Thi/c liln - Kinh nghiem
V Khac phuc tinh trang o nhiem do hoa chat bao ve thifc vat
O NGUYEN KHOI
N
udc ta ia nudc san xuat ndng nghigp, vdi dieu kign khi hgu nhi$t ddi ndng va am thuin Igi cho st/phat triin cua ndng nghigp, nhung cung thuin igi cho su phat sinh, phit triin cua sau bgnh, co dgi gay hai mua ming. Do vay, vigc su" dgng hda chat bao ve thuc vgt (HCBVTV) de phdng trUsau hgi, dich bgnh mua mang, giU vUng an ninh iUdng thuc qudc gia vin la mgt bign phap quan trgng vi chu yiu.Nhieu thach thuTc ti^ hoa chat bko ve thiic vat
Theo thong ke cua B6 TN&MT, ca nUde hien co 1.562 diem ton iuu hda chat bao ve thUe vat (HCBVTV) tal 46 tinh, thanh phi. can cUtheo Quy chuan Viet Nam 54:2013/BTNMT cua Bo TN&MT v l ngudng xii ly HCB- VTV hQu cd theo muc dfch sis dyng dat, thi hien co khoang 200 dilm d nhiem do t i n luu HCBVTV CO mUc dp rui ro eao, gay ONMT nghiSm trpng va dac biet nghiem trong, da va dang anh hudng den moi trudng va sUc khde cDa ngudi dan trong khu vUc.
Thuc t l 6 nudc ta, tU lau ngUdi dan da sD dung HCBVTV trong san xult nong nghiep, nham digt trU sau benh gay hgi eay trong d l bao ve mua mang.
Tuy nhien, do sU hieu biet ve HCBVTV eon hgn e h l , ehl eoi trpng mat tfch cue la phong va diet djch hai, chua hieu biet ve mat trai cua no. Ben cgnh dd.
eong tac quan ly eon long leo, de ton tgi nhieu diem chdn vui HCB- VTV d i n d i n cac hda chat ngam vao dat, hoac do mUa, lut, bao da lam phat tan ngay cang rdng hdn, cd kha nang gay 6 nhiem tren dien rpng. Dang ehu y, eae kho ehUa HCBVTV ton luu hau hit duoe xay dung tU nhDng nam 80 cua T h l ky trUde, khi xay dung chua quan tam d i n vi§c xD ly kit eau, nin mdng de ngan ngUa kha nang gay 6 nhilm; cae kho khong dUdc quan tam tu sDa, gia eo hang nam eho nan da va dang trong tinh trang xuing cap nghiem trong,,. Van de ONMT do sii dung tuy tien cac logi hda chat trong eong nghiep va HCBVTV trong nong nghiap dang ngay cang tr6 nSn nghiem trpng.
Hien nay, viec sii dung HCB- VTV da tang len dang ke ea ve khoi IUdng lln chCing loai, vdi hdn 1.000 logi dang dUdc luu hanh tren thj trUdng Viat Nam. Trong khi do, viae sii dgng ngay cang nhilu eae chat hOu cd gay 6
nhilm khd phan huy (POP) va cae loai HCBVTV cd dpc tfnh eao da lam eho mUc ton lUu dU IUdng eac loai hoa chat nay trong n6ng san, thuc pham, dat, khong khi va mdi trudng ngay cang Idn. K i t qua dilu tra, khao sat cua eae ed quan chUc nang cho tha'y, cac loai HCBVTV t i n luu trong dat ehij y l u gom: DDT, Basai, Lin- dan, thuoc diet chudt, thulc diat gian, Vinizeb, Echo... va nhilu loai thuoc khong nhan mac, khong ro nguon gdc xuat xU... Ben eanh d6, theo danh gia eua cac chuyen gia quoc t l , cd tdi 80% HCTBVTV dang dUde sii dung khdng dung each, khdng can thilt va rat iang phf. Ty le HCTBVTV an toan sinh hoc eon rat thap va bien phap phdng chd'ng djch hgi chD dong theo hudng IPM (phdng chong ting hpp) SLf dung cdng nghe hoa hpe dang eon dUdc ap dung rat han chl-
Nhin Chung, cae loai hda chit BVTV ma Viet Nam dang sii dung cd dp doc cdn cao (nhdm Tdi nguyen va rvl6i truong | Ky2-lliong7/2016 2 7
ddc 1 chilm 11,8-22%, nhdm ddc 11 40-58,8%, nhdm ddc 111 11- 30%, nhdm ddc IV 10-17%), trong dd nhieu ipal thude da lac hdu. Mdt sd thud'c cu da han c h i hoac cam sd dgng nhtt Wofatox, Monitor, Kelthan, Azodrin... thl ndng dan mdt sd vttng trong rau van cdn stt dung. Dang lo ngai, cdc vu ngd ddc thUc phim bdi HCBVTV, cdc loai bdnh tat do ONMT dang ngay cang gia tang vd trfl thdnh mdt trong nhttng nguyen nhdn hang dau gay td vong S nudc ta hien nay. Do dd, viec tang cttdng qudn ly, kilm seat vd xd ly HCBVTV hidn nay la hit sttc cin thilt.
Tang cUdng kiem soat hoa chat bdo ve th(/c vat
Trong nhttng nam qua, nhilu gidl phap xd ly ONMT tai cdc kho chtta HCBVTV dd dttdc triln khai, nhtt; Chttdng trinh mgc tidu qudc gia khac phpc d nhidm vd cdi thien mdi trttdng glai doan 2012 - 2015; Quylt djnh sd 1946/QB- TTg ngdy 20/10/2010 cda Thd tudng Chinh phu ve vide phe duyet Ke hoach xd iy, phdng ngda do HCBVTV tdn luu trdn pham vi cd nttdc... Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh trien khai cdng tdc nay cdn gap khdng It khd khan, thach thttc nhtt thilu ngudn kinh phi cho cdng tdc xd ly, khac phuc d nhidm, nhat la khdng It cdc dja phttPng cdn "y lai, trdng chd"
ngudn ngdn sach hd trd ttt trung ttdng, thieu ngudn vdn ddi ttng cda dja phttdng. Trong khi dd, hlu hit cac du an cy t h l tai dja phUdng mdi chi tdp trung xtt ly ONMT do HCBVTV tdn Ittu, ma vSn chua thdt stt chu trpng, quan tam viec ngan chan, phdng ngtta vide phdt sinh cdc ngudn d nhidm
do HCBVTV cd ngudn gdc td hoat dpng sdn xuat, kinh doanh va cac loai hda chat nhdp khiu, nhap Idu. Ben c^nh dd, cdc khu vttc chdn Ilp HCBVTV ton IUu da thay ddi mgc dich sd dgng dat d i n den khd khdn cho cdng tac khoanh vung d nhilm vd ddnh gia mttc dp dnh httdng.
Thee Quylt dinh sd 1946 /QD-TTg cda Thd tttdng Chinh phu Phd duyet K l hoach xtt ly, phdng ngtta ONMT dp HCBVTV tdn ittu trdn pham vi cd nttdc, ttt nam 2010 - 2025 hoan thanh vide xd iy, cdi tao vd phuc hdi mdi trudng tai cdc khu vttc bj d nhiem HCBVTV vd cdc kho Ittu glO tren pham vl d nttdc. Den nay, Bd TN&MT cung vdl cdc bd, ngdnh vd dia phUdng da tiln hdnh xd ly dttdc 60 dilm tdn Ittu HCBVTV bi d nhiem nghidm trpng vd dac biet nghiem trpng. Bd TN&MT cung da trien khai xtt ly thi diem, tieu hdy hdn 900 tan hda chat cdc loai vd chat thai HCBVTV tdn iUu; xdy dgng va vdn hdnh cd sd dd lidu v l qudn ly cdc diem d nhidm tdn Ittu HCBVTV; dp dgng chi sd theo ddi, gidm sdt vd ddnh gia odng tdc qudn iy, xd iy ONMT trong llnh vttc ndy... Cho nen, mac dd sd ittdng cac dilm tdn Ittu HCBVTV trdn cd nudc Id rat Idn, nhttng cdng tdc qudn ly, phdng ngda vd xtt ly ONMT da tttng bttdc dttdc thttc hien va di vdc nen nip so vdi trttdc ddy.
Khac phgc nhOng khd khan ndu tren, thdi gian tdi, ben canh viec cdp nhat, chinh sda, bd sung vd hodn thidn hd thdng quy chuin ky thuat qudc gia lien quan d i n quan ly, xtt iy HCBVTV tdn ittu; xdy dgng cac httdng d i n quan ly, xtt ly vd phgc hdi mdi
trudng cac khu vttc d nhilm HCB- VTV... Chung ta c i n tang cUdng sg phdi hpp cdc bd, ngdnh, dja phudng tilp tgc dilu tra, danh gia, bd sung va cdp nhdt hidn trsng cdc khu vgc d nhilm HCB- VTV tdn luu trdn cd nudc, cung nhu IdP ke hpach qudn 1:^, xd ly cdc dilm mdi phdt hidn.
T i l p tgc nghidn cdu cdc cdng nghd xd ly, khic phgc d nhilm va d i thidn mdi trttdng khu vyc d nhilm HCBVTV tdn luu, phtt hdp vdi dac dilm d nhilm fl Viet Nam; tang cudng cdng tdc chdng budn Idu HCB- VTV khdng rd ngudn gdc; han che vide phdt sinh cdc khu vgc d nhilm HCBVTV tdn Ittu mdi.
Cdc bd, ngdnh, UBND cac tinh, thanh phd can ttu fien bd tri va idng ghdp cdc ngudn vdn ttt cac ChUdng trtnh mgc tidu qudc gia tren dja ban cd cac dilm HCBVTV tdn Ittu; ddng thdi, tim kiem cdc ngudn hd trd cua cac chttdng trinh, dU an qudc t l d l hd trd cdng tdc thu gom, xtt ly, cai tao va phuc hdi mdi trttdng tai cdc dilm tdn luu HCB- VTV gay ONMT.
Tao cd sfl phap ly d l y dd d l qudn ly sd dung thud'c BVTV vd ndng cao nhdn thdc, trach nhiem cda cda ngUdi dan, doanh nghiep trpng viec stt dgng, thu gom bao bi thgdc BVTV an toan, hieu qua.
D l y manh cdng tac thanh tra, kiem tra, xtt ly cdc vl pham phdp ludt v l boat dpng qudn ly, sdr xult, sd dung HCBVTV; ngar chan, gidl quylt triet de tinh tranc stt dgng HCBVTV qgd han, cdt hdnh vi van chuyen, chdn la'p tieu buy va xd ly HCBVTV tdn Itti khdng ddng quy djnh.B 2 8 Tal nguyen va Mdi truong | Ki 2 - Tltanil 7«016