TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 8 uMw.hiu.edu.vn
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF HUMAN RESOURCES OF HATINH TOURISM IN THE INTEGRATION PROCESS
Phan Thi Phuong Thao & Tran Thi Khanh & Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen, MSc Hatinh University, Hadnh, Vietnam, [email protected]
ARTICLE INTO ABSTRACT
JEL Classifications:
0 1 5 , L 8 3 , N 7 , F 1 4 , F 1 5
Keywords:
Human Resources Tourism Domestic visitors International visitors Integration
Human resources of Hatinh tourism are currently in a status of both insufficient quantity and poor quality. Meanwhile, the manpower needs of local tourism get increasing, especially requirements of professionalism, working skills and qualification management. This fact requires urgent and long-term solutions in order to build and develop the local workforce, which could compete with the human resources from other localities of Vietnam as well as the
world in the integration context. In the development and integration requirements of Vietnam in general and Hatinh in particular to the year of 2020, it is much more urgent to foster the quality of human resources in the tourism industry about both quality' and quantity, build and develop the high-quality human resources in tourism than ever.
6-7594 2016Joumal of Science, Vol Vlll All nghts reserved
TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 8
NANG CAO C H A T LlTONG NGUON NHAN LlTC NGANH DU LICH HA TINH TRONG QUA TRINH H O I NHAP
Phan Thj Thircng Thao^
TrSn Thi Khanh^
Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen' TOM T A T
Ngudn nhdn luc hogt dong trong ngdnh du lich cita Hd Tinh hiin nay dang Pong tinh trgng viea thieu ve sd luang, lgi vim yiu ve chdt luang. Trong khi do, nhu cdu nhdn luc ve du lich cita dia phuang ngdy cdng cao, dgc biet Id yeu cdu ve tinh chuyen nghiep. ky ndng thuc hdnh nghe vd trinh do qudn ly. Thuc ti do dang ddt ra rdt nhiiu doi hdi ve gidi phdp mang tinh cdp bach ciing nhu ddi hgn nhdm xdy dung vd phdt trien ddi ngii nhdn luc phii hap vd mang tinh cgnh tranh vai nhdn luc du lich cua cdc dia phuong khdc trong nude cimg nhu qudc li trong bdi cdnh hdi nhgp. Truac yiu cdu cua suphdt trien vd hdi nhdp ciia ddt mrdc ndi chung, ciia Hd Tinh ndi rieng ti'ong giai dogn din ndm 2020. ddi hdi phdi ddy mgnh phdt trien nhdn luc ngdnh du lich cd vi chdt lugng vd sd lirgng, yen cdu xdy dimg vd phdt trien nhdn luc du lich chdt lugng cao cdng tra nin cdp ihiit han bao gid het.
TIT khoa: Nguon nhan luc, du lich, khach npi dia, khach quoc te, hpi nhap 1. Dat van de
Thdi gian qua, cimg vdi nhung thanh tuu cua nganh du Ijch Ha Tinh. cong tac phat trien nhan luc du lich cua Tinh da dugc quan tam va dat nhieu ket qua dang ghi nhan. Tuy nhien, nhan luc nganh du lich Ha TTnh con nhieu mat chua dap ling nhiem vu phat tnen du hch khi hgi nhap quoc tc ngay mpt sau sac, toan dien va yeu cau phat trien nen kinh tc Iri thiic. So lugng nhan lyc con it, ca cau chua ddng bp va nang luc thuc tien chua tuong ximg vdi bang cap. Xhan luc cd trinh dp, tay nghe cao chua nhieu va ngay cang thieu nhiing co sd nong c6t dao tao nhan lire tre. Kien thirc hpi nhap, ngoai ngu. tm hpc; nang lire sang tao. lanh dao, quan ly, quan tri \ a kinh nghiem thyc tien con han che chua tuong img vcri yeu cSu phat trien cua nganh.
' T h S . T n i t m g Dai hoc Ha Tinh, tliao.phanthiphuong(a;htu.edu.Mi
ISSW 0866-7594 2016 Journal of Science. Vol Vlll All nghts reserved
TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 8 i; htu.edu.vn
Han niia, dac diem cua hoat ddng du lich la ty le dich vu chiem mdt phan rat quan trpng de tao ra chat lugng san pham, vi vay moi boat dgng, mdi cdng doan trong hanh trinh du lich nhu hoat dgng lir hanh, hudng din, van chuyen, luu tni, vui choi giai tri va cac dich vu lien quan khac deu mang dam vai trd ciia ngudi true tiep phuc vu. San pham du Ijch co chat lugng hay khong, cd siic canh tranh va phat tnen ben viing hay khdng deu phu thudc vao con ngudi va trinh dp tay nghe cua hg. Dieu do chirng to rang, cdng tac dao tao bdi duang nang cao trinh do nguon nhan luc du lich la yeu td vo ciing quan trpng, lien tuc va lau dai.
2. Thuc trang nhan luc nganh du lich Ha Tinh giai doan trvdc ( 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1 )
Theo sd lieu thdng ke, tinh den nam 2000, ca tinh cd khoang 700 lao dpng trong nganh, nam 2005 con so nay la 1.362, nam 2010 la 2.570 lao dpng va den cuoi 2011, Ha TTnh co 2.791 lao dpng.Toc dp tang trudng trung binh ve lao dpng giai doan 2000 - 2011 la 13,39% [1]. Qhn nam 2015 tinh da thu hut tren 6.500 lao dgng lam viec trong ITnh vyc du lich [2]. Qua do cd thg thSy, sd lugng vg lao dpng cd sy gia tang hang nam, song chua gan lien vdi cai thien ve chat lugng.
Trinh do dao tao the hien mdt phan chat lugng nhan luc nganh du hch.
Doi vdi nganh du lich Ha TTnh, nhan lyc chua qua dao tao hoac dao tao sa cdp chi6m 44,8%. Nhan luc cd trinh do Dai hpc chi^m 8%., Cao dSng la 9,2%, Trung cap (21%). Dac biet, du lich la nganh cd nhan luc sir dung dugc ngoai ngir kha cao (chiem 65% tdng sd nhan luc), tuy nhien ty le nhan lyc lam viec trong nganh du hch cua Ha TTnh co chirng chi ngoai ngu con d miic rat th§p, dudi 10%[1].
3. Du bao nhu chu nhan luc ciia nganh Du lich giai doan 2015 - 2020 Theo Quy hoach tong the phat trign du lich Ha TTnh d^n nam 2020, nhu cau nhan lyc cua nganh du lich trong giai doan 2015 den nam 2020 dugc dy bao nhu sau:
Bang I: Nhu cau Iao dong du lich ciia Ha TTnh 2015 - 2020 TT
1 2
Loai lao dpng Lao dong tnrc tilp trong nganh (ngum) Lao dong gian tiep phuc vii (ngiroi)
Tong (nguai)
2015 3.600 7.200 lO.SOO
2020 6.100 12.200 18.300 (Ngudn • Quy hogch tdng thi phdt Iriin du lich Hd Tinh din ndm 2020)
ISSN 0866-7594 2016 Journal ol Science, Vol Vlll All nghts reserved.
TAP CHi KHOA HOC SO 8 www htu.edu.vn Nhu vay, nhu cAu vg lyc lugng lao ddng true tigp trong nganh du lich nam 2015 la 3.600 ngudi, nam 2020 la 6.100 ngudi bao gdm ca sd lao dpng lam cdng tac quan ly nha nude d cip tinh, huyen; so lao dgng lam cdng tac quan ly (quan tri kinh doanh) d cac ca sd (doanh nghiep) du lich; s6 lao dgng tryc tiep d doanh nghiep nhu lao ddng trong khach san nha hang bao gdm le tan, budng, ban; lao ddng d cac doanh nghiep Iii hanh nhu dihu hanh tour, hudng dan vign; lao dgng d cac diem du Hch... Xet ve tdng the, so sanh tdng s6 lao dpng can thiet (10.800 ngudi) vdi sd lieu thyc te 6.500 lao dgng trong ITnh vyc du lich nam 2015, chiing ta con thieu mgt lugng ldn nhan lyc. Va vdi tam nhin quy hoach tucmg lai gan trong 4 nam tdi (2020), khi Ha Tinh can cd 18.300 nhan lyc du lich thi con sd chenh lech giiia nhu cau va kha nang cung iing lao dgng cang trd thanh van de ldn. Dd la ve mat sd lugng, chua xet den van de ve chat lugng ngudn nhan lyc cu thg.
Theo kinh nghiem ciia cac nude chau Au va khao sat thyc te d nude ta, trong tong sd lao dgng lam viec trong ITnh vyc du lich cd khoang 5% lao dpng quan ly, 10-15% lao dgng quan tri kinh doanh d cac doanh nghiep hoac cac diem du lich, cdn lai la lao ddng nghiep vii (khoang 80-85%).
Bang 2: Ca can lao dpng du Ijch Ha TTnh du- bao den nam 2020 TT
1 2 3
Loai lao dong Lao dgng quan ly (nguai) Lao dgng QTKD (nguai) Lao dgng nghiep vu cu the(nguoi)
Tong (ngiroi)
2015 180 360 - 540 2.880-3.060
3.600
2020 305 6 1 0 - 9 1 5 4.880-5.185
6.100 (Ngudn Quy hogch tdng thi phdt tnen du lich Hd Tinh din ndm 2020)
Lao dpng quan ly d day la nhimg ngudi dong vai tro then chot trong cac vi tri quan ly ciia nganh, ca quan chirc nang vc quan ly, quy hoach va phat trien du lich.Vi thg cac vi tri nay doi hdi day du nang lyc chuygn mon nghiep vu, nang lyc quan ly mang tinh dinh hudng chien luge va kinh nghigm thuc tien phong phii.
Digu nay van dang la thach thiic va han chg ro ret ciia dpi ngu can bp quan ly du lich tinh.
Doi vdi lao dpng quan tn kinh doanh du hch chii yen can dap iing cac kign thiic chung ve quan tri kinh doanh, ddng thdi co hieu biet vg ngliiep vii tac nghiep du Ijch cu the. Ngoai ra can co ky nang giao tiep va ky nang ngoai ngii t6t trong
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TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 8 108 xx-ix'w.hlu.edu.vn
giao tigp va xu ly tinh hudng quan tri vdi nhan vign nghiep vu va vdi khach du lich.
Sd lugng khoang tir 360 - 540 nhanvien quan tri kinh doanh du lich (2015) va 610 - 915 ngudi (2020) nhin qua la khdng nhigu, my nhien dg cd nhirng lao dgng dap iing thuc sy yeu cSu cdng viec, cd tinh chuyen nghiep cao thi du Hch Ha TTnh van con gap nhi6u khd khan. Lugng lao dgng quan tri kinh doanh du hch ciia Ha TTnh hien nay hku hgt chua dugc dao tao mot each bai ban (chi tni' mot sd ca sd kmh doanh luu tni Idn dugc xgp hang), kha nang ngoai ngir han che.
Vg lao dpng nghiep vu cu thg la nhimg ngudi true tiep hoat dgng d cac bp phan phuc vu true tigp nhu trong khach san nha hang bao gom l l tan, budng, ban; lao ddng d cac doanh nghiep lii hanh nhu digu hanh tour, hudng ddn vien;
lao dgng d cac dilm du lich... Day la doi tugng se true tigp tigp xiic va cung iing cac dich vu, san phdm du lich cho khach hang, vi vay yeu cau ve nghiep vu tac nghiep cua nhung lao dpng nay phai thuc su chuyen nghiep, c6 day du ky nang nghe can thiet.
4. Mot s6 giai phap dg xuat nh^m phat trien nguon nhan luc phuc vu du lich 0" Ha TTnh
4.1. Phdt trien dgi ngd nguon nhdn luc du lich trong cdc doanh nghiep, to chuc
- Can xay dyng chuong trinh phat trien ngudn nhan luc du Hch trong cac doanh nghiep mgt each day du va cd khoa hgc bao gom cac chuang trinh dinh hudng cong viec va phat trien nhan vien mdi, chuong trinh dao tao, boi dudng dg phat trien nhan vienva chuang trinh de bat, thang tign
- Hoan thien cdng tac mygn dung: cac doanh nghiep can cd chinh sach tuyen dyng nhan luc du lich phii hgp, lya chpn nhirng iing vien co trinh dp, kmh nghiem va am hieu cac dac diem kinh tg - xa hgi, di tich hch su, van hda ciia dia phuang
- Nang cao cong tac dao tao, bdi dudng nham nang cao chat lugng nguon nhan lyc, dac biet thudng xuyen td chuc cac lap bdi dudng nang cao nghiep vu, kien thiic chuyen mon cho nhan vien, hudng dan vien...; tang cudng lien kgt, hgp tac vdi cac ca sd dao tao vg du lich nhu trudng dai hgc, trudng cao dSng nghg, higp hgi cac khach san, cac doanli nghiep du lich khac... dg thu hiit, boi duang dgi ngu lao dpng
- Gia tang che do dai ngp, khen thudng ddi vdi ngirdi lao dgng. dieu nay se tao dgng lire cho ngudi lao dpng Irong nganh du lich, thong qua vec hoan thien cdng tac tien luong, phat trien cac hinh thiic thudng va dai ngg, miic thudng co
ISSN 0866-7594 2016 Journal of Science, Vol Vlll All nghts reserved.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC SO 8 109 wwv.'.htu.edu.vn
thg dugc xac dinh bang ti le phan tram doanh thu tir khach du lich qua viec gidi thieu khach du Ijch, thudng theo miic lucmg hang thang neu nhan vien hoan thanh xuat sac nhiem vu, dugc khach hang khen nggi va tin nhiem vg chat lugng dich vu du lich...
4.2. Ndng cao chat lieang dgi ngu cdn bg qudn ly nhd nu&c ve hoat dgng du lich
- Gia tang dau tu kinh phi cho hoat dpng xiic tign, quang ba va dao tao dpi ngii nhan luc quan ly nha nude vg du lich tai Sd Van hoa - The thao - Du lich, cac huyen, thanh phd
Thudng xuyen mdi cac chuygn gia du lich de tu van trong viec lap quy hoach, dao tao phat trign ngudn nhan luc du lich.
- Thudng xuyen td chirc cac cupc thi ve hudng dan vien du lich, le tan khach san, hpi thi nau an, lien hoan am t h u c . d g nang cao chat lugng dich vu du lich
4.3. Doi m&i nhan thirc, tdng cirang tuyen truyen vi ddo tgo, phdt trien va sir dung nhdn luc trong ngdnh du lich
- Quan triet trong nganh quan diem con ngudi la nen tang, la yen td quygt dinh nhat trong su phat tnen ben viing, hgi nhap quoc te ciia nganh du lich; tao su chuyen bien manh \ e nhan thiic, yeu cau cap bach doi vdi cong tac dao tao, phat trien nhan lyc trong ITnh vyc du Hch.
- Thyc hien nguyen tac sic dung, danh gia va dai ngg nhan lyc phai dya vao nang lyc thyc sy va kel qua, hieu qua cong viec trong cac co so hoat dgng va kinh doanh du lich;
- Bao dam cong tac dao tao nhan lyc du hch Tinh phai gan vdi nhu cau phat trien nganh, ITnh w c , nhu cau xa hdi \ a thi trudng lao dgng cua dia phuang:
- Tang cudng truyen thong ve dao tao va phat trien nhan lyc trong nganh du lich thdng qua cac hinh thirc khac nhau.
4.4. Dau tu,-\dy dung va phat trien mang lirdi cac ca s& dao tao \eduUcb - Dau tu ve mpi mat cho cac co sd dao tao hien co tren dia ban tinh Ha TTnh nhu trudng Dai hpc Ha TTnh, trudng cao dang Van hoa. The thao va Du Hch Nguyin Du lam hat nhan dao tao nhan lyc nganh du lich. Khuyen khich md cac ca sd dao tao du Ijch d cac doanh nghiep. cac ca sd dao tao ngoai cong lap \ a cac ca sd CO von dau tu cua nude ngoai theo quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam. Tiep tuc day manJi da dang hoa cac loai hinh truong, lap, trung tam va cac co so dao tao. boi dudng du lich.
ISSN 0866-7594 2016 Joumal of Science, Vol Vlll All nghts reserved
TAP CHi KHOA HOC SO 8 110 www htu.edu.vn - Tich cue huy dgng cac nguon lyc cho ddu tu dao tao, phat trien nhan luc nganh du lich. Khuygn khich va thuc thi cac chinh sach xa hpi hoa cong tac dao tao nhan lyc nganh du lich theo nhu cau xa hgi va tao dieu kien cho nhirng ngudi cd nhu cau hgc tap ve du lich cd the tiep can va hudng thu dugc dich vu ma he thong dao tao, bdi duong du lich cung cdp. Khuyen khich cac ca sd dao tao du lich va ca sd nghign ciru co dao tao du lich lap ca sd san xuat, ca sd dich vu phii hgp nganh nghe nghien ciiu, dao tao dg ngudi hpc cd dieu kien thyc hanh, tao thgm kinh phi dao tao, nghien cuu.
- Phat huy vai tro va nang cao trach nhiem ciia doanh nghiep du hch trong boat dpng dao tao:Thu hiit doanh nghiep tham gia vao xay dung tieu chudn ky nang nghe va chuang trinh, giao trinh dao tao du lich; tao ca sd kien tap, thyc tap cho hgc sinh va sinh vien; hd trg kinh phi cho ngudi hgc, tiep nhan sinh vign den thuc tap va tigp nhan hpc sinh tdt nghiep vao lam viec. Chu trpng phat trien cac ca sd dao tao nhan lyc du lich trong cac doanh nghiep.
- Tap trung va sir dung co hieu qua kign thiic va kinh nghiem cua cac nha khoa hpc dau nganh trong nude, cac doanh nhdn thanJi dat ngudi Ha TTnh cho phat trien nhan luc nganh du Hch Tinh.Tao dieu kien de cac thanh phdn trong xa hgi cd the tham gia phat trign nhan lyc nganh du Hch, ddng gdp xdy dyng co sd vat chdt, trang thiet bi day va hpc, gop y kign cho cac chu trucmg, chinh sach, chuang trinh, ke hoach dao tao nhan lyc du lich Ha TTnh, cac tieu chudn ky nang, ngi dung chuang trinh dao tao, ca cau trinh dp dao tao v l du Ijch.
4.5. \ang cao chat luang dao tao tai cac ca sd dao tao ngudn nhan luc phuc VII nganh du lich
- Phat Uign dpi ngu giao vign, giang vien va dao tao vien du lich du ve so lugng, hgp ly ve ca cdu, chuan ve chdt lugng dl dap img nhu cdu dao tao, tang quy mo va nang cao chat lugng, hieu qua dao tao, bdi dudng nhdn luc nganh du Hch.
Dao tao, bdi duang dpi ngu giang vien va giao vien ciia cac ca sd dao tao nghi du hch bang nhieu hinh thiic d frong va ngoai nude; thu hut cdng chiic, vien chirc, cac nha quan ly, cac nha khoa hpc c6 trinh dp, cac doanh nhan, nghe nhan, chuygn gia, cong nhdn ky thuat tay nghi bac cao tham gia dao tao; tilp tuc dao tao ky nang cho dpi ngu thdm dinh vien, giam sat vien, dao tao vien du Hch va su dung hieu qua dgi ngu nay trong dao tao du lich. Phdi hgp vdi Bp Giao due va Dao tao tilp tuc ddy manh dao tao sau dai hpc vl du lich.
- Ndng cao trinh dp tin Hpc, ngoai ngir va phuang phap giang day de giang vien, giao vien va dao tao vign du lich dii kha nang giang day, tu nghien cuu, trao
[SSN 0866-7594 2016 Journal of Science, Vol Vlll All nghts reserved
TAP CHi KHOA HOC SO 8
doi chuyen mdn true tilp vdi chuygn gia nude ngoai, tham gia hdi nghi, hgi thao, diln dan qudc te va hgc tap, m nghiep d nude ngoai. Thyc hien che do bdi duang ludn phien cho giao vien, giang vien, dao tao vien va tham dinh vien du lich. Muc tieu can dat dugc la 80-90% giao vien, giang vien dugc dao tao, bdi duong kien thiic chuyen mdn du lich ve tiing ITnh vyc thugc chuyen nganh dao tao. 40% giao vign, giang vign dugc dao tao ve phuang phap giang day hien dai, tren co sd chuan hi ndi dung phii hgp. 100% giao vien, giang vien dugc boi duong ngoai ngir phuc vy giang day va nghien ciiu. Boi duang, bo tiic kign thiic su pham va phucmg phap giang day hien dai giang vien dai hgc, cao dang va giao vien trung cap du lich dg hinh thanh dpi ngii ndng cdt. Nhiing giang vign, giao vign nong cdt nay se tiep tuc tmygn dat cho dong nghiep tai ca sd dao tao cua minh.Tdt cd cac giao vien, giang vign dugc dao tao ngoai ngir phuc vu cdng tac giang day va nghign ciiu, dac biet Id tieng Anh.
- Tren quan digm doi mdi va hgi nhdp qudc te, trang bi khung ca ban vg chuang trinh, npi dung dao tao va bdi dudng cac chuygn nganh du Ijch tuang irng vdi tigu chuan chirc danh quan ly, tigu chuan chirc danh nghiep vu nganh Du lich va phii hgp vdi ygu cdu thyc tign de ap dung trong cac ca sd dao tao du lich.
- Tham khao, hpc tap kinh nghiem qudc te trong xay dung chuang trinh, giao trinh mon hgc, mo dun. Doi mdi muc tigu, ngi dung, chuang trinh dao tao du lich cac cap dao tao theo hudng chuan hod, hien dai hoa; tigp can dan yeu cdu nang luc lam viec trong cac ITnh vyc ciia Nganh, trinh do tign tign cua khu vuc va the gidi, mang net dac trung cua Viet Nam, dam bdo lien thong giiia cac bdc dao tao. Chuyen doi manh sang dao tao theo mo dun, tin chi de tao dieu kien cho nhan lyc nganh du lich co thg hpc lau dai dg nang cao trinh do nghe nghiep hoac thay ddi nghe nghiep khi can thiet
Ket luan
Nhu vay, vdi rat nhieu ticm nang de phat trien du lich nhu du lich bien, du lich smh thai, du lich van hoa...thi cac chinh sach, bien phap nham phat triln nguon nhdn lyc phuc vu du lich la dieu can thiet va dong vai tro quan ti-png de cd thi thu hiii ngay cang nhieu khach du Hch ca quoc te ldn ndi dia din vdi Ha TTnh.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1], Nguyen Van Dinh, 2012, "Dw hch Hd Tinh: Tiem ndng, phuong hirdng. muc lieu va giai phdp phdi then Irong thai gian tai"
(http7/vanhoanghean.com.\'n/chuyen-muc-goc-nhin-van-hoa/nhu]ig-goc-nhin-van-
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TAP CHI KHOA HQC s o 8 112 www.htu.edu.vn hoa/du-lich-ha-tiDh-tiem-nang-phuong-huQDg-muc-tieu-va-giai-phap-phat-trien-
trong-thoi-gian-toi)
[2]. Quylt dinh 1477/QD - UBND ngdy 23/0/2013 ciia UBND Tinh Ha Tihh ban hanh kem d& an"Mdt sd chinh sdch phdt trien du lich Ha TTnh gidi doan 2013 - 2020".
[3], Quang Sang, "Du lich Hd Tinh, mdt ndm kh&i sdc"- Bao Ha Tmh dien td ngay 01/01/2016.
[4]. Quy hoach t6ng thi phat trign du lich Ha TThh den nam 2020
[5]. Tong cue du lich, Phdt trien ngudn nhdn luc du lich Viet Nam vd h0i nhdp khu vuc, NXB Lao dgng - xa hgi, Uk Noi, nam 2006
[6]. Vi^n nghien ciiu va phat triSn du Ijch, Dieu chinh quy hogch phdt trien du lich Ha Tinh din 2020.
[7]. Website: http://dulichhatinh.com-vn/
Ng^y gui b^i Mo: 15/7/2016 NgJy pMn bien xong: 29/7/2016
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