NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT NUOC NGOAI
IKIW l O E M dlA HOA KY TRONG BAO HO IWAN HEU fMM sAc
NGUviN TH! HO ANG HANH*
Tdm tSt: Hoa Ky Id mgt trong nhieng nudc dau tien quy dfnh vi bdo hg cdc logi nhdn^ hieu phi truyin thong, trong do cd nhan hieu dan sdc (single colour) ddng th&i cSng Id nudc cd nhiiu vu viec lien quan den vdn di ndy. Bdi viit ndy gi&i thieu cdc quy dfnh phdp lugt vd mpt sd thuc tien lien quan den ddng kt bdo hp nhdn hieu dan sdc & Hoa Ky.
Tie khod: Nhdn hieu dan sdc; tfnh phdn biet; tinh chuc ndng.
Abstract: The US is one of the first countries which have legal provisions on protection of non- traditional trademarks including single colour traderruirks as well as a country where many cases
•relating to the issue in question have occured. This paper introduces legal provisions and some practical issues relating to registration to protect single colour trademarks in the US.
Keywords: Single colour trademark; distinctiveness; juntionality.
M
au sde ngdy cdng dugc sfi dyng rpng rai tten san phSm, bao bi vd cho hogt dfing tuyen ttuyen quang cdo. So vai chfi cdi vd tfi ngfi, mdu sdc cd sy khdc biet lorn, ddng vai ttd quan ttpng trong vipe gifip cho nhting ngudi cd trayen thong vdn hod khdc nhau lya chpn sd ttifch cfia minh tfi nhung ddu hifiu mang tt'nh cam quan. Dfing thdi, mdu sdc tiu'ch hgp cdn cd thfi ldm tdng tfnh khde bifit cfia san pham. Vfdu, mdu dd cfia Coca Cola, mdu xanh cua Pepsi dfiu da di sdu vao tam tri nguoi tieu dfing. Vdi mdu sdc dgc tnmg dugc sfi dyng, ngudi tifiu dung cd thfi phdn bipt dugc dau Id san pham efia Coca Cola, ddu la sdn phdm cua Pepsi. Chfic nang phdn bipt bdng tryc quan md mau sdc cd duge da ldm tdng khd ndng phdn bipt ngufin gde san pham, dich vy, khiln cho cdc ddu hieu phdn bifit san pham bodc djch vy cang nhdn dugc chfi y cfia ngudi tieu dung.Nhan hipu mau sde cd till Id nhdn hifiu gom tfi hgp cde mau sdc vd ed till Id nhan hipu gdm mpt mdu don sdc. Hien nay, nhilu
nude tten thfi gioi da dua mau sdc vao phgm vi bdo hp nhan hipu, my ntiifin giua cdc nudc cd nhiing khde bipt v l viec nhdn djnh nhan hieu mau sdc. Ngodi mdt sd nude nhu Hoa Ky, Anh, Canada, AusttaUa bao hp nhan hifiu dem sic (single color), hau hfit cde nude ehi bao hg nhan tiifiu ta td hgp gom nhifiu mdu sdc (combination of color). Thdm clu cdc nudc dang phat trifin gdn ddy mdi b i t ddu bdo hp m^u sac sfi dung ttong nhan hifiu. Vf du nhu Tmng Qufic, ptiai d i n nam 2001, d l ddp fing yfiu cau efia Hiep djnh TRIPs, Ludt nhan hifiu mdi quy djnh bdo hd nhan hifiu Id t l hgp mau sdc.
Van de id tifiu chudn t h i m djnh nhan hifiu mdu va vific danh gid cdc y l u tfi xdm phgm quyen ddi vdi nhdn hifiu mdu cdn iba tgi nhieu khdc bifit ttong phdp ludt nhan hi?u gifia cdc nudc, d§n tdi viec bdo hg nhan hieu mau, ddc bifit la nhan hifiu mdu dan sdc cdn nhieu ttanh eai.
* NghiSn cihl sinh Vi?n lu^t Djii hpc Trung Son, Trung Quoc
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NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT NUdC NGOAI Hoa Ky Id mpt ttong nhung nudc bao bp nhdn hi$u mau don sdc sdm nhat. Mpt so nguyfin tac xac tap quyln ddi vdi nhan hipu mdu duge ttiilt ldp thdng qua cac ban an va sau dd duge dan chifiu dp dung mpt cdch rpng rai. Tmdc khi Lugt Lanham duge thdng qua, nhdn hieu mdu khdng dugc cdng nhdn vd ddng ki tgi Hoa Ky.
Ndm 1946, Ludt Lanham da igo can cfi phdp If eho vific ddng kf bao hfi nhan hieu don sdc tgi Hoa Ky vdi quy djnh: Mdt dau hifiu chi can ed tfnh phdn bifit trong hogt dpng thuang mgi thi cd thfi dugc ddng kf lam nhan hifiu. Bdi vay vfi mat If lugn, dau hipu Id mdu dan sde chi cin cd tfnh phdn bifit Id c6 thfi dugc dang kf nhdn hipu. Tuy nhifin, eon dudng dfi nhan hifiu don sac dugc cdp dang kf d Hoa Ky la rdt khd khdn. Trong thuc tien, toa dn cdc bang d Hoa Ky cd nhieu quan diem ttdi chieu ve viec cdng nhgn dau hifiu dan sac la mpt nhdn hipu, mgt sfi toa dn dua ra If ludn vfi thuyet cgn mdu (mdu sdc ehi ed hgn, khdng till cho mpt sd ehfi thfi dge quyfin sfi dung...) vd da khdng chap nhgn nhdn hifiu don sdc.*'' Ndm 1995, thong qua vy Qualitex, Tea dn toi cao Lifin bang da dua phdn quyfit cuii cfing dfi giai quyfit cde quan difim bit dfing ndy khi cho rdng ban tiidn mdu sdc cd Ific ed thfi phfi hgp cdc yfiu cdu CO ban cfia phdp ludt ve nhan hipu, Lugt Lanham Idiong quy djnh cam dang kf nhdn hipu don sac, bed vgy mau don sde khi ddp fing dfi tifiu chuan bdo hg nhan tiipu hodn todn cd the dugc cap ddng kf nhan hipu.
1. Dieu ki$n cor ban de bao hp nhan hieu don sac
Mgt ddu tiifiu de dugc ddng kf tam nhan tiifiu phai ddp fing cdc difiu ,kifin quy dinh ttong Ludt nhdn hieu, bao gfim ddu hipu phdi cd tinh phdn bifit, khdng mang tinh chfic nang va khdng xam phgm quyfin cd tmdc cfia ngudi khac. Trinh tu thdm dinh nhdn hifiu cfia Ca quan sang chfi va nhan hifiu Hoa Ky (USPTO) quy dinh, chi can mau sdc cd thfi dung dfi phdn bifit san pham, djch vy cfia ehfi sd hfin ttong boat ddng thuang mai la cd thfi dugc dang kf lam nhdn tiipu. Tuy nhifin, van cdn phai dap ung hai dieu kien mang tfnh tien dfi, mpt la khfing anh hufimg tdi nhu cdu cgnh ttanh ttong nganh nghe dd khi sfi dyng mau sac nay, hai ta mau sac do khdng mang tinh chfic ndng cfia san phdm.
1.1. Tinhphdn biit
Tinh phdn bifit (distinctiveness) efia nhan hipu Id yfiu cau ea ban nhat dfi nhan tiifiu dugc bdo hfi. Tfnh phdn bipt cfia nhan hieu td thudc tinh phdi cd cfia nhdn tiifiu de ed the nhan bifit nguon goc cfia sdn pham, phan bipt sdn pham, djch vu cfia chfi thfi nay vdi san pham, djch vu cfia ehfi the khdc. Thdng thudng, tinh phdn bifit efia nhan hipu cd the phdn thanh tinh phdn bipt co bun vd tinh phan bifit cd dugc qua qud trinh sfi dung.
Nfiu nhu thupc tinh co huu cfia ddu tiipu da dgt duge tiieu qud cd the nhgn bifit ngufin gdc cfia sdn phdm thi coi nhu dau hifiu dd c6 tt'nh phan bifit "co hiiu".* Doi vdi nhiing ddu hifiu khfing cd tinh'phdn biet cfi hfin nhung cd thfi thdng qua qud trinh sfi dung, tao ra dugc "y nghia thfi hai" (secondary meaning) ttong y thfic cfia eong chung ttii c6
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NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT NUOC NGOAI the cd duge tinh phdn bipt.*^' Do nhan tiifiu mau dem sac khdng gifing nhu chu edi, hinh vg, cd thfi thdng qua kT ndng thifit ke va y tufing de cd thfi trve tifip cd dugc tinh phdn biet cfi hfin nfin thudng phai cd thdi gian thdng qua hogt dpng sfi dyng rpng rai thi mdi cd the c6 duge ^ nghTa thfi hai vd dugc bao hp duoi dgng nhan hifiu. Y nghTa thfi bai Id cbi y nghTa khde ngodi y nghTa thdng tbudng, ibong qua tbdi gian ddi dugc sfi dung tren thj trudng, y nghTa dugc nay sinh sau ndy ttd thanh cdng cu de ngudi tifiu dfing phdn bifit ngudn gdc cfia san phdm hodc djch vy.
Trong vy "Echo Travel" ndm 1989, tod dn Hoa Ky Ian dau tien xdc djnh 7 yfiu tfi de phdn dodn mpt dau hieu cd y nghTa thfi hai, bao gdm: Bdng chung bdng Idi ndi cfia true tiep ngudi tifiu dung; bdo cdo difiu tta thi trudng hodc bdo cdo tfing hgp phieu difiu tta ngudi tifiu dfing; cdch thfie sfi dung, thdi gian sfi dung dai ngdn va mfic dp ddc ehifim sfi dyng nhdn bieu tren ihi tradng; lugng qudng cdo; lugng tifiu thy va sfi lugng ngudi tieu dfing; vj tri cfia nhdn hifiu do tten thj tradng; mfic dp nhan hifiu dd bj lam gia, sao chfip thyc lfi ttfin thj tradng.'''' Tfi 7 ylu tfi ttfin ddy cd the thdy y nghTa thfi hai cfia nhan hifiu chfi yfiu dugc xem xet ddnh gid tfi gdc dp ngudi lieu dung va thi tmcmg. Trong dd, tod an rat coi ttpng cdc kit qud dieu tta tfi ngudi tifiu dfing. Vf du, ttong vy Owen Coming, tod an eho rdng: "Tmng cupc thi qudng cdo trin truyin hinh ldn ddu tiin ndm 1981 han 50% khdn gid nam giai cd thi phdn biet chfnh xdc sdn phdm cua Cdng ti
Owens Coming thdng qua mdu hong phdn Id
minh chiing cho viic nhdn hiiu mdu hong phdn ndy co tfnh phdn biet mgnh". *^'
2.2. Khong mang tfnh chiec ndng Nhfing ddu hieu mang ddc trung chfic ndng cfia sdn phdm thudng khong t h l dugc chdp nhdn lam nhan hifiu, n l u vific sfi dyng nhdn hifiu cd ^ nghTa c a ban hodc cd the dnh budng din chit lugng, gid cd cfia sdn phim till khdng till ddng ki bdo hd nhan hifiu do, cho dfi ngudi nop dan cd thfi chfing minh tt'nh phdn bifit cfia mdu sde dinh ddng kf Idm nhan hieu. Thfing thudng, tfnh chfic ndng thuomg bao g i m chfic ndng "sfi dung" va chfic ndng "tham mf'.***
- Chfic ndng sfi dyng:
Chfic nang sfi dung cfia san phdm dugc li gidi theo cdch thong thudng la: 1) IChdng Uie thieu dugc dfii vdi viec sfi dung san phdm;
hodc 2) sfi anh hucmg dfin chat lugng hodc gid thanh ctia sdn pham. Neu ddc tnmg ndy chi cd the thfi hifin khi thyc tiipn chfic nang cfia san pham thi dugc coi la "khfing the thifiu".*^* Nfiu ddc trang nay dugc tao ra, sfi dyng se lam gidm gid thanh san phdm hoac ndng cao chat lugng cfia san phim thi tiiufic traong hgp 2.'^* Trong vu Inwood nam 1982, tod dn nhgn djnh rdng dau hifiu mdu sic phu hgp vdi tradng hgp I ed tinh chuc ndng cfi hiiu. Cdng ti Ives dd sfi dyng mau xanh va mdu xanh dd ldm vd ngoai efia vifin con nhfing cho san pham logi vifin con nhfing 200mg vd 400mg, d i n g thdi tiln hanh ddng kl sdng chfi vd dang ki nhan hipu mdu nay cho sdn phdm thudc. Sau khi thdi han bdo hO sdng c h l ciia Cdng ti Ives da hit, Cfing ti Inwood san xuit vifin con nhfing cimg loai vd cung sfi dung mdu sde dd. C:6ng ti Ives
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT NUOC NGOAI kipn Cdng ti Inwood xdm pham quyen dfii vdi nhdn hifiu cfia minh. Toa dn tfii eao Lien bang Hoa Ky nhdn dinh: mau sdc cfia vifin con nhdng mang tfnh chfic ndng. If do Id nhilu ngudi tieu dfing dya vao ldng tin dli vdi dugc phdm nguyfin gfic, khdng mufin thay thfi logi san phdm khdc, tuy cuoi cfing van theo su hudng dan ciia bdc sT cd thl dung loai thudc khdc nhung van gay Io Idng cho ngudi dfing; man sac efia vifin con nhgng cd thfi gifip ngudi tieu dung phdn bifit vd chgn dugc dung logi thude cfia minh cin;
mdu tifiu ehuan cd thfi giup cho ca bde sT xac djnh dugc vific sfi dung qud lieu mgt logi thufic ndo dd. Trong vu Branswick ndm 1994, tod dn tu chdi dang kf mdu den cho vd ngoai cfia dfing eo vdi If do Id mdu den so vdi cdc mau khae de gifip khdch hdng nhgn ra kfeh ed nhd be cua ddng ca, ngodi ra mdu den de phli vdi cdc mdu sdc khdc nfin cd ti'nh cgnh ttanh cao, vi vgy mang tinh chuc ndng.* *
- Chfie ndng tham mT:
Thdng thudng theo Iugt dn Ip, *'niu nhu mgt cdch thuc kiim nghiem tfnh chiec nang ddc trung cua san phdm duac xdc lgp trong vy Inwood thi cdc vu vi^c tuang lu phdt sinh sau do tod dn khong cdn phdi thdo ludn lgi vdn di ndy".*'°' Tuy nhifin, ttong vy Qualitex ndm 1995, Toa an tdi cao lgi neu y kifin rdng nfiu mgt dau hifiu dugc yfiu cdu bdo hg cd gia trj thdm mi cd thfi dem lai lgi fch Idn md vific thu Igi nay khdng phdi do cdch thifit kl khde ed the dem Iai thi se bj coi Id cd chfic ndng thiet ke, neu nhu ttao dgc quyfin cho ddu hieu ndy se gay bit lgi cho cdc dfii thfi cgnh ttanh khde.*"' Cho du khdng ed chfing cfi chfing minh nhan hipu
ndy sfi sfi dyng hodc c6 y dd sfi dung cho sdn pham hodc cd lien quan din gid thdnh hodc chat Iugng thi cdch thfie nhgn djnh ndy van duge ap dung.
Nhgn dinh chfic nang thdm mT cfia mfit nhan hipu gdm ba vdn dfi sau: Trade hit Id hai npi dung ttong "kilm nghifim tix)ng vy Inwood", dd Id phan tfch xem ddc trung ndy c6 phai la yfiu td "khfing thfi thilu ttong vific sfi dung hode ttong ^ dd sfi dung hay khfing"
bode "nfiu ttiay dfii ddc tnmg ndy thi se anh hudng tdi gid thanh hoac chat lugng cfia sdn phdm"; nfiu can thifit ttu xem xet dfin van dfi thfi ba, dd Id ddn chilu vy QuaUtex xdc tap cdch thfic "kifim nghifim tt'nh tat yeu ttong cgnh tranh", xem xet xem viec sfi dyng dau hifiu dd cd khifin eho dli thfi cgnh tranh 6 vdo vj the bat lgi hay khfing, neu cd thi se nhdn dinh ddc tnmg dd mang tfnh chfic ndng. Thdng thudng, cdch kiem nghipm theo vy Inwood duge coi td cdch thfic trayfin thfing, neu da thye tiifin dugc cdch kiem nghipm nay va khang djnh Id diu tneu mang tfnh chuc nang thi cd thfi dua ra phdn quyet cufii eung. Neu xem xet theo cdch thfic ndy chua ed eau tta ldi thi tifip tuc dp dyng cdch kifim chung vfi tinh tit yeu ttong cgnh ttanh Iam cdch thfic Idfim chfing bfi sung.
Ndi mfit each dan gian, ddc trung cfia nhdn hifiu nfiu cd chfic nang tham mT sfi khong dugc bao hp theo Dgo luat Lanham, nfiu khfing se gdy ttd ngai cho cdc nhd kinh doanh tifim nang tham gia vao ITnh vyc dd, tham gia vao cgnh ttanh ttfin thj tiirdng. Tod an khi tifin hdnh phdn doan cde ddu hipu cfia sdn pham ed tfnh chuc nang hay khong.
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT NUdC NGOAI trade tifin phdi xdc dinh xem ddc tnmg ttiifit ke ciia nhan hifiu cd phai la yeu tfi bat bupc dfi canh ttanh ttfin thi tmdng da xdc djnti hay khfing. Toa an ktii dua ra cdc phdn quyet can ddnh gia giura lgi fch mang tinh cgnh tranh trong tuong lai vdi cdi gia cfia vific logi ttfi tfnh canh tranh cfia cac nha kinh doanh khde.
2. Vy QuaUtex - xac I3p quyen sor huu tri tup doi vol nhan hipu mau
Nhdn tiieu mdu ddu tien d Hoa Kjr xudt hifin vdo nam 1987. Nam 1987, Cfing ti Owens-Coming da ddng Id thdnh cdng mdu hdng phdn Iam nhan tiifiu cho sdn phdm cdch ntufit sgi thuy tinh. Tu ndm 1956, Cdng ti dd sfi dung mau ndy trong hogt dpng thuang mai. Ngdy 25/1/1980, Cdng ti nop ddng kf mdu ndy Idm nhan tneu, USPTO da tfi choi dan vdi If do Cdng ti Owens khdng chung minh dugc mdu hdng phin Id ddu tufiu dl phdn bifit sdn phdm, dfing dfi nhgn bifit ngufin gfic cua sdn phdm ddng thoi nfiu If do chua cd tiln lp ddng kf Ioai nhan hifiu nay.
USPTO cho rdng sfi dyng mau sdC Iam nhan hifiu vd sfi dung mau sdc Idm mpt phan trong ttiifit kfi nhan hifiu Id hodn todn khdc nhau;
dong tbdi cdn nfiu tfi ndm 1906, Toa dn Lifin bang da chi ra rdng mdu sdc cd thl kit hgp vdi cae ddu tiifiu co bdn Ididc nhu hinh ttdn, hinh vudng, hinh tam gidc, hinh chu ttiap hodc hinh ngdi sao de tgo thdnh nhan tiipu vd chi ban chfi ttong cdc tmdng hgp ndy.''^' Sau ndy, khi vu viec dugc dua ten Toa thugng tl cfia Tod dn Lifin bang thi kfit qua phan quyfit Igi cd sy thay dfii ea ban. Toa nhdn dinh mau hfing phdn khong nhiing ehi ra dugc ngufin goc cfia hdng hod ma viec sfi dung mau nay
cdn bdo vfi dugc Igi fch cdng cpng. Bfii vgy, Tod an cho phfip Cdng ti Owens dugc ddng kf mau hdng phdn Iam nhan hipu.*'^'
Thy nhifin, ban dn ndy chua tdm thay doi dugc "thdi dg" ciia cdc toa an Hoa K^, sau do ttong rit ntuiu vy tuang ty, mau sdc vin hi tfi chli ddng kf Iam nhan hieu. Phai den vy Qualitex, tod an mdi xdc djnh ro ttong tradng hgp ndo mau sdc duge ddng kf bao hp ldm nhan tufiu.
Ndm 1957, Cfing ti Qualitex bit diu sdn xudt vd tifiu thy "milng dfim dfing trong gidt kho" vk sfi dung mdu xanh Id cay (green- gold) cho sdn phdm ndy. Tfi ndm 1989, Cfing ti Jaeobson bit dau san xuat, tifiu thy san pham tuang ty eiing cd mau xanh Id cdy.
Nam 1991, Cdng ti Qualitex dugc cdp Giay chting nhdn ddng kf nhdn hifiu "mau xanh Id cay" cho sdn pham ndy. Sau khi nhdn dugc Giay chfing nhdn dang kf nhan hifiu, Cong ti QuaUtex da Icifin Cdng ti Jaeobson yeu cdu cham dirt vific sfi dung mdu nay cho sdn pham trung vdi san phdm cfia minh. Cong ti Qualitex da thdng kien d cdp xfit xfi so tlidm tai toa dia phuang. Tuy ntiifin, din cdp phuc tham tgi Toa dn cdp khu vuc sd 9, thim phdn Iai cho ring theo phdp ludt nhan hipu cfia Hoa Ky ttii ehua ed quy djnh cho viec sfi dyng mdu sac ldm nhdn hifiu dfi tiln hanh dang kf nfin da bdc dan kifin cfia Cdng ti Qualitex. Cdng ti Qualitex da kifin tiep len Toa dn tdi cao Lien bang. Ndm 1995, Toa dn Ifii eao Lifin bang da ra phan quylt gidi quyfit ttanh ludn sudt thdi gian dai vl viee cd bao hfi dpc quyfin cho nhdn hifiu mau hay khfing.
Luat Lanham dua ra djnh nghTa: "Nhdn hiiu bao gdm tic ngU, tin gpi. biiu tuang,
TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 6/2015
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT NUdC NGOAI yeu to bdt ki hogc td hpp cdc ddu hieu
^ " (14) j ^ ^ ^ j^j ^^^ j ^ . . ^ j ^ ^ g ^^^ ^ g tu ktii con ngudi sfi dung cdch bieu dat "bilu tugng" hogc "ylu td" la da bao hdm tdt cd cdc cdc kha ndng cd thl xay ra. Tod dn va USPTO dd thfia nhgn cdc hinh dge bifit (chai CoCa Cola), am thanh ddc bifit (Cfing ti Metto-Goldwyn-Mayer - MGM ddng kf bao hp nhan hifiu cho tieng su tfi gam), mui ddc bipt (vf du nhu mfii hoa dung cho ehi khdu) dfiu ed thfi dugc bao hg ldm nhan hipu, vgy tgi sao Igi loai trfi mdu sdc? Rd rdng, I|ip tradng cfia Tod dn toi eao Id nlu nhu lugt khfing cam vific bdo hfi nhan hieu dfii vdi mdu sac thi khdng nfin ed sy giai thfch vd dp dung ludt theo hudng thu hep.
Bfin cgnh dd, Dieu 2 Luat Lanham edn cbi ro: "... khdng dugrc lay If do vi tinh chdt cua ddu hieu ma tic choi bdo hp nhan hieu cho cdc ddu hieu bdt A:?".*'^' Phdn quyet cfia Toa dn toi cao ttong vu Qualitex kien Cdng ti Jaeobson da thua nhgn mau sdc c6 the dugc bdo hg ldm nhan hifiu.
3. V^ Louboutin*^^' - Mau don sac trong nganh thoi trang dirge xac lap quyen, bao h$ dirdi dang nhan hieu
Mdu sac dugc coi Id mfit ttong nhfing yeu to thiet kl cd thfi nhanh chdng thu hfit nhdn quang efia ngufin tifiu dfing dli vdi san phdm. DSic bipt Id ttong ngdnh thdi ttang, mdu sic Id bd phdn khdng the thilu ttong thiel kfi san pham. Mdi mfia vy, cdc nhd thiet kfi thudng chgn mdt ho^c mfit sd mau Iam y tudng thilt kl chfi dao, ttong dd cd ttudng hgp mpt mdu sdc kinh difin tin tgi may chye ndm khdng thay ddi nhung cfing ed ttudng hgp mdu sic thay doi theo ttao luu mdi. Tfnh
quan ttpng efia mau sdc doi vdi nganh thdi trang cdn thfi hifin d chfi, ttong nhifiu tmdng hgp, nguoi tifiu dilng lya chpn mua sdn phdm ta dya ttfin tua chgn vl thilt kl mdu sdc. Bfii vgy, ngudi ta lo ngai rang neu nhu ttao dpc quyen nhdn hifiu Id cdc dau hipu mdu sac thi lieu cd din den vific mau sdc nao do bi mgt ngudi tiing dogn, tgo ra cgnh ttanh khdng Idnh manh ttong thi tmdng hay khdng? Day ctiinh la "tf ludn vfi sfi dyng hfit mau sac".
Tuy nhifin, edeh giai thi'eh ndy khong cd sfic thuyfit phyc bdi vi cdc tradng hgp thudng la ngiu nhien hodc suy dodn ttfin cdc tmdng hgp ey thl, thudng dfing phuang thfie dgt gia ttiilt dfi suy doan. Trfin thyc te, mpt mau sac nao dd dugc sfi dung tdm nhan tiieu nhung khong logi trfi viec sfi dung cdc mdu tucmg ty khde. Viee gia djnh eho du nay sinh van dfi "sfi dyng hit mdu sdc" tbi quy dinh vfi hgn chfi do tt'nh chfie ndng cfia phdp ludt nhdn hifiu ciing se ed thl gidi quyet dugc vdn dfi nay. Bdi vi ktii mgt sdn phdm nao do ctii cd the sfi dung mgt hoac m$t so mdu sac ndo dd thi ed nghTa mau sic dd khong duge sfi dyng Igi de ehi dan dfi phan bifit ngudn gdc cfia san pham, ma ttd thdnh ddc tnmg khong thfi thifiu cfia san pliam, mang tinh chuc nang khfing duge bao ho theo lual nhan hifiu.
Ngodi ra, tinh dge trung efia mfit nhan hifiu mdu khifin cho difiu kifin ddrig ki nhan tiifiu khdc hoan todn vdi nhdn tiifiu unyfin thong, cdc mdu sdc khdng cd tfnh phdn biet khfing thl duge ddng kf dfic quyln lam nhan hieu, bai vdy mau sic cfia ngdnh nghfi nao do khdng till tang mdt cdch nhanh chdng vd bi mfit sfi doanh nghifip sfi dyng hit.*'" Cung vdi sy phdt trifin efia Idioa hpc kT thugt, eon
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 6/2015
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT NUOC NGOAI nguoi ngay cdng cd the xdc djnh dugc mau sic va tgo ra thfim mdu sac, difiu ndy cd thfi ktiifin cac doanh ngtiiep ngdy cang cd niiifiu mku sdc dfi dang kf. Nang tuc sfi dyng mau sdc cfia con ngudi dugc ndng eao trfin thuc tfi ctifnh la tdng sd tugng eac mau sdc cd thfi dugc sfi dyng. Trong vu Louboutin, bfin hi kifin ta Cong ti YSL my cudi cfing khfing bi coi Id cd hdnh vi xam pham quyen nhung y nghTa quan trpng cfia vu viec Id dua ra dugc nhdn djnh: Trong nganh thoi ttang, nhan hifiu dan sic ctii can dap fing cdc quy dinb trong Ludt Lanham ttu van cd thfi dugc bao hfi lam nhan bieu.
3.1. Npi dtmg vu viic vd cdc vdn de tranh lugn trong vu dn
Nam 1992, bfin khoi kien la Cdng ti Louboutin da dua ra ttii tradng logi gidy nfi ed phong cdch ddc biet la phan dfi gidy man dd, tfi do loai giay ndy ndi tieng ttong gidi thdi trang. Cdng ti Loulmutin da diu tu rat nhieu dfi tgo ra logi giay nay, tgo duge uy tfn vd da xdc lap dugc quyen logi trfi ngudi khac sfi dung nhan hipu gidy dfi son dd ndy. Thi tmdng cfia Cdng ti Louboutin md rdng mdt edeh thanh efing. Trong thj tmdng thuang mgi ed dp rfii ro cao, vdi sy nd lyc cfia Cong ti, dfi giay mdu do da tgo dyng dugc mfii quan he mdt thifit vai thuang hifiu cfia Cfing ti Louboutin. Ddi vdi nhiing nguoi trong nganh thdi trang, ktu nhin den dfi giay mau scm dd cd thfi lap tfic Ufin tudng tdi cdng nghfi chfi tgo gidy cfia Cong ti Louboutin.
Dya trfin su dnh hudng cfia vific nguoi tifiu dung nhan bifit dugc ddc trung de giay mdu dd, ngdy 27/3/2007, Cfing ti Louboutin dd nop don ddng ki nhdn tneu "de giay man
dd" Ifin USPTO vd dfin thdng 1/2008 dugc cdp gidy chfing nhgn ddng kf nhan tiifiu.
Nhdn hipu ndy dugc mo ta nhu sau: "mdu dfi ta ddc tnmg cfia nhan hifiu, nhan hifiu ndy dugc till hifin dudi dang dl giay mdu dd".
Vific md ta cdn kem theo ttanh dnh dfi the hipn ro vi tri su dyng mdu sdc ttfin gidy.
Ndm 2011, Cdng ti YSL chuin bj dua ra thj tmdng mau gidy "mdt mdu sac", bao gdm cae mdu ti'm, xanh, vang va dd. "Gidy mdt mdu" efia Cdng ti YSL ehi dung logi da mpt mau nhu mdu dd cho cdc bp phgn efia giay nhu bfin trong long giay, dfi gidy, gdt gidy vd mui giay...
Ngay 7/4/2011, Cdng ti Louboutin can cfi vao Ludt Lanham chfnh thuc kifin Cfing ti YSL Ifin toa an vl viec Cfing ti YSL xam phgm quyfin ddi vdi nhan tiifiu cfia minh va yfiu cdu Cdng d YSL cham dfit dua ra thj tmdng logi gidy nfi cd dfi mau dd, bao gdm ca loai giay mdt man do ed chfia phan dfi mau dd.
Cfing ti YSL phan dfii vd yeu cau hfiy bo ddng kl nhan hifiu giay de do vdi If do nhdn hifiu ndy Ididng cd tfnh phan bifit ma diu hifiu mdu sdc d ddy mang tfnh chfic ndng.
Ngay 10/8/2011, toa dn dja phuang da tfi choi ban hanh lenh cam tgm thdi ddng thdi dua ra vdn de can thdo ludn, do Id mdu sic sfi dyng ttong ITnh vuc thdi trang, nlu nhu clii dfing mau dan sac dfi phan biet chdt tugng san phdm thi khong thl duge bao hp tdm nhan tiifiu theo Ludt Lanliam, ndi cdch khdc thdo tuan xem Ufiu ddc tfnh cfia gidi tiidi thugng cd dnh hudng tdi vific bdo hg nhan tiifiu mau dan sac bay khong.
Toa dn dia phuang cho ring, khi "cdng dung chinh cfia mdu sdc Id d eho phdn biet
TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 6/2015
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT NUdC NGOAI ngufin gde ma kbdng su dung cho cdc chfic ndng quan ttpng khdc" thi cd thl dugc bao hd nhan hipu. Tuy nhifin, toa dn ciing cho ring, mac dfi chua ed tien tp nhung cflng khfing khd nhdn ra ring "cho dfi sfi dung vdi myc dich thuang mai ndo thi vipc mdu don sdc dugc bdo bfi ldm nhan hifiu van tin tgi van dfi vfi tfnh hgp If', bdi vi cde ylu td cdu tiidnh nhdn hipu nhu ehfi cdi, hinh vfi, chfi sfi, mdu sac tmdc khi dugc lya chgn vd su dung Iam nhan hipu khdng thfi cd tdc dyng phan biet ngufin gdc san phdm. Trong ITnh vuc thoi ttang, do mau dan sdc ddng thdi mang tfnh chfic nang nfin viec ddng kf nhdn hieu tuy tfing tradng hgp cu thfi cd thfi bj coi td vfi hieu. Do vgy, tod dn dja phuang ntidn djnh de giay mau dd cfia Cdng ti Louboutin sfi dung lam nhan hifiu Id khdng hgp Ii nen da bdc dan kifin cfia Cong ti Louboutin.
Khfing dong y vdi vipe bdc dan ndy, CGng ti Louboutin tiep tye kien phue thim.
3.2. Mdu dan sdc co thi bao hp ldm nhdn hieu md khong lien quan din dgc trung ngdnh nghi
Muc dich ctifnh cfia Ludt nhan hifiu Lien bang Id "bdo ve l(ri fch cong cpng, giiip cong chung khong bi nhdm ldn vd liira ddi vi nguon goc cua sdn phdm; dong th&i cSng bdo vi lpi fch cUa cdc nhd kinh doanh, bao ddm cho cdc quyin lgi hap phdp md hp cd duac thdng qua hogt dpng ddu tu, tfch liiy danh tiing".^^^^ Phdp ludt nhan hipu tiiong qua vipe cam ngudi khdc cd hdnh vi sao chfip cac dau tiifiu ehi din nguon glc, gifip cho ngufii tifiu dfing tiifing qua nhdn hipu nhdn bifit mpt cdch nhanh ehdng vd tiipu qua ngufin goc cfia san pham de mua dugc sdn
pham ma minh ua ttifch, Ididng m^ thoi gian ktii dua ra quyfit dinh lua chpn sdn ptidm.
Bfin cgnh dd, luat nhan hipu edn bao dam cho cdc nha san xuat cd nhiing sdn pham uu vifit, ddu tranh vdi cac hanh vi xdm phgm quyfin, gia mgo nhdn hifiu.
Mac du vdy, Iugt nhan hipu khdng nhim myc dfch bdo hp quyln tiing doan cfia nhd ttiifit kfi nhan tiifiu dua tten d ^ trung eiia san plidm, tuy rdng cd thfi dugc thfia nhdn quyfin nay theo ludt patent bode lugt ban quyfin.
Bao bfi theo luat patent hode luat ban quyfin dfi khuyen khfch boat dfing sdng tgo, cdn ludt nhan hipu Id nham duy tri hogt dgng cgnh ttanh ldnh mgnh ttfin thi tradng vd bao dam quyfin Igi cho ngudi tifiu dfing.
Trong vy Qualitex, lod dn the bifin rd quan difim cfia minh la: "mdu sdc niu ddp img cdc yiu cau theo lugt djnh thi khong du(rc lay bdt cie quy tdc dgc bi$t gi di chong lgi viic mdu sdc do dupc bdo hp theo lugt nhdn hieu".^ ' Ndi cdch khdc, cin liy sy thuc Iam can cu dfi tifin hdnh thdm djnh nhdn hieu, khfing dugc dp dung nguyfin tdc vi pham luat djnb. Toa dn dia phuang da dp dung sai nguyfin tdc nay, cho rdng thupe tt'nh ddc biet cua nganh thdi ttang khfing cd Igi cho viec bdo hg nhan tiifiu dan sdc vi ttong nganh thdi ttang, mau sac dugc coi Id mdt cong eu cfia nha thifit kfi. Thyc tien lu phdp cfia Hoa Ky cung da chfing minh, vific bao hg quyfin sd huu trf tup dfii vdi kieu ddng thdi trang ludn Id vdn dfi dugc ttanh ludn nhieu ttong gidi Iugt gia. Mgt sfi ngudi chfi traong bao hg nhu theo he thfing quyen sd hiiu tri tue hifin hanh, cdn mgt s6 khdc tiii de xudng xay dyng quy djnh vl bao hd rifing
TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 6/2015
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT NUdC NGOAI eho kifiu dang thdi trang. Trong vu dn nay.
Tod dn Lifin bang cho ring viec bdo bg nhdn hifiu trong nganh thdi trang khdc vdi cac nganh khdc.
Vy vific ndy da dugc ap dyng hai budc ttidm djnh dfi xdc dinh xem nhan hifiu cfia ben khdi kifin cd bi xam phgm quyln hay khdng: Mgt Id xac dinh xem nhan hipu nay cd thl dugc bao hd hay khdng, nghTa Id xem xet xem hanh vi sfi dung nhan tiifiu trung hodc tuong ty ed ktiifin cho ngudi tifiu dfing bj nhim lan hay khdng; hai Id thao lugn ve ludn difim Cfing ti YSL dua ra phan doi dya trfin tinh chuc nang, cu thfi la xem xfit ve chfic ndng tham mT efia mdu sde.
Giay chfing nhan ddng kf nhan tiifiu do USPTO cdp da dfi de chung minh viee dang kf nhan tiipu Id hgp phdp, tfic Id nhan hifiu dugc phdp ludt bao hp, chfi sd hfin nhan hifiu dugc hudng dpc quyen dfii vdi nhan hifiu va cd quyfin cdm ngudi khac sfi dung nhdn hifiu dd khi chua dugc phfip cfia minh.
Toa dn Lien bang cho rdng, xet tu thuc rien vy viee, dau hieu dfi giay mdu do khfing dugc bdo hp theo ludt nhan hieu, nfiu khong se logi trfi cdc ddi thfi eanh ttanh khdc sfi dung dau hieu ndy thdm ehf logi trfi cd vific ngudi khdc sfi dung mau do cho gdt giay.
Tuy nhifin, nfiu nhu ddu hifiu de gidy cd dugc y nghta thfi hai, tfic khi ngudi tifiu dung nhin thay dau bifiu dfi giay mdu dd la cd thfi lifin tudng dfin thuang hifiu cfia Cdng tl Loutioutin ttii khi dd, dfi giay mdu dd cd thfi dugc bao hg lam nhan hieu.
Nhu da ndi d ttfin, tfnh phan bifit efia nhan tiifiu dugc phan thanh tfnh phan bifit eo hiiu vd tfnh phdn bipt do cd dugc y nghia tiiu
hai tfi qua ttTnh sfi dung. Trong vy vific nay ddu hipu di giay mdu dd cd y nghTa thfi bai, cd tfnh phdn biet, cd thfi dfing Idm ddu hien phdn bifit hdng hod mang thuong tiieu cfia Cdng ti Louboutin vdi Cdng ti khdc, vgy nfin dugc bdo hp hgp phdp doi vdi nhan hifiu. Mau dan sic duang nhu khdng cd tt'nh' phdn bifit cd hiiu vi ban than mdu sdc khfing thfi ty dgng chi ddn tdi mfit thuang hieu nao dd nhung mau sac cd the cd y nghTa thu hai. Thdng qua vific sfi dyng, ngudi tifiu dfing se dung sdn phdm cd nhfing mau sic ddc dinh trfin bao bi hodc trfin sdn pham nfin cd thfi lifin he tdi thuong hifiu.
Khi dd, mau sic se phdt huy dugc vai trd id ddu hifiu chi dan nguon gdc sdn phdm, cd hifiu qua nhu doi vai cde ddu hifiu la tfi ngu mang tinh mifiu ta. Thdng thudng, nhan hifiu mdu dan sac thudng phai cd dugc ^ nghta thfi hai ttu mdi cd tinh phdn biet. Toa dn Lien bang cho rang diu hieu ndo dd nfiu duge sfi dung Ufin tyc, dot phd thi se dfi dang thuyfit minh dau hifiu do ttd thanh dau hifiu chi ngufin gfic san phim, khi do khfing ed li do gi tu chfii vific diu hifiu mdu don sac cd the ed -y nghla. thfi hai.
Khi thao ludn vl "-p nghTa thfi hai" cin kit hgp vdi y chi ngudi tieu diing, thdm djnh cac nhdn tfi Ufin quan dfin vipc nguai tifiu dung nhdn bifit san phdm va cdc nhdn tl lifin quan din y nghTa tbu hai. Cu thfi la: 1) chi phf cho quang cdo; 2) mfii Ufin hp cfia ngudi tifiu dung vdi nhan hifiu vd san phim dugc chi dan tdi; 3) tuyen trayfin ty phat efia cdc phuang tifin ttnyfin thdng dfii vdi san phdm;
4) mfic do thdnh cdng cua viec tieu thy san phdm; 5) y dfi gia mgo nhan hifiu; 6) tiidi
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S<5 6/2015
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT NUOC NGOAI gian sfi dyng nhan hieu vd sfi dung mang tfnh logi trfi. Difiu quan trgng la khi ttiim djnh nhan hifiu xem cd ^ nghTa thfi hai hay khfing, thudng khdng ldy cdng chung Idm chuan md phy thudc vdo sdn phdm, kfit hgp vdi nhgn biet efia nguoi tieu dung.*^* Trong vy ndy, Cdng ti Louboutin dua san phdm gidy nfi ed de mau dd ra thj tmdng tifiu thy, ttdi qua hon 20 nam, lugng doanh thu ldn dd tgo nfin danh tifing, xdc lap dugc quyfin loai trfi ngudi khdc sfi dyng dau hifiu dfi gidy mdu dd ttfin thj tradng. Su no luc cfia Cfing ti Louboutin da khien cho thuong hipu ndy duge bifit dfin r^ng rai trfin phgm vi todn the gidi nfin trong cdc trudng hgp nhdt djnh, vific sfi dung mdu dd ttong cung ITnh vyc sdn pham nhu trong vu nay la khong binh thudng. Do vdy. Tod an Lifin bang nhgn djnh, Cdng ti Louboutin da tao ra cdc ddu hifiu mang tfnh khde biet, dau hieu ndy cd mdi lifin he mdt thilt vdi thuang hieu, dfii vdi nhiing ngudi ttong ITnh vyc ed lifin quan, phat huy dugc vai tto chi dan ngufin gdc tfic thi. Cdng ti Louboutin dfing dl mdu dd cho san phdm gidy nu da gifip nhiin dien thuang hifiu cfia Cdng ri nay nfin dau hipu ndy cd U'nh phdn bifit, cd thfi dugc bao hfi. Tuy ntiien. Tod dn Lifin bang eung cho ring Cfing ti Louboutin dang kf bao hg nhdn hipu dfi gidy mdu dd se khdng duge ap dyng tdi cd sfi dung mau dd eho bfi mat gidy. Ndi edeh khde, Cfing ti Louboutin cd dugc ldy vi^c dpc quyfin nhan hifiu dl giay mdu do dfi logi trfi doi thfi sfi dyng mau do cho bl mdt giay hay khfing van edn la vdn de can ttanh lugn. Bdi be mat gidy vdi dl gidy cd do mgnh khdc nhau, vi sfi dyng d
phdn dfi gidy nfin mdi cd tfnh phdn bifit vd cd tdc dung chi dan ngufin goc.
Xem xfit vy kifin tu pham vi dugc bao hd nhan tufiu cfia Cdng ti Louboutin cd thfi thdy viec Cong ti YSL sfi dung mdu dd eho bfi mdt gidy bao gfim ca dfi gidy se khfing cdu thdnh hanh vi sfi dyng nhan hieu cfia Cdng ti Louboutin. Do vay. Tod dn cho rdng khong cdn phai tiep tyc thdm dinh ve hanh vi sfi dyng cita Cong ti YSL cd gdy nhdm Ian cho ngudi tifiu dung hay khdng.
Tdm Igi, viee bao hp nhan hieu mau don sie van cdn ton tgi nhieu vdn dfi. Vi dy nhu d mdt s6 nudc phdt triln, tuy phdp luat cd quy dinh bao hp logi nhdn hifiu nay nhung chua cd quy djnh thdng nhdt vfi tifiu chudn bdo hg nfin gdy khd khan cbo tham djnh vifin khi tham djnh dan cung nhu khd nhdn djnh hdnh vi xam phgm quyen ttong qua trinh thyc thi quyln (vi dy nhu vific md td mdu sic can dgt din mfic dg ndo, mau sde dugc edn efi theo bang phdn logi nao vd ttong hfi sa dang ki cd cdn nop dnh chyp khfing...). Rd rang nfiu nhu khdng cd nhiing tifiu chudn cy thfi, khd trdnh khdi tinh trgng cdc thdm dinh vifin nhan hieu se dua ra nhfing kfit lugn khdc nhau ttong qua tnnh tham djnh. Bfin cgnh dd, do dde thfi efia mdu sic ta mpt ttong nhiing chfie nang cua sdn phdm, dgc bifit Id chfic ndng thdm mT ttong Itnh vuc thdi trang nfin vice ddnh gid tfnh phdn biet cfia nhan hieu eiing can ed nhfing tifiu ehuan tli thieu.
Phap Iugt Viet Nam ehua quy djnh vfi bdo hg nhan tiifiu dem sic, tuy ntiifin vdi sy phdt trien va trao ddi thucmg mgi hang hoa
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 6/2015
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT NUdC NGOAI ngdy cang difin ra mgnh mg thi vific bdo hp ioai hinh nhan tufiu nay se Id mpt nhu ciu tit yeu trong tuang Iai. Bdi vgy khi de vific xdc lap quyfin eiing nhu thue tlii quyfin dugc ddm bdo tt'nh cdng bdng, tranh nhfing ttanh chip khdng ddng cd tlii ngay tfi ktii xdy dyng cdc quy djnh phdp luat ve bao bg logi liinh nhan hifiu nay, cdc nha tap phap can luu y din eac ylu tfi trfin, ddc bipt Id cdn hpe tap kinh nghifim cfia cac nude phat trifin da ed qua trinh bao bg vd thye tin tiifiu qua logi hinh nhdn hieu nay7.
{!). Vi du: Trong vu NuUasweet, to^ &n tuy^t doi cSm b&o hp nhan hi^u mpt miu; trong vy Owens-Coring, toi i n ra phin quyet cho p h ^ ^ n g kf nhan hi^u l i mpt miu h6ng; trong vy Master Distributions, toi in iing hO quan diem cim siJr dung m i u don sic lim nhin hi?u.
(2).Xem: Two Pesos, Inc v. Taco Cabana, Inc, 505 U.S 763, 768.112 S. Ct. 2753, 120 L.Ed. 2d 615 (1992).
(3).Xem. Inwood Labs. Inc. v. Ives Labs, Inc, 456 U.S. 844n.l 1, 102 S. Ci. 2182.72 L.Ed. 2d (4).Xem: Echo Travel, Inc. v. Travel Associates, Inc, 870 F. 2d 1264, 10 U.S.P.Q. 2d (BNA) 1368 (1989).
(5).Xem: In re Owens - Coming Fiberglas Corp., 774 F.2d 1116.1118-1119 (Fed. Cir.1985).
(6).Xem: New Colt Holding Corp. v. RJC Holdings of Fla., b i c . 312 FSupp. 2d 195,212 (D. Conn. 2004).
(7).Xem: Inwood Labs. . Inc. v. Ives Labs., Inc., 456 U.S. 844. 102 S Ct.2182.72 L.Ed. 2d 606 (1982).
(8).Xem: Stoves Inc. v. All Nigher Stove Works. Inc., 626 F.2d 193, 195 (1st Cir. 1980).
{9).Xem: Brunswick Corp.v. British Seagull Ltd. 35F.
3d, 1527 (1994).
(I0).Xem' TrafRx Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.. 532 U.S. 23, 121 S Ct. 1255 (2001).
(ll).Xem: Qualitex Co. v. Jaeobson Products Co.. 514 U S . 159(1995).
(12).Xem: A. Leschen & Sons Rope Co. v. Broderick
& Bascom Rope Co., 201 U.S. 166, 171,26 S. C L 425, 50L.Ed.710(1906).
(13).Xem: In re Owens-Coming Fiberglas Corp.. 774
F.2d 1116,1118 - 19 (Fed. Cir. 1985).
(14). Nguygn g6c Dieu 45 Lu^t Lanham: "The term
"trademark" includes any word, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof - (I) used by a person, or (2) which a person has a bona fide intention lo use in commerce and applies to register on Ihe principal register established by this Act. to identify and distinguish his or her goods, including a unique product, from those manufactured or sold by others and to indicate the source of the goods, even if that source is unknown".
(15). Nguyen gdc Dieu 2 Lu^t Lanham: "No trademark by which the goods cfdie applicant may be distinguished from goods of others shall be refused registration on
the principal register on account of its nature unless it...".
(16).Xem: CHRISTIAN LOUBOUTIN S.A., Christian louboutin, L.L.C., Christian Louboutin v. YVES SAINT LAURENT AMERICA H O L D I N a INC., Yves Saint Laurent, 696 F.3d 206,2012.
(17)J£em: Master Distrubutors, Inc. v. Pako Coip. 986 F. 2d 219, (1993).
(18).Xem: Fabrication Enters., Inc. v. Hygenic Corp., 64 F. 3d 53, 57 (2d Cir. 1995).
(I9).Xem: Qualitex Co. v. Jaeobson Products Co., 514 U.S. 159(1995).
(20).Xem: Centaur Commc'ns, Ud. V. A/S/M Commc'ns, Inc.. 830 R 2d 1217 (1987).
DINH CHfNH
Theo dfi nghi cua ldc gia - GS.TS. Hoang Thi Kim Qui, Tap ehf luat hpe bd sung tiidng tin chfi tiu'ch eho tfin bdi "Thyc hifin phdp luat cfia cd nhdn, edng dan ttong bdi eanh xay dung nha nudc phap quyfin d nudc ta hifin nay" (da ddng tten sl 2/2015) nhu sau:
"Nghien cuu ndy duac tdi tra b&i Quy phdt trien khoa hpc vd cong nghi qudc gia (NAFOSTED), di tdi: Thuc hiin phdp lugl cua cong ddn trong bdi cdnh xdy dung nhd nu&c phdp quyin - Ma s6:111.2.2-2012.04 ".
TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 6/2015