SCIEICE i I t i m i H Y I E i a i U B n , M17, llo.(un4
NhO'ng dac tripng tu-cng dong va khac biet trong ITnh vyc nha a truyen thdng
cua van hoa Han Qudc va van hoa Viet Nam
T r l n Thi T h u L u t v n g
Tru'd'ng Dgi hoc Khoa hoc Xa h3i vi NhSn van, DHQG-HCM
TOM
TAT:Nhi dl li mil Ihinh luv vin hda iing phi vii thien nhlin cda con nguiii. Nd cO mk ilch sir phk triin liu dil cung v6i sif hinh thinh vi phk Iriin ciia xi hfl toil nguin tir tiin sir din hiin dai VI viy tnng ciu trdc co bin cda vin hia ti chOo dtri sing vk chk thi nhi * li mit
tmng bi ba (Sn - & - m$c) thim thiu siu sic oic d$c trung vin Ma oOa chi thi. Bil bio as so sinh nhOng dSc tnmg lumg aing vi khio bin vi nhi i trong chudi nghiin ciru so sinh vSn hOa ti chitc dtri sing vk chk cia vSn Ma Hin Quicvi Vi$t Nam Ihiti kj Iniyin thing.
n khia: nhii tmyin thing, ViilNam, Hin Quic, tumigding khicbik 1. Mor dau
Neu n6i theo nghia iSng. khong gian cu ttu cua C4 nhan loai M Oai dil thi tbeo cac muc do Ihu hep tu lon den nbS khang gian cu tti, ciia nmg con nguW cu the s6 la ng6i nha. Vi vay nha co mol y nghia rat quan ttong ttong cuoc doi con nguiri No vua la khdng gian sinh iiu I'ira la khong gian vin hoa gan b(S vol con nguW suot ci cuoc doi.
Truce hit, nha la mol thanh luu van hoa ung pho vol Uuen nhien cua con nguoi. No c6 mOt l,ch sH phil ttien lau dai cung voi su hmh thanh v4 phat ttien cua xa hji Ioai ngrtri tt, Uln su din hien dai Chue nang ttudc hll cua nha 6 la noi dl nanh lac dong bat loi aia Uuen nhiSn (ndng, lanh. mua le.
v V . ) bao v« sue khde va la noi ngbi ngoi dl con nguoi CO U,e tai sin xuit Ben canh dd eiuig vo, su phai ttien cua xa hoi loai ngudi, nha edn ed mdt y
^ U a x S hdi ra. sau sac d o l e khdng gian cda gia dinh - te bao nhd nhil nhung rf, „ bj„ ^ 3 ^ » vo. cac chuc nang sinh sin cen cai, giao due va luu giu eae ma di ttuyen van hda dan ldc; nha cung la
^!!^^^^^l!^2^^m^dmg ho, xdm gilng
Trani HI
d l CO kll cdng dong va nhi cdn la noi ciia smh hoat
^ ltai Iinh Clia chiinhJn nhu vice Uid Cling t l u i n , gid chap, cudi xin, tang ma, v.v... Vdi cic qu6c gia nong nghiep thi nha hay ^ n g hon la dit U16 cu bao gom ca vudn, ao, chuSng cdn l i noi d l san xuif iara Uui cdng nghidp, ttlng iau, cav an ttii, chan nudi gia cim gia sue, v.v... Vi la khdng gian giao liep xa hdi nin lit nhiln quy md, kiln ttuc, do vjl, cich bii tti ttong ngoi nhi 14 ylu l l quan ttong phan inh dja vi x i hdi, dilu ki|n kinh ll, dc Uiim my, van hda cda chil nhin.
Ndi tdm lai, nlia l i khdng gian van hda thi hien ddi song vat chit va tinb Uiin oia chd nhin mot each diy dll nhit Vile xay dung ngdi nhi vi vay la mdl ttong nhung cdng viec h | ttong v i li mo udc Clia e i ddi ngudi, thim ehi hi ddi cha din ddi con.
Ai cling ding y "an eu" la dilu kijn Udn quyll eua
"lip nghiep" v i cudc ddi con ngudi khi roi vio hoin cinh "vd gia cu" Uiudng duoc xem Id * miic hi dit diim ehi te hon ngheo ddi. Ngdi nha chilm mdl vj tti dac biel quan ttpng nhu vjy nin ttong
Ir —
ngdn ngu- Uing Viet "nhi" vdi nghia "chd d" duoc ddng nhit vol gia dinh (gim ,ioi ngudi sdng tttmg
" H vi du: - c a nhi di ving"), ydi vo/ching (ehil nhto ngoi nha. vi du: "Nhatdi dang d ttong bip") du?c md Idng nghia ra d l chl mdt co quan (nhi may, nha van hda. nhi xuit ban), clii ehinh phu (nhi midc) va nhung ngudi ed chuyen mdn eao (nha van. nha chinh tti, nha khoa hoc ..) [Tiin Ngoc Them. 1996: 404].
"Nha khdng dung tir mdng ttr cdt, nhi dung tu nip sdng v i quan niem sing" [Hoang Sao Kinh, 2008: 22). Nip sing \-i quan niem sing lai chiu tic ddng Clia nhilu ylu t l trong dd mdi ttudng lu nhien va xa hdi l i nhlJng ylu t l quan ttong. Vi v% ttong Ciu ttijc CO bin cua vin hda t l chue ddi sdng val chat Uii nhi d l i mdl Bong bd ba (in - d - mJc) lliam thau sSu sie eac dac ttung van hda eua chu the va viec so sanh nhirng dac ttung ttiong ding va Hiic b,d, c i a van hda Hin Quic v i Vidl Nam cOng rat can Uiuc hien d gdc dd niy.
2. Nhiing djc trung tutmg ding n i i bat (rang iam viie n h i d (ruyin , | , | „ g ^iia H i n «j„ic v i Vift Nam
2.1. Nha * c i a hai bin diu du(«c kiln true theo qnan ni^m hda minh v i o thieii nhiln, k i t tinh dirfc nhihig thinh tuu yiu hda iing phd l i t vdi m l i tnnyng,
Thiln nhien ciia Han Quic v i Viel Nam cd mdl dao diem Chung la ttroi dep. cd nhilu uu dai nhung COng i n chfci nhilu khic nghiet iao nen nhung Ihich d l to ldn cho chll dil hai nin van hda ttong vile dli phd va chinh phuc Uiiln nhiln. Trade hit ca hai qu6c gia diu cd bd biln dai chay suit doc dit nudc. Do dieu ki|n khi hju b i n miia v i nguin nudc l^ng s u l U l i dio nen ci hai bin caj cli diu tool tot lao dieu kiln Uiuan ioi cho cudc sdng dinh cu Iau dil. NguM Hin vi dit nude minh dep nhu "gim Uilu hoa". Cic miu 4 c cua hdi hoa Hin, cua cic bo Hanbok iuc id, cua men sii, cua cic loai giiy din ttrdng deu phan anh s,t cim nhin miu sic ehan hda ttioi Uiim hung vi eua nui sdng hoa l i cay cd
TjP CHl PHAT TBIEW KHgCII, Tjp 17, i d X4-2014 ttdn b i n dao H i n snot b i n mua xuin ha Uiu ddng Vill Nam va cac quic gia Bdng Nam A nim ttong vimg bien ndng cd dudng xich dao di qua nen d Vict Nam b i n mna ciy cli xanh tool. Viet Nam con l i noi duoc Uiiln nhiin ml dii vdi sd luong tii ngu^ In ddng Uiuc v i t khoing sin pliong phu Tuy nhiln. Uiiin nhien c i hai quic gia khdng chi cd Uiuan loi ma cdn cd nbilu thach dl: dien Uch dil d c i ha, deu cd 70% la nui dli (Viit Nam), niii da sdi (Han Quoc) Khi hiu Viel Nam phuc tap chia Uiinh ba mien vdi nhimg diln biln khic nhau, Hap-QjAc mua ddng nhijt dd dudi 0°C, mua he lln din irfn 30 C c a hai quic gia din cd ba mjt giip biln nin luon nam n i n dudng di eua nhiing con bao nhilt dm hi TMi Binh Duong Uili tdi. Ngoai ra c i hai den bl de doa bdi nan lut ldi sat Id dit do mua ldn
Do bin sic van hda n a ca hai diu chon ttilt Iy
"hda" iam ttilt ly sing nen cimg ed ehung dac ttung van hda hda minh vao Uiiin nhiin nuong Uieo do liin dung loi Uil va khic phuc nhiing bil ldi d l ton tai va phat ttiln Trong Inh w c van hda d ngdi nha ttuyen Uilng eua hai nin van hda Ii mdl Oong nhung minh chung rd net nhit cda die ttung vin hda nay.
Trade hit la v l nguyin lieu lim nhi. Ngdi nha ttuyen Uilng ciia ca ha, diu duoc xiy dung co bin ttr cac vil lieu Uiuc val khai Uiac true Ulp lu diiin nhiln v i Hi nin fcinh t l ndng nghiep lua nudc nhu'
-Mai nha. rom, ra, cic loai la (CO, dira, cd ..) dit set, ngdi (dit set nung)
-Cdt, rudng, vl keo..: gd, tte
-Tudng: dil set, lora m ttdn bun, gd, tte, mia l i v.v...
-Sin:gd, tie, datnin
Tnmg dd ngudi Hin sii dung nguyin I15U chd ylu la go, dat set, oe, rom ra, cdn ngudi Viii do nguin lai nguyen Uiuc V31 phong p h i hon nen su dung nguy In Uiu da dang hon ngoai gd, dil set, *dm la coned nhilu Ioai li nhu Cd, dira, cd ttanh; v v cho mil nhi, tte, mia viu. buong, ttim. v.v... cho sin nha (neu l i nhi sin) cdn da phin l i sin dit n i n '
Tpang 117
SCIEKE g TECBIIBY lEKLIFMEIT, IHI 17, MnJMIH Cac nginen lieu thyc vgt nay da tgo ra hcri thJ thien nhien cho cac ngoi nha trmgn th6ng Viet Han vi chiing dirpc tgo tu dgng vgt cb^t tnrac do SA CO sv song, chiing da dgng ve kich tiiiKJc va c6 vd m^m mgi hay cac do cong bf nhien, chiing khac ban voi cac nguyen heu sat, thep, xi mang la nhimg nguyen lieu nip khuon, cung. nhan tgo thieu cdm giac hen he vdi sv song nhir nguyen lieu Unrc vgt.
Nguoi thp lam nha tmyen thong 6 cd hai nen van hoa deu la cac ki^n true su dan gian khong p h i chi dpng mpt ngoi nha tir quy phgm kien true ma con phdi bing c i fcinh nghidm va sv cAai nhgn tinh te doi voi fting nguyen Ueu cy the de tinh toan viec c3t khiic theo fcich tbunc, hinh dgng ma no phdi chju dvng trong kien tnic tong the ciia ngoi nha, phdi tinh den dp gidn ra, CO Iai Clia vgt lieu thirc vgt theo sv thay doi ciia thM tiet, theo mua, theo miic dp mua, ndng, gio, v.v... ciia hing vung mien vd timg khu dat Noi t6m lgi, tim hon va kinh nghidm ciia ngudi thp phdi hoa vdo thifin nhien, ldng nghe va mrong theo thien nhifin thi sdn pham ldm ta mcii co th^ ben chdc trong thien nhien. Nho v ^ md ng6i nha trayen Ihong cd hai n^n vSn boa deu mang dgm htri tfa* thien nhifin khdng chi if vgt bfiu ma c6n a tinh hop ly, tinh kiin tgo vd sv pbd hpp v6i dieu kien tv nhien vd khi h|u.
Nbd if truyen thong ciia Hdn Quoc va Viet Nam ah tAt cbii tipng den vific d6i plio voi cac bat lpi Clia khi h|u. n6ng, lm, ret gio lua, v.v...
Di tianb yen to bat Ipi ciia nong tir ndng dpi buoi chieu (ndng xien khoai) tir phia tdy, trdnh cai lgnh Clia gi6 bic th6i tir phia bdc, nguoi Vifit chpn hudng t6i uu cho ngoi nha la hudng nam (hogc dong nam) Tuc ngir Vifit co cau: " U y vp hien boa. Iam nhd hudng Nam" nhu mOt diic ket kinh nghifim: gia dinh pft dupc thujin hoa, hgnh phiic nhd vao dirc tmb biln hda ciia ngudi vp, ngudi me; ngdi nha gift tlupc an idnh thodi mdi mat ve miia be, ^ vi mua dong nhd vdo hudng Nam ciia ngdi nha.
Do khi b|u cua Han Qu6c co cd tinh nhifit ddi va tinh on ddi tuy tbeo mua nfin de img phd t6t trong mpi thdi tiit cdc ngoi nhd gd tmyen thong ciia Han
Qudc thudi^ CO mai hien d a i Theo cac nhd nghifin cmi. mdi hifin ddi nay la gidi p b ^ tot de dteu hda nhifit dp phil hpp vdi khi hgu: "Cac mai hifin dai ngdn tia sang gay gdt ciia mdt trdi lgi nhu ropt biic man. Bdng rdm bao phii toa nha chinh, cac cdn phdiig va cac bgc them dd. Khu vvc co bong ram mdt hon nhirng khu vvfc xung quanh dang co dt nbieu anh mjt trdi chdi chang. Khdng khi mat ben trong gjlp khong khi ndng d bfin ngodi thi chiing sg chuyen dpng. Thgm chi neu nhu sii dung qugt cSng fchdng the cdm thay mdt hpn dupc nira. Sv mdt mfi ly rat tuyfit vdi khiin cho cudc s6ng ti* nfin dl chju hon ma khdng can cd he thong thdng gid nhan tgo.
Mgt trdi bu6i trua luc ddng cbi lgi chieu d gdc khodng SS" Nam. Mgt trdi thip va tia ning cGng vgy. Nhimg tia ning chieu vao tirdng cdn phdng dudi mdi hifin mang diy hoi am vdo trong phdng.
Hoi I m nay neu muon trdn nhung chS c6 khi lgnh hpn bfin ngodi cdn phdng thi sfi bj chdn l^i bdi cdc mdi hifin ddi. Khdng gian hinh chop cua mdi nhd sfi giu fchdng khi am d lgi. Do vgy cung sS Idm clio nhfing ngdy ddng trd nfin de chju dvng hpn" [Shin YongHoon, 1998: 304-305].
Nhd truyen thong ciia ngvdi Viet cung khdng Idm Clia cao md Iara cda rpng. Ciia khdng lam cao di trdnh ning git hodc xifin khoai chiiu trvc tiep vd ciing la de trdnh mua hll. Di trdnh ning ndng ngudi' ta cdn dan nhthig tam dgi ldn blng trc, niia ddt hodc treo trudc ciia de cdn bdt bfic xg nhl^t trvc tiip Iir mit trdi vd hoi ndng tir sdn lilt vdo. Ciia rpng cdn de ddn gid thoi vdo nha cho thodng mdt, trdnh ndng. Diu hoi nhd thudng di tr6ng m^t kbodng tam gidc de cho hpi ndng vd khdi dun bip trong nha boc Ien cd chd thodt ra, ddy cOng Id mOt thii c i a - cua s6 trfin cao ciing vdi cdc ciia d dudi tgo thanli mdt hfi tiiong thdng gid liodn chlnh [Trln Ngoc Thfim, 2000: 408, 409J.
Mdt ddc diem khd nii bgt ciia ngdi nhd truyin thong Hdn Quoc Id cua chinh vd cdc ciia si diu dupc dan giay Han-ji - mdt logi giiy ddc bi$t de ddn cda do ngudi Han Idm ra. Giky Han-ji (^Xi) cd d3c diim quan trpng Id ilt thodng. dii ciia ddiig
TjP cm UliT TmgN KHgM, TJP17. SC »4->nM nhung khdng khi vln luu thdng duoc qna cac Id h ti
hen mat giiy. Nhd vfr du cac phdng d Irong ngdi nhi deu ed Clia ddng d l lao su kin dio nhrnig ngdi nha vin md vdi Uiiln nhiea Hon nila inh sing Chilu qua Idp giij si diu bin khdng cdn chdi chang mang lai^vl luoi sing cho khdng gian can phdng nhung van diu ding v i Snh lang cho tim b i n ehil nhia
Nha mil rom, mil ra l i khi p h i biln d ndng thdn Hin Quic v i Viet Nam vdi mi dilm vat liiu d i dm (sin phim cda lna nudc) rd, ngan duoc ning ndng mila he va i m v l mua ddng Tuy nhlin do dac dilm dl hu hdng, d l dot vl sue bin kem nin sau uij mii ngdi bing dat nung dudc dimg p h i biln hon. Mic dil viy do nong luong mii ngdi nang nen chi phi bd khmig nhi dit hon v i Iai ngdi cOng dit hon do dd khdng phii ai cung cd Ihl lop nlii bing ngdi va do dd mai Iop bang cic nguyin Uiu id nhu rom i? cae loiu l i van rit p h i biln cho nhi d ndng ihdn cua hai quoc gia.
Cd liai die dilm khic cda ngdi nhi trayin thing Hin Quoc van hay duoc nhic din i i khoang sin Mani v i he thong sudi sin ondol. Sin Mara ( 0 1 ^ ) li khu vvc dai sanh ciia ngdi nhi lat bing gd. Tir ngoii san, budc qua cic bic thim d i la budc vao dai sanh Mara (dae-cheong mara) roi mdi cd thi di den eic phdng vi vay sin Mara nil bin cic phdng irong nhi. Sin gd Mara thudng idng, ihoing mil cd chue ning Um noi sinh boat chung cua gia dinh giong nhu phdng khach ngay nay.
He thong sudi san nha ondol ( S B ) dudc tao la hai« cich lot dudi sin cda cic phdng trong nha cae pluin da phing gdi la "gu-deul- (^M) vi, mdt hi M n g ong din xay dung ngim nim dudi san. Khi dit ilia b i p Id d i niu an khdi va hoi ndng se theo cic dudng din lim ndng gu-deul lim ndng sin nhi v i loin bd cin phdng. Mdt khi gu-deul dudC Iam ndng. sin nha si gi» duoc am lil liu , a nhd vjy chu lUian cd Uil trai qua mua ddng l«di gii mj", each i m i p . Hi Uilng sia Mam la khdng gian sinh host Uioing mil vio mua he, he diing sin sudi
ondol giiip sudi i m ngdi nha vao mua ddng lanh gii cung duoc Ulilt k l trong cimg mdt ngdi nhi cho Ihay qua Uiit ngdi nha trayin thing Han la mdl Ihanh tuu van hda Uileh ling vdi Uiiin nhiin Ueu bilu cua vin bda Hin.
Ve kit ciu mat bing ngdi nha tmyin Uiong Han ttiudng don gian huih -, hoJc hmh - tdy ttieo dilu t i l n tu nhien cna timg vung Q phia Nam khi hiu ndng i m ddi hdi phii cd kit ciu mat bing Uidng Uioang. Vi viy d phia Nam phd biln Ioai nha hlnh -I hoae - . trong dd cic sin dai sinh Mam va bip Aroc b l ni hing ngang giiip cho su tt»ng Uioang ill da. 0 phia Bic do khi ban khd v i lanh nen kll ciu mil bing nhi htah khep Un dl d l sudi i m va Uiill k l Uiem "dinb tm gian". -Binh Ini gian" la thdng gian md idng cua bip, nli bin vdi cic phdng. San cda 'dinh tni gian" duoc xiy dung bing dal v i d i cao ngang vdi mat bip. Vao mua ddug lanh gii khing gian niy dudC ding dl lim nhiing viec khdng Uil lim d ngoai tidi. Khu vuc sin cd thoang each gan bip li noi 4m nhil duoc gdi l i "a m m o t - ( 0 1 5 ! = ) duoe sii dong vdi nhiln muc dich khic nhau. Khi nhi cd khach hoJc cd ngudi ldn mil vio mua ddng "a ret mok" id noi mi din cho hd. Khi ni bin ngoai Irdi gia lanh trd v l nhi ngudl Han Uiudng u i p chin v i tay dang bi lanh cdng vio lim Chan da ttii sin ttin a let mok cho am A ret mok cilng duoc mi nin cho sin phu nim sau thi sinh dl gliip eo Uil sdm phuc hii, tti em thi dau bung do i n d l lanh cOng duoc nim iip bung xuong -a ret mok" dl sudi i m v i chdng thdi binh.
Theo ttiit ly "hda" ngdi nhi uuyln Uilng cua ngud, Hin va ngudi Viet cd ve xa la vdi Unh hoanh Uing thulch dal. Kiln Iao cila nha Uuyln Uilng Han. Viel d l cao Unh Uiuc Uln so giin di v i Unh chimg muc. Kiln ttiic nhi d cua ci hai nin vin hda diu thdng bilu hlen xu hming chl ngu md nguoc lai bilu hiin xu Uil hda nhip, b l sung cho mdl Uudng bao quanh. Hon Uil nua cac ngdi nhi kiln ttiic ttuyin Uilng niy ludn duoc tao dung tten mdl quan dilm: Cii d?p ttong su lu nhien, cii dep kr Tram 118
S M K E 1 l E C m i m lEHELinHT, »il 17, llclWIH trong ra, cai dep gin vdi chfl "Iim" [Hoing Bao Kinh, 2002; 36], Ngdi nhi ttuyin Uidng Viit, Han qua da gap gd nhau d dac ttung la sin phim cua hr duy hda vao Uiiin nhiin la lu duy chu dao cua kiln tnic ttuj-en Uilng cda van hda Han Quic vd van hda Viet Nam.
2.2. D | c t n m g tuong d i n g noi bat thu bai cda nha i tiuyln t h i n g Viel, Han I i mang dam tinh c$ng dong
Ngdi nhi cua nhung chii nhan ed vin hda dam Unh edng ding tit nhiin khdng chl l i noi ttanh mua, uinh ning, ttinh ret ma cdn la khdng gian cua gia duih, cda t l i m hda ding vdi ba con, ling gilng vdi cdng dong ling xa. Ngdi nhi Viit v i ngdi nhi Hin deu Ulilt k l d i gia dmh g i m nbieu Uianh vien cung cliung song, ttong nhi khdng cd vd Uiinh Uiang mi cd vd dim i m Uian mat
Khdng gian cda nhi Viil duoc can ttie bing don vi khdng gian l i "gian". "Gian" la co sd cho su Uilng nhil cao dd ttong kiln ttuc e l ttuyin Uilng cda ngudi Viit, ding Uidi cdng la CO sd cho su biln hda hi su Uiong n h i l Gian la him so c i a kiln ttuc nha Viet [Hoang Bao Kinh, 2002: 54).
Nhi Viit chia ra cic glan vdi nhiing cdng ning Ihidc kit hop: gian nhi chmh vua l i noi djt bin Uid t l Bin, vira la noi d l ban nude dip khach v i hnli tli cOng cd Uil li noi ngd cia dan dng Nha cd Uil duoc ngan Uianh eac gian nhung it ed ciia nen thdng bi chia cit, it thdng gian liing ftr cho lung ca nhin ca gia dmh an chmig mil mSm com, nli chmig, bat ldn dung Unrc i n ctamg va chi muc rieng vio bit ding dl an ca nha quiy quin quanh mim com Uong khing gian chung cua nhi.
Nhi ngudi Viit mang dam ttnh md vdi cdng dong Du mdi nha la mdt khudn vien ddc ldp nhung khdng ngan each vdi xdm giing Nhi cd clng hoic thdng cd clng nhung clng Uiudng t h i n g cd ciia Hang lio Uiip bing vit Ueu nhe ehl di phan djnh ranh gidi hoic ngan gia sue chii thdng ngdn khich vio ubi. Noi rdng nhit, dep nhit cda ngdi nhi l i noi de Uep thieh, Uiam ehi ei hien v i sin nha cling la khdng gian vln va cac can chuyin xdm gilng Trang m
quanh i m nudc che xanh, che v l t v l n Id sinli hogt Uidng Unrdng cda cdng dong ldng xS V i i l
Bo cue khdng gian d cua khu Uio eu cda gia dmh Viet ludn Uieo nguyin tic cdi md. lien mgch hi nha-hien-sin-vudn-ngd-xdra-dudng ling-dudng cii dd l i mdl thdng gian t i t nil. d i hda ding mdt cich ttr nhien v i Uiin m i l Cua chinh cua cic nhi ttuyin Uilng d ndng Uidn Viet Unrdng khdng chi yen cd chiic ning bio dim chong x i m nhip n i n Uiudng xuyin md, chi khia lai khi di ving xa ra kbdi ling v i khdng lam blng cic v8t liiu kiin c l nhu sit, Uilp hoic chu ttong tdi I khda. Tuy nhiin khdng pliii vl vay m i ngudi I j d l ding xam nh|p, tidm cip bdi nhi ngudi Viet dude bio v i chtoh bing Unh cdng d i n g Du cd bay t h i n g cd chd nhin d nha Uil mdl ngudi la cung khdng dil hr do la vio nhi eda ngudi c h i vi nd v i n duoc glim sil bdi nhilu gia dinh hing xdm k h i c
Nhi ttuyen Uiong cua ngudi H i n Uidng Uiudng bao g i m nhilu tda nhi khic nhau ttong m | t khudn viin ed ftrdng hay hing rio bao quanh. Mil cin nhi xay ttong tliiidn vien duoc danh riing cho mli ci nhin hay mdt nhanh (gia dinh nhd hon) ttong gia
"dmh ldn, hoJc Uieo nhung ehilc ning rilng M i l Toan b l khu nha cd Uil chia lam ba nhdm chfah.
Diu Uln la khu vuc phdng chinh (sarangchae - AiSHI), day la noi smh hoat eda nam gidi ttong nha, la noi dl nam gldi doc sich, hoc tjp, tilp ddn khich. md tiec tilp dai be ban. Tilp Uiec Ii khn vuc anch'ae (Stffl) l i thdng gian c i a phu nil v i o i em smh hoal Khu w e niy g i m cd phdng dl d l gia dung, du ttir Ullic in, cae vat cin Uiilt ttong nha, diy cflng l i noi Ulp khich cda nfi gidi v i ttd em.' Anch'ae thudng liln k l vdi nhi bip va nha v i smh.
Khn w c Ihu ba l i khu U * cdng ttong dd cd bin did cung l i n h h i n b l n U i l h i t o t i l n c d a g l a dmh.
Trong nhi cdn cd hai khu vue sin gd: sin g l dai sinh Mara hoic dinh ttd gian. Cic khdng gian nay la thdng gian quay quin cda cic Uiinh viln lim cho Unh cam gia dinb ludn gin bd, Trong xa hpi ttuyin Uilng, gia dinh ngudi Hin cd nliilu Uil h i smh sing. Do dd ngdi nhi ein phii dip ftng nhu
TjF CHl PMT TmEH mgCH, T<P 17. >tf «4.jin4 can cua c i nhan v i cua sinh hoat chung vi vay
. khing gian rieng duw; ngan cich v i biel Up hon khdng gian cua ngdi nhi Vill Til c i cic phdng rilng diu cd cua v i la noi sinh hoat riing cua c i nhin C i gia dmh sinh hoal chung d t h u vuc Chung nhnng mdi Uiinh viin si smh boat rieng hr d phdng lieng.
MJc du bilt lap hon vi Uiudng ed hrdng lio bing dat hay d i bao quanh nhung khdng gian nhi ttuyin dilng cna Hin van md vol cpng dong. Tudng hao quanh Uiip chd yen d l phin dinh ranh gidi, cong ttmdng dan bing cic loai c ^ it thi khda nen hing xdm cd Uil nhm vao ttong nha nhau va d l dang di vao nhi. Chl ed nhi cua quan lai. quy tdc ludng ban l i cd clng ehinh blng g l . Mnb eao v i ngan cich ttong ngoii chJI ehe hon nhi eua ndng din cdn nhln Chung ttrdng v i cong chinh cua nha ttuyin thong Hin Quic ftrong dli ttiap cd Uil nMn lO ttong sin, nha nen cflng mang Unh md vdi cdng ding.
Nip sing eda ngudi Viet it tdn ttong cai rilng mn nhi c i a ngudi Viet khdng cd phdng rilng cho tirng c i n h i n Moi Uianh viin ttong gia dinh suih hoat chmig Oong ngli nhi ban ngiy v i chi vio ban dim cho ngd mdi d w c phin rilng Vi vjy nhi ngudi Viit It ngan phdng v i nlu ngin phdng cOng Ihiftng khdng cd cfta. Trii Iji nhi ngudi H i n Iji bao g i m nhilu tda nhi khie nhau ttong mdl khudn viin cd tudng hay rao bao quanh. Nguyin tic "mdl phdng mdt tda nhi" Ii uuyln dllng liu ddi cda Hin Quoc. Mli cin phdng hoic cin nhi Uong khudn vien dUdC xiy riing cho mdt t i i n h viln hay mdt nMnh cda gia dinh hoic Uieo chuc ning riing b i l l Nhiing gl xiy ra ttong mdi cin nlii Uiudng khdng may liln quan din nhflng gi xiy ra ttong cin khic D6 la khdng gian sinh hoat riing te v i viie gifl su liing ttt dd duoc moi ngudi chip nhan [Shin Young Hoon. 1998: 3001 Nhu vjy. „ | p smh hoal cua ngudi Hin chmig v i riing khi cin bang. Uil hiln ttong nip nhi cda ho, cd khdng glan chung d l cac Uiinh vien stoh boat chmig v i khdng gian riing cho hing ca nhin dl sinh hoat rieng to. Cdn nhi ngudi
Viet mac dil so dd khdng gian mach lac va duoc Unh loin hop ly nhung do nip song it chu ttong ea nhin nen phin chung l i phan chu yen, phan rilng ttr cho hing c i nhan l i khdng cd hoac rit i l
2 3 . Cdng chiu anh hudng s i u s i c cua quan nilm phong thdy t n m g viic xay dmig nha d cnng l i mot dac t n m g tirong dong kba rS net
Do cung chiu inh hudng cda van hoa nhan Unrc v i i m duong ngu hanh v i xem dd l i nguyin ly van hinh cua ftr nhien nen ttuat phong diuy vdn cd co so tu nhan ttinc i m duong ngii hinh da chi phoi sau sac tien ttuc v i v i n hda nbd d c i a Ctt dan H i n Quic v i Viet Nam. Hai nguyin ly co b i n cua phong Uiuy la sinh khi luan va cam ftng luan Sinh t h i luan cho ring thi am duong t i t hop tao nin van v a l Kbi di vio dit Iim sinh sdi v i nndi dudng van vjl goi l i smh khi do dd dit Unrdng duoc xem l i me. Sinh khi di Uieo maeh n g m s hi d noi nio ttli mn dd si Ii khn dit t i l Nlu dung nhi d (duong phan) hay tang m l ma <am phin) d noi dit lit Uii ngudi sdng ttong nha d thu dit dd hay con chau cda ngttdi cd m l mi tang d thu dit dd si nhan dudc nhiiu dilu t i l dep. Dilu nay la Uieo nguyin Iy cim ftng luan ttong Uniat phong Uniy. Theo dd viic cd hay khdng Stah khi d noi dit d noi dal d hay noi ting n ^ mi si do quan hi cim ftng mi tae ddng dem din hung k i l l hoa phuc cho chd nhan hoac con chiu cfta ngudi nim ttong m l mi d khu dil dd.
Quan nilm niy Ii teong dong d H i n (Julc v i Viit Nam nin ttong l u i h w c n h i d c u d i n c u a h a i quic gia diu coi ttong viie chon dit lim nhi v i min Uid nhieu nguyin lic i m duong ngii hinh ttong viic lac dung thdng gian ttong nhi hoic khudn viin cda thu nhi.
Ngudi H i n cho ring sudi t t o Ii chin khi v i chto khi cua nfti phin bd UKO son mach. ngung tt) ua nio Uil noi dd la dil i l l Stah kto gap gid thi phai, tin, gip nudc Uii ngung ni nin smh thi se ngung t i t d noi oanh duoc gid gip dudC nudc. Bja Uil bd, son dien Uiuy nay lil duoe chu ttpng trong quan niem chon dil d cda ngudl Haa Cac ngdi ling Hin Traag 121
SGIEKES TECHIIKY lEVELIPKr, VBI 17, RQ.K4-ZII4 Quoc tliumig 6 khu dit dupc gidi hgn boi ngudn nuac phia truoc va nui 6 pliia sau "'Mdt nguoi Han Qudc dien hinh la duoc sinh ra trong mdt ngdi nha tran day anh nang, tiudc nha la dong sdng va sau nhd Id ngpn niii. DE^- la ingt dia diem dep ly tirong ddi vdi mpt ngdi nha theo thudt dia ly. Va khi cupc dd'i khep lgi con ngudi Han ay dugrc chdn cdt o mpl nai am dp vd khd rao tren niii [Han Myong Hee, 1994: 40: Dgng Van Lung, 2002]
3. Nhihig dac t n m g khac biet trong ITnh vut abk a cua ^5n hda Han Quoc va W£t Nam th&i kif truyen thSng
3.1. Nhd d ciia Han Qu6c mang d ^ dau an v i n h6a ton ti hou nha Vi^t
Ddc tnmg van hda tdn ti la mpl dgc imng rat noi bdt Clia vdn hoa Han Quoc vd nd ciing in ddm dau in trong kien tnic ngdi nha Han tmyen thong.
Trong nha imyen thong Han Quoc cd sy phdn biel ro r§t khu v\rc gia tnrdng c i a nam gidi vd khu \-irc Clia nir gidi Khu \-uc gia tnnimg sarang chae (Af ii'^XH) la khu vuc danh cho dan ong trv cpt cua gia dlnli la noi rpng nhat, dupc trang hodng d?p nhal va la khdng gian tiep khdch. Cac thdnh vien khac Irong gia dinh it lai vdng den day nhi^u khi c ^ phu nii budc vdo vi dd la khdng gian uy quyen Clia gia trudng. Phdng ciia con trai tniimg thudng dupc dat ke phdng cha khdng dinh \ai tio thira ke Clia con trai tmdnng. Phia ben trong Id gian ancliae ia khdng gian ciia phy nu va trd em. Phdng anchae (£liH) bao gid cung a sau phia Irong de hgn die viec ph\i nii ra khu \-yc sarang chae. Nhimg be trai song d anchae d^n 7 tuoi thi chu}in sang sarangchae cdn be gai tiep tyc song d anchae.
Anchae la nai do ngudi phy nu chu nhan cai qudn nen la noi chua nhieu vdt dyng. tii quan do vd cac tdi san quy ciia gia dinh. Khu ^•yc thd cung to tien dupc lach rieng d mpl plidng hay mpt tda nhd BAy la ch6n uy nghiem nen Ihuong dupc bo tri d khu nrc xa cong chinh nhal de y6n ffnh va ngucri ngodi khdng llie tiep cgn dupc. Tnjng khu \-yc thd ciing dat cac bdi \( to lien vd la noi lien hdnh cac nghi la thd Cling td tien. Cuoi ciing id khu V\K Tpang 1ZZ
Haengnancliae ( ^ y w i ) khu VTfc thap nhat Irong ngdi nha Id noi sinh bout ciia nhihig nguai tdi td.
phyc vy (neu cd). Mdi khu vyc hogc cdn phong c6 chiic ndng rieng deu c6 cilta, ra vao ddng md kin ddo va phai sinh hogt dung khu vyc da d i ^ c an djnli.
Ro rang la klidng gian trong nhd d Hdn Quoc dupc phdn chia sinh hogt theo tdn ti rat r5 r§t. Dieu nay Id khac vdi phdn chia khdng gian cda ngoi nhd Viet. Khdng gian ciia nhd Vi$l dupc phan chia theo chiic ndng la chii yeu chii khdng phdi theo dja vj tdn ti mdc du ciing cd y^u to tipng nam khinh nft, gia tmdng trong phan djnh nhung khong nghigm nggt va khdng rd net. Dilu khde bi^t d vj tri thd Cling to tian trang ngdi nha Hdn vd nhd Vi^t cung cho thay quan niem khac nhau. T6 tien vd noi thd Cling to tien vdi ngudi Han va ngudi Viet d^u Id noi tdn nghiam, ldn kinh nhung ngudi Viel vdi vdn hda chan hda than mat sinh hogt trong cung khdng gian chung Clia gia dinh thi dd luon djt ncri thd cung t6 tian d gian cliinh giiia trang trpng nhat, dep nliat vd cung la noi tiep kliach, la noi sinli hogt qudy q u k Clia cd gia dinh hang ngay. Khdch den nhd choi vao dip gio chgp ludn thdp nan hucrng len bdn thd gia chii nhu mdl thii tyc thdm vieng, kinh tnjng. Cdc thdnh viSn trong gia dinh khi buAn vui, khi mu6n cau xin, mu6n giai bay vdi dng bd to tiSn cDng rdt da ddng chi vdi viec thdp m&l nen huang vd lip cd th^ Ihip huong bal cii Iiic ndo th^y can chft khdng nhat Ihiet chl vdo djp cung gid. Tdm lgi, trong khdng gian nhd ngudi Vi$t, dng bd to tifin s6ng ciing con chdu tuy kinh md khdng xa cdch, tuy tdn nghiem md vdn than mgt gdn bd hdng ngdy .
Khu vyc thd ciing tt lien cua ngudi Hdn dupc tdch rieng vdi mdl chii jJ giu gin sy yen Hnh tdn nghiam vd ngudi ngodi khd tiep cgn. D6 Id khu vyc rieng biat chl de ts&a hdnh cung bdi theo cdc nghi ll phtic lgp vdo cdc dip can cung tL Sy phdn cdch ndy tgo ra su nghiem cAn cila n ^ song tdn ti, khac vdi nep song hda d6ng than mdt cua ngudi Vi$t
T ; ? o i H U T IWEM HMCII, Tip 17, iff 14-2014 3 J . Phmmg thoc sinh boat treo san nha (toa
. Ulit) c i a ngndi H i n B mgt d i e t n m g rieng bidt k h i noi bat
Ngudi Han cd cau "nhi nao .idp gii)- nga; ngin nen Uieni da l i nha lUidng bao gidbi an ttdm". Nhtt die each xep giiy dep se phan inh lam Unh cin Uian v i ngan nip cna chd nha - diiu cd hen l ¥ mat Uiict vdi vice bao ve an ninh cho ngdi n h i Mat khac long kel dd cdn phin inh mdl nep sdng cda ngudi H i n l a h i d n e d i b d g i i y d e p d ngoai Uidm da ttudc khi budc vao nhi. Do cic dien kien Uiien nhien m i ngudi Hin da lit chu ttong san nha Bong Uiiet k i va nong sudung: sin mani hay he Uiing ondol ludn l i lim diem cua vifc Uiiet ke v i nd cimg mang tdi nhdng nng dung quan npng cda sudi boat hing ngay Irong ngdi nha cna ngudi Han Ho lit quen vdi viec dil CO Uie Clia mtah ttuc Uep len sin nha i m ap vio mna ddng, mit ruoi vao mda he. Cic sinh boat dmong nhit: an uing. ngd. nght ttd chnjen, doc sich, v.v... cua ngudi Hin deu diln ra Wn san n h i Hon nua van hda Id nghi tdn d yen ciu plHl Unrc hien nhilu ddng tac quy lay. cdi mat sdt Miing sdn nha do dd sin nhi ttong ngdi nhi ngudi Hin U mdt khdng gian vin hda die biel Vi 1 % cac vit dong smh boat ttong nhi ngudi Hin d u w Uillt H cd kich Umdc ttiip. phd hop vdi sinh boat - b c f Bdn san nha, lao ra mdl dac ttung ril rieng cua khdng gian sudi hoal cua ngdi nha ttuyin Uidng Hin. Die ttung nay khiln cho inb sing ttong cac ngoi nha cua Hin (Juic Unidng Ii pban chilu ttt dudi dil len v i ngudi dan song uong Uil gidi dudc Ihjp sing lu phia dudi M d u d dep hiln ding ldn kinh I t phia dudi len uen do su Uiim Uiiu cda van bda tdn U dem lai hieu tag die bill cho my cam Hta. -Mdt cd diu ha Uiip ddi may ding yen xuong kU ngdi ling le tten sin nha ttudc mil ngudl ldn.
Bang each iy. kbndn mat cd se bil duoe nhiing inh sing dep as nhit v i phd ndn vd dep ttong tting cua cd mdl cich lujet vdi n h i r [Shm Vong Hoon, 1998: 30*]
Mac du sinh boat tten sin la net sinh hoal dac ttung oia ngudi H i n nhung khdng cd nghia dd l i phuong tinic smh boat dm- n h i t Trong cha ttuvin Uidng ngudi H i n cung cd Uil cd nhiing sinh hoat tten bin cd chin cao. ngu tten giudng each ly sin his- Uieo tting dilu tien khi bin v i Uidi qnen cua gia chu. Ngudi Viet cdng khdng phii chi cd phuong Unic sinh boat d b i n cao. giudng cich sin. Licb su cu ttu cda ngudi Viet d i cd mdt Uidi kj md diu vol mdt loai nha lit coi ttong san dd l i loai nha s i n v i smh hoat "bit" tten s i n cung diln ra chu yen d loai n h i niy. Tny nhien nhi sin sau niy chi cdn b i o luu d ving din tdc it ngudi, nha cda ngudi VielKhih chn yeu la nha nin dit nen Do dd cac sinh boat nong nha cua ngudi Viel diln ra Ben bin cao.
giudng cd chin cao cich san dit v i ngudi Vict llmdng di giiy dep Bong nha. Vdi loai nhi nin dit nen Uii ddng hi don ve sinh n h i cua la'quet" bing chdi chu khdng phii l i -lau" nhu loai nhi sin gd cua ngudi H i n B i y cung l i net dac Uung sinh boat khi cich biet n a hai ben can phil hieu id de "nhip gia nj> ttic" sinh hoat cbo phu hop.
N h i d cd mdl lich su phil Biln liu dii cnng vdi lich su hmh Uiinh v i phil ttiln cda tdc ngndi lir nen su din hien dai. Hin Qndc v i Viet Nam diu li cic quic gia cd lich sir c i kinh nen nhi d cna hai quic gia diu da ttii qua nhung giai doan biln Uiien va ttep biln cda van bda bin dia vdi cac anh hudng ben ngoii Tim hieu v i so sinh diy du die ttung nhi d cda lung giai doan beh stt cda bai quoc gia l i mdt de lil Uid vi nhung ddi hdi cin phii cd nhitag khao sil va nghien cuu cdng pbu d mdt de tai lien nginh du l i m Phin so sinh nhi d Uong vin hda ttm en diing ™ d l cap d tten chi la nhung nghien cuu va gidi Uileu budc diu cho mdl ndi dung so sinh rong hon. dd l i vin dl so sinh vin hda d cua hai nen vin hda Han-Viel.
Traai 123
SCIEKE iTEaminY EVEiinsn.iDi 17, •o.xt-zm
The typical similarities and differences in terms of housing in traditional Korean culture and traditional Vietnamese culture
Tran Thi Thu Luong
University of Social Sciences and Humanities, VNU-HCM ABSTRACT:
Housing is a cultural achievement In tenns of human response to nature. II has a iong history of development with the formation and development of human society from prehistoric to modem. Houses are not built from base, from columns but Irom lifestyles and concepts of life. Therefoie, In the basic s&uduie olthe organizattonai culture of matenai life, housing
is one of the three "food - housing - clothes"
vtrhlch deeply absortied cultural features of Iha subject. This paper compares the typical similarities and differences in housing in the sequence of the comparative study of the organizational culture ofmkedai life of Korean culture and of Vietnamese culture in traditional times.
Keywords: Traditional housing. Korean culture, Vietnamese culture
TAI Llfu THAM K H A O
[IJ. Han Myong Hee 1994: Am Uianh cia nil - A m Uianh cda ttii Um. Koreanna, V0I.8/N0.4.
1994. In ttong. Bdng Vin Lung (chd hlen) 2002- Tiep cin vin hda Hin Quoc - H i Ndi.
nxb Van hda-Thdng Un.
[2] Hoing Bao Kinh 2008. Ngd pho ddi ngudi - Ha Ndi. nxb Van hoc.
[31 Hoing B30 Kinh 2002: Dl sin van hda hao ton va ttung m - Ha Ndi. nxb Van hda Uidng Un.
[41 Ngd Biic Thinh (chu bien) 2012: Tin ngudng
[5]. Nguyin Quang Ngoc 2009: Mdt so vin de ldng xa Vilt Nam - H i Ndi: nxb Dgi hoc Quoc gia Hi Nil.
[6[, Sliin Yonng-Hoon 1998: Chic ning v i vd dep cia ngdi nhi Han Quoe ttuyin Uiing.
Koreanna, VoL2, No.4, 1998. In ttong: Bang van Lung (chd bien) 2002: Tilp cjn vin hda Hin Quoc - Hi Ndi: nxb van hda - Thdng Un [7], Tran Ngoc Them 1996: Tim v j bin sic vin
hda Viel Nam - NXB Khoa hoe X i hdi H i N i l va van hda Un ngudng d Viet Nam - Ha Ndi: [8], Trin Ngoc Thim 2000: Phdc Uiao chin dung ' " ' ' ™ van hda Viet Nam - H i Ndi: nxb Chlnh ttj
quoe gia.
TranB 124