Nghi§n ciSu Gia d i n h vA G i 6 i
So 3 -2Q12
Kha nang tham gia cua phu niif dan tpc it nguofi:
Nhin tir goc id nhom Im lang
Nguyen Trung Kien
C6ng ty Nghifin cihj vS Tir v^n DOng Duong
Tom tat: Nghien ciiu dinh tinh nay sit dung each tiS'p c&n ly thuye't ttf CO scl (grounded theory) de khao sat va xay dung mo hinh ly thuye't ve kha nang tham gia ciia phu nii H're va Kor vao Chuong trinh 135 giai doan II va ChUdng trinh ISP tai cac huyen mien mii tinh Quang Ngai. Ket qua nghien ciiu da chi ra rang he tho'ng cung ca'p thong tin t6i ngUcli dan cl cac huyen mien mii con thien nhieu ve nam gi3i; kha nang ti&'p can va luu gifl thong tin, ciing nhU kha nang bieu hien y kien cua phu nii H're va Kor con kem hdn so vdi nam gidi; viec tham van y kie'n cua phu nfl tfl phia chinh quyen va Ban quan ly du an chUa dUpc chu y. Nguyen nhan cua tinh trang nay xui't phat tii ca moi trUcfng khach quan (the chi) va tfl chinh ngUcli phu nfl. Nghien ciiu nay cung cho r i n g kha n^ng tham gia va tham van y kien cua phu nfl bi han che se c6 the anh hUcIng t6i ldi ich ciia ho trong cac chUdng trinh/du an d dia phUdng.
Tii k h o a : G161; Phu nfl va truyen thong; Phu nfl dan toe it ngUdi va kha nang tham gia
1. Dat van de
Ngay nay, tham gia (participation) li mdt thuat ngii thdng dung, thim ehl ed the' xem nd "chie'm vj tri ndi bat" (Cornwall & Brock, 2005: iii) trong ITnh vue phit trifi'n. O Vifit Nam, vific huy dpng sir tham gia cua ngudi din ngay cing ed vj trf quan trpng, quyfi't dinh dfi'n sir thanh edng vi
5 4 Nghien citu Gia dfnh vk Gidi. Quy6n 22, s o 3, tr. 53-68
bin vung cda ba't ky mdt du in phit triln nio, die bifit trong ITnh vue xda ddi giam ngheo. Trong quii trinh thuc d^y sir tham gia cua ngudi din, mdt khd khan thudng gap phai Ii sir tdn lai mdt 'mdi quan hfi quyfin luc khdng tuang xung' (Orbc, 1995: 9) giOa nhdm "dac quyln" vi nhdm "im ling"
(Littlejohn, 2002).
Nhdm "im lang" (Muted group) (Kramarie, 1981) cdn gpi la nhdm bfin II (marginalized group) hoac li "nhdm in" (overlooked groups) (Ardener, 1965, 1975, 1978) li cich gpi mdt nhdm xa hdi d vio mdt dja vj y^u thl trong ca ci'u xa hdi so vdi cic nhdm die quyln (privileged groups). Nhdm im lang thudng gan vdi nhdm nii gidi, vi nhu cic nghifin cim diu tifin eOa Kdwin Ardener (1968, 1978); Shirley Ardener (1975). va Kramarie (1981), nhung eung ed thl i p dung ddi vdi cie nhdm yfi'u thfi khic nhu ngudi ngheo, ngudi din tdc ft ngudi, hoic nhu Orbe (1995: 9-11) xic djnh la ngudi da mau, ngudi ddng tfnh nam. ddng tfnh nii, ludng Ifnh, ngudi khuyfi't tat, gpi ehung l i nhdm "cung vin hda" (co-cultural groups). Trong mdt ciu true xa hdi ehiu sir ehi phd'i eua nhdm dupe hudng die quyln, cac nhdm im lang nhan ihire bing tim thfi' "bi thd'ng trj" (Kramarie, 1981, 2004), eho nfin trong qui trinh truyin thdng, hp bj "in" di, y kiln ctia ho hoic bj "bdp meo" (Orbe, 1995: 9), hoic "tifi'ng ndi cua hp khdng dupc thl hifin rdng rai trong cdng ddng" (Krolokke & Sorensen, 2006: 30).
Kramarie (2004:19) phin tfch rd ring: "Phu nd (va cac thanh \'ien cua cac nhdm phu thudc khae) khdng thl nhu nam gidi tu do ndi nhiing gi, khi nao va nai nao hp mud'n. bdi vi ldi ndi vi cic c h u ^ muc trong vifie sil dung Idi ndi cua hp bi sip xfi'p bdi nhdm thdng trj - nam gidi. Vl viy phu nd khdng thl dfi ding bdc Id u-uc tifi'p rd ring ldi ndi ciia minh nhu nam gidi,... Vi vay phu nii trd nfin im lang".
Nhu viy. kha ning tham gia cua cic nhdm yfi'u thfi' se bj can trd trong eic chuong trinh, du i n phat triln tai dja phucmg. Nhiing nhdm cang chju nhilu ciu triic yfi'u thfi' thi cang trd nfin "im lang" trong qua trinh tham gia cic du in/ chuang trinh phit triln.
6 Vifit Nam, chii d l su tham gia vi cac nhdm yfi'u thfi'chua dupc nghifin Cliu nhilu dudi dang lifin kfi't cic cich ti^p can vdi nhau. Chu d l nfi gidi dupe nghifin eihi tiJ thap nifin 60 eua thfi'ky XX (xem Werner & Belanger, 2002: 13). Cud'i thap nifin 1990, diu thip nifin 2000, ehu d l gidi dupc quan tim gdm vi'n d l xa hdi hda tre em (Mai, 2003; Lfi, 2006); miie sinh (Ding, 2006), die bifit Ii cic chii d l 'ndng" nhu ba't binh dang gidi nhu Mai & Lfi
Nguyen Trung Kien 55 (1999), Vu & Can (2000), NgSn hang The gidi (WB) (2001), Trin &
Nguyen (2008), Tran (2010); hay bao lite gidi nhu Nguyen, Vu & Vu (1999), Vu (2006), Hoang (2006), Tran & Vu (2006), Le & Dang (2007), Nguyen & TrSn (eds.) (2010); cac van di v6 quan he giSi nhu phan c6ng lao dang trong gia dinh hoac quan he gidi trong cdc qua u-inh Icinh te' nhu Vu & Carr (2000), Biii (2002), Long va nhung nguM Ichac (2000), Knodel va nhiing nguM Ichac (2004), Teerawichitchainan va nhOng nguM Ichac (2008), hoac trong di dan (Dang. 2005); vai trd ngudi cha trong gia dinh (TrSn & D6, 2001; Vu, 2002; Mai, 2003); liy chdng nudc ngoai (Trin, 2005; Phiing, 2006; L6, 2010); tu6i Icet hdn (Nguyin, 2010).
Vi stt tham gia cung chua thuc su cd cic nghien cilu danh gid sau theo phuong dien cdc mirc dp tham gia. Cac nghien cti-u mdi chi phan ti'ch su tham gia cua ng Jdi dan ndi chung trong cac du i n ca'p nudc, quy hoach dd thi, quan ly nha nudc, hay du an Ichac nhu Phung & Dao (1999), WB (1999), D6 (2000), Leaf (2001), Nguyin (2003); hay phan tich chi tie't hon de'n sir tham gia trong quan hi vdi quy che'dan chu ca sd d ddng bang sdng Hdng (Trung tam Dich vu Phal me'n Ndng thdn (RDSC) & WB, 2003, 2005), 6 Ninh Thuta (WB, 2003), d mien niii phi'a Bic (Bd phat U-iln Qud'c te (DFID) & UNDP, 2003), o ddng bang sdng Ciu Long (UNDP & Co quan Phat vciin Qud'c te'Australia (AusAID), 2004). Mdt bao cao gan day cua cac nha tai tro d Viet Nam trong Anderson (ed. 2010; 33), cung xac nhan rang ngudi dan 'chi tap trung vao vile thuc hiln nhitng va'n de duoc quye't dinh'. Da cd mot sd nghiin cilu gan ke't chii dl tham gia va nhdm ye'u the nhung thudng chi tii'p can theo quan dilm gidi hay nir quyln, vi du nhu nghiin ctiu d l cap di'n su tham gia ciia ni? gidi trong hoat ddng Jcinh te'va qua trinh ra quye't dinh (Ngan hang Phat triln Chau A (ADB), 2002); hay trong vile lap Icl hoach phat trien thdn ban (Ll, 2004), aong he thd'ng chfnh tri (Vd, 2006).
Tdm lai, hiln nay, cac nghiin cilu thudng tap trung mdt each riing re cac each tii'p can sir tham gia, va'n d l gidi hoac nhdm yi'u the. Thitc tl, nhdm phu nit trong quan diem gidi cd thl xem la mdt nhdm ylu the' hay nhdm im lang, nhung hai each tie'p can nay (tit gidi va ttr nhdm im lang) khdng hoan toan dong nhat vdi nhau. Cach tii'p can tit gde do nhdm im lang khdng 1^
giai su tham gia chi dua trin quan dilm gidi, ma cung cap cho nha nghiin cihj mot each giai quyet d^y du hem dua tren ngudn luc va cac v^n d l "co hoi" t6 ban than ciia nhdm. Nhdm im lang, cd the' la bat ky nhdm nao, chil
56 Nghidn ciiru Gia dinh vk Gidi. Quyen 22, so 3, tr. 53-66
khdng chi rifing nhdm phu nu. Do vay, mdt nghifin ctiu sir dung I^ thuylt nhdm im lang d l xem xlt mdt cich cu thl vi sau sac su tham gia cua nhdm yfi'u thfi'li cin thifi't trong bd'i cinh nghifin ethi d Vifit Nam.
Mue dieh cua nghifin cihi dinh tinh niy li sit dung cich tifip cin IJ thuyfi't tCr ca sd (grounded theory) nham tim bilu vi khim phi md hinh If thuyfi't vl kha ning tham gia vao cie Chuong trinh 135-11 vi ISP"'eLiaphu nii H're vi Kor tai 5 huyfin miln mii gdm Tay Tri, Tri Bdng, San Ha, Ba Ta vi Minh Long ciia tinh Quang Ngai. Khii nifim trung tim ciia nghifin Cliu - "kha ning tham gia" - tam thdi dupe hiiu bao gdm kha ning ti^p cin cic thdng tin vl chuong trinh vi kha ning thfi' hifin ^ kifi'n cua ngudi phu nu H're vi Kor trong vifie lip eic k l hoach cua cic chuong trinh trfin. Kha nang tham gia cOa ngudi phu niJ dupe xem xlt dua trfin hai chilu eanh la
"eo eSiu eo hdi" thude ei'u trdc xa hdi vi cie yfi'u td' vl "thuc luc" thudc chii thl xa hdi (xem Alsop, Bertelsen & Holland. 2006: 14-17). Nhdm phu nii H're vi Kor se dupc xem xlt dudi "thi'u kinh" ly thuyfi^t nhdm im ling trong ddi sinh vdi cic nhdm edn Iai gdm nhdm nam gidi ngudi Kinh vi ngudi Kor, H're.
Di dat tdi muc dich trfin, bii vie't niy se tra Idi cae ciu hdi eu thl gdm:
(i) vai trd eung ea'p thdng tin eho ngudi phu nii eiia chinh quyln/ cic ban quan Iy du i n thl hifin nhu thfi nao? (ii) kha ning tifi'p cin thdng tin ciia ngudi phu nfi din tdc H're va Kor trong hai Chuang trinh 135-11 va ISP bifi'u bifin nhu thfi' nio? (iii) vai tro tham va'n y kifi'n ngudi din ciia chinh quyln/cie ban quan Iy d u i n thl hifin nhu thfi nio? (iv) kha ning bifi'u hifin f kifi'n nhdm ciia phu nii?
2. Phi/ong phap nghien curu
Dfi lifiu nghifin cfiu dupc la'y til hai cudc khao sit thuc dia cua hai du i n la Dinh gii Thl ehfi'gifia ky chuong trinh ISP (MTRIA) dupc thue hifin tfi ngiy 19/7/2010 tdi ngiy 6/8/2010 vi du i n Dinh gii Truyin thdng ISP (DGTT) dupc thue hifin tfi ngiy 6 dfi'n 13/12/2010,
Bd du lifiu dupc sfi dung gdm 37 cudc thao Iuan nhdm lip trung vdi ngudi dan (17 cude tir du i n MTRIA, 20 tfi du i n DGTT); 12 thao Iuan nhdm hoat ddng san xui't (AG) nhdm cie hd gia dinh nbin hd trp eua ehuong trinh ISP va 9 thao luin vdi Ban Quan ly du i n xa (CMB) gdm cic dai difin tfi Uy ban Nhan din lai 3 huyfin Tiy Tri, Ba To v i Son Ha.
Cac bao c i o eua dtJ an MTRIA ISP (2010), b i o c i o DGTT (2010), bao
Nguyin Trung KiSn 57 c i o ciia eic thanh vifin trong doan khao sit cua du i n MTRIA ISP, cac bio cao phat triln kinh te' - xa hdi, cic bao eao thue hifin Chuong trinh 135-11 va ISP tai dia phuong la cac tai lifiu dupc sfi dung de phan tich thfi cap eho nghifin cfiu nay.
3. Ket qua nghien citu
3.1. Kha nang tie'p can thdng tin
3.1.1. Viec cung cdp thong tin td he thdng chinh quyen Md hinh 1 d dudi diy md ta Iai su khie bifit gidi trong vifie cung ca'p thdng tin vl Chuong trinh 135-11 vi ISP tai Quang Ngai. Trong klii nam gidi dupe cung ci'p tbdng tin d ea hai kfinh tfi hpp xa va hpp thdn, thi nu gidi hiu nhu ehi dupe eung ci'p thdng tin trong budi hpp thdn. Bfin canh dd, eung cd thl nhan ra ring, nfi gidi la dd'i tupng nhan dupe thdng tin cudi cilng trong hfi thd'ng truyin tai thdng tin ciia xa - thdn.
Theo md hinh I, d kfinh thdng tin thfi nha't, chinh quyln xa to chdc hpp dl cung cip thdng tin vl chuong trinh (hpp vao thfi hai hang tuin) va Ihudng cbi mdi eie can bd thdn tham gia hpp. Theo thdng tin tfi Khao sil MTRIA va DGTT thi nam gidi dam nhifim hiu hfi't cae vi tri ehi'nh quyln va doan thfi tai thdn - nhu trudng thdn, phd thdn, bi thu chi bp, cic td trudng t6 san xui't, eae khu trudng khu din eu, Hpi ndng dan, vi viy kha
Mo hinh 1. Su khac biet gidi trong viec cung cap thong tin ve Chuong trinh I35-II va ISP
T& chiic hop j; J, phd bieh ihfini; iin.
ttira cOng v ^
Ngudn: Tdng hop ttt IRC (2010b) va dB lieu DGTT. 2010
5S Nghidn ciJru Gia dinh vk GI6I. Quydn 22, so 3, tr. 53-68
ning hp truyin dat thdng tin cho cie nam gidi khic se thuin Ipi hon.
Trong khi dd, nO gidi thudng ft khi dam nhifim mdt ehfie vu nio lifin quan din he thd'ng chfnh quyln, hp thudng ehi dam nhifim ehfie vu trong Hdi phu nfi. Do dd nam gidi li ngfidi hudng lpi diu tifin trong ti^p ein thdng tin vl Chuang trinh 135-iI vi ISP,
Kfinh thfi hai li cin bd xa vi can bd thdn se eung ci'p thdng tin true tilp tai budi hpp thdn. Cd thfi ndi, phu nfi H're vi Kor ehi ed thl nhan dupc thdng tin phin Idn qua cac eudc hpp thdn. Han nfia, nfi gidi cung Ik nhdm nhdfipc cung ca'p it thdng tin tfi can bd xa hon so vdi nam gidi, do mdt thuc t l li cin bd xa ft khi xud'ng tham gia eie budi hpp thdn: "Can bd xa 1 nim vl gap din I -2 lin" hay "Thinh thoang ein bd xa cd xudng..." (Thao luan nhdm nu, DGTT). Bfin canh dd, nu gidi eung chua nim trong nhdm ddi tupng dupc uu tifin dupe eung ci'p thdng tin bdi vi "nugidi thudng khdng phai la chii hd" (Thio luan nhdm CMB. MTRIA). Nhu vay. mic dii cac ein bd xa cd cung ci'p thdng tin qua hpp thdn, nhung vdi vific khdng nam trong danh sich nhdm dd'i lupng dupc uu tifin khi thdng b i o hpp thdn, nfin CO hdi dupc cung ci'p thdng tin cho nfi gidi se bi ban chfi^hon.
3,1.2. Khd ndng tiep cdn thdng tin cua phu na H 're vd Kor Mfic dd tifi'p cin thdng tin khdng chi dan gian Ii mdt qua trinh tie'p nhin thdng lin, ma qua trinh nay phai dupc xem xet bao gdm hai yfi'u td la; kha ning tie^p nhin, gdm tifi'p nhan thdng tin nao? dd Ii thdng tin gi?
ed nhan ihfie vl thdng tin dupe tifi'p nhan khdng?; va kha ning luu giu nhu ed ghi nhd vific da tifi'p nhin thdng tin gi khdng?
Khd ndng lie'p nhdn thdng lin
Nghifin Clhi nay tdng hpp mfic dd nhan bifi't thdng tin cua hai nhdm nam vi nfi dudi cic ci'p dd: khdng bifi't. bifi't ft. bifi't vfia phai va bifi't diy du (xem Bang 1).
Bang 1 cho thi'y khdng cd qui nhilu su khac bifit gifla hai nhdm nam vi nu d mfic dd "khdng bifi't gi" vi "bifi't ft". StJ khic bifit rd ring ban xuit hifin d mfic dp "bifi't vfia phai". Khdng ed nhilu nfl gidi dap flng dupc mfic dd niy. Mdt sd trudng hpp ri't it gip, m i dd Ihudng Ii cin bd trong Hdi phu nfl xa hoic Chi hdi phu nfi thdn vi nhiing ngudi phu nfi tre ed hpc v&n, da duac tap hua'n. Nam gidi xua't hifin nhilu ban trong eic chfic vu la: can bd xa, cin bd thdn, nhiing ngudi ed hpe va'n, cic euu chifi'n binh, thdng thao ti^ng Viet va cd nhin ihfic td't, nam gidi thl hifin su nhin thfic rd rang
N g u y i n T r u n g K i e n 59
Bang 1. Mfic do tilp nhan thong tin ciia nhdm nil vi nhom nam
Mure do KhOng biet gi
Biei il
Bifii vfra phai
Bie't daydu
Chi b i o cu the Hie'm khi nhfln thOng tin. khdng bie't m6t lh6ng tin gi v^ cSc chuong trtnh. du dn tai dia phuang hoac nam khdng ddng /;/th6ng tin vS nam m6t cdch ra't mo ho.
Thinh ihodiig nhfln thOng tin qua h6 tro. chi biel mdt sd'hS n o cu thl ciia du an. ehucmg trinh cho hd gia dinh nhung khdng bie't thu6c du dn/chuong uinli nao
Thud)}g nhan thdng tin qua c6ng viec vh nhfln h6 tro, biei mot .\d h6 tip cu ihl lai dia phuang va ndm dugc nidrsd'lh6ng tin co ban ve mdt s6 chuong trinh nhu 135-nviISP.
Tlutdng nhfln thdng tin qua cong viec \k thtfc hien h6 tro tai xa, thon, biei ddy dii ve muc dich, noi dung cac chuong trinh, dir an thuc hien tai dia phuong. Do do, nhom nay co thl phfln biel dupc cac chuong trmh du 5n diln ra tai dia phuone.
C i c nh6m nil Pliii nB d Iinli canh dac bie't;
Don than, ngucri gi^
Mu chit vi hoc vflii tha'p
KhOng bill ti^ng Kinh Pliu niJ hfi nhfln hfi trO, diroc di tap hufln Lam chil hfi gia dinh (gfia chfing) Cfi trinh dfl hoc vflh tuong dfil cao Co kha nang dpc. vidi.
giao tie'p tiehg Kinh ifi'l L ^ trong chi hfii phu nir
Tre, CO hpc vflh va co dl tap huflh
Khfing CO
C:ic nhom nam Nam gidi d tinh canh dac biet:
MO chil Khfing bie't tie'ng Kinh NgUfii gi&
Mil cho. CO hoc vflh Kha nang sir dung tie'ng Kinh han che' Ban dl lam Lam can bg thfin, xa GD hoc vflh.
duoc di lap huah Cuu chien binh Lam canbfi thon, xa
Ngudn: Tdng liap lir IRC (2010a: 70-71), dff liSu MTRIA va DGTT.
va cu th^ hon nhom ntt. 0 mile d6 bie't dSy du chi cd nhom nam vcfi cac can bo xa, thOn dap ling dugc.
Phan tfch thong tin tir du an DGTT cung cho tha'y, trong khi hSu he't cac nhom nam gidi diu nhin thilc ro rang va kha toan dien c i c khfa canh ve Chuong trinh 135-11:
Anh ft La chiang trinh duac N/ia nutJc ho Irg ve iMng giao thdng nong thon. Vi du:
lam dudng giao thdng nong thon, iam difdng bd idng.v.v.
60 Nghien ciJru Gia dinh vk Gidl. Quydn 22, so 3, tr. 53-68
Anh C: Chuang trinh 135 x6y diflig tnidng. xiy di/ng tram y t4. /im dudng bS ldng.
ciu cdng, v$t nudi ciy trdng.
Anh D: Chuang trinh 135 li chirang trinh cOa duin h6 trg sin xuit, chin nu6i, casd h? ting.
Anh V: Chuang trinh 135 li chuang trinh di/in giOp dO cho con din, h6 trg cho nh^g ftp c6n thiiu thin nhu nhi, ciy trdng.
Ngudn: Thio lu$n nhdm nam, DGU Trong khi dd nhan thfic ciia da phin nfi gidi lip trung vio nhung hd trp vat chit cu thfi' gin vdi gia dinh hp, vi du nhu:
Cht C: 135 cho nhi. cho ciJra dd hi? Cd nghe. Biit!
ChiN:H6trgbd.heo.gi....
Chi K: Cho tdi nhi v^ sinh v$y dd. rdi cho heo, cho bd.
Chi D: Cho 1 cii giing (hg c6 ghi d tr§n giSng do 135 hd trg) Cho cuoc, xi beng cich d§y 1 nSmrdi....
Cd H: Cd dugc hd trgxa beng, cudc nhung khdng biit do chuang trinh nio hd tra.
Ngudn: Th^o luin nhdm nit. DGTT Luu giif vd "tdi mii thdng tm "
Nghifin cfin IRC (2010a: 76) phit hifin ra rang lupng thdng tin nhan dupe khdng phai la mdt "hang sd"" ba't bifi'n trong nhan thfic ciia ngudi dan, tfie l i ed "su thifi'u bin vimg eua tifi'p nhan thdng tin". Cung nhu hifin tupng
M6 hinh 2. Mfic dp tiep cin thdng tin ve Chucmg trinh cua phu nfi H're va Kor
Tie'p tan ' ihOng
Luu giO
, ,
Tiffp nhfln wJvJii
^ • ^ " - ^ ^ T i i mil IhOng
Vto /,
IChOng bift
Ngu6n: T6ng hap tir do lieu MTRIA vJ EXjTT.
Nguygn Trung Kien 61
"tii mil chfi" hifin tupng "tai mfi thdng tin" xuit hifin ed th^ Ii do ngudi din khdng cdn dupc tifi'p tuc tifi'p nhin thdng tin, hoic thdng tin tifi'p nhin khdng thudng xuyfin, khdng dupe sfi dung trong thue tfi'.
Mdt ciu hdi dat ra Ii hifin tupng "tii mii thdng tin" difin ra nhu thfi nao d nhdm nam gidi va nhdm nfi gidi? Nghifin cfiu niy phat hifin ra ring hifin tfipng "tii mu thdng tin" difin ra d ca hai nhdm nam vi nfi gidi. nhung nguyfin nhin din dfi'n "tai mfi thdng tin" lai khic nhau. Nam gidi eho ring ly do qufin l i vi bin "di lam mifi't" (Thao luin nhdm nam, MTRIA. thdn IV Va Tia, Ba Lfi', Ba To). Nhung dd'i vdi phii nfi thi nguyfin nhin Ii qua bin biu vdi eae cdng vific gia dinh nhu ginh nude xa, chim sdc con nhd, ehan nudi, trdng trpt.
Hon nfia, hifin tupng "tii mfi thdng tin" dudng nhu difin ra dfi ding hon vdi nhdm nu, kiu ma hp tham gia tifi'p nhin thdng tin trong mdt tim thfi' khdng sin sang, cu th^ hp phai mang ca con nhd di theo trong cic eudc hpp thdn hoic cic budi hpp phd bifi'n thdng tin. Hifin tupng nay dupc ghi nhin kha nhi^u d cic nhdm nfi, vi dii d thdn Tra ich, Tri Lanh, Tiy Tra (MTRL\), thdn Con Ddc - Con Rieng d xa Ba Trang, huyfin Ba To (MTRIA), anh hudng ra't Idn dfi'n kha ning tip trung tifi'p nhin thdng tin ciia phu nfi. Hdp I md ta mdt vai phat bifi'u difin hinh ve hifin tupng "tai mfi tbdng tin" ddi vdi nhdm nfi:
Hop 1. Bleu hien cua hien ttfdng "tai mu thong tin"
dnhomnffH'revaKor
i - Qufin h^t r6i...;
I - Cho cu5c, x i beng cich diy 1 nam rfii nhung khfing nhd cua chuong trinh nio.
; Nhfl 134, khOng nhd 135, chua nghe, 135 triln khai liu lam T6\, nam chin may lin, i - Co cho nhi nhung khOng nhd thuflc 135 khflng;
I - Cho giing, cip x i beng, xeng, Nhilu lam qu6n hit;
: - Nhilu du i n lim sao nhd nli. Chuong trinh 135 cfl nudc sach thi nhd, cdn cii kia
; (ISP-tac gia) thi khflng nhfl. nhilu du i n v i tip hu^n thi khflng nhfi dupc, 134 cho : nhi cfia, 135 khflng nhfl, do khflng di tip huin day du, chi nghe thfli, khflng nhfl : friln khai thfli gian nio
\ - Co nfli nhimg khfing nhfl;
; - Oi tham quan,.. di tinh thi di miy huyin lufln, khflng nhfl hit dupc.
Ngufln: Ting hpp tCr DGTT
6S Nghien cihi Gia dinh v i Gidi. Quy6n 22, so 3, tr. 53-68
Hifin tupng "tii mCi thdng iin" ro ring inh hudng ra't ldn tdi nhan thfic ciia ngudi dan sau khi dupc cung ci'p thdng tin, die bifit l i phu nff - vdn dupc eung ea'p I'l thdng lin vi khdng thudng xuyfin. Chinh vi bi "lai mii thdng tin" cho nfin nhidu phu nfi lai quay Ird vi linh trang "khdng bi^t"
thdng lin gl. mac dfi da dupc cung cip, difiu niy cing Iam cho kha nang tham gia vio ehuong trlnh/du cua hp giim di.
3.2. Kha nang hieu hlcn y kicn
3.2.1. Su thiic ddy tham vdn y kien cia chlnh quyenlban qudn ly dtt dn Ciu hdi dat ra li lifiu vdi ngudi eung ci'p tin hiu h^t l i nam gidi dang dam nhifim cic chfic vu ein bd xa - thdn thl lifiu hp ed ehu ^ ldi quy^n Ipi ciia nfi gidi vi chu trpng dfi'n vifie tao difiu kifin eho nfi gidi phal bilu ^ kifi'n khdng? Hay ndi cich khic, nhin thfic gidi cua lanh dao/ nha quan ly du i n tai xa nhu thfi nio?
yi phi'a can bd thudc Ban quan IJ' cua xa, nghifin cfiu niy chua thiy y kifi'n nio td ra thuc sir dfi cao vai U-d vi y kifi'n eua nfi gio^ trong cudc hpp:
hp "chua cd y tudng dfi cip d^n nfi gidi" nhu li mdt trpng tam trong qua trinh td chfic hpp thdn (MTT^IA). Mil khic. \'icc tao difiu kifin dfi' lap ke hoaeh tai thdn eung kha 'hinh thfic' dd'i vdi phu nfi (xem md hinh 3). Bcri qui trinh td chfic lip kfi' hoach tuong dd'i khep kin vdi vai trd chi dao cua ca'p huyen tfi d khau diu ciing nhu khau cud'i cua du an. O giua, tfie fiong cudc hpp thdn, nhu da phin lich d trfin, ed sir tham gia eiia ea nam vi nu.
Vi'n de phii nu cd tham gia vi eung ci'p y kifi'n trong cude hpp thdn cd din Mo h1nh 3. Quy trinh lip ke hoach Irong Chucmg trinh 135-11 \a ISP
j £ :
Huyftn phan | N Xa lap -khung kfi i \ Hop thta luu bri k m h p h i I / • • - • • ' • • I 1 - - -hoach: Ai Iri^n Khui I 7 thon iliiu tu
^
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Clin bft xa (num) hop, uin W) ihfln (nam) Iham gia
Trin'mg Ihlin \(i chiii;, nam - nO kiing ihiun gia
Cfln be xa (nam) hop, uan bA (hrin (nam) tham gia
Ngu6n: T6ng hpp tfi c i c CMB ciia MTRIA
Nguyen Trung Kien 63 ldi vifie bao ham quan difim vi lpi feh cua hp trong kfi'hoaeh du an cue dia phuang khdng se dupc phin tfch d p h i n tifi'p Iheo. Tuy nhifin, ed thfi' thi'y, StJ Iham gia cua nfi gidi d hai cudc hpp xa Ii hiu nhu khdng cd. 6 cudc hpp xa diu lifin dfi lip khung kfi hoaeh thudng chi cd su tham gia cfia cac can bd xa nim trong Ban quan ly du in, ngoii ra ed thfi ed thfim trudng thdn dfi trifin khai edng vific tai cie thdn. Nhfing ngudi nay hiu hfi't Ii nam gidi. Trong khi dd, d cude hpp xa tifi'p theo sau khi ed kfi't qua hpp thdn, sti tham gia eua nfi gidi hiu nhu khdng cd, khi mi thinh phin chi cd can bd xa va trudng cae thdn.
3.2.2. Khd ndng bieu hien y kien cda phu nii H 're vd Kor Kha ning bifiu hifin y kifi'n cua phii nfi H're va Kor dupe phin ti'ch lfi du lieu cae budi Lhao luin nhdm. dua trfin cie khia canh nhu: phu nu tieh cue tham gia thao luin, dua y kifi'n va cie dinh gii vfi sir tham gia thuc tfi cfia phu nu. Qua phin tieh dfi lifiu cho thi'y nfi gidi thudng bi rai vio tinh fi-ang "im ling" trong cudc hpp cin phai trao ddi y kifi'n. Theo cic thinh vifin thudc Ban quan Iy du an xa, trong eic cudc hpp thdn, nu gidi thudng thu ddng vi phii thudc vio su chi dinh cua ngudi dieu hanh; "Nfi cd phit bifi'u khi ma ngudi td chfic cudc hpp chi dinh" (Thao luin nhdm CMB xa Ba Trang). Khdng chi ed nam gidi nhin xel vi su thu ddng vi ft y kie'n cua nfi gidi, ma ban thin phu nff cung ddng y vdi nhin xet cua nam gidi vfi "su thu ddng" cua ban thin hp (xem doan thao luin dudi day):
Hoi: Trong cuoc hpp ai l i nguiS phat bilu y kiln nhieu hon, nam hay niJ a?
Anh H: Thudng thuflng la nam,.., y kiln cua phu nO thi it hon.
Hoi. So lupng ai di hop nhilu hon?
Anh H: Co luc thi nam, di veng [di vang] thi nfi di.
ChuD: NOdi hpp nhilu
Hoi: Tai sao nfi di hop nhieu ma nam phat bilu nhi^u hon?
Chu S: Vi ho khflng bilt phat bilu dfl, Chi H: Do thilu trinh dfl v i khflng cfl •j kiln.
Chj Th: Chi cung diSng y.
Chi N, Do vera khfing tu tin, vfia thilu trinh dfl, khflng bilt suy nghT a (cudi).
ChO D: No it nghe nfl cOng khdng phit bilu. thilu trinh dfl, Anh H: Thucmg din b i hay mac cd lam,..
Ngu6n: Trich din tfi MTRIA
64 Nghien cUu Gia dinh v i Gidl. QuyS'n 22, so 3, tf. 53-68
Doan tliao luin trfin cho thiy ^ ki^n cua phu nfi "it ban" nam gidi trong cic bu6i hpp. Ding chu </ li ea nam gidi vi nfl %{(n dfiu eung thfia nhin nu gidi kfim tfch cue vi klidng hoie il phit bifiu. Nam gidi thl nhin nhin nfi gidi
"khdng bifi't phit bifi'u", "ft nghe", "thifi'u trinh dd" vi "mic cd". Cdn nff gidi thi cung ddng tinh vdi ^ kifin dd, hp cho ring ban thin hp "thi^u trinh dd",
"khdng tu tin", "khdng bifi't .suy ngh?'. Va'n dfi niy ndi Ifin rang chi'nh phu nfi cung td ra kfim tu tin vio ban than minh vi difiu ding quan tim hon Ii hp dang tu bang Idng vdi thuc trang dd, Dd Ii mdt trong nhffng luc can Idn nhi't dd'i vdi sir tham gia eua hp vio cic boat ddng xa hdi. Hdp 2 dudi diy mfith hpa difin hinh cho tinh trang "im ling' cua nff gidi.
Hdp 2. Tim ly rut xi cua nff gidl trong tham gia thSo luSn nhdm
Chj C trong suit bull thio luin thuflng im ling v i ngoinh mit ra ngoii. Ch; N vi chj V (t nfli v i chf nfli If nhi khi dupc hdi, Cic chj thuflng ngai nfli du nfli tiing H're.
(Thfln NuPc Nhu, xa Ba Xa. huySn Ba To)
Chi T v i chj Th dupc h6 trp bfl v i heo nin da k l lai dupc nhung khi n6i chim vi phii suy nghT liu, thudng quay sang hfii anh tnjdng thfln (Thfln B i Ha, xa Ba Xa, huyin Ba To)
Ch; D lim cin bfl y t l x i nfin to ra hiiu bilt, diln dat tdt lion, nhung chi vSn rut | r6 v i chi bilt khflng nhilu v l Chuong trinh 135-11 v i ISP, Hai chj L v i M to ra k6m : tfch cue v i thudng Im ling trong bull thao luin. Cic anh nam gitji n^ nhilu hon : v i chilm hiu hit y kiln. (Thfln I Bai L l . x i Ba L l , huyfin Ba To)
Chj D di hpp nhung phii mang con di theo, con khflc v i quIy nSn chj thinh thoang ; bing con ra ngoii dfi, khflng cfl dilu kifin tip trung vio cuflc hpp. (Thfln Tri ich, \ x i Tri Lanh, huyfin Tiy Tri)
Chi N v i chj T thucmg It khi dflng g6p y kiln v i thudng nfli theo nhflm nam gidi, ; (Thfln Tri Dinh, x i Tri Linh, huyfin Tiy Tri).
Ngufln: Ting hpp tfi dfi iiSu MTRIA
Y e u t d c a n t r d k h a n a n g t h a m gia cua nff g i d i
O Vifit Nam. da cd mdt sd nghifin cfiu phin ti'ch vfi eae nguyfin nhin can trd su tham gia cua nff gidi. Cie nghifin cun nay eung da bin tdi eic trd ngai m i phu nff dang gap phai trong qui trinh tham gia nhu linh trang bit binh dang vfi gidi trong quyfin ra quyfi't dinh fi-ong gia dinh, bao lue gia
Nguyen Trung Kien 65 dinh, SU coi thudng sfie khde phu nff (ADB, 2002); sit khdng Idn trpng phu nfi, dia vi thi'p eua phu nfi trong gia dinh vi trong phan edng lao ddng (Nguyfin, 2004); nam gidi l i chu hd, tfi phong tue lac hiu, phu nfi bi ban chfi mdi hpp, qui nhifiu cdng vific gia dinh, ban ehfi trinh dd van hda va khdng bifi't/bifi't ft tifi'ng Kinh, dinh kifi'n khdng tdn trpng y kifi'n phu nfi (Lfi, 2004: 50); tim ly e ngai eua phu nfi tir can trd hp (Nguyfin, 2009: 47).
Cic phal hifin dupc fi-ong nghifin cfiu niy cung chia sc dd'i vdi kit qua cua cae nghifin cun trfin. Tuy nhifin, difim mdi eua nghifin cfiu nay la tip uung phin tfch "kha ning tham gia" tfi gde dd nhdm im ling. Trong dd chi ra su thi^u hut vfi "tbdng tin" nhu mdt "lii san" (xem Alsop, Mette &
Jeremy. 2006) quan trpng dd'i vcd sir tham gia eiia ho. Su thifi'u hut vi thdng lin vi thifi'u kha ning difin dai y kifi'n khifi'n phu nfi H're va Kor roi vao tinh trang im ling trong mdi trudng truyfin thdng lai dia phuong. Difiu niy bifi'u hifin d ca hai khfa canh: mdi fi-udng cung eip thdng tin va cic dae fi-ung xua't phat tfi ban thin ngudi phu nff H're va Kor Dd'i vdi khia canh diu tifin, nghifin eihi phat hifin va nhi'n manh ring nhfing ngudi phu nfl nay dang d trong mdt he thd'ng vi mdi trudng thdng tin "cua", "do", va "vl" nam gidi, khdng chi nam gidi ngudi Kinh, ma eon li nam gidi ngudi Kor va H're.
Thim ehf, khdng chi cd nam gidi, so v6i nhdm nfi gidi ngudi Kinh, nhdm nfi H're va Kor eung trd thanh nhdm "im ling" (nhu d thon Tra Dinh, xa Tra Lanh, Tiy Tra; thdn Lae Son, xa Long Son, huyfin Minh Long). Do viy, nfl gidi H're va Kor hau nhu cd ri't it ca hdi dfi tifi'p cin thdng tin. Khfa canh thfi hai, nghifin cuti nay nha'n manh dfi'n vific phu nfi H're va Kor khdng the tham gia mdt each hifiu qua vao cac du an cua chuang irinh I35-II va ISP vl hp ehua thoat khdi vdng Iuan qu^n cua su ehua bifi't - tifi'p nhin - lai mu
Bang 2. Thang bac tham gia theo mo hinh hanh dong
Hanh dong cua chinh quyen/nha Muc Hanh dong tham gia cua quan [y do ngudi dan
Kh6ng van ddng tham gia 0 Khflng tham gia Cung cSp thflng tin ve chuang trinh 1 Nhfln vi luu gifi thflng tin Tham va'n y kien ngudi dan 2 Phat bifiu, cung ca'p y kien Mdi hop tac thuc hien 3 Tham gia hap tac thirc hien Tao ca ch^ kiem soat thuflc ve 4 Thirc hifin quy^n kifim soat, ngu6i dan gJam sal
6 6 Nghi&n cfiu Gia dinh v i Gidi. Quy&n 22, s o 3, tr. 53-68
thdng tin - klidng bifi't. Tiiy nhifin, difiu ding ehu ;? Ii khdng phai ngfidi phu nff nio cung co mfic dd "im ling" nhu nhau.
rhang bac mfic dp tham gia
Da cd nhifiu nghifin cfiu phin tfch mfic dd tham gia eua cdng din. Tfi gde dd "trao quyfin" cho ngudi din, nghifin cfiu sdm eiia Sherry R. Anisleni (1969, 1971) eho rang su tham gia nhfi mdt eai "thang" vdi eic
"na'e" ting din vific trao quyfin Ific cdng din. Cd 8 nic thang, 3 eip dd tham gia, cing d ea'p dd tham gia cao hon thl ngudi din .se ed "quyfin luc"'cao hon. Tfi gde dd hinh ddng tham gia eua ngudi dan, quan difim nim 1973 cua Brager vi Speeht (xem Carrey, 2000: 36-38; Wright, 2003:
72) lai xem mfic dd tham gia la mdt chudi binh ddng eua ngudi tham gia lfi iha'p dfi'n eao theo budng tang mfic dd quyfin lue ldi khi ngudi din ed quyfin kifim soit dd'i vdi nhiJng phit trifi'n lifin quan dfi^n ban than hp. WB (1996) ehi nfiu ra 04 c^p dd tham gia gdm chia se Ihdng lin, tham vih, tranh Iuan vi hpp tie vi cud'i cfing li trao quyfin (empowerment). Mdt quan difim dang chu y nua li cua Goelherl nam 1998 (Imparalo & Ruster, 2003: 22) kbi dng eho ring, au tham gia nam trong thfi dd'i sanh vi thay doi vai trd gifia cdng ddng va nhffng lie nhin bfin ngoai (outsider) qua 5 cap dd Iff thi'p Ifin eao, lfi vifie edng ddng nim ngoii qui irinh "lam chu"
eho tdi khi hp li ngudi "dfing diu" vi thirc hifin vice huy ddng lac nhin ben ngoai vdi lu each la ngudn luc.
Dua trfin eae each tifi^p cin trfin, chung tdi cho ring "thang bic" (thuat ngfi cua Amstein) mfic dd tham gia nfin dupe xiy dung theo md hinh vai trd ddi sanh giffa chinh quyfin, cic nhi lap va quan ly du an (lac nhin ben ngoai) va vai trd tham gia eua ngudi pbii nfi H're vi Kor, theo hudng lang din mfic dd trao quyfin \i\ "nhin quyen" nhung nhi'n manh hon vio mfi hinh hinh ddng thuc tfi' eua ea hai bfin. Muc dd tham gia vl viy phai li su tdng hda tuang tdc gifia hai chu thl niy.
Nhu viy. d diy ed hai chu thfi cin phai phin bifit. Thfi nha't, vifie tao difiu kifin vi thue diy sir tham gia gin vdi vai trd ctia ehfnh quyfin vi cac nhi quan IJ/ chuang trlnh/dfi an; vi thfi hai l i hanh ddng iham gia eiia ngudi din. trong dd cd phu nu. Vifie lach rdi hai vin dfi nay giup cic nha quan ly du an eung nhu cic nha diu tu nhin thfic dupe rang, dfi dat ldi miic lifiu "tham gia mdt cich phd bifi'n" (popular participation) thl cin phai co nhifiu yfi'u td, trong dd hai yfi'u id chfnh la vai trd cua chinh quyfin va cac nha quan I^ du in; va sir nd lire eua ngucri din.
Nguyen Trung Kien 67 Tdm lai, nghien cfin nay nhim muc dfch hudng tdi vific tim kifi'm md hinh ly thuyfi't giai thfch cho "kha ning tham gia" cua phu nff H're va Kor nhu mdt nhdm im lang trong Chuang trinh 135-11 vi ISP tai tinh Quing Ngai. Cac md hinh Iy thuyfi't dupc phin tfch d trfin dd'i vdi nhdm phu nfi ngudi H're va Kor se hun fch trong vifie trifin khai eic nghifin cfiu dinh lupng tuong Iai nham danh gii mdt each cu thfi kha ning tham gia cfia cac nhdm yfi'u thfi' khic (vi du nhfi nhdm phu nfi cic din tdc ft ngudi khie, nhdm ngudi din tdc thifi'u sd, nhdm ngheo, nhdm ngudi gii, nhdm khuyfi't tat v.v.) eung nhu xem xel nd trong cie bd'i canh khae d Vifit Nam vdi dung lupng miu ldn vi mang tinh dai difin.•
Chucmg trinh ISP (Implementation Support Programme) la chuang trinh Hfl trp Thuc hien Chuang trinh 135-11 do AusAID tin iro cho linh Quang Ngai tfi nam 2008 den nay (xem bao cao MTR IA ISP),
Tai lieu tham khao
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68 Nghien cfiu Gia dinh vk Gidi. Quyen 22, so 3, tr. 53-68
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