TAP CHI LUATHOCSO 12/2016 NGHliN CUV - TRAO BOI
\ / K H A I NIEM VE U O DONG CI/ONG Birc
NGUYEN TIEN DONC*
Tom tSt: Tren casapMn tick khdi ni^m "lao dgng cu&ng buc" iheo quy dfnli tgi Cong u&c so 29 ciia To chuc lao dong quoc te va lien h4 vai quy djnh phdp lu(it lao dQng Vigt Nam. bai viet dim ra khdiniem vi lao dong cirang buc.
Tukhod: Lao dong cit&ng buc; Ididi ni?m; phdp litat lao dQng.
Nhgn bat: 17/01/2016 Hodn thanh bien lap: 08/12/2016
CONCEPT OF FORCED LABOUR
Duy?tdang: 15/01/2017
Abstract: On the basis of analysing the concept of forced labour under the Convention No 29 of the International Labour Organisation and relating it to the labour law of Vietnam, the paper offers a concept of forced labour.
Keywords: Forced labour; concept: labour law
Received: Jan IT''. 2016; Editing completed: Dec S''. 2016; Accepted for publication: Jan 15*. 2017.
L
ao dpng ciiong biic (LDCB) la thuat ngG dugc sii dung tirong doi pho bicii trong cac van kien phap li cua To chirc lao dong quoc te (ILO). LDCB la van de da va dang bi len an tren toan the giai. Tuy nhiSn, viec nhan dien va loai bo cac hinh thuc cua LDCB IJt thach thuc doi vol moi quoc gia, cac to chiic cua ngiroi sir dung lao dong (NSDLD) va nguai lao dong (NLD) noi Chung.*" LDCB c6 the bieu hien thong qua nhieu hinh thiic khac nhau nhu: LDCB boi nha niioc hoac cac luc lupng vu trang (The state or armed forces); lam dung tinh due cuong buc thong qua hinh thiic buon ban (Forced commercial sexual exploitation);LDCB vi muc di'ch kinh te (Economic
* Giang vien, Trir6tig Dai hpc Lu^t Ha Ngi E-mail: [email protected] (l).Xem: ILO, Stafiping Forced Labour, Geneva, Switzerland, 2001, ir. 7.
exploitation), trong do lao dong giup viec trong gia dlnh, lao dong nong nghiep, xay dung, san xuat va giai tri la nhiing ITnh virc thuong xay ra tinh trang LDCB nhieu nhdt/^' Thuc te cho thay tinh trang LDCB c6n xay ra tren quy mo rong, so luong nan nhan cua tinh trang nay khong ngung gia tang, c\i the nhu hang trieu ngucri dang song va lam viec trong dieu kien gan no tai nhieu quoc gia 6 khu vuc Nam chau A. Trung va Nam MJ'.'"'*
Truoc su thay doi nhanh chong, mcr rong ca ve hinh thiic va muc do nguy hiem cua tinh trang LDCB nhu hien nay, viec nhan thuc ro ve van d£ LDCB tren phuong dien li luan cung nhu Ihyc tien la thuc sir can thiet, c6 tinh thai sir. Viec nghien cuu ve LDCB va xoa bo tinh trang nay c6 y
(2).Xem: ILO, A global alliance agaitist forced labour, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005, tr. 12.
(3).Xem: ILO, Stopping Forced Labour, sdd, tr. 7.
TAP CHI LUATHOC SO 12/2016 NGHl&N CUV - TRAO DPI nghia quan trong doi voi sir phdt trien kinh
te-xa hoi cua moi quoc gia dong thai bao ve NLD, Huong tai bao dam quyen con nguai cua moi cong dSn trong pham vi lanh tho quoc gia va tren the giai.
Nam 1930, ILO da thong qua Cong uoc so 29 v^ LDCB (sau day goi t5t la Cong ucfc so 29) v^ Viet Nam chi'nh thuc tra thanh thanh vien ciia Cong uoc tu ngay 05/3/2(X)7.
Voi nhiem v\i cua quoc gia khi tham gia dieu uoc qu6c t2, Viet Nam can hoan thien the che phap If n6i chung, phap luat lao dong noi rieng nham dau tranh, phong chong va tien tai xoa bo LDCB.
1. Dinh nghia vc lao dung cu-ung buc Trong phap luat qu6c te, djnh nghTa LDCB dugc ghi nhan chi'nh thiic trong Cong uac so 29. Theo d6, khoan I Dieu 2 Cong uoc dinh nghTa: "LDCB la chi moi cong vice hogc dich vit md mot ixgmn bi ep bade phdi lam dm'n sir de dog ciia mot hinh phut niio do vd ban than ngirai do khong tir nguyi'n Idm"^^^ (nguyen van tieng Anh: "For the purposes of this Convention the term forced or compulsory labour shall mean all work or ser\-ice which ix exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily").
Theo Cong uac nay, LDCB 6.\sqc xac djnh la tat ca cac cong viec hoac dich vu c6
(4),Xem: Dang Di'tc San {Chu bien). Mot so t:tm^ uac va kluiyC'ii iighi cua To clurc lao dons (!""(• '•-' (H-O), Nxb. Lao dong - xa hoi. Ha Noi, 2004, tr. 11.
(5) Ngiion: www.ilo.org/dyn/normlcx/cn/f?p=NORM LEXPUB:!2100:0::NO::PI2100JLO_CODEC029, iruy cSp ngay 21/10/2016.
cac dgc diem sau day:
- Ve chu thS thuc hien: Lk ca nhan bit ki thirc hi?n cong vice ho^c dich vu, khong phan bi?t giai tinh, ton giao, trtnh dp chuygn mon, tay nghc...;
- Ve }f chf cua chii the thuc hien: Ngudi thuc hien cong viec hoac dich vu kh6ng tu nguyen, bi b5t buoc phai lam cong viec hoac dich vy d6. Sir thieu tir nguyen cua ngucri thirc hien cong vice c6 the xuat phdt tu nhieu li do khac nhau nhu: bi bat coc, lira g£it; bi han chC* di lai; bi rai vao tinh trang c6 lap...;
- Ve hau qua nguai thirc hien cong viec ho5c djch vu bi dc dpa se phai chiu neu khong thuc hien cong viec hoac dich vu do:
Nguai khong thuc hien cong viec se phai chiu mot hinh phat. Hinh phat bi de doa (penalty) c6 the bao g6m nhieu dang khac nhau, huang den doi tuang chiu tac dong la ngudi bi cuang biic lao dong va than nhan cua ho ma khong nhat thiet do phai la che tai hinh su,'^' vf du nhir: su dung vij luc chong iai nguai bj cuSfng biic lao dong va than nhan cua ho; bat, giam giii nguai bi cuang biic lao dong va than nhan ciia ho; ^p dung cac bien phap triing phat tai chi'nh ddi voi nguai bi cuang biic lao dong va than nhan ciia ho; to cac c a quan c6 tham quyen ve hanh vi trai phdp luat ciia nguoi bi cu&ng biic lao dong va than nhan cua ho; sa thai hogc phan biet doi xii khi tuyen dung doi voi nguoi bi cu6ng birc lao dong hoac than nhSn ciia nguai do;...
Theo Cong iroc so 29 thi hau qua ma nguai hi cuSng biic lao dong hoac than nhan
(6).Xem: ILO, Stopping Forced Labour, sdd, Ir. 10.
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 12/2016 NGHIEN CVV - TRAO BOI
ciia ho s€ phai chiu khi nguai bi cuang biic lao dong khSng thuc hien cong vi$c la mpt hinh phat nao d6. Tac gia cho rang thuat ngu
"hinh phat" duac sir dung a dSy c6 phin
"cung nhic", tham chi neu hieu theo Tii dien tiSng Viet thi "hinh phat" la "hinh thuc trimg tri nguai phgm toV'-p^ theo Tit dien luat hoc thi "hinh phat" la "bien phdp nghiem khac nhat md Nha nuac quy dinh trong luat hinh su. do tod an dp dmg, c6 noi dung tudc bo hogc han che quyen, lai ich ciia nguai phgm /pi..."."'*' Tren thuc te, hanh vi de doa ve hau qua xay ra khi ngucri bi cuang biic khong th\rc hien cong viec la rat da dang va phong phu, CO the chi la viec NSDLD de doa se trir lucmg, khdng cho NLD huong trg cap ho^c de doa tiet Ip bi mat doi tu lam mat vi the xa hoi ciia nguoi bi cuang buc lao dong va than nhan cua ho.
Trong Bo luat lao dong nam 1994 (duac sira doi, bo sung cac nam 2002, 2006 va 2007) khong de cap dinh nghTa LDCB ma chi de cap thuat ngft "cuong biic lao dpng".''^*
Cu die khoan 2 Di^u 5 BLLD nam 1994 cjuy djnh: "2. Cdtn nguac ddi ngirai lao dt'mg;
cam cuang buc ngm/i lao dong dual bat ki hinh thirc ndo"; diem c khoan 1 Dieu 37 ve
(7) Xem: Hoang Phe (chu biSn). Tit dien tieng Vict,
•Nxb. Da Ning, Ir. 442.
(8),Xem: Vien khoa hoc phap If (BO tu phdp), fir dien luat hoc, Nxb. Tilt difin bach khoa - Nxb. Tir ph:ip. Ha Npi. 2006, ir. 360.
(9). Theo tac gia. thuat ngil LDCB va cuOng bi'fc lao dpng la khong hoin loin giong nhau. CuOng biic lao dong theo BLLD (lucre xac dinh la m6t vi^c, mot hUnh dgng ciia con ngucri, con LDCB phai Augc xac dinh la mgl tinh irgng, mOl su vi?c ma a 66 mpt ngitai phai liim viec ducri su ep buoc cua nguiri khac.
cdc tnrang hap NLD lam viec theo hop d6ng lao dpng xac dinh thoi hgn tu dii 12 thang den 36 thang, hop dong lao dpng theo miia vu hoac theo mot cdng vi^c nhit dinh c6 thoi han ducri 12 thang cd quyen don phuong cham dut hop dong truac thai han khi: "c) Bi nguac ddi: M cu&tig birc lao dong"; khoan 1 Dieu II Nghj djnh cua Chfnh phu s6 44/2003/ND-CP ngay 09/5/2003 quy djnh chi tiet va huong dan thi hanh mot so dieu cua BLLD quy djnh: "Bi nguac dai, cuang birc lao dong Id tnrang h(/p nguai lao dong bi ddnh dap, ninic mg hogc ep buoc Idm nhiing cong vice khong phu hf/p v&i giai tinh, anh huang tai sire khoe, nhan phdm, danh dir...". Nhu vay, theo cac quy dinh nay, NSDLD khong the thuc hien hanh vi cuang . biic lao dpng de buoc NLD thuc hien cong viec cho minh hay noi each khac, NLD khong the bi ep bupc thuc hien cong viec trai voi y chi tu nguyen ciia ho.
Cdch hieu vc LDCB theo Cong uoc so 29 phan nao rong han so vcri quy dinh ve cuang biic lao dpng theo BLLD nam 1994.
Cu th6:
- Ve pham vi, dinh nghTa LDCB theo Cong uoc so 29 kliong b6 hep ducri dang cac hanh dpng cu the la "danh dap, nhuc ma hoac bj ep bupc" ma no the hien ducri dang ca de doa vi ca hanh dpng lien quan tai bao lyre hay han che thSn ihk hoac tuoc doat quyen tu do va cac dac quyen khac cua nguoi bi cuang biic lao dpng.
- Ve doi tuang bi de doa bupc phai lam nhiing cong viec ma hp khong ty nguyen theo Cong uac s6 29 khong chi la NLD ma CO the doi voi ca than nhan hp.
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 12/2016 NGIIIEN CUV - TRAO PQl - Ve c6ng viec sir dung LDCB theo
C6ng uac so 29 khong thi la nhGng viec lam hgp phap trong hpp d6ng lao d6ng ma c6 the la c6ng viec hk hop phdp, khong liSn quan den quan he lao d§ng.
BLLD nam 2012 dua ra dinh nghTa cuang biic lao dpng tai khoan 10 Dieu 3 nhu sau: "Cu&ng buc lao dQng Id viC'c ditng vii luc, de doa diing VM luc ho^c cac thii dogn khac nhdm buQC ngudi khac lao dong trai y muon cua ho". Doi chieu voi quy dinh ve LDCB tai C6ng uac so 29 cua ILO, dinh nghia nay c6 mpt so diem khdc biet:
- Ve pham vi noi ham dinh nghTa cuong biic lao dpng nh^n manh yeu to khSng ty nguy?n a dSy la do viec diing vu lye hoSc de dpa diing vii lye, cac "thii doan khdc"
khong dugc giai thich ro rang nen v6 hinh trung da lam thu hep each hieu ve cac dang hanh vi cuang biic lao dpng so vai Cong uac s6 29.*""
V§ c6ng viec sii dung LDCB, nhu da phSn tich, theo Cong uac so 29, nhung cong viec nay khong chi la nhiing viec lam hop phap trong HDLD ma c6 the la cong viec bat hop phap va khong lien quan den quan he lao dong. Tuy nhien, each sir dung thuat ngir
"lao dpng" chi boat dpng ciia nguoi thuc hien cong viec trong djnh nghTa tai khoan 10 Di^u 3 BLLD nam 2012 la chua thyc sy ro rang, c6 the dan toi cdch hieu "lao dong" a day chi bao ham nhiing boat dong khong bi ph^p luat cdm, tiic la nhung boat dpng tao ra
gia tri vat chit hoac tinh thin cho xa hoi.' '' Dieu nay c6 nghTa la vi?c 6p bupc m§t nguai thuc hi$n c6ng vi?c bit hop phdp ngodi y mu6n ciia hp se khong coi la cuong biic lao dpng theo BLLD nam 2012.
Tir phan ti'ch va nhan dinh n6u tren, tdc gia dua ra dinh nghTa LDCB nhu sau: "Lao dpng cuang biic la tinh trang mpt ngudi bi ngucri khdc ep bupc thyc hien cong viec ducri sy de dpa vh hau qua bit Igi c6 the xay ra d6i vcri ban than hoac than nhan ngucri do".
2. D^c di£m lao dong cu-ong birc Thir nhdt, LDCB duac thyc hien thong qua hanh vi cua mpt ngu6i bi nguM khdc ^p bupc lam mOt c6ng viSc nho do. Dac diem nay de cap su "khdng tt.r nguyen" thyc hien cong viec hoac dich vu cua nguoi bi cuQng biic lao dpng. Hay noi each khac, khSng c6 sy thong nhat ve mat y chi chii quan ciia ca nhan nguoi bi cuang biic va hanh vi thyc hien cong viec cua hp. Hp khSng c6 su lua chpn nao khac ngoiii viec tuan theo sy ep bupc phai thyc hien cong viec do. Tuy nhien, 6 day su ep bupc phai xudt phat tir ngucri khac, tiic la tir ca nhan, nhom nguai hay to chiic cu the, neu mpt nguai bupc phai thyc hien mpt cong viec do dieu kien hoan canh kinh t6. xa hpi tai dja phuong kho khan ho^c do dieu kien ban than cua nguai d6 trinh do chuyen mon thap, hp khong th§ lam cong viec nao khac thi chua th8 xac dinh la hp roi vao tinh trang LDCB. Khi NSDLD lai dung tinh trang kho khan, sy le thuoc ciia NLD Ai ap dat thai gian lam viec qua nhi^u hoac giu:
(lO).Xem: Phan Thi Thanh Huyen. "Nh$n di?n vc lao dong cuOng buc trong phap Iu|t lao dpng Vi?t Nam
hien hanh", Tgp chlddn chu vhphdp lugt, s6 01/2015 (I D.Xem: Hoing Phe (chu bign). sdd, tr. 545.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 12/2016 NGHIEN CVV - TRAO DOI
tien lucmg cua hp thi khi do moi cd kha nSng phdt sinh tinh trang l ^ C B . LDCB cung phdt sinh tir trucmg hpp NLD bi le thupc nhifiu mat vao NSDl^ nhu khong chi le thupc ve cong viec, ma c6n vh nha cr, an u6ng \h vi cong an vi?c lam cua ngucri than hp.''^'
Theo C5ng uac so 29, bit ki nguoi nao deu CO the tra thanh nan nhan ciia LDCB.
Tuy nhien, nhung ngudi thiSu trinh dp ngoai ngii, kien thiic phap luat, c6 ft lya chpn trong viec muu sinh, thupc ve nhdm dan tpc ho^c ton giao thieu so, bi khuyet tat hog,c;cd nhung dac tinh khac ma vi do hp bi c6 I|i^' khoi cpng dong dan cu la nhung ngudi de rai vao tiirii trang bi lam dyng va thudng.la-nan nhan cua LDCB. CQng viec va djch vu bj ep bupc thuc hien cd the la cong viec, djch vu hop phap, tham chi bat hop phap theo phap luat moi quoc gia.
Lien quan den sy "khong ty nguyen" cua ngudi bi 6p bupc thuc hien hinh vi lao dpng nay, can cd su phSn djnh ve mat ngir nghTa giiia LDCB va "lao d6ng bit bupc". 0 gdc dp nghien cuu, tac gia cho rang, LDCB va
"lao dpng bat bupc" la khdng hoSn toan dong nhat, tuy nhien trong cac van ban chfnh thiic va tai lieu cua ILO, LDCB (forced labour) va "lao dpng bat bupc" (compulsory labour) la ddng nhlt va dupe dua ra yong cung dinh nghTa nhu quy djnh tai khoan I Di€u 2 Cdng udc so 29."^' Theo tir dien tieng Viet "cuang biic" duac hieu la "bat buoc phdi lam, du khong muon cung khong
duac"}^*^ trong khi "bit bupc" ducrc hi^u Id
"buocphdi /am"."'^ Ve m§t ^ nghia ngon tir,
"cuang biic" va "bit bupc" diu the hien vi?c mpt ngudi phai thuc hien cdng viec hoac dich vu khi hp khong ty nguyen va mong muon thuc hien nd. Tuy nhien, "cuang biic"
thudng gin vdi viec mpt ngudi diing vii luc, de dpa dung vu lye ho^c cac thu do?n mpt each tryC tiep de don ngudi khac vao the phai lam, du mudn hay khdng ciing khong duac. Nhung "bit bupc" thi thudng gan vdi dp luc gian tilp tir ngoai cSnh, chlng ban nhu mpt ngudi bupc phai thyc hien cdng viec do quy djnh phap lu£it (chlng ban thyc hien cdng viec theo nghia vu cua cdng dSn ddi vdi quoc gia sd tai), dieu kien hoan canh kinh te, xa hpi tai dia phuong hoac do di€u kien ban thdn cua ngudi do ma hp khdng the CO mpt sy lya chpn nao khac. Nhung trudng hpp nhu vay se khong dupe xac djnh id LDCB ma can xac dinh Id lao ddng bit budc.
Thu hai, trong qua tiinh thuc hien cdng viec, dich vu, ngudi bi cuong biic lao dpng ludn chju sy theo ddi, gidm sat chat che cua ngudi khdc. "Theo doi" la chd y theo sat timg boat dpng, tung dien bien de biet rd hoac cd sy ling phd, xu li kip thdi;"^' "giam sat" Id theo ddi vd kiSm tra xem cd thuc hien diing nhiing dieu quy dinh khdpg.^'^* Ngudi bj cudng biic lao dpng, bi €p bupc phai thyc hien mpt hay nhieu cdng viec, dich vu vd chju sy theo ddi, giam sdt chat che tir chinh
{12).Xem: ILO, Cac chi so ve lao dQng cuang buc, van ph6ng ILO, Hil N^i, 2012, tr. 5.
(13).Xem: Dang DCrc San (chu bien), sdd, Ir. 11.
(14).Xem: H o ^ g Phe (chii bi^n), sdd, ir. 233.
(15).Xem: Hoing Phe (chu bi£n), sdd, tr. 46.
(16).Xem: Hoing Phe (chu bien), sdd, tr. 931.
(17).Xem: Hoing Phe (chu bien), sdd, tr. 389.
TAP CHI LUAT H O C SO 12/2016 NGHIEN CllV - TRAO BOI
ngudi CO cdng viec, dich vu do (tire la ngudi dupe huong Ipi ich tryc ti§p tir viec thyc hien cdng viec, djch vu neu tren) hoac la ngudi dupe ngudi c6 cdng viec, djch vu thue lam cong viec giam sat nay. Vice theo ddi, giam sat chat che nay the hien duac diem dac thu cua LDCB. Trong quan he lao dpng, khoa hpc phap li cung nhu luat thyc dinh d moi quoc gia deu de cap quyen quan li lao dpng ciia NSDLD hay noi each khac la van de quan li lao dpng trong dan vi sir dung lao dpng. Quan If lao dpng trong dan vi .su dung lao dpng khac biet hoan toan vdi viec theo ddi, giam sat chat che ngudi bi cuong bite lao dpng khi hp thyc hien cdng viec, dich vu cung nliu ngoai thai gian lam viec. Quan li lao dpng la nhu cau tat ycu khach quan ciia nen san xuat trong xa hpi cd giai cap. Bdi vi, de dat dupe muc dich cuoi Cling ciia qua trinh san xuat, nhat thiet phai cd chii the dirng ra chi dao cac boat dong chung ciia con ngudi va huong nhirng boat dpng chung do theo muc dfch nhat dinh nham dat dupe muc tleu da dat ra. Dc nhan dien quan If lao dong cua NSDLD vdi giam sat, theo ddi chat che trong LDCB, cd the dua tren mpt s6 diem sau day:
- Chii lh£ quan If lao dpng lii NSDLD ^ ngudi cd qu%t;n sd hCru, quyen quan If. quyen .sir dung tai san ciing dong thai la nguai mua sire lao ddng ciia NLD. Trong qua uinh sir dung sire lao dpng cua NLD, do muc iicu lot nhuan, NSDLD phai lam sao dc sir dung hieu qua sire lao ddng do. Ve chu the cudng birc lao dpng, ep bupc ngudi khae ihirc hiC-n con" viec cd the la bat cir c;i nhan hay (.6
chtic nao, khong cin phai thoa man cac dieu kien chu thi theo quy dinh cua phap luat nhu trong quan he lao ddng.
- Doi tuang cua quan li lao ddng la NLD tham gia quan he lao ddng. NLD Id ca nhan cdng dan cd du dieu kien ve nang lye phap luat lao ddng va nang lye hanh vi lao ddng, tuy vao quy djnh cua moi nude ma dp tudi ciia NLD khac nhau. Trong khi do. ddi tupng bj cudng biic lao ddng la bat ki ca nhan nao nhung nhdm ddi tupng cd hoan canh kho khan, cd nhilu ban che thudng trd thanh nan nhan cua vu viec LDCB.
- Pham vi quan If lao dpng ciia NSDLD chi gidi ban trong qua trinh NLD thyc hien quyen va nghTa vu lao ddng, phat sinh tir khi cac ben thiet lap den khi cham dirt quan he lao ddng, Ddi vdi LDCB, viec giam sat, theo ddi chat che ngudi bj cudng birc lao dpng dupe thyc hien thudng xuyen, lien luc, khdng kc thai gian nghi ngai hay khi thyc hien cdng viec. Ngudi bi cudng birc lao dpng cd the bi giam sat moi luc nipi noi, tir noi d vdi he thong cac camera giani sat hoac nhan vien bao ve, tham chi bi giam sat d ben ngoai noi lam vice bdi cac tham tii hoac chii sir dung lao ddng luon di cung hp nidi khi hp rdi khoi nha may.'
- Noi dung quan If lao Jong bao gdm cac boat ddng ciia NSDLD trong luyt^n lao ddng, sap xcp, bo trf lao dpng; to chirc, dieu hanh cac boat dpng lao ddng; ki hpp ddng lao dong, thoa ude lao ddng tap the; ban hanh npi quy, quy che lao ddng; kieni tra, giam sat
(IS) Xem ILO, Ciic du w vc Itio Jihii- arwi^ ln'n.:\r 9.
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 12/2016 NGHIEN CW - TRAO BOI
qua trinh lao ddng vd khen thucmg, xir li vi ph^im... Trong khi dd, viec giam sat, theo doi ngudi bi cudng biic lao dpng dupe thyc hien tren nhieu npi dung khac nhau, tii an d, sinh boat ca nhan den vieo thyc hien cong viec cua hp. Hp^ hau nhu bi quan li hoan toan, khdng duac tu do lam viec, hpc tap, vui choi hay giao tiep vdi cdng ddng.
- Bien phdp thyc hien quan li lao dpng cua NSDLD bao gdm nhieu bien phap va each ihiic khac nhau song chii yeu la cac bien phap: giao due, kinh te, phap li. Tuy timg trudng hpp cu the, NSDLD hodn toan dupe quyen chii ddng lya chpn rapt hoac nhieu bien phdp ndi tren de dp dung trong qud trinh qudn li lao dpng.*'^' Trdi lai, chu the cudng biic lao ddng thudng dp dung nhieu bien phdp khac nhau de gidm sdt, theo ddi va quan li ngudi bj cudng biic. Cac bien phdp nay khong dupe phap luat bao ve, thudng xam pham nghiem trpng den quyen con ngudi cua moi ca nhan nhu: bat giir, giam, nhdt NLD; lich thu dien ihoai ho^c cac phuong tien lien lac khac de khdng cho hp lien he vdi gia dinh va tim su giiip do; giir gidy to tuy thdn hodc tham chi ep bupc NLD sir dung ma tuy hodc ruou de quan li hp...
- Muc dich cua quan li lao ddng la nhdm thilt l^p yat ty, ki cuong trong dan vj sir dung lao ddng de su dung siic lao ddng mpt each hop li, hieu qua, tir dd giiip cho qua trinh san xuat kinh doanh dat dupe hieu qua.
(19).Xeni: Do Thi Dung, Plidp lu^t ve quyen quun li lao dong cua nguai sir dfing lao dgng a Wiqt Nam, Luan an tien sT luat hpc, Trucmg Dai hoc Luat Ha
\ o l . 2014.lr.34.
lai nhuan cao, bao dam Icri ich cdc ben. Cdn muc dfch cua viec theo ddi, giam sdt, quan If het sue chat che doi voi ngudi hi cudng buc lao dpng la nhdm c6 lap, khdng cho hp c» ca hpi dupe thodt khdi tinh trang bi cudng burc hay rong hon la nham duy tii tinh trang le thupc giiia ngudi bi cuong biic vol ngudi cudng biic, bupc ngudi bi cudng biic phai tilp tuc thirc hien cdng viec theo sy q) budc tir ngudi cudng biic.
Thii ba, sy de dpa ve nhimg hdu qua bat Igi huong tdi ban than hoac thdn nhdn ciia ngudi bi cudng biic lao dpng khi hp khdng thyc hien cdng viec theo yeu cau.
Nhu da de cap, hau qua bat Ipi c6 the xay ra ddi vdi ban than hodc than nhan ciia ngudi bj cudng biic rat da dang vdi nhung miic dp nghiem trpng khac nhau. Cd the chi tir viec mat di mpt sd quyen, Ipi fch nhu: co hpi thdng tien, chuyen cong tdc, kha nang tiep can cdng viec mdi, ca hpi tiep can hang hoa, nhd cua thiet yeu, tham chi la ca hpi tham gia vao cac chucmg trinh gido due, dai hpc... cho den nhiing hau qua bat Ipi nghiem ypng hem, anh hudmg tryc tiep den tdi san, ti'nh nrang, sirc khoe, danh du. nhan phim cua ngudi bj cudng biic lao ddng hoae thdn nhan cua ho khi nhimg ca nhan nay khdng thuc hien cdng viec theo yeu cau nhir. bi giii tien iuong, bj bao lyc v^ than the (danh dap, hanh ha, de dpa) va bao lyc tinh due; bi bupc sdng va 1dm viec yong didu kien khdng dam bao ve sue khoe, an toan ve sinh lao ddng; bi ddnh dap, giii gidy td tuy than, khdng thanh todn tien luong yong trudng hpp khdng tuan theo yeu cau.
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 12/2016 NGHIEN ClW - TRAO Bdi Sy de dpa ve nhimg hau qua bit lai cd
the xay ra d6i vdi ngudi bj cudng birc ho^c than nhan cua hp da bupc nhiing ngudi nay phai lam viec theo yeu clu vd hp khdng cd sy lya chpn nao khdc. Chinh yi\i td de dpa ve heiu qua b i t I p i c d t h i xay ra la nguyen nhdn tryc tiep dan tdi hanh vi thuc hien cdng viec ma hp khdng mong mudn. Chlng han nhu vi?c chit sit dung tra tidn luong vdo thdi gian khong c6 djnh hoac cham tra luong khdng mdc nhien cd nghTa Id NLD roi vdo tinh yang LDCB. Nhung khi tiin luong bi giii mpt each cd he thdng vd ehu ;y nhu bien phdp nhdm bupc NLD phai d l^i ddng thdi tir ch6i ca hpi thay ddi chu sir dung cua NLD thi day Id clu thanh hanh vi cudng biic lao ddng. Hay khi NLD lam vi?c va sinh boat trong dieu kien khdng dam bao an todn, vp sinh tdi thieu chua hdn la dau hieu cua LDCB, bdi le nhieu khi NLD cd the ty nguyen chap nhan dieu kien lam viec thap k6m vi hp chua cd sy lya chpn v l cdng viec khac, chua tim dupe cdng viec phii hpp hon vdi ban thdn. Tuy nhien, khi didu kien 1dm viec cua hp bi l^m dung, hp phai chap nhan mpi dieu kien 1dm viec, sinh boat tdi te nhat ma khdng the chuyen ddi noi lam vipc vi bj cd l^p, giam giu d noi xa xdi, heo lanh thi cd the day la dau hipu cua su ep bupc yong LDCB.
Ngodi ca nhan ngudi bj cudng biic lao ddng, than nhdn cua hp cd the cung chiu su de dpa ve nhu'ng hau qua bat lai cd the xay ra khi ngudi bj cuong biic khdng thyc hipn cdng viec theo yeu cau. "Than nhan" d day duac hi^u theo nghia chung, do la ngudi
thdn. ngudi nhd cua mot cd nhdn,'^"* dd c6 thi la nhihig ngudi ndm yong cdc mdi quan he: quan hp hdn nhdn, quan hp huyet thdng, quan he nudi dudng vd thgm chf Id quan hf tinh cam vdi ngudi bi cudng burc lao dpng.
Chinh sy de dpa vd nbitng hau qua bat Ipi cd thd xay ra ddi vdi nhiing chii the nay budc ngudi bi cudng biic phai thuc hien cdng viec hay ndi mot each khdc, sy de dpa ve nhiing hau qud dd da trdi budc NLD vdi cdng viec md ngudi cudng biic lao ddng dua r a /
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Do Thj Dung, Phdp luat ve quyen qudn li
lao dQng ciia nguai sir dung lao dQng a Viet Nam, Luan dn tien sT luat hpc, Trudng Dai hpc Luat Ha Ndi. 2014.
2. Phan Thj Thanh Huydn, "Nhan dipn vh lao dpng cudng biic Uong phap luat lao dpng Viet Nam hien hdnh", Tgp chi dan chii vdphdp lugt, sd 01/2015.
3. ILO, Cdc chi so ve lao dQng cuang birc, Vdn phong ILO, Ha Ndi, 2012.
4. ILO, Stopping Forced Labour, Geneva, Switzerland, 2001.
5. ILO, A global alliance against forced labour, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
6. Hodng Phe (chu bien), Tir diin tieng Viet, Nxb. Dd Nang.
7. Dang Dire San (Chu bien). Mot s6 cong uac vd khuyen nghi ciia T6 chirc lao dgng quoc tS (ILO), Nxb. Lao ddng - xa hpi. Ha Ndi, 2004.
8. Vien khoa hpc phap li (Bd tu phdp), Tit dien lugt hoc, Nxb. Tir didn bdch khoa - Nxb. Tu phap. Ha Ndi. 2006.
(20).Xem: Hoing Phe (chii bien), sdd, tr. 924.