tiln t? chdu Au trudc khi ddng Euro ra ddi.'^' Trdn co sd kinh nghiem cfla ECU, ACU dugc xde dinh theo ro tiln te cfla cdc ding tiln cdu thdnh bao gdm mudi dong tiln ciia mudi nudc ASEAN vd 3 ddng tiln cfla 3 qude gia la Nhdt Bdn, Trung Qude vd Han Quoc. Ti trgng cua cdc ddng tiln trong rd
tidn te se dugc xem xet dinh ki. Viec ADB cdng bd ddng ACU Id ddng thdi quan trgng nhdm tien tdi ddng tidn chung chdu A. Ddng ACU dugc ban hdnh se giup ADB vd ban than mdi qude gia ddnh gid dugc mfle do bidn ddng cua cdc ddng ndi te so vdi ddng tidn nay, ciing nhu bien ddng cfla ddng ACU ddi vdi cdc ddng tien manh nhu USD, EURO, tfl dd tidn hanh nhiing can thiep khi can thigt dg dam bdo sy dn dinh tidn te, tao dieu kien cho sy dn dinh, phdt tridn kinh tg cfla ASEAN.
Thdng 5/2007, tai cugc hgp thudng nidn cua Ngdn hang phdt trign chdu A ADB, cdc nudc ASEAN + 3 da thoa thudn ddnh mgt phan du trfl ngoai te qude gia dd ddng gdp vdo quy ngoai te chung nhdm sfl dyng trong trudng hgp khan cap. Tuy nhien, quy md cung nhu sd tidn ddng gdp vdo quy chua dugc quygt dinh. Sau cugc thdo ludn bdn lg cugc hgp cfla ADB tai Tdy Ban Nha ngdy 4/5/2008 vfla qua, Bd trudng tdi chinh 10 nudc ASEAN vd Han Qude, Trung Qude, Nhdt Bdn da nhdt tri thdnh lap Quy dy trfl ngoai te tri gid it nhdt 80 ti USD dl sfl dyng trong trudng hgp xay ra cugc khflng hodng tdi chinh khu vyc.''"' Trung Qude, Hdn Qude, Nhdt Bdn sg ddng gdp 80% sd vdn cfla quy nay, phan cdn lai sg do 10 nudc ASEAN cimg nhau ddm trdch. Ddy dugc coi la budc tidn mdi trong Id trinh hgp tdc tidn te cua cdc nudc ASEAN.
3. Kinh nghiem xay dung dong tien chung ASEAN tii- dong EURO
Dfl md hinh ma ASEAN xdy dyng la
"thong nhdt trong da dang", khdng hudmg tdi
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S 6 9/2008 81
Hien chuang ASEAN vdi hap tie ehuyen nginh
cdc myc tieu "nhdt thi hod" gidng nhu EU nhung dl xdy dyng ddng tidn chung, ddi hdi cdc nudc ASEAN phdi dap flng dugc nhflmg ydu cdu vd tidu chudn cd tinh nguydn tac ddi vdi mgi khu vuc hgp nhdt tidn te. Ddng tidn chung chdu Au EURO ra ddi la kdt qud cua qua trinh thilt kg, xdy dung thi chg, phdp li, kT thudt Cling nhu gidi quygt cdc van dg chinh tri day phflc tap. Id bdi bgc kinh nghiem rdt gid tri cho viec xdy dyng va van hanh ddng tidn chung ASEAN tren nhigu phuomg dien khdc nhau. Tuy nhign, trong pham vi bdi vigt nay, chflng tdi chi tap trung phdn tich kinh nghiem xay dung va van hdnh ddng EURO trdn bdn khia canh co ban nhdt:
(1) Xdy dung ndn tdng kinh tg-xa hdi cho sy ra ddi cfla mdt ddng tiln chung, (2) Mfle do hdi ty cfla cdc ndn kinh tg thdnh vien khi tham gia ddng tidn chung, (3) Thilt kl bd mdy dilu hdnh, (4) Co chd van hdnh mdt ddng tidn chung.
a. Ve xdy dung nen tdng kinh ti-xa hdi cho su ra ddi cua ddng tien chung: Ddng Euro tfl y tudng chi trd thdnh hien thyc khi EU da dat tdi cdp do lidn kit kinh tl-xa hdi nhdt dinh, la he qud ciia qud trinh lign kit ngdy cdng chat chg vg chinh tri vd kinh tl:
- Sy hgp tac ngdy cdng chat chg vl chinh tri cfla cdc nudc Tdy Au
Hat nhan lieh sfl ddu tign trong hgp tdc chinh tri cfla chdu Au Id sy hinh thdnh Cdng ddng than, thep chdu Au (ECSC) vdi ndi dung thidt lap co chi sdn xudt, tigu thy chung cho hai ngudn nguydn lieu thilt ylu cua ngn kinh tg bdy gid la than vd thep. Kit qud cua nhflmg no lye thflc ddy qud trinh hgp
nhdt ea .yd kinh te vd ehinh tri sau nhflng thanh cdng cfla md hinh hgp tde ban ddu ndy Id su ra ddi cua Cdng ddng ndng lugng nguyen tfl chdu Au EURATOM vd Cgng ddng kinh tl chdu Au (EEC). D I dam bdo tinh thdng nhdt, phdt huy hieu qud eua sy lien kit, ba cdng ddng trdn da dugc hgp nhdt thanh Cdng ddng chdu Au (EC) ddng thdi, he thdng thiet chd chimg vdi thdm quyen md rdng hom cflng dugc thilt lap thay vi timg co quan ridng cho mdi cgng ddng nhu trudc do.
Lidn minh chdu Au (EU) ra ddi vdi mdt try cdt Cdng ddng vd hai try cdt lien chinh phu da tao thdnh khdi lidn kgt vflmg chdc gifla cdc nudc thdnh vien.
Cling vdi qud trinh hodn thien cfla cdc md hinh hgp tdc, pham vi hgp tdc cfla chdu Au ngdy cang dugc ndng ldn, tfl mdt nOi dung cy thg (than vd thep) dgn cdc ITnh vyc khdc (ndng lugng, nguyen tu), rdi todn bO ndn kinh tg cho tdi mgi ITnh vuc xa hdi nhu tu phdp, ndi vu, chinh sdch ddi ngoai, an ninh... Khdi dau chi vdi 6 qude gia (Phdp, Dfle, Italia, Bi, Hd Lan, Luxembourg), hi?u qud tfl qud trinh hgp tac da khuyen khieh cdc nudc chau Au xich lai gdn nhau trong no lye khdng ngimg md rdng sd lugng cdc nudc thdnh vien tdi con sd mudi ldm vdi sy gia nhap ciia vuong qude Anh, Dan Mach, Ailen (1/1/1973), Hi Lap (1/1/1981), Tay Ban Nha, Bd Ddo Nha (I/I/I986), Ao, Phdn Lan vd Thuy Diln (1/1/1995).
- Cdp do lien kit kinh tl ngdy edng cao vd sdu rdng
Trudc khi Cgng ddng than, thep chau Au
82 TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 9/2008
mdn chumtg^ASEAN vdi hpp tie ehuyin nginh
ra ddi, mdt sd khudn kho hgp tdc kinh tl gifla cdc nudc chdu Au dd xudt hien, nhu Lign minh thug quan Phdp-Italia, Lien minh diuong mai Benelux gdm ba nudc la Bi, Hd Lan, Luxembourg. Ngdy 1/1/1953, he thong tiiul quan cfla ECSC, cd tinh chdt nhu khu vuc mdu dich tu do, bdt ddu cd hieu lye thi hdnh trong thi trudmg than, thep chung. Cdc lo^i thug quan vd nhflng ban chi vl sd lugng nhdp khdu than thep gifla cdc nudc thanh vign cfla cdng ddng dugc do bd. Lidn kit kinh tg cua cdc nudc chdu Au tilp tyc dugc nang Ign d muc do cao hom khi Lidn minh thug quan EEC bat ddu cd hieu lye thyc hien vdo ngdy 1/7/1968. Cdc loai thug quan ngi khoi cdn lai dugc bai bd vd bigu thug quan ngoai khdi chung dugc thidt lap, thay thg cdc lo^ thug quan rigng cfla tflng quoc gia trudc dd. Ngdy 1/1/1993, thi trudng chdu Au don nhdt chinh thflc ra ddi. Myc tidu vl mgt thi trudng chung dd dugc hign thyc hod vdi bdn sy ty do edn bdn: hdng hod, dich vy, von vd con ngudi. Thi trudng don nhdt thyc sy dat tdi quy md va cap do lidn ket cao do khi nd cho phdp tat cd cdc ylu td sdn xudt dugc ty do di chuyin gifla cdc nudc thdnh vien.
Nhu v§y, hdnh trinh di tdi ddng Euro gdn liln vdi qud trinh hdi hod hod vd nhdt thd hod cfla cdc nudc thdnh vign trgn nhigu ITnh vyc, khi cdc rdo cdn trong hgp tdc kinh tg khdng cdn, khi cdc nudc thdnh vidn ngdy cdng xich lai gdn nhau trong n6 luc thong nhit cdc mdt cfla ddi sdng xa hgi, khi he (hlng cdc thilt ehi cdng dong vdi co chi hoat dgng that sy hieu qud dugc hinh thdnh.
b. Ve mire dp hdi tu cua cdc nen kinh te thdnh vien khi tham gia ddng tien chung:
Tuy cd sy tuong ddng ve nhigu digm, nhung ngay tfl ddu khdng phdi mgi qude gia chdu Au ddu dat tdi trinh do phdt tridn kinh tg nhu nhau. Trong mdt khu vyc ddng tidn chung md gifla cdc thdnh vign mdi vd nhiing thdnh vidn da tham gia cd sy khdc biet qud ldm thi digu ndy sg trd thanh gdnh ndng cho chinh nhiing qude gia nay trong qud trinh bat kip, thu hep khodng cdch ydi nhiing qude gia trudc dd, ddng thdi la rdo can ddi vdi sy phdt tridn cfla cd khu vuc. Dg ban chg nhflmg nguy CO trgn, cdc nhd lanh dao chdu Au khi thod thuan xdy dyng ddng tidn chung da dua ra nhflmg quy dinh cd tinh chdt nhu nhflmg tidu chudn bdt huge ddi vdi cdc nudc thdnh vidn khi gia nhdp ddng tidn chung. Theo Dilu 109 Hiep udc Maastricht, nhflmg tidu chudn ndy bao gdm:
- Thdm hyt ngdn sdch khdng dugc vugt qud 3% GDP hdng ndm.
- Ti le ng cfla chinh phfl khdng vugt qud 60% GDP hdng ndm.
- Ti le lam phdt ngdn han khdng dugc vugt qud 1,5% mfle lam phdt cfla ba nudc thdnh vidn cd ti le thdp nhdt.
- Lai sudt ddi ban khdng dugc cao hon qud 2% mfle ldi sudt binh qudn cfla ba qude gia cd ti le ldi sudt thdp nhdt.
- Duy tri ti gid dn dinh, ndm trong khudn kho dao ddng cho phep so vdi ti gid trung tam theo quy djnh cfla co chd ti gid ERM trong thdi ban it nhdt hai nam.
Mdi tidu chudn trgn diu cd y nghTa nhat dinh ddi vdi bdn thdn moi nudc khi cd y djnh
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 9/2008 83
Hien chuang ASEAN vdi hpp tic chuyen nganh
tham gia khu vyc su dung ddng tidn chung cflng nhu cho cd khu vuc nay. Nhflng tigu chudn tai chinh, gdm ti le tham hut ngdn sdch vd ng chinh phu, cd y nghTa ddm bdo sy thdng nhat giua tinh trang ngan sdch cfla mdi nudc thdnh vidn vdi nhiing chinh sdch dn dinh da dugc dinh hudng trudc trong todn bd khu vyc sfl dung ddng tidn chung. Tigu chudn vg ti le lam phdt nham kigm tra lieu gia ca, chi phi d cac nudc thanh vidn mdi cd phfl hop vdi gid ca dn dinh trong khu vyc hay khdng. Ti le lam phat qua chenh lech gifla cac qude gia sg gay khd khan cho viec quan li, thyc hien chinh sach tien te cfla cd khu vyc khi lai sudt bj day Ign cao hom can thigt dg thich ling vdi mfle do lam phat d mdt sd nudc, trong khi vdi nhflmg nudc cd ti le lam phdt thdp thi mdt mfle lai sudt cao se la can trd cho su phdt trien kinh td cfla nhiing nudc nay. Tieu chudn ti gia dugc quy dinh dd xem xet mdt qude gia da thyc sy duy tri dugc mdt ti gid dn dinh hgp li trudc khi gia nhap ddng tidn chung hay chua. Tigu chudn ndy kgt hgp vdi tigu chuan vg lam phat de dam bao ddng tidn cfla qude gia cd the chdp nhdn dugc ti gid chuydn ddi so vdi ddng tiln chung mdt cdch dn dinh md khdng gdy ra sy bidn ddng qua nhieu trong ti gia hoi doai thyc tg cua qude gia xin gia nhdp.
Nhu vay, vdi tflng qude gia, moi tieu chudn ve mfle do hdi ty cua cdc nin kinh tl thdnh vidn cd vai trd nhu mdt bai kilm tra trong mdt ITnh vuc nhat dinh dg chinh qude gia dd ty minh xem xet lai tinh hgp li, hieu qud cfla toan bd chinh sach kinh tl, xa hdi cfla minh de tfl dd cd nhflmg dilu chinh, thay
ddi thich hgp. Ddi vdi ca khu vire, nhumg tieu chudn ndy nham myc dich tao ra sy hdi hod gifla cdc thdnh vidn mdi vd thanh vien trudc dd bdng each dua ra nhflmg gidi han, nhflmg quy tdc trong tung ITnh vuc dd han che su chgnh lech gifla cdc nude ndy.
c. Ve kinh nghiem thiet ke bp mdy dieu hdnh ddng EURO: Xay dyng ddng tidn chung ddng nghTa vdi viec cdc qude gia sd phai tu ban che chfl quyen vd tidn te cua minh dg trao cho mdt thiet chd dai dien cho quygn lyc cfla tat cd qude gia. Thiet chg dd se chiu trdch nhiem xdy dung, qudn li cung nhu didu hdnh sao cho ddng tien chung thyc hien tdt cdc chflc nang cua nd, ciing nhu ddm bdo sy dn dinh kinh td cfla cdc nudc thdnh vign. Dg thyc hien cdc myc tigu tren, cdc kien tnic su cua ddng EURO da xay dyng He thdng chdu Au (Eurosystem) vdi vi tri la he thdng ngan hang trung uong cua khu vyc sfl dung ddng tign chung, bao gdm Ngdn hang trung uong chdu Au (ECB) vd ngdn hang trung uong cfla tat cd cac nudc thdnh vidn gia nhdp ddng EURO (NCBs). Ngan hdng trung uong chdu Au, trung tdm cfla Eurosystem la td chflc qudn li chinh sdch tidn te vd thyc hien nhumg chuc nang khdc cfla ngdn hang trung uong cho khu vyc sfl dyng ddng Euro. Xudt phat tu vi tri cua ngdn hang trung uong, nhiem vu chinh cua ECB bao gdm xdy dyng chinh sdch tiln te eua H?
thdng chau Au, ehi dao, hudmg dan ho?it ddng cfla ngdn hdng trung uong cdc nudc thanh vidn, ban hdnh vdn bdn phdp ludt nhdm bao dam sy thdng nhat trong qua trinh thyc hidn chinh sdch tien te cfla cdc ngdn
84 TAP CHi L U A T H O C S 6 9/2008
M^ ehuong ASEAN vdH hpp tic ehuyen nginh
Wng qude gia, can thiep vdo thi trudng n^ai hdi khi cdn, xdy dyng kl hoach vd hgp tde vdi ngdn hang trung uong cdc nudc trong viec sdn xudt vd phdt hdnh tiln gidy.
Ld mOt bd phdn cdu thdnh cfla Eurosystem, ngan hdng trung uong cfla cdc qude gia thyc hign tdt cd cdc nghTa vu lidn quan din Eiffosystem phfl hgp vdi nguygn tdc phdn lliyin cua He thong. Theo dd, NCB se thyc hi^n trdn thyc tl nhflng boat ddng cfla chinh sdch tidn te, qudn li dy trfl ngoai hdi cfla chinh minh trdn co sd sy chap thudn cfla ECB, phdi hgp vdi ECB trong vide phdt hMi tiln gidy, tap hgp cdc thdng tin, sd lieu cin thiet ve kinh tg, tdi chinh qude gia lidn quan tdi cac ndi dung cfla chinh sach tiln te de cung cdp cho ECB ldm co sd xdy dyng chinh sdch tign te cho khu vyc.
' Nghign cuu cdc thigt chg digu hdnh ddng EURO cho thdy ddng tidn chung phdi gdn liln vdi chinh sdch, tiln te chung do mdt thilt che cd quyln lyc sidu qude gia Id ngdn hdng trang uong chung chiu trdch nhigm xdy (^g, qudn li vd dilu hdnh chinh sdch tidn te chung dd. Chflc ndng cfla ngdn hdng trung uong khu vuc Id sy kit hgp gifla vai trd cfla ngan hdng trung uong quoc gia thdng qua ck hoat ddng xdy dyng chinh sdch tiln te, phdt hdnh tiln hay can thiep Ign thj trudng ngoai hdi khi cdn thilt vdi vai trd cfla mgt co pin tiln t? d cdp do cdng ddng khi qudn li dilnh sdch tiln te cfla ed khu vyc, chi dao te?it dgng cfla tdt ed ngan hdng trung uong cic nudc sfl dyng ddng tidn chung. Mdi quan
^ gifla cdc ngdn hdng trung uong qude gia v6i ngdn hang trung uong khu vyc dya trdn
nguyen tdc thdng nhdt vd phdn quyen, tfle la nhflmg boat ddng do ngdn hang trung uomg cfla cdc qude gia thyc hien sg dugc xac dinh va phan biet rd rdng, tuomg flng vdi trdch nhiem cfla cdc nudc thdnh vign va phdi tudn thu nhirng quy dinh, chinh sach cfla ngdn hang trung uomg khu vuc.
d. Ve kinh nghiem xdy dimg ca che van hdnh ddng EURO: Mfle do dn dinh cfla ddng EURO phu thudc rat ldn vdo hieu qua cfla chinh sdch tign te trong khu vyc sfl dyng ddng tidn chung. Hiep udc thdnh lap EC khang dinh "muc tieu ca bdn nhdt cita Eurosystem la duy tri gid cd dn dinh". Ngodi ra, chinh sdch tidn te ciing hudmg tdi cdc myc tidu khac nhu ddm bdo viec ldm, gdp phdn vdo sy tang trudng kinh tg. Bgn canh dd, viec thuc hien chinh sdch tien te cdn phdi ddm bdo nhflmg quydt djnh vg tign te tdc ddng tdi ldi sudt ngdn ban cfla thj trudng mdt each nhanh chdng vd chinh xde. Trong khu vyc lidn kit chdt che nhu EU, tinh trang bdt dn tai ndn kinh tg cfla mgt nudc thdnh vidn cd thi trd thdnh nguy co gdy bdt dn cho cdc qude gia cdn lai vd didu ndy sd tdc dgng tigu eye tdi sy dn dinh cfla ddng tidn chung. Dg ban chi vd ngdn chan nguy co tren, cdc nhd lanh dao chdu Au da xdy dyng co chg kigm sodt chat chg do cdc thigt che cfla Cdng ddng chdu Au thyc hien nhdm bdo ddm sy dn dinh tdi chinh cfla cdc nudc thdnh vidn. Theo quy dinh tai Hiep udc thanh lap EC vd Hiep udc dn dinh vd tdng trudmg SGP, Uy ban chdu Au sg gidm sdt tinh hinh ngdn sdch vd tich luy ng cua cdc nudc thdnh vidn dg kip thdi phdt hien nhflng sai pham ldn. Khi qude gia
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 9/2008 85
Hl^n ehuong ASEAN vdi hop tie ehuyen nginh
thdnh vidn bi ddnh gid la khdng dap flng dfl cdc tieu ehi vl ti le tham hyt ngan sdch hodc ti le ng chinh phfl nhu nhflmg tigu chuan cfla Hiep udc Mastrict dg ra, Hdi ddng, can cfl vdo tflng trudng hgp cy the se dp dung nhflmg bien phdp phfl hop de huge qude gia cd lidn quan khdc phyc tinh trang vi pham nhu dua ra khuygn nghi, ygu cdu phdi thuc hien cdc bien phdp ma Hdi ddng cho la edn thilt dl gidm thdm hyt trong thdi gian xde dinh, dd nghi qude gia phdi dat cge khodn tiln cdn thilt cho tdi khi mfle thdm hyt dugc Hdi dong xde nhdn la da dugc cdi thien hodc tidn hdnh phat vdi muc do phfl hgp.
4. Trien vong ciia dong tien chung ASEAN
Vdi hom 40 nam tdn tai vd phdt tridn, ASEAN da dat dugc nhflmg budc tien ddi trgn nhigu ITnh vyc boat ddng. Tfl cho chi cd 5 thdnh vidn trong khu vyc ddy mdu thudn vd xung dot trd thdnh ASEAN gdm 10 thanh vidn, dodn kit trong da dang; tfl chd Id khu vyc phdt tridn thdp trd thdnh mdt ASEAN cd nin kinh td phdt trign nang ddng trdn thi gidi. Nhiing thdnh tyu kinh tl-xa hdi md ASEAN da dat dugc trong thdi gian qua Id nhflmg CO sd, ndn mdng ban ddu cho viec xdy dung ddng tiln chung. Tuy vdy, dh xdy dyng mdt ddng tiln chung khu vyc thi ASEAN vdn cdn tilp tuc phdi gidi quylt nhilu vdn dh, vugt qua nhidu trd ngai cd vl khdch quan lan chfl quan:
- Mac dfl da cd sy cdi td todn dien vd ddng bd nhung thi chi phap li cfla ASEAN theo quy dinh cfla Hidn chuang van edn nhflmg chd bat cap. Trong cdc co quan cfla
ASEAN dugc thd chi hod tai Hiln ehuong van chua cd nhieu cac eo quan boat dgng thudng ki (chi cd 2 co quan Id Uy ban dai dien thudng true va Ban thu ki so vdi cdc CO quan cdn lai chi tiln hdnh hgp theo dinh ki hodc khi can thilt). Dilu ndy, mdt mat, khiln cho mdi lien kit giua cdc co quan cua Hiep hdi edn Idng leo, mat khdc, do ehi hoat ddng theo co che ki hgp ndn cd the se ldm ban chi khd ndng chi dao, dilu hanh cfla cdc CO quan nay trude nhflmg biln ddng, khd khan bdt thudng (nhdt Id trong ITnh vyc kinh tl-tien te) can dugc phdi hgp gidi quylt d cap do Hiep hdi.
- Cdp do lidn kit kinh tl-thuong mai chua cao vd cdn Idng leo. Hien nay, hdi nhdp kinh td cfla ASEAN mdi ehi dat tdi "khu vuc thuomg mai ty do", mdt trong cdc cdp do ddu tidn cfla hdi nhap kinh td khu vuc. Ket qud hgp tde kinh te eua ASEAN tuy da dat dugc nhigu thdnh tuu to ldm, ed y nghia quan trgng nhung chua thyc su tao ra su phdt triln dOt phd trong quan he kinh te-thuong mai.
Thuong mai ndi khdi chi chiem mgt ti 1? rat nhd (25%), quan he kinh te-thuong mai ASEAN vdi eac ddi tac ben ngodi vln chidm ti trgng ldn vd ngdy cang cd vi tri quan trgng.'"' Dh tien tdi nhumg cdp do lien kit kinh te-thuong mai cao hon nfla, trudc hit cdc qude gia ASEAN phai no lyc phdn ddu tu do hod 4 yeu td co bdn cua sdn xudt: hang hod, dich vu, vdn vd lao dgng, va day eung se la mdt trong,cdc myc tieu chinh cfla vifC xay dung Cgng ddng kinh t l ASEAN 2015. i - Cho din nay, ASEAN van chua cd dugc hg thdng phap lu|it dfl cu thi vd chdt
86 TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 9/2008
M6I ehuong ASEAN vdi hpp tic chuyin nginh
|bg, ddc biet Id ddi vdi ITnh vyc kinh tl- Iwomg mai. Kinh nghiem lign kit thi trudng
cua EU cho thdy thi trudng cdng lidn kit, ling tu do thi lu?it phdp phai cang chat che pree market, more rules". Hien nay, cac van bin phdp li dilu ehinh quan he kinh tl- liromg mai cfla ASEAN vl co ban vdn la
|ic dilu udc qude tl nhu Hiep dinh I^PT/AFTA, Hiep dinh vl khu vyc ddu tu
AIA... (phdp ludt cfla EU khdng chi bao gdm cic dilu udc qude tl la cdc "van ban gde"
mi cdn bao gdm cd mdt he thdng rdt quan Ipng cdc "van ban phap ludt phai sinh" cy fte, chi tidt do cdc co quan cfla EU ban hanh, lon nfla tdt cd cdc quy dinh nay diu dugc dp i\ing tryc tilp va cd gid tri cao hom ndi ludt).
Dii khdng hudng tdi muc tidu "nhat thi hod"
hoan todn gidng nhu EU nhung ASEAN hi?n van edn thieu hg thdng phdp ludt dfl khd ning digu chinh cdc quan he kinh tg-tien te trong mdt khu vyc ddng tiln chung.
- Mfle dg hdi ty cfla cdc ndn kinh te ftanh vign cdn thap, hien van ton tai khoang sich khd ldm gifla cdc nudc ASEAN. Sy
^enh Igch vl trinh do phdt triln kinh te gifla cic nudc ASEAN dang thyc sy la thdch thflc dii vdi tiln trinh lidn kit. Trong ASEAN, b6n canh nhflmg qude gia cd ndn kinh te phdt
|ien nhu Singapore, Thdi Lan... vdn tdn tai ahftng nudc kinh tl dang phdt triln nhu Viet
|fam, kem phdt triln nhu Campuchia, Lao....
Chi xem xet mgt khia canh Id thu nhdp binh ladn cfla ngudi dan tai mdt sd qude gia cflng
|4y rd sy khac biet nay. Ndm 2007, trong W thu nhdp binh qudn tinh trdn ddu ngudi Sa Singapore la 35.163 USD ngudi, dung
thfl 21 trgn thi gidi; Bumei la 32.167 USD, dflng thfl 24 trgn thi gidi thi mdt sd qude gia khdc nhu Viet Nam la 818 USD, dung thfl
140 trgn thi gidi; Campuchia la 600 USD, dumg thfl 152 thi gidi; Ldo la 656 USD, dumg thfl 150 vd Myanma la 235 USD, d vi tri 174 trdn thi gidi.''^' Chdnh lech vl fl-inb do phdt tridn kinh tg dan tdi viec xac dinh khdc nhau gifla Igi ich va thfl bdc cdc vdn dg uu tign trong hgp tdc, keo theo su bdt ddng trong qua trinh hoach dinh, thyc hien chinh sdch cua cdc nudc ASEAN. Bgn canh dd, sy da dang cfla cdc he thdng chinh tri, tdn gido cfla cdc qude gia trong khu vyc ciing la mdt khd khdn cho qud trinh hgp tdc.
- Nhiing thdch thflc tfl bdn ngodi nhu thi trudng tdi chinh-tiln te thg gidi thdi gian qua dang cd nhidu bign ddng, mgt cugc khiing hodng tdi chinb-tidn te vdi mfle dg trdm trgng trdn quy md todn cdu theo cdnh bdo tfl IMF... dang Id mdi nguy co khdng loai trfl bat cfl qude gia ndo. Tdt cd nhflmg ydu td trgn dang de doa tryc tigp tdi sy dn djnh, phdt tridn cua timg qude gia cflng nhu khu vyc, ddng thdi, ciing ddt ra khdng it thdch thflc cho mdi trudmg tidn te dn dinh cfla ASEAN.
- Trong bdi cdnh cy thd cfla ASEAN, vdi dinh hudmg "thdng nhdt trong da dang" chfl khdng "nhat thd hod" nhu EU thi mdt trong nhumg vdn dd khdng thd khdng tinh tdi la:
D I tiln tdi ddng tien chung, bdn thdn mdi qude gia phdi chdp nhdn hi sinh mgt phdn chfl quygn qude gia trong ITnh vuc tidn te dg chuygn giao cho thigt chg chiu trach nhiem van hdnh chinh sdch tien te chung cho todn bd khu vyc. Ddy la mdt ddi hdi cd tinh
^ CHi LUAT HOC S 6 9/2008 87
Hle'n chuang ASEAN vOI hpp tic ehuyen nginh
nguygn tac vd vd cflng cdn thidt nhung lai het sflc nhay edm vd khd khan ddi vdi rieng cdc nudc ASEAN, nhdt la khi chinh sdch tidn te ludn la mdt trong nhiing chinh sach kinh te vT md quan trgng nhdt cfla moi qude gia. Thdng qua cdc cdng cy cfla nd, cdc qude gia tiln hdnh nhflmg can thiep, dilu chinh thich hgp ddi vdi ndn kinh tg qude dan cfla minh. Chuyen giao chinh sdch tiln te ddng nghTa vdi viec qude gia mdt di mdt trong nhflmg cdng cy dd dn dinh vd phdt tridn ndn kinh te qude dan. Thdm chi, dilu nay cd thi dan tdi vide qude gia khd cd the phdn flng kip thdi ddi vdi nhflmg cfl sdc kinh tl tfl ben trong cflng nhu bdn ngodi.
Ngugc trd lai vdi lich sfl hgp tdc cfla Lien minh chdu Au, ddi chidu vdi nhflmg thdnh tyu vd nhflmg bat cap cfla ASEAN cdn tdn tai, cd the thdy chdng dudng xdy dyng mdt ddng tiln chung ASEAN van cdn rdt nhidu khd khan vd trd ngai.
Tuy vdy, nlu Idy mdc thdi gian tu 1976 (nam ra ddi cfla Hiep udc Bali - ddu mdc quan trgng trong hgp tdc kinh tl cua ASEAN."^') ddn nay, so vdi khoang thdi gian gdn 50 nam cua EU de bign y tudng vl ddng EURO trd thdnh hien thyc thi ASEAN mdi chi mdt horn mdt nfla khoang thdi gian dd. Hon nfla, quy md vd trinh do phdt tridn kinh te cua timg qude gia ciing nhu todn bd EU so vdi ASEAN la khodng cdch khd ldn, ban than ASEAN cflng khdng cd truyin thdng hgp tac kinh te nhu cdc nudc EU. Do dd, ASEAN hoan todn cd the tu hdo vdi nhflmg chdng dudng da di qua vd tin tudng vdo tuong lai cua mdt ddng tien chung chdu
A. Vdi Hidn chuang ASEAN, Cgng ddng ASEAN dugc hinh thdnh se dua ASEAN tfl Hiep hdi thdnh Cdng ddng vflmg manh ve chinh tri, lidn ket chat che ve kinh te, hoat ddng nang ddng vd hieu qua hom. Ddc biet, Cdng ddng kinh te ASEAN 2015 vdi ndm sy ty do CO ban se Id nen tdng quan trgng, tao nen mdng kinh td viing chac cho sy ra ddi cfla ddng tien ehung./.
(l).Xem.- Memorandum of Understanding on the ASEAN Swap Arrangements-K.ua\a Lumpur, 5/8/1977.
(2).Xem: The supplementary agreements to the Memorandum of Understanding on the ASEAN Swap Arrangements-V/ashin^on. DC, 26/9/1978.
(3).Xem: Second, Third, Fourth supplementary agreements to the Memorandum of Understanding on the ASEAN Swap Arrangements, 1979, 1982, 1987.
(4).Xem: Fifth supplementary agreements to the Memorandum of Understanding on the ASEAN Swap Arrangements-Washinglon DC, 19/9/1992.
(5).Xem: "Viet Nam trong hap tdc tien te Ddng A", PGS.TS. Dinh Trpng Thinh - Lfi Thi Thuy Vin, Nxb.
Tai chinh, H. 2008, tr.109-110.
{6).The Joint Ministerial Statement of the ASEAN + 3 Finance Minister meeting, 6/5/2000, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
(7).Xem: "Viet Nam trong hgp tdc tien te Ddng A", Sdd, u. 88-89.
(8).Xem: "Viet Nam trong hap tdc lien le Ddng A", Sdd, tr. 117-118.
(9).Xem: http://w\vw.vietbao.vn/kinh_te
(10).Xem:http://www.tuoitre.com.vn/Tyanion/Index.aspx (1 l).Xem: Bdi phdt bieu cua Thii tudng Nguyin Tdn Dung tqi Hgi nghi thuang dinh kinh doanh vd ddu lU ASEAN, Singapore, ngay 18/11/2007.
(12).Xem: World Economic Outlook Database - Apirl 2008, IntemationatMonetary Fund.
(13).Xem: "55 ndm ASEAN hgp Idc vd phdt tri/n", Vien kinh t^ the' gidi. Nxb. Khoa hoc vi xa hdi, H. 2003, tr.55.
88 TAP CHl LUAT HOC S 6 9/2008