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Kha nang ihig dung anh ve tinh dp phan giai trung binh • MODIS
Ti? ONG Gl AM 5AT CHAT LUONG i^ONG TAY NGUYEN
PHAM VIET HOA, LE QUANG TOAN, VU HlJU LONG, N G U Y I N THj QUYNH TRANG, T 6 N G SI SON, N G U Y I N VU GIANG Viin Cfing ngh^ Vu tru
Trong pham vi bai bao nay, nhdm tac gid tap trung nghien cifu kha nang ufng dung dnh v$ tinh CO da phSn gidi trung binh - IVIODIS trong giam sat cac thong tin vi dieu i(ien mdi trUofng lien quan de'n sir phat tri^n cda ruTng & T3y Nguy€n nham co nhu'ng bi€n phap quan iy thfch h^p. d d3y, nhtfng ch! so quan trong co l(ha nang ehiet tach Xis tir ii^u anh MODiS nhir cac chl sO'sinh trirdng thi/c vat, nhJ6t d$ b i mat ldp phu, dO ba'c hofi mrdc b i m^t se dir^c di sau phan tich, danh gia nhlm xac djnh mdt each tie'p can phu h^fp cho trircrng hgp dac thu b TSy Nguygn.
Dat van de
Rdng lampttrong nhdng tai nguyen quan trpng nhat eua Tay Nguyen, va trong qui trinh phat trien, rdng cung la mpt trong nhQng tai nguyen bj de dpa tin pha nhieu nhat. Trong nhdng nam gan day, no IUc bio ve rdng 6 Tly Nguyen da cd nhieu ket qui dang ghi nhin, td chu trUdng cho tdi cic hinh ddng cu the. TrUdc Ip IUc pha rdng lay dat trong cly cdng nghidp, cic nd ldc phat then rdng da dem lai thay doi dang ke ve dien ti'ch v l chat IUdng Idp phu rdng d Tay Nguyen. Tuy vly, cho den nay, cac ddn vj quan ly rdng van chua cd mdt edng cu hdu hieu hd trp cho cdng tic quin ly, giam sat chat lupng rdng, phan Inh chinh xac sU bien dpng Idp phij rdng trong khu vUc quin iy, dac biet la cic khu vdc trpng diem nhU rdng dau nguon. Chinh vi the, khd cd the phan tich dUdc Inh hudng xung dot cua viec phit triln cly cdng nghiep, nong nghiep va cac hogt dpng sd dung da't khic tdi ldp phO rdng tren dja bin. Vdi dac thu ve dja hinh, khi hau va sd dyng dat, rdng Tay Nguyen co vai trd ci/c ky quan trpng, dang ddng trUdc nhdng thieh thdc rat Idn, ddi hdi phli cd nhdng nd
IUc giam sat, quan ly thudng xuyen.
De cd the dip Ung cac yeu eau nay, can thie't phai xly dung dUdc mpt he thdng c6 kha nang cung cip kip thdi, lien tuc cae thdng tin gilm sat v l quan ly rdng.
Cung vdi sU phat trien cua cdng nghe ve tinh quan sit trii dat, khi nang dng dijng cong nghe viln thim ket hdp vdi he thdng tin dja ly trong cdng tie gilm sit rdng cho thay ed nhieu Uu the vdi dieu kien dac thu cua Tly Nguyen. Anh ve tinh da pho, da dp phln gili, cd dp phu trum Idn, co chu ky lap lai theo thdi gian giup thu thap thdng tin nhanh chdng, dong bp, khach quan, rat phu hpp cho c5ng tic gilm sat Idp phCi v l phit trien cua rdng d cic tinh Tly Nguyen. Trong pham vi bai bao nay, nhdm tie gil tap trung vio nghien cdu khi nang sd dung Inh ve tinh cd dp phan giai trung binh (MODIS) trong gilm sit cic thdng tin ve dieu kien mdi trUdng lien quan den sU phit then cua rdng nham ed nhdng bien phap quin ly thich hpp. Viec giam sat ddi hoi phli cd thdng tin dupc cung cap thudng xuyen tren pham vi toan lanh tho. Vi the, dng dung anh viln thim, die biet ia anh MODIS (ed kha nang cliup 1-
4 Inh/ngay) la rlt cd y nghTa. Trong van de nly, nhdng chi sd quan trpng cd khi nang ehiet taeh td tU lieu inh MODIS nhu cae ehi so sinh trudng thUc vat, nhiet dp be mat Idp phu, dp bdc hdi nudc be mat se dUdc di sau phan tfch, danh gia nham xac djnh mpt cich tie'p can phij hdp cho trudng hdp dac thu d Tay Nguydn.
Khai quat ve anh ve Unh MODIS va Uia nang ting dung trong giam sat ioD phu rung
Anh ve tinh MODIS
MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers) la bp elm cd dp phan gili trung binh dat tren ve tinh TERRA dUdc NASA phdng vao quy dao thing 12.1999 va ve tinh AQUA dUdc phdng vio quy dgo thing 5.2002 vdi muc dich quan trie, theo doi cic thdng tin ve mat dat, dgi dUdng v l khi quyen tren pham vi toan cau. Cac dng dung tieu bieu ed t h i k l den la: nghien cdu khf quyen, may, thdi tiet, Idp phi!i thuc vat, biln ddng ve ndng nghiep va lam nghiep, chay rdng, nhiet dp mat nudc biln va mau nudc biln... Anh vd tinh MODIS cd dd phu trum len den hdn 2.330 km, chu
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KHOfl HQC - CONG NGHE Vfl 601 M 6 I
Theo doi cac chisd thiJc v$t trong la ciy ky lap lai 2 lln/ngay co the quan trie gin nhu toln bd be mat trii dat. Dd lieu Inh MODIS cd 36 bang pho, bUdc sdng 0,405-14.385 ^im, dinh dgng 12 bit, vdi 3 dp phln gili: 250, 500 va 1.000 m, rat phu hpp cho nghien cdu, giam sat Idp phCi rdng. Ngoai ra, Inh MODIS cdn cd cic sin pham da dUdc tiln xd ly vdi dp phln gili theo thdi gian khi rpng, td Inh hang ngly, anh to hdp 8 ngay, 16 ngay, hing thing, hang quy den hang nam.
(Sng dt^ng chl so thtfc v$t trong theo ddi ldp phu rdng
Vdi thuc vat ndi chung va cac nhdm Idp phCi rdng ndi ridng thi trang thai sinh trudng dupc thi hien bing iupng chlorophyll cd trong II cay. Khi 6 trang thai khoe manh hoac theo chu trinh ryng la theo mua thi lUpng chlorophyll ludn cd mdt sU on djnh, nhung khi d trang thii sinh trudng xau thi thay dli ro ret nha't cd thi quan sat dupc la lupng chlorophyll trong la gilm di dot ngdt va cau true la cung
thay doi.
Cd sd khoa hpc d l nghieii cdu phat hien va theo doi sU thay doi nly td tu lidu anh ve tmh la dUa vio tinh chat phan xg va hap thu pho cua tham thuc vat, thim thUc vat khoe mgnh hap thu nang IUdng Inh sing 6 dai pho xanh dUPng va do lani nhien lieu cho qua trinh quang hdp de tgo ra cliat didp luc (chlorophyll). Chat nay phln xa rat manh vdi dli pho 5 viing can hong ngoai v l xanh luc. Vi vly, vdi thuc vit khoe manh cd trgng thai sinh trudng tdt thi chlorophyll trong II cay se phln xg sdng can hong ngoai va xanh luc manh hdn so vdi nhdng nhom c6 trgng thai khdng td't. Hien tupng nay cd the quan sat tren Inh ve tmh nhdng nhdm thuc vit cd lupng ctiat diep lyc cao (vi du nhU nhdm rdng thUdng xanh) khi to hop mlu that thi IhUdng cd mau xanh luc dam hdn so vdi nhdm rdng thua, cay bui.
TUdng tU nhU vly, tren to hop mlu gil "chuan", nhom rdng thudng xanh cd mau do dam, trong khi nhdm rdng thua va cay bui co mau dd nhat.
Co rat nhieu chi sd thUc vat co khi nang tinh toln td cac kenh pho cija anh vd tinh phyc vu cdng tie gilm sit rdng. Mdt sd chl so hOu dung cd the tinh td cic kenh pho cua anh MODIS dupc nhom nghien cdu d^
xua't sd dung dUa tren md'i quan he cua Chung vdi hien trang Idp phu rdng d Tay Nguyen nhu: chl so thUc vat khic biet chuan - NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), ch? so thUc vat tang cUdng - EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index), chl sd dien tich la - LAI (Leaf Area Index), chi so sinh trudng thuc vat - VCI (Vegetation Condition Index). Trong dd, chi sd NDVI 11 chi so thuc vgt thdng dung nhat dung d l phan loai Idp phu dat, nghien cdu dac tinh smh ly cija tham thUc vat, udc tinh san lupng cly trong v l giam sat cac hogt dpng mdi trUdng.
Bang vide sd dyng cac phUdng phip phln ticli thdng tin lay td chudi dO lieu da thdi gian, NDVI cd thi phat hien dUdc su thay doi Idp phu thUc vat theo mua, cung cap cac tham sd ctio cac
md hinh ve khi hau, thuy van, v6n(
tuan holn sinh dja hda... NDVI dupc tinh toan td Inh MODIS theo cdng thdc:
NDVI = (NIR-R)/(NIR+R) = (Kenh 2 - Kenh 1)/(Kenh 2 + Kenfi 1)
Trong dd, NIR I I kenh hong ngo^i gan (near infrared), R I I kdnh cd budc song trong dli mlu do (red). Nhom nghien cdu budc dau triln khai nghidn cdu md'i quan he giOa sd biln thiSn gia trj NDVI theo thdi gian cCia tdng nh6m Idp phu rdng tUdng dng vdi trang thai sinh trudng cua chung. Ndi each khac la nghien cdu su thay doi trang thai sinh trudng cCia cle nhdm Idp phu rdng co lidn quan tdi sdthay dli gil trj NDVI eua ehung theo thdi gian. Anh MODIS vdi dac tinh chu ky ISp l^i cao, m5i ngay cd t h i thu dupc 2 Inh vio ban ngly, vi vly chuoi dd lidu NDVI se dupc dim bio tinh lien tyc va cap nhat. Ngoli ra, cung ti!iy vio tinh chat dd'i tupng Idp phu can nghien cdu ma quyet djnh sddyng chuoi dd ligu NDVI da thdi gian theo kieu Inh hang ng^y, Inh t l hop 8 ngly, 16 ngay hoac 32 ngay. Nhdng thdng tin thu dUOc v^ si/
thay doi mau la rdng td anh ve tinh da nhieu lan dUdc ehdng minh II phu hpp d l lip bin do va giam sat cac I djch con trung tren ca quy mo khu vi/c va dja phUdng, trong do cd vide sd dyng chl sd NDVI tinh td anh MODIS trong phit hien, gilm sit sau benh hai cay rdng (J.U. Jepsen et al. 2009). Cac nghien cdu tren the gidi da sCf dyng dd lieu NDVI to hpp 16 ngly tinh ti(
Inh MODIS d l xly dpng chu6i dQ lidu da thdi gian didn tfch rdng bj ryng la bdi nguyen nhan do l u trung sau budm tin cdng. Hp da xic djnh diitjc mdi quan he gida mat dp au trung sSu budm trdn mat dat vdi mdc dd rung la dda tren Inh'MODIS - NDVI, sau do hieu chinh v l chuan hda mdt md hlnti cho mdc dd ryng II trdn anh MODIS - NDVI cd lien quan tdi mat dO au trung sau budm, tren cd sd do ed thi xac djnh dupc cac dilm bung phat djch tren Inh. Chung tdi cho rang, vdi di^u kien d Viet Nam, viec giam sit cac o dich sau benh tren quy mo toan khu
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Sd do thu ggn m^t h^ thdng theo doi Idp phCi ri/ng siy dung chudi dO li$u NDVI da thdi gian tinh tCf inh MODIS
vyc Tay Nguyen hole tren dja bin cac tinh sd dyng dd lieu MODIS - NDVI la holn toln khi thi. Trudc day, mpt so dja phUdng nhu Kon Tum da tdng xay ra dich sau rdm tan cdng cac khu rdng thong d dja phUdng v l d l giy thiet hgi dang k l , ndu xly dung dUdc he thdng cinh bio phit hien sdm djch sau rdm hogc siu benh khic nhd sd dyng chudi gia tn NDVI thi se giup cho cac chCi rdng va cac nhi quin ly sdm cd bidn phap khoanh vung va xd ly.
Nhi$t d0 bS mat Idp phu Ngoai cic yeu to anh hudng de'n su phat triln rdng nhu tong lupng mUa, iupng nhiet mat trdi hang nam cd thi thu thap dupe qua sd lidu thdng ke, cic thdng sdve nhiet dp be mlt - LST (Land Surface Temperature) hay ch?
sd kho hgn hoan toan cd thi tinh dupc td Inh vd tinh phuc vu cflng tie danh gil sinh trUdng rdng. Trong dd, ch? sd mde dd khd han lien quan mat thiet tdi nhiet dp be mat dat, dp che phu thUc vit, dd am dat v l mdc dp boc hpi be mat. LST cd md'i tien he chat che vdi cac qui trinh bien doi cija mdi trudng dit, dong thdi cung phln anh sy thay doi cija thuc vat. Trong di^u kien khd hgn, nhiet dfl I I ely tang cao la mpt ch? sd phln anh sU thieu nUdc cija thi/c vit (Mcvicar TR. vi Jupp D.L.B,
1998). De tinh toan LST 6 ty le nho, ed t h i dung sin pham M0D11A2
cCia Inh MODIS. Day I I anh nhiet tfnh trung binh cho 8 ngay, dupc tinh toln td kenh hong ngoai nhiet cua anh MODIS vdi do phan gili 1 km.
Vide tfnh toln nly dua tren mpt cO sd dD lieu ve cle ioai vat lieu vdj dp phit xa nhiet da dUdc biet trudc. Anh nhidt M0D11A2 da dUdc kiem nghiem vdi dp chinh xac f K trong dilu kien trdi quang miy (l^an, /SSS). Ben canh do, cac chi sd ky thuat doi vdi phat xg be mat da't thu nhan td dd lieu MODIS II 0,02 cho kenh 29, 31 va 32, v l 0,05 cho kdnh 20, 22 v l 23. Sau khi hieu chfnh dd lieu cCia MODIS dUdc kilm chdng bdi cac phep do thUc dja, no cd the dgt tdi dp chfnh xic c8 0,5*'K doi vdi cic be mat dong nha't trong dieu kien khflng khf khd,
De danh gia mdc dp sinh trUdng ciJa thUc vat trong md'i tUdng quan vdi nhiet dp be mlt cd thi sd dyng chi sd nhidt thuc vat VTCI (Vegetation Temperature Condition Index) dupc phit trien bdi Wan v l cdng sU (2004).
VTCI 11 ty so ve sy chenh lech nhiet dp gida cic pixel cd cung mpt chi sd NDVI Gil trj cua VTCI chay td 0 den 1, ch? sd nay cang thip thi kha ning xly ra khd han cing cao.
Chi so bdc hdi nudc Trong nghien cdu cua Venturini v l edng sy, mde dp bd'c hpi nudc be
mlt - Evapotranspiration (ET) khdng thi Udc tfnh trUc tie'p td dd lieu viln tham dUdc, nhung he sd bd'c hdi - EF (Evaporative Fraction) cd t h i Udc tfnh dupc v l cho ket qui khi tot (Venturini et al, 2004). EF dUdc tinh toln theo cflng thde: EF = LE/(R^ - G), trong dd LE I I ddng nhiet nglm; R^ I I mang bdc xa v l G la dong nhidt mat di't.
Chi so' EF nay co the tinh dUdc td dO lieu anh AVHRR ya MODIS. EF la mdt trong nhdng dau vao dung d l tinh toln ET. Nam 2007, Cleugh v l cdng sU de xult hai md hinh trong nghien cdu udc tinh ET b l mat sd dung dd lieu dau vio I I MODiS to hpp 16 ngly v l dd lieu khf tupng be mat. Mfl hinh thd nha't la can bang n&ng lupng khi dpng lyc hpc mat dat, md hinh thd hai sd dyng phUdng trinh P-M (Penman- Monteith) vdi chi sd difln tich I I - LAI dupc tinli toln td dd lieu viln tham.
Md hinh dung phUdng trinh P-M td ra hieu qua hdn khi sd dung mfl hinh dya tren nhiet dp be mat. PhUdng trinh P- M dUdc sd dung de thd nghiem Udc tinh ET theo thing cho khu vUc nghien cdu la Australia td nam 2001 den nam 2004. Nhdm nghien cdu cua Cleugh de xuat co thi sd dung phUdng phip nay d l giam sit ET theo cle thdi gian tdng tuan de'n thing d phgm vi khu vUc va chiu lyc. Jang v l cpng sU da dua ra mfl hinh tinh toln ET hang ngay vdi dp phan giai khdng gian I11 km dupe tfnh td tong hai thanh phan ET td dat va ET td thuc vat {Jang et al, 2010).
Trong khi dd, thuat toan hidu ch?nh td phUdng trinh P-M dupc tac gia Mu va cdng su Ip dyng trong mpt nghten cdu khac {Mu et al, 2007). trong trUdng hdp thd nhat, nhdm tic gil dUa ra mfl hinh tinh ET dflc lap trong dieu kien Inh MODIS khdng miy vdi cac dau vao nhu hidn trang Idp phu v l dd lidu khi quyen dUdc chief tich td dO lidu MODIS. Trudng hdp thd hai sd dyng dd lieu MODIS va MM5 cua he thing FDDA d l Udc tinh ET trong diiu kien ngay cd may. Ca hai trudng hpp niy deu khi thi va cd t h i dng dyng trong giam sat ET hang ngly.
Trong nghien cdu nly, dO lieu MODIS v l khi tdpng toan cau dupc
So 9 nam 2014 « A „ I ' ^ P f ^ ' - ™ ? ' ^ ' ' M - IQ CONG NGHE VIET N U T ™
KHOfl HOC - CONG NGH6 VA fi6l M O I
Vide theo ddi, giam sat, dinh gia bi§'n ddng Idp phCi thyc vgt rdng tren quy
Rung Tiy Nguyen sd dyng, dfl phln gili la 1 km va to hpp 8 ngay, thing va nam. Md hinh nghien cdu tren dupc cai thien td md hinh cua Mu v l cdng sU nam 2007 va 2009: dOn giln hda viec tinh toln VCF (Vegetation Cover Fraction); tinh toan ET dUa tren cac hpp phan ngly va dem; tinh toan them ddng nhiet mat dat; cai thien vide Udc tinh dp din khi khong (stomatal conductance), sdc khlng khi ddng hoc va Idp ranh gidi sdc khang; tich rieng vung kho td vung am Udt; phln ra cac be mat dUa tr§n be mat am Udt bao hda. Nhom tac gil da hieu chinh thugt toln tinh toan ET trong nghidn cdu nly d ca phgm vi khu vuc v l toan cau va dUa ra cai nhin tong quan ve cac vong tuan hoan nang IUdng, nudc va cac biln dpng mdi trudng.
Ket luan
Anh ve tinh MODIS cho thi'y nhiJng Uu viflt dang ke sd dung trong cong tac giam sat rdng Tay Nguyen.
Tuy cd dp phan gili khdng gian d mdc trung binh nhung anh ve tinh nay lai CO Uu the Idn ve sfl' lupng kenh phi, tan suat chyp anh lap lai v l do trum phCi Idn. TU lidu Inh MODIS co thi dupc download midn phi tren mpt sd trang web chia se dd lieu. Tuy nhien, cac md hinh cOng chi ra rang, viec sd
dyng anh MODIS trung binh 8 ngly, 16 ngay la phij hpp hon trong nghien cdu v l tinh toan cic chi sd be mat td Inh. Ke't hop cac ch? sfl' thuc vdt vdi nhau mflt cich hpp ly, hieu qua se cho phep xSy dung dupc bin do Idp phu rdng va bien dpng Idp phCi rdng cho toan khu vue fay Nguyen.
Hdn the nda, cac thong so mdi trudng rdng nhu chi sd thUc vit, tang trudng thUc vat, nhiet dp be mat, dfl am dat, lupng bdc hoi dUpc tfnh toan va cip nhat li§n tyc cho toln khu vuc cd ttil la ngudn thdng tin b l trp ctio nhOng nghien cdu, giam sat rdng khic nhU dy bio chay, phat hien sau benh, hay phit hidn sdm mat rdng, suy tholi rdng.
Lfng dyng cdng nghe viln thim trong theo ddi Idp phu rdng da dUdc nghien cdu trdn the gidi td nhilu nam nay. Vdi su xult hien ngly cing nhilu cua cac he thfl'ng ve tinh quan sat trai da't, viec kit hpp nhieu loai Inh v§ tinh da dfl phln giai trong nghifln cdu theo doi Idp phij rdng cung da v l dang dupc tiln hanh. Dae biet, ket hpp tu lieu Inh ve tinh MODIS vdi cic loai Inh ve tinh khac cd dp phan gili cao hdn nliU Landsat, SPOT, hay VNREDSAT cQa Viet Nam se giup cli thien dang k l chi't lupng phln loai rdng va cung cap cac thdng tin cho
Tai lieu ttiam khao
1 Cleugh H.A., Leuning R., Mu Q., Running S W, "Regional evaporation estimates from flux tower and MODIS sateliite data". Remote Sensing ot Environment, vol 106, p 385-304,2007.
2 Gillespie A., Rokugawa S., Matsunaga T., Cothem J.S, Hook S and Katile A.B., "A temperature and emissivity separation algortttim for Advanced Spaceborne Tfiermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) images'. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, I^Jo 36, p 1113-1126,1998
3 Hoang Viet Anti, Meredith Williams, David Manning, 'dng dung chl so ntii^t lhi,lc vHt ctio viec danh gia sa mac hoa vung bcf bi^n Vi§t Nam". Tap cfii Khoa hoc Dat. so 26, p.143-149,2007
4. Jang K, Kang S , Kim J,, Lee C.B, Kini T , Kim J , Hirata R, Saigusa N., "Mapping evapotranspiration using MODJS and MM5 Four- Dimensional Data Assimilation". Remote Sensing ol Environment vol 114, p 657-673 2010.
5. J.U. Jepsen, 5.B. Hagen, K A. H<|igda, HA Ims, S.R. Karlsen, H Tifmmervik, N G. Yoccoz,
"Monitoring the spatio-temporal dynamics ol geometrid moth outbreaks in birch forest using MODIS-NDVI data", 2009
6 Mcvicar T.R , JUPP D L B„ "The current and potential operational use ot remote sensing to aid decisions on drought exceptional circumstances in Australia, a review". Agricultural Systems, vol 57, p.399-468.1998
7. Mu Q„ F.A Heinsch, M Zhao and SW Running,"Deveiopmentofaglobalevapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data". Remote Sensing of Environment, vol 111, p.519-536, 2007
8 Mu 0 , Jones L A., Kimball J S , McDonald K C . Running S.W., Satellite assessment of laid surface evapotranspiration for the pan-Arctic domain.
Water resources research, Vol 45, W09420.2009.
9. Mu Q„ M Zhao, S W, Running, Improvements to a MODIS Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Algorithm. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115 (2011)1781-1800.2011.
10 Venturini V., Bisht G., Islam S . Jiang L.,
"Comparison of evaporative fractions estimated from AVHRR and MODIS sensors over South Florida'.
Remote Sensing of Environment, vol 93, p.77-86, 2004
11, Wan Z., "MODIS Land-Surface Temperature Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documenf, Institute lot Computational Earth System Science. University of California, Santa Barbara, 1999.
12, Wan 2 , Wang P. and L X., "Using MODIS Land surface temperature and Normalized Oiferenofl Vegetation index products for monitoring douglit in the southern Great Plains", USA International Journal of remote sensing, vol 25, p.61-72,2004.
20 TapchKHOSHO* „ , C 6 N 0 NGHE VIEI NiHIf ^o 9 "am 2014
