SO 9 (203)-2012 NGON NGUT & Ddi SONG 43
NGON NGCf VA VAN HOA<7(JlOQl^ JC160 (JcAmj^ &7« <T>cM) Ql^dCd^^ fV9l<7
SYMBOL OF PEACH BLOSSOM
IN THE VIETNAMESE FOLK-SONG TREASURE
T R A N HANH NGUYEN (Hpc vien Cao hpc, Oai hoc Sir ph^m H i Npi)
Abstract
The article studies the name of peach blossom and its symbolic meaning in the Vietnamese folk songs. Peach blossom is a symbol primarily for the beauty of the girls, and a symbol of love. There are many similarities between peach blossom and young girls, and love including the beauty, purity, charm, and also the fragility and weakness.
tdi mudn ndi den cay dao trong tu nMen vdi 1. Md dau
Khao E.:lc 3 t^p Kho tdng ca dao ngudi Viit, chiing-tdi thiy cd 754 ldi ca, vdi 2158 tu ndi ve hoa (hue, bdng) va 87 loai hoa: hoa ddo, hoa
sen, hoa mai, hoa hdng, hoa lan, hoa cue, hoa nhdi, hoa hue, hoaggo,...Trong kho tang ca dao ngudi Viet, hoa dao tiiupc nhdm 5 loai hoa xuit Mpn nMlu nhit trong thi gidi mudn hoa (chiem 18,3%). Hoa dao (146 lan, cMlm 6,8 %), hoa sen (101 lln, cMlm 4,7 %)), hoa hdrig (67 lln, chiem 3,1 %>), hoa cue (50 lln, cMeni 2,3 %), hoa nhai 31 lan, cMlm 1,4 %). Xuit Men 146 lln, d vi tii tiiu iihit trong bang xep loai, hoa dao dugc xem la loai hoa dac tiimg nd vao mua xuan va la mpt di san tinh than ciia ngudi Viet. Ben canh nhQng loai hoa xuat hipn vdi tan sd cao, cd tdi 39 loai hoa xuit hien kMem nhudng, cM dugc nhic din 1 lln (hoa tdo, hoa at, hoa dd, hoa
trinh na, hdi duang, hoamudm, hoa cau, ...).Trong the gidi da sac cua cac loai boa, hoa dao la thu hoa dep va quy. HIU hit cac bd phan ciia cay dao diu ed gia tii ddi vdi ddi sdng thyc te. Trong van hda ciia nMeu qudc gia, chu yeu la cac quoc gia phuong Ddng, hoa dao, cay dao, qua dao dugc lya chpn lam bieu tugng vdi rit nhiiu y nghTa khac nhau. Trudc het chiing
cac tinh chat sinh hpc ciia nd. Dao la cay go nha, thupc hp hoa hdng, eao khoang 3 - 4 m^t, la don mpc so le, pMen hep va dai, cudng ngSn, mep cd rang cua nhd, hoa mau hdng nhat, mpc rieng le, cd 5 canh, cudng hoa ngin, nhi hoa cd khoang 35- 40 cai, qua hach ed ranh dpc, d mat ngoai cd phii nhung to. Nhan hat, hoa, la dao deu cd tac dung y hpc chOa mdt sd beph cho ngudi.
Kiep hoa dao that mdng manh, tu liic hoa nd den liic hoa tan cM ti'oiig khoang dam ba ngay ngan ngui, ca miia hoa ciing chi keo dai dugc ba tuan. Nliimg dii d thdi diem nao, vudn dao vin cd mdt ve hap din rieng. Tuoi mat, mo mang klii nliiliig nu hoa dau tien -vira chiim cM'm mdi cudi sau bao ngay im lim trong bang gia. Tung bimg, rye ro khi ca ngan hoa rd nd.
Man mac, nen tho khi nhirng canh hoa roi bay toi ta kliap khdng gian rdi trai tiiam tren nen cd biec.
sac hoa dao tiiam tuoi, ndng nan, quyen rii.
kiep hoa dao mdng manh bac menh, •vudn hoa
dao dep thanh thoat, than tien v.v... da tao
dugc nhieu ml caiii cho ngudi ddi, nMeu tM
himg cho cac tao nhan mac khach? Chang the
ma trong kho tang thi ca phong phu cua Nhat
Ban, Tnmg Hoa cung nhu Viet Nam da khdng
44
NGON NGijr & Ddi
S6NG SO 9 (203)-2012hiem nhtrng ang tha van tuyet ml, nliQng trang tinh sir diem le cd lien quan tdi hoa dao.
2. NghTa bieu trung ciia hoa dko trong ca dao
Theo Tu dien biiu tugng vdn hda the giai, ddo cd nhiing y ngMa bieu tugng sau:
- Hoa dao bieu tugng cho miia xuan.
Hoa dao la hinh anh ciia sy ddi mdi va sue sinh san ddi dao. Ci Trung Quoc ngudi ta lay nd bieu tugng cho le cudi.
Hoa dao tugng trung cho sy trong tring va thuy chung theo quan niem cua ngudi Nhat Ban.
Ci Trung Qudc qua dao dugc xem la cd tac dung phdng chdng nhQng anh hudng xau, tru ta ma. Ngoai ra cay dao va qua dao thudng bieu tnmg cho sy trudng sinh bat tu gan vdi huyen thoai ve cay dao eua Tay Vuong Mlu cii 3000 nam Iai ra qua mdt lan, ai an qua do se dugc trudng sinh bat tu.
Trong van hda Viet Nam, hoa dao cQng nhu cay dao, qua dao khdng ham chua bet nhiing y nghia bieu tugng d tren mac du nhung y ngMa ay khdng xa la gi vdi ngudi Viet Nam qua lich sir, van hda Trung Qudc ciing nhu Nhat Ban. Hoa dao da di vao lich su, ngdn ngQ hang ngay va tM ca mdt each dam da y vi. Ve lich sir. vao tet Ky Dau (1789). vua Quang Trung sau khi dem doan quan tdc chien tu Nam ra Bac, dai pha dugc 20 van quan Thanh xam luge, lien sai quan sT chgn lay mdt canh bich dao dep nhat Thang Long, cho ngya pM gap mang vao Phii Xuan de tang cdng chiia Ngpc Han. thay cho thiep bao tin mirng chien thang. Trong ngdn ngu hang ngay tM mau dao. dung de ta mau hdng tham hay dd tuoi nhu: ma dao, lua dao, cd dao, mau dao.
Vdi ngudi Viet Nam, bieu- tugng dao chu yeu tap tnmg d y ngMa cua hoa dao, -vudn dao ma ft khi nhac den cay dao hoac qua dao. Dieu nay the Men rd trong ca dao. Chiing tdi da thdng ke trong bp Kho tang ca dao Viet Nam cd 146 ldi ca ndi tdi dao, trong do cMem sd
lugng chu yeu la Mnh anh ciia hoa dao va vudn dao.
2.1. Hoa ddo - bieu trung eho ve dep ngudi thieu na
Mdi quan he giila con ngudi va tMen nMen, tMeu nQ va hoa dugc xem nhu bieu tugng eiia ve dep thanh tMen, hoan mT. KM lien tudng tdi ve dep ciia ngudi con gai, tac gia dan gian da the Men sy cam nhan tinh te trudc ve dep cua hoa dao. Trong vdn tu vyng tiing Viet, tQ td
"ddo " ti-ong ngMa hoa dao xuat Men trong rit nMeu tu ngQ ndi ve ngudi tMlu nQ. Nhung tu ngQ ay xuat Men trong ca dao.' ddo ta (6 Idn), ddo non (3 Idn), tha ddo (2 Idn)...
Net nghla biiu trung tic cdc bd phdn cua loai hoa
Hoa dao xuat Men vdi ngMa bieu trung cd tan sd cao trong eac ldi ca chiia tu dao. Vdi 17 lan lap lai, hoa ddo \k nMeu Men the ciia nd dugc lien tudng vdi ve dep cua ngudi tMeu nu.
TM si dan gian da khae hpa ve dep ngudi phu nQ trong tuong quan vdi hoa ddo, ddi kM la bup ddo, nu ddo, nhi hoa:
Hinh anh blip dao:
Di ngang thdy bOp hoa ddo Mudn vao md be sgr rao lam gai
(KTCDNV, y.822) Bdng hoa dao he nd:
Bong ddo chenh chech nd ra Thdy hoa lien hdi biet cdy ai trdng
(KTCDNV, y.794) Hinh anh bdp hoa ddo hay bdng ddo chdm nd diy e ap, dng anh nhu cMnh ve dep ty nMen, cang diy nhya sdng thanh tan cua tMeu
nQ.
Net nghla biiu trung tuphdm chdt hoa Mau sac va huong thom ciia hoa lam nen ve dep cua loai minh. Sac tham tuoi hdng cua hoa dao hay trai dao cMn dd hay hay cung duge vi vdi ve dep rye ra eiia ngudi con gai.
Ve dep ay da hut hdn bao chang trai va de lai nhung diu an khd phai. Tu md ddo xuat Men 9 lln tirong sy chuyen ngHa cM ve dep tuoi tin, hdng hao cua ngudi con gai.
SO 9 (203)-2012 NGON NGUT & Odi SONG 45
Ddi ma cang hdng cua ngudi thieu nu nhu sac hong eua hda dao. VI the, ndi md ddo \a ndi den ngudi con gai dep:
Thdy ai hdn hdn md ddo
Thanh tdn may lieu dg ndo chd ihuang (KTCDNV, tr.2041) Trong vudn ddo tdi vdn khdi khao Vi khdch md ddo cdn do cha va
(KTCDNV, y. 1654) Khdng chi hoa dao, blip dao, qua dao dugc vi vdi ngudi con gai ma ca cay dao cung dugc ca dao lay lam bieu tugng cho ngudi con gai:
Cdy le, cdy luu cay ddo
Ba hdn cdy dicng dd cdy ndo edn khdng?
(KTCDNV, y.493) Ndi ve nu, ndi ve ddo la, ddo non hay tha ddo...\a nham chi ve dep tuoi non, xuan sac, xuan thi cua ngudi phu nu:
Thdy em mdt phuang mdi son May ngdi da tuyet ddo non tren cdnh
(KTCDNV, tr. 2046) Ddo tff sen ngd xanh xanh Ai xui em din chdn ndy gap anh
Ddo tff sen ngd xanh xanh Ngoc Idnh cdn dai, gid lanh dep duyen.
(KTCDNV, tr. 1849) Theo quy luat ty nhien, tudi xuan ciia ngudi con gai cung nhat phai nhu tudi ddi cua dda hoa. Ldi trach mdc cua ngudi con gai ddi vdi ngudi ban tinh nghe that xdt xa:
Thdn thiip nhu cdnh hoa ddo Dang tuoi dang tdt thiep trao eho chdng
Bdy gid nhuy rita hoa tdn Vudn xudn nd kem sao chdng lgi che
(KTCDNV, tr.2034) Tac gia dan gian da lay bg phan ciia hoa ciing nhu dac diem, tinh chat va trang thai cua hoa de cM ve dep va cupc ddi ngudi phu nu.
2.2. Hoa ddo - bieu tnmg cho tinh yeu Vudn ddo - vudn yeu: Vudn dao trong ca dao la yuan yeu, vudn tinh ai, la noi tinh ty.
Hinh anh bieu tugng nay xuat Men 30 lan, chilm ti le cao trong cac ldi ca cd tu ddo.
Trong vudn tinh ai ay, vuon ddo trd thanh
khdng gian td tinh li tudng nhit cho cac chang trai cd gai xuan tiii:
Buam vdng, budm ti-dng budm xanh Bay qua lugn lgi, qudn quanh vudn ddo
(KTCDNV, fr. 681) Chdn vudn ddo la Mnh anh tugng tnmg cho noi gap go ciia cac cd thdn nQ va cac chang nho sT ma khdng nhat tMet phai cd mdt vudn filao thyc ngoai ddi:
Vudn ddo vita tdt vua tuoi Mai chdng nho sTvdo chai vudn ddo
Tram hoa dua na vudn ddo Mai chdng nho si budc vao thdm hoa
(KTCDNV, ti-.604) CMeu chieu ra vdn vuon ddo Hdi thdm hoa li rai vdo tay ai?
(KTCDNV, ti-. 604) Van la bieu tugng vudn ddo nhung khi vudn ay vang bdng "budm ong qua lgi" la liic ngudi con gai da phai md ddo ma vin chua tim dugc ben do tinh yeu:
Chdng cdn mo cd anh ndo Em edn lan dan vudn dao sdm trua
(KTCDNV, y.633) Ddo sdng ddi cung hinh tuang khde nhu man, luu hay lieu biiu trung cho tinh yeu;
Hoa dao trong vai trd bieu tugng cho tinh yeu dugc ca dao su dung nMeu theo timg cap bieu tugng cho ddi ban tinh. Cap bieu tugng thudng gap nhat va ciing quen thudc nhat vdi ngudi Viet Nam la man - ddo {ddo - U, ddo - liiu) xuat Men 30 lan qua nhQng ldi ca dao td tinh ndi tieng.
Ddo- Man
Bdy gia man mdi hdi ddo Vudn hong da eo ai vdo hay ehua?
Man hdi thi ddo xin thua Vudn hong co ldi nhung ehua ai vdo
(KTCDNV, y. 255) Man ddo, vudn hdng da cd sy chuyin ngMa. Chuyen man - ddo va ldi vao vudn hdng la each ndi xa xdi, bdng gid theo ldi udc le, tugng tnmg ve cai kha nang cd till din dugc vdi nhau trong tinh yeu.
(KTCDNV, y.255)
46 NGON NGUT & DOI SONG S6 9(203)-2012
Ddo - Luu
Ciing xuat Men kha nMeu trong ca dao la cap bieu tupng lyu - dao hau het mang y ngMa ciia sy trac trd, cMa xa trong tinh yeu de lai ndi nhd thuang da diet cho ddi ban tinh:
Sen xa hd sen khd hd egn Luu xa ddo, luu ngd ddo nghieng
(KTCDNV, y. 1833) Luu va dao ludn bieu tugng cho sy each tid Uong tinh yeu cua ddi ban tinh. Y ngMa nay phai chang xuit phat tu thyc te hoa dao nd vao miia xuan, hoa lyu nd vao miia he. KM hoa dao da tan het, qua dao da xanh mudt tM hoa lyu mdi nd. Dao va lyu ndi tiep nhau theo thdi gian khdng cimg mua nen chiing khdng bao gid gap dugc nhau.
Ddo - Lieu
Ngoai cac cap bieu tugng tien, ddo cdn di vdi liiu tiianh mgt cap bieu tiigng thudng thiy trong ca dao. Ddo - lieu ciing la ddi ban tinh son sat, gin bd mat tMet vdi nhau trong sy hdi ngd:
Ddo ai thuang lay lieu cung Udc ma Mo liiu vui chung mdt nhd
(KTCDNV, ti'. 1561) Trdng len cd chiec sao ehdu
Hdi thdm ddo lieu dd dn trdu ai ehua?
(KTCDNV, ti-.2175) Ddo bilu tugng cho tinh yeu ddi liia la y ngMa chii dao trong nhung ldi ca ve tinh yeu ddi lira. Ben canh y ngMa do, dao cdn bieu tugng cho tinh vg - chdng:
Ddi ta nhu cdnh hoa ddo Chdng ddy va ddy ai ndo kem ai
(KTCDNV, ti'.861) 2.3. Hoa ddo-hieu tnmg cho miM xudn Hoa dao dugc xem la loai hoa dac tiomg nd vao miia xuan va la mgt di san tinh than ciia ngudi Viet. Theo ty nMen, loai cay nay tiiudng nd hoa vao mua xuan nhung trong hon mdt tram ldi ca nhic din dao, cM cd vai lan tM si dan gian vudng viu vdi nang tien xuan va nhac tdi hoa dao:
Rdng ddy thu cue xuan ddo Maxe mdn lai gid chdo ti-dng thu
(KTCDNV, ti:.522)
3. Ldi ket
Y ngMa bieu tugng ciia dao Uong ca dao chil yeu la bieu tugng cho ve dep cua ngudi con gai, bieu tugng eho tinh yeu ddi lua. Hoa dao va ngudi tMeu nQ, hoa dao va huong sac tinh yeu cd nMeu net tuong ddng. Dd la ve dep, sy diu dang, tinh khilt; net dang yeu, sue hap dan va ca sy mdng manh, yeu dudi, de hi tdn thuang...Dao xuat Men trong ca dao chii yeu la hoa dao. Qua dao va cay dao cung xuat Men nhung cM chiem phan rat nhd. Dieu nay khac vdi y nghia cua dao trong cae loai hinh nghe thuat khac ciing nhu trong tho ca bac bgc.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Dd Hiiu Chau (1981), Tu vung ngu nghla tieng Viet, Nxb Giao due. Ha Npi.
2. Nguyin Thi Ngpc Diep, Ddi net ve nhdm bieu tugng hoa trong ea dao, HTTP;//
www.dabatrose.com
3. Tran thj Hdng Hanh (2007), Su triing hgp vd khde biet trong viec lua chgn cdc dn du Irong cdc nen vdn hda, Ngdn nga, (11).
4. Nguyin Thi Ngan Hoa (2005), Su phdt triin y nghla ciia he bieu tugng trang phuc trong ngdn nga tha ca Viet Nam, Luan van Tien sT ngu van - Vien khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam
5. Jean Chevalier Alain Gheerbrant (2002), Tu dien Bieu tugng vdn hda the gidi, Nxb Da Ning, Trudng viit van Nguyen Du.
6. Ha Quang Nang (2002), Bdn sdc vdn hda ciia ngudi Viet qua cdc Mnh the ngdn tu dn du trong ca dao Viet Nam, Ngdn ngu van hda giao tiep. Vien thdng tin khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Ndi.
7. Trin Van Sang (2009), Hoa ddo, tu biiu tugng vdn hda den bieu trung vdn hgc, Ngon ngu & Ddi sdng (1+2).
8. Mai Thuc Dd Due Hilu (1997), Diin lich vdn hgc,'Mdt tram truyen hay Ddng Toy kim cd, Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi.
9. Phan Thj Huyin Trang (2007) NhOng lien ludng nga nghla ciia lit Hoa ti-ong Truyen Kiiu - Nguyin Du, Ngdn hgu,( 11)
10. Pham Thu Yin (1999), Nhitng Ihi gidi nghe thudt ca dao, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ndi.
(Ban Bien tip nhan bai ngay 2907-2012)