ghieri cu*u • Khoa hoc Gido due
T I E P T U C D O I M O I H E C A C T R U O N G C H U Y E N m m
T H E O Q U Y D A O K H O A H O C
GS.VS. PHAM MINH HAC
K
e tir khi hinh thanh Idp chuyen toan tai Truong Dai hoc Tong hop Ha Npi (nay la Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi), vao nam 1965, theo chi thi cua ddng chi Pham Van Ddng, Chu tich Hpi ddng Bp trddng luc dd, den nay vda dung 45 nam. Qua nhung nam thang lich sd thang tram, he thdng giao due nude nha da vUdt qua biet bao gian nan, thd thach, bao vat va, nhpc nhan dung xay nen ca mot he trddng, Idp phd thdng trung hpc chuyen (cd ndi gpi la trddng nang khieu) toan, li, hoa, sinh, van, ngoai ngd... (khong ke cac trddng Idp chuyen nghe thuat, the thao).Nhin lai quang dddng di qua, tuy nhieu dieu chda ddpc nhd mong mudn, nhdng nhdng ddng gdp cua he cac trddng Idp nay da tao ddng nen diem sang ndi bat trong nen giao due nddc nha.
Nam 2010, d thdi khac lich sdcua dat nddc, ben canh tinh cam td hao tot dep cung vdi nhdng van hpi, cd may thuan Ipi chda tdng cd, tri nao chung ta cung nang thd nhdng suy td ve bddc dddng tiep ndi - ke thda va phat huy truyen thdng - de vdpt qua vo so thach do, giai quyet nhdng mau thuan cua phat trien, thdc hien sd menh cao ca cua He trddng chuyen trong thdi dai mdi. Nhan dip Bp Giao due - Dao tao dang soan thao van ban phat trien he cac trddng nay trong thap ki thd hai cua the ki mdi, chung toi xin gdp mot vai y kien vdi mong mudn gdp phan dda cac trddng Idp chuyen cua chung ta vdng tien theo quy dao khoa hpc.
Td Dai hpi VI Dang cpng san Viet Nam, nddc nha di theo dddng Idi ddi mdi, md ra thdi dai md cda, hpi nhap qudc te; phat then dat nddc theo kinh te thi trddng dinh hddng XHCN, day manh cong nghiep hoa (CNH), hien dai hoa (HDH) - mot thdi dai mdi tren dddng kien dinh li tddng "Dpc lap dan tpc va chu nghTa xa hpi", dda nddc ta td mot nddc kern phat then den nay da dat mdc nude cd thu nhap trung binh (tieng Anh viet tat la MIC) - GDP/dau ngddi dat khoang gan
1200 USD, phan dau den nam 2020 thanh mot nddc cong nghiep theo hddng hien dai. Hon bao gid het, sd menh cua he thdng giao due ndi chung, cua trddng chuyen ndi rieng gan bd mau thit vdi sd nghiep trong dai nay cua dan tpc.
Dang dan bddc tren dddng vinh quang day gian khd, vi the va tarn vdc he cac trddng, Idp chuyen dddc xac dinh chinh trong qua trinh nay. Tat ca la cac thay cd giao, cac em HS, cac bac phu huynh deu mong ddc nhd vay. Trddng hpc ndi chung, dac biet cac trddng, Idp chuyen phai tham ddpm chat khoa hpc tarn li, giao due.
Cach mang cdng nghiep - CNH d Tay Au, MT, Nhat, hai, ba the ki nay, va d cac nddc cong nghiep mdi nhd Han Qudc, Dai Loan bdn, nam thap ki qua la ket qua van dung cac phat minh khoa hpc - kT thuat - cong nghe thong qua^ phat then manh giao due - dao tao rat bai ban. O Tay Au la ca mot the ki anh sang (the ki XVIII), dda suy nghT cua con ngddi len trinh dp td duy duy li cd vdn hieu biet ve thien nhien, xa hpi va con ngddi cao hdn han trddc dd, sang tao ra cac cdng cu lao dpng, phddng tien giao thong, lien lac... va cd kT nang sd dung cac may mdc, phddng tien kT thuat khac. Ndi gpn lai, cac trddng hoc va ca xa hpi tao nen mot nguon nhan Idc chat Idpng hoan toan mdi vdi nhdng ngddi tai la dau tau. Trong dd, da khimg dinh vai tro cua nhan tai ddi vdi tien bp xa hpi td lau, nhung den thdi van minh cong nghiep dupe de cao ro ret va chu y dac biet. Theo dd, tarn li hpc nghien cdu nang luc, tai nang dddc hinh thanh td nda sau the ki XIX, md dau bang hai tac pham "Thien tai di truyen" (1869) va "ThUa ke tu nhien" (1889) cua F. Gantong (1822-1891, ngudi Anh). Sau dd, nam 1905 danh dau mot mdc Idn dng dung vao phat hien va bdi dudng tai nang la nam hai nha bac hpc Phap Bine - Simdng sang tao ra bp cong cu dau tien do chi so thong minh. Thuat ngd "chi so tri tue" (tieng Anh viet tat la IQ) xuat
KHGD sd 55. thdng 4 - 2010 1
nf V
Khoa hoc Gido due- Ngh en
hien tu" nam 1916 a Dai hpc Stanford (MT).
Tir nda sau the ki XX, khi cac nu"6c Pa phat then budc vao thdi ki "hau cong nghiep" - "hau hien dai" vdi each mang thong tin (truyen thong) va cong nghe mdi. nhat la chuan bi vao the ki mdi va chinh trong nhdng nam nay, cupc canh tranh ve "vdn ngddi", nhat la ngirdi tai, nguon nhan lire, ca lao dpng gia re lan nhan Idc trinh dp cao, da va dang ndi len gay gat. 6 nirdc ta, nhd mot vi chu tich tinh da ndi: "Tinh ta ngudi lam gi cung thieu, chi cd ngudi lam tho... la thda"
(Nguyen The Thinh. Thu hut nhan tai, Bao Thanh nien ngay 5.1.2010). Trong khi dd, nhieu quoc gia dac biet quan tarn cham sdc, bdi dudng, giao due cac HS gidi, HS tai ba, HS nang khieu (tieng Anh: gifted, talented). Viet Nam cd trudng chuyen, HS cac trudng nay gpi la "HS chuyen". Nam 1977, Hpi ddng the gidi HS nang khieu ddpc thanh lap. Cd nddc, nhd nude Anh, thanh lap Hpi toan qudc HS nang khieu. 37 bang d MT cd td chdc giao due HS chuyen, bang Louisiana lap Lien doan giao due tai nang. Nhieu nUdc thanh lap Vien Giao due (ca nghien cdu va giang day) HS nang khieu, td chdc cac dd an, chdong trinh, trung tarn, trudng miia he day chuyen tUng mdn (am nhac, the thao, ngoai ngd, toan, khoa hoc...) theo che dp tu chpn, chuong trinh phan hoa va hpc ngoai gid d cac trddng binh thudng. Mot so trddng dai hpc cd Idp chuyen (cd noi nhan td mau giao), chuong trinh day chuyen mau giao va phd thdng qua mang (tieng Anh: e-learning). Vi du, chUdng trinh nay ciia DH Stanford (MT) thu hut den 50.000 HS. it nghe ndi "trddng chuyen" nhd d nddc ta.
Cac td chdc giao due HS nang khieu d cac nddc, qua tim hieu sd bp, phan nhieu theo td nguyen nhap hpc va "dao thai tu nhien" (khong hpc dupe thi thoi); Mot so cd sd cd tuyen chpn chu yeu theo trac nghiem chi so tri tue (IQ), vai thap ki gan day them chi so "tinh cam tri tue"
(EQ, coi trong cam xuc tri tue - El), gan day nda.
cd ndi do ca chi so sang tao (CQ) - cd nhan dinh td duy thdi nay cd nhdng dac diem mdi, nhd hon dpn, phdc hpp, tdc dp thay ddi ede nhanh, cho nen doi hdi dac biet chu y ch? so sang tao - nang Idc (kT nang) phat hien va giai quyet vain de, chu y ren luyen cho cac em ca "thong minh sach vd"
lln "thong minh thdc tien"; Them nda, cd chi sd
dam me (PQ). ren ddpc tinh can cu cham hoc, cham lam. me say tim toi phat kien. mdi coi la thanh cong trong giao due con ngddi. Trong
"Dddng each menh" (1927), ndi ve thai dp ddi vdi ban than. Bac Hd neu chd "CAN" dau tien. Ve tuyen chpn HS vao trddng, Idp chuyen, cd ndi vda thi td luan. vda thi trac nghiem, lai cd tham khao ket qua hpc tap d cac Idp trddc dd, chung ta cd the tham khao, khong phai chi thi kien thdc, ma lam sao danh gia ddpc ca chat thdng minh va trien vong tai nang ciia thi sinh. Day la mat chat Iddng ciia ngddi hpc. Con ve mat so Idpng, hau het cac cong trinh tarn li hpc va giao due hpc dda tren ket qua trac nghiem chi so tri tue, tri tue cam xuc... lay cac em dat tren 130 diem, cd khi lay 140 diem (100 diem la mdc phat then tri tue trung binh), deu di den ket luan: so HS nang khieu. HS tai ba chiem 2% tdng so HS ciing Ida tudi. Mot it cong trinh nghien cdu gan day nang sd dd len 5%. Con sd HS gidi theo each xep hang hang nam d cac trddng la 15-20% tdng so HS trong Idp (mang Google, 2-3 thang 1-2010).
O Viet Nam, theo so lieu dieu tra HS td 11 den 18 tudi ciia Chddng trinh khoa hoc - cong nghe nha nddc KX - 05, 1996-2001 (GS. Pham Minh Hac lam chii nhiem; PGS Tran Kieu lam chu nhiem de tai): chi so tri tue, 3.6% cac em xep vao loai cao (tren dddi 110 diem), 0.2% - loai rat cao (tren 130 diem); chi so tinh cam, 2.6% - loai cao, 0% - loai rat cao; chi so sang tao, 6.3% - cao, 0% - rat cao; cac chi so phan nhieu dat trung binh. Dung la, cac chi sd do dac ddpc chi la mot lat cat d mot thdi diem, vdi cac muc (items) chda hoan toan ddng deu, lai chda cd so lieu so sanh vdi nddc khac, nhdng cung cd the tham khao, phan nao ndi len npi dung va phdOng phap giao due ciia chung ta. Hon the, cd the phan nao phan anh Idi td duy, tac phong sinh hoat, each lam an... ciia mot xa hpi con chu yeu la nong nghiep (hay mdi va dang thoat thai td ndng nghiep), bao cap, ngheo khd. Nha trddng chiing ta, dac biet la cac trddng chuyen cd sd menh di tien phong trong giao due nen con ngddi va nguon nhan Idc vdi dau tau la nhdng ngddi tai lam viec trong cac ITnh vdc, nhat la quan li - lanh dao, khoa hpc - kT thuat va doanh nghiep. Npi dung, muc tieu cua he trddng, Idp nay nen chu y vao ren nhan each, phddng phap
2 KHGD so 55, thdng 4 - 2010
td duy phe phan, sang tao, giai quyet van de cua thdc tien. Trddng chuyen co trach nhiem gdp phan dat nen mong dao tao nen nhdng con ngddi va nguon nhan Idc co nhan each khac phuc ddpc cac yeu kem do hoan canh xa hoi - lich sd de lai, va cd y chi vddn len, cd nang Idc td duy, nang Idc hanh dpng dap dng yeu cau cua thdi dai mdi. Chinh nhdng con ngddi nay cung vdi doan tau lao dpng la dieu kien cot yeu bao dam CNH, HDH thanh cong, gid gin ddpc dat nddc, hpi nhap va phat then.
Viec tuyen chpn HS vao cac trddng, Idp chuyen d nddc ta can dddc trao ddi, rut kinh nghiem phan nhieu qua ket qua HS lam bai thi, chi danh gia ddpc phan nao trinh dp hieu biet kien thdc cua cac em. Can td chdc viec nay thdc sd khoa hpc (can khach quan - thdc ra khoa hpc la khach quan; rdi lai ndi them "cong bang", khoa hpc bao dam cong bang), lam sao tuyen chpn d day dung la phat hien va dao tao cac tai nang tre: du tien hang dau la kha nang va then vong td duy (dau dc phe phan...), sang tao (thong minh) theo li thuyet "vung phat then gan" cua Vygdtsky (1896-1934, Nga). Ve sd Idpng chung ca nddc, so HS chuyen la 49.904 em tren tdng sd HS THPT la 2.862.081, chiem 1.74% (Bp GD-DT, Bao cao ket qua thdc hien nhiem vu cua cac trddng THPT chuyen giai doan 2007-2009, ngay 26-12-2009). Chung ta cd the tham khao ket qua nghien cdu nddc ngoai de hoach dinh so Idpng tuyen sinh, sd trddng tren tdng dia ban, cd the dat van de tien tdi td chdc trddng THPT chuyen d quan, huyen.
45 nam (1965-2010), td mot Idp chuyen toan, sau dd ddpc them mot it trddng chuyen, vao thdi ki ddi mdi vdi td tddng chi dao phat trien giao due "dai tra va mui nhpn" nd rp cac trddng chuyen, cd luc cd noi xudng ca tieu hpc, trung hpc cd sd. Hpi nghi TW 2 khoa VIII (1996) chu trddng chi md trddng chuyen d bac THPT (khong ke nghe thuat, the thao), den nay da cd 67 trddng THPT chuyen va 9 khdi THPT chuyen, da dat dddc nhdng thanh tdu het sdc tot dep. Hau het cac HS trddng chuyen trd thanh nhdng ngddi tot va gidi. Day la nhdng thanh tich dang td hao cua cac trddng, Idp chuyen. Rait tied, chda cd tdng ket xem ca dpi ngu nay sau khi ra trddng hoc gi, vao ddi lam gi, chda danh gia muc tieu
dao tao, chddng trinh, tai lieu hpc tap, phddng phap giang day - giao due, cung chda cd mot cong trinh nghien cdu HS cac trddng nay. Mong rang, he cac trddng chuyen cd mot de tai nghien cdu cac HS va hoat dpng day - hpc trong cac trddng nay, tiep tuc ddi mdi theo quy dao khoa hpc, tao them cd sd de viec giao due HS ngay cang hieu qua hon, gdp phan vao cdng viec trong dai cua dat nddc - phat hien, tuyen chpn, dao tao nhan tai - ngay cang dap dng tot hdn doi hdi cua xa hpi md cda, hpi nhap, phat then.
Hien nay, cd ca phong trao "giao due kT nang song", trong chddng trinh giao due phd thdng cac nddc di vao kinh te tri thdc rat chu trong day cac mdn khoa hpc xa hpi nhan van, day ca cac mdn nhd Tarn If hpc, logic hpc. de HS cd tri thdc hied ve con ngddi ndi chung va hieu that dung chinh ban than minh. Cd nhd vay mdi phat huy tdi da sdc manh tiem tang, ca the Idc. tarn Idc va tri Idc cho HS. Theo tinh than dd, nhieu nddc rat chu y giao due gia tri (Pham Minh Hac, Giao due gia tri, Tap chi Khoa hpc giao due, sd 37, thang 10 nam 2008 va mot so bai dang trong tap chi Nghien edd con ngddi) quang ba td tddng "con ngddi la gia tri gdc - gia tri tao ra mpi gia tri", "con ngddi la thddc do cua cac gia tri", mdi ngddi phai tao lap cho minh gia tri ban than, nha trddng cung gia dinh va xa hpi hd trp qua trinh tao lap ay, tao mdi trddng thuan Ipi (cd cac chinh sach tddng thich, td dao tao den tuyen dung, sd dung.,.) cho mpi ngddi phat huy gia tri ban than, trong dung ngddi tai. Gia tri con ngddi, nguon nhan Idc, nhan tai la nhan to quyet dinh nhat trong npi Idc cua dat nddc. Thdc hien tot dddng Idi nay, non song Viet Nam nhat dinh ngay cang tddi dep hdn, dan tpc ta xdng danh vinh quang cung sanh vai vdi cac cddng qudc nam chau, nhd Bac Hd da gdi gam vao cac the he HS nddc ta.
SUMMARY
This article discusses the renewal of specialized schools in scientific orbit. According to the author the admission of students into specialized schools/classes shall be reviewed, assessed and organized in such a sci- entific, objective, equal way for identification and training of young talents with priority in ability and creative thinking ...
KHGD sd 55, thdng 4 - 2010 3