KHAI THAC VON VAN HOA TRONG PHAT TRIEN DU LICH VUNG TRUNG BO Ha

KHAI THAC VON VAN HOA TRONG PHAT TRIEN DU LICH VUNG TRUNG BO

Ha Dinh Thanh N g u y i n Thi Thanh Hu-ffng Tom tdt: Trung Bg Id noi hgi tu nhieu dieu kien de phdt trien ngdnh du lich mang tam co khu vuc, quoc te, dem lai nguon sinh ke cho cdc tgc nguai trong vung. Bo vdy, khai thdc von van hoa trong phdt trien du lich vung Trung Bo la xay dung moi truong van hoa on dinh vd mang tinh nhan van cao vd CO tinh chien luac phdt trien lau ddi. Be bien gidi ro von van hoa trong phdt trien du lich vimg Trung Bg, nhom tac gid trinh bay: Khai niem vd quan diem ve von van hoa; von van hoa Vinh, Bong Hoi (dai dien Bac Trung Bo) vd Quang Ngdi (dai dien Buyen hdi Nam Trung Bo) trong phdt trien du lich vung Trung Bg

Tir khoa: Von van hoa, phdt trien du lich; Trung Bo.

Trung Bg la mot vung lanh tho gom 14 tinh, thanh, tir Thanh Hoa den Binh Thuan, trong do CO 6 tinh Bac Trung Bg va 8 tinh Duyen hai Nam Trung Bg. Trong xu the hgi nhap kinh te quoc te va khu vyc, Trung Bg co nhieu co hgi phat trien so voi mot so vimg khac o Viet Nam. Do la Igi the ve vi tri dia ly, la manh dat noi hai vimg phat trien cua dat nude, c6 ba bien dai a phia Dong, nhieu noi co the thiet lap cang nude sau; co mot so cira khau quoc te df phia Tay; co nhieu tuyen giao thong Bac - Nam, dau ra ciia hanh lang Dong - Tay, v.v...; co sd ha tang phat trien kha toan dien, tir duong giao thong, cang bien, san bay den buu chinh - vien thong. Trong qua khii, nhieu noi tren vimg dat Tmng Bg da la ciia ngo giao thuong vdi nude ngoai, ciing nhu trao d6i, tiSp nhan nhung luong van hoa moi.

Khong t h i phii nhan rang, viing dat nay la noi hgi hj nhiiu di^u kien de phat trien nganh du lich mang tam co khu vuc, quoc te, dem lai nguon sinh ke cho cac tgc ngudi trong vimg.

Do vay, khai thac von van hoa trong phat trien du lich viing Trung Bg la xay dyng moi truong van hoa on dinh va mang tinh nhan van cao va CO tinh chien luge phat trien lau dai. Tuy

nhien, vi tri ciia van hoa vcfi tu each la mot try cot cua phat trien ben viing hay vai tro ciia van hoa vai tu each la mot nguon von cho viec phat trien ben viing du lich vimg Trung Bg chua dugc lugng hoa. Bang viec su dung ly thuyet phat trien ben viing, ly thuyet von van hoa, bai viet nay se nhin nhan van hoa nhu la mot nguon lye ngi sinh cho sy phat trien du lich vimg Trung Bg - mot van de c6 y nghTa dac biet quan trgng va cap thiet ddi vai vimg Trung Bg trong bdi canh cong nghiep h6a, hien dai hoa va hgi nhap quoc te.

1. Khai niem va quan fliem ve von van hoa^

Van hoa dugc coi nhu mot nguon von dugc bat nguon tir cac nghien ciiu ve von xa hgi ciia

Van hoa vira la pham chat cua mot dang thiic boat dong, vira la mfit thii von dac thii - von van hoa (cultural capital). Von van hoa khong chi la von tri thiic, la trinh do van hoa hay ky nang ciia mot ca nhan gan hen v6i sir thanh cong hay thSt bai cua ca nhan do trong doi song kinh te - xa hoi ma con la mot tai san, mot kieu gia tri nam trong ban chat cua van hoa. NSu biet khai thac, von van hoa se tro thanh nguSn luc Ion lao trong hau khap cac linh vyc hoat dgng.

PHAT T R I E N B E N VLTNG V U N G Q U Y E N 9. SO 1 (3/2019)

NGHIEN CU-U THLfC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM

cac nha xa hgi hgc, nhu Alexis de Tocqueville, Emile Durkheim va dac biet la Bourdieu trong cdng trinh Distinction (1984): a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Sy phan biet: Phe binh xa hgi trong danh gia so thich).

Von van hoa (Cultural Capital) la mot trong so nhiing khai niem ve von dugc nha xa hgi hgc noi tieng Phap Pierre Bourdieu xay dyng va van dung trong cac cong trinh nghien cim ve xa hgi hgc ciia ong. Trong qua trinh nghien Clin, Bourdieu da sir dung nhieu khai niem von, trong do chu yeu la von kinh te (Economic Capital), von xa hgi (Social Caphal), von van hoa (Culture Capital) va von bieu tu'ong (Symbolic Capital). Ben canh do, ong con sir dung nhieu each noi khac nhau de de cap den cac loai von trong cac nghien cuu cu the. Nam 1986, trong mot cong trinh tong ket lai ve cac hinh thirc ciia von, Bourdieu da frinh bay co he thong hon ve hai khai niem von van hoa va von xa hgi. Trong do, ong xem von van hoa la he thong cac thanh to van hoa CO the luan chuyen va tao ra nhung gia tri trao doi trong qua trinh phat trien, la mot hinh thiic

"tu ban van boa". Theo do, von van hoa ton tai duoi ba trang thai: i) Trang thai the hien (Embodied state), la cac yen to van boa dugc the hien qua chii the ciia no, tire la con nguai, la nhung yeu to ton tai hien hiiu va lau dai trong tam tri va co the ciia con ngudi chu the van hoa; ii) Trang thdi khach quan (Objectified state), la he thong cac yeu to van hoa d dang ton tai bien hiiu khach quan ngoai con nguai, la nhiing hinh thiic vat chat cua von van hoa nhu sach vd, cong cu, nha cira, trang thiet bi, may moc... hay ca nhiing san pham tri Uie, tinh than nhu cac dau tich (trace), viec thuc hanh cac ly thuyet (realization of theories) hay phe binh cac ly thuyet (critiques of theories)... ciing la von van hoa d trang thai khach quan. V6n van hoa d trang thai khach quan co the la san pham ciia ca nhan hay cgng ddng dugc hien huu va co the sir dung de trao

doi, luan chuyen nham tao ra gia tri; iii) Trang thdi the che (Institutionalized state), la nhiing yeu to van hoa to chiic thanh cac khuon mlu, dinh hinh cho sy ton tai va hoat dgng ciia cac yeu to van hoa dua tren nhung khuon mau do (Bourdieu, 1986, tr, 241-258). Trong ba trang thai nay, Bourdieu nhan manh vai tro ciia von van h6a d trang thdi the hien, tuy nhien, ong ciing xac dinh ro: "hau het cac thugc tinh ciia von van hoa co the dugc riit ra tir thuc te, d trang thai ca ban ciia no, no dugc lien ket vdi chii the van hoa va phong doan hien than"

(Bourdieu, 1986, tr. 224). Md rgng ra, von van boa a trang thai the che la he thong cac nguyen tac, the che quy dinh to chirc va hoat dgng cua cac yeu to van h6a khac. Do cung la nhirng gia tri chuan myc dugc xa hgi, cgng dong chap nhan va tuan thu. Khai niem von van boa qua tniu tugng nen nhieu khi de hieu nhim va dong nhat vai khai niem van hoa/nen van hoa.

Nhung can chu y hon den nhimg khai niem von cua Bourdieu, d day dac biet nhan manh den gia tri luan chuyen, trao ddi ciia von voi tu each la "tu ban" (capital) chii khong don gian la "nguon" (source). Von van hoa khong chi tat ca cac yeu to van hoa ma de cap den nhirng yeu to van hoa co kha nang luan chuyen, co gia tri trao doi va tao ra Igi ich h-ong qua trinh luan chuyen, trao doi do. Ba trang thai ciia v6n van boa dugc dua ra trong khai niem cua Bourdieu c6 tinh bao quat cao, nhung khong dong nhat voi cac gia tri ciia ngudn tai nguyen van hoa (Bourdieu, 1986, tr. 241-258).

Trong boi canh cac nen van boa ngay cang giir vai tro quan trgng trong sy phat trien chung ciia nhan loai thi nhiing nghien ciiu v6 von van hoa cang c6 vai tro quan trgng. Tilp can von van hoa md ra nhirng con duong 6k nhan thiic ve viec khai thac, phat trign va bao ton cac gia tx\ van hoa ciia cac cgng ddng, tgc ngudi khac nhau (Bourdieu, 1986, tr. 241- 258).

30 PHAT TRI^N B^N V D N G VUNG QUYSN 9, S6 1 (3/2019)

Ha Binh Thanh - Nguyin Thj Thanh Hirffng Khai thac von van hoa...

Tu nhirng nam cuoi the ky XX d6n nay, cac cong trinh nghien cim xa hgi hgc, van h6a hgc, chinh tri hgc da dan dan lam 16 dien va dinh lugng dugc van hoa nhu mot loai v6n co the dong dem, co the tich liiy, co thS sinh Igi, hoac CO the chuyen dich thanh cac nguon von khac. Tir do, co the nhin nhan tinh hiru hinh cua siic manh van boa va nha no, nhan thirc ve van hoa va vai tro ciia van hoa doi vai phat trien moi c6 the day du. Ve dai the, co the thay von van hoa dugc nhin nhan tir cac chieu canh:

Thie nhat Id tir chieu canh Xa hoi hoc: Von van hoa co duac la do giao due

Trong cong trinh cua minh, Bourdieu cho rang, von van boa dugc tich liiy qua giao due, ong viet: "Cac cugc dieu tra cho thay, tat ca cac boat dgng van hoa (tham quan bao tang, nghe hoa nhac, dgc sach bao...) va sd thich van chuong hgi hga, am nhac gan lien vdi trinh do giao due nhat djnh (dugc danh gia qua van bang va thiri gian hgc) va phu thugc vao nguon goc xa hgi " (Bourdieu, 1984). Bang viec tich liiy von van boa nay, con ngudi co the "sd huu qua khii", lam chu dugc then gian thong qua nhirng gi dat dugc qua thai gian, bang thcri gian.

Thir hai la tic chieu canh Van hoa hoc: Von van hoa tich lUy mot each tu nhien qua boi canh van hoa truyen thong

Cac nha nghien cuu xuat phat hi quan diem Van hoa hgc cho rang, von van hoa dugc hinh thanh, rich luy qua qua trinh tham thau ty nhien nhu la cam an, nude uong va khi trdi de tho vay. Sy hinh thanh nay dugc dinh hinh dan qua moi truong van hoa cua gia dinh va cac pham vi xa hgi khac nhu la nhimg mac dinh, hay noi each khac, nhijng moi truong nay da c6 sy quy dinh r4t Ion den viec hinh thanh, boi d i p v6n van boa cho hing ca nhan, viing mien, quoc gia, dan tgc.

Thir ba Id tie chieu canh Chinh tri hoc: Von van hoa co duac tie nhimg dp dat quan phuang

Khi xem xet v6n van boa, khong the khong thira nhan tinh ap dat (cua he thong bieu tugng quoc gia, cua quan diem chinh thong ve cac gia tri mong muon ciia quoc gia va cua phe binh chinh thong ddi vdi cac gia Va van hoa da dugc tich liiy thanh von van hda ciia quoc gia).

Hudng nghien ciiu nay it dugc ban den, nhieu khi vi tinh nhay cam, nhieu khi vi do phiic tap cua no. Von van boa thuang dugc ban den mot each khac nhe nhang hon, do la he gia tri ciia mot cgng dong, quoc gia, dan tgc ma moi ngudi song trong do vira bi quy dinh, vira phai tuan theo vi Igi ich chung, vi su phat trien chung ciia cgng dong, quoc gia, dan tgc do.

Nhu vay, co the phan biet hai dang von van hoa: vat the va phi vat the. Von van boa vat the gom nhiing cong trinh kien tnic, den dai cung mieu, di tich lich sir, nhirng dia diem c6 y nghTa van hda. Loai von nay cung cap mot luong dich vu co the huong thu ngay (chang han nhu du lich), hoac la "dau vao" cho san xuat nhung san pham va dich vu (van hoa ciing nhu ngoai van hoa) trong tuong lai. Dang kia, von van hda phi vat the la nhirng tap quan, phong tuc, tin nguong, le hgi va cac gia tri khac cua xa hgi. Loai von van hda nay (cimg nhung nghe pham cong cgng nhu van chuang va am nhac) la mot loai day, mot thir keo gan ket cgng dong. No ciing cung cap mot luong dich vu CO the huong thu ngay, hoac dung de san xuat nhung san pham van hoa trong tuong lai.

Tir each nhin dinh lugng hda von van hda viing Trung Bg, co the noi, toan bg sang tao ciia con ngudi viing Trung Bg qua thai gian la van hoa. Do vay, von van hoa ciia cgng dong cac tgc ngudi vimg Trung Bg dugc the hien d kho tang van hda vat the va phi vat the. Van hoa vat the g6m:di tich lich sir van hoa, kien tnic, di vat khao co hgc, cac sang tao van hoa

PHAT T R I E N BEN V O N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, S6 1 (3/2019) 31

NGHI£N ciru THI/C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM

lien quan den am thyc, trang phuc, nha cira va cac thanh tyu nghe thuat hgi hga, kien tnic...

Van hoa phi vat the bao gom: tin nguong, tap quan, le hgi, van hgc, nghe thuat... Cac bieu hien nay hoan toan co the nhin nhan nhu mot loai von vdi dac tinh co the tich liiy, co the sinh Igi, co the chuyen thanh cac nguon von khac.

Hien nay, van hoa viing Trung Bg dang co su voi dan di von van hoa truyen thong, ben canh do, sy tich liiy them von van boa duang dai nhieu cho gay xung khac, gay ton thuong, gay bat hoa vdi von van hoa truyen thong.

Tinh trang nay dang dat ra nhiing van de het sire cap thiet trong viec bao ton va phat huy von van hoa trong phat trien du lich viing Trung Bg.

2. Von van hda vung Trung Bo vol viec phat trien du lich

Von van hda ma cac tgc ngudi vung Trung Bg tich luy dugc qua nhieu thien nien ky thich ling voi cac dieu kien ty nhien, dau tranh vdi giac ngoai xam, xay dyng dai song cgng dong, dan tgc, quoc gia chinh la mot lugng von van hoa Idn co kha nang kien tao he gia tri Viet Nam vai tu each la he thong chuan myc dugc cgng dong chap nhan va co y nghTa nhu nhung dgng lye phat huy siic manh dan tgc va khang dinh ban sac dan tgc trong phat trien.

Thyc te, trong vai ba thap ky gan day, du lich da trd thanh mot nganh cdng nghiep khong khoi chiem vi tri quan trgng va trd thanh mot nhu cau song con cua vimg Trung Bg. Ddng thcri, sy phat trien du lich lai co nhu cau Idn ve khai thac von van hda ciia cac tgc nguai viing Trung Bg. De bien giai ro von van hoa trong phat trien du lich viing Trung Bg, nhom tac gia chgn thanh pho Vinh, Dong Hdi (BSc Trung Bg) va tinh Quang Ngai (Duyen hai Nam Trung Bg) de trinh bay minh hga.

2.1. Von van hda Vinh vd Dong Hdi trong phdt trien du Ifch

Vinh va Dong Hai, cung nhu cac thanh pho khac d Bac Trung Bg bao chira sy phong phii ciia von van hda va thien nhien, lai nam tren "Hanh trinh Di san mien Trung", nen trang nhiing nam gan day, du lich phat tri^n manh. Quang Binh - Dong Hdi vdi du lich

"Huyen thoai bien" va Phong Nha - Ke Bang;

Nghe An - Vinh vdi "Le hgi lang Sen",...

Chinh du lich da tao nen ca hgi giao luu hgi nhap ciia viing mien noi day vdi cac viing mien khac va du khach quoc te. Cong nghiep du lich phat trien, von van hoa se co co hgi khoi sac,"cat canh", bien doi theo xu hudfng tich eye, dap ling nhu cau du lich tham quan, huong thu, nghi duong cua thap khach gan xa.

Thanh pho Vmh la mot trang nam vung du lich trgng diem cua tinh Nghe An (du lich thanh pho Vinh, du lich Cira L6, du lich Nam Dan, du lich Vuan quoc gia Phii Mat va du lich sinh thai van hoa Quy Chau - Que Phong).

Trong ban do du lich cua quoc gia, Vinh dugc biet den la thanh pho vdi nhieu di tich, danh thang CO gia tri nhu den Hong Son, chiia Can Linh, den thd vua Quang Trung, lam vien Niii Quyet, cong vien Thanh cd, cong vien Trung tam, cong vien Nguyen Tat Thanh, rimg ban, tram chim tai xa Hung Hoa va cac di san van boa nhu hat phuong vai, hat vi dam, hat dan ca Nghe Tinh, cac lang nghe truyin thdng, cac mon an dan tgc... Den thanh pbd Vinh, du khach CO the tham gia vao nhieu loai hinh du lich nhu: du lich nghien cim, du lich sinh thai, nghi duong, du lich tam linh... Thanh ph6 Cling la trung tam phan phdi khach du Ijch trong nude va khu vyc vdi cac tua du lich bang duong sit, duong bg, duong hang khong ndi lien vdi cac khu du lich hip din nhu khu du lich bai bien Cira L6, vudn qu6c gia Phii Mat, thac Sao Va, khu du lich Bai Lii, khu du lich Xuan Thanh, du lich tam linh ddn ong Hoang

32 P H A T T R I E N B E N VCfNG VLJNG Q U Y E N 9. SC 1 (3/2019)

H^ Binh Thanh - Nguygn Thj Thanh Hirong Khai thac von van hoa...

Muoi, khu nghi duong suoi nuac nong Son Kim,... va den cac diem du lich nude ngoai nhu cac tinh Dong Bac Thai Lan, Lao,...

Thanh pho Dong Hai co nhieu tihm nang va Igi the ve von van hda de phat trien du lich vdi nhieu loai hinh hap dan. Cac di tich van hoa - lich sir, danh lam thang canh tren dia ban thanh pho da dugc ton tao va khai thac co hieu qua, thu hiit dong dao du khach den tham quan, dac biet la he thong cac di tich van hoa- lich sir ven bien, cac cong trinh van hoa nhu tugng dai Me Suot, Truong Phap, di tich Thanh Dong Hdi, chimg tich tgi ac chien tranh Thap chuong Nha thd Tam Toa, nhirng diem luu niem Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh ve tham Quang Binh, tran dia phao lao dan quan Dire Ninh, Quang Phii.

Trong thdi gian qua, boat dgng du lich tren dia ban thanh pho Vinh, Dong Hoi phat trien nhanh va gop phan dang ke vao su phat trien kinh te - xa hgi ciia hai thanh pho. Du Ijch da va dang tac dgng den van hda vat chat va phi vat chat ciia nguai dan tren dia ban hai thanh pho, lam thay doi nhanh cugc song ciia hg, tao cong an viec lam, cai thien miic song, tang thu nhap cho ngu'oi dan, nhat la nhiing hg dan nam trong khu vyc phat trien du lich. Du lich phat trien cung gop phan thiic day cac nganh kinh te khac, dac biet la nganh dich vu phat trien.

Cac gia tn van hoa truyen thong, cac le hgi tren dia ban hai thanh pho qua do dugc gin giii, khoi phuc va phat huy. Thanh pho Dong Hai da khoi phuc va phat trien cac le hgi truyen thong, nhat la cac le hgi tieu bieu tao dugc diem nhan, an tugng Idn doi nhan dan dia phuang va du khach thap phuang nhu le hgi boi trai, le hgi Cau ngu, le hgi bai thuyen truyen thdng, mua bong cheo can... Tuan Van hoa - Du lich Ddng Hdi hang nam dugc to chiic ngay cang co tinh chuyen nghiep, quy mo va CO nhieu diem moi va tao dugc dau an tdt dep, gop phin thu hut lugng khach den

tham quan - du lich tai thanh ph6 Dong Hoi ngay cang tang. Day ciing la dip thuan Igi de ngudi dan tham gia vao cac hoat dgng vui choi, giai tri, van hoa, the thao... g6p phan nang cao ddfi song tinh than. Ben canh cac boat dgng do thanh pho to chiic, cac xa, phuong da chii dgng to chifc cac hoat dgng phii hgp vdi dia phuong minh, trong do moi xa, phuong deu to chuc it nhat mot hoat dgng van boa nhu cudp cii, chgi ga, bai choi, cd the, ccr ngudi, miia bong cheo can, le hgi Cau ngu... Dong thdi, cac phuang, xa to chuc cac le hgi truyen thdng nhu le hgi xuong dong (xa Lgc Ninh), le hgi ram thang gieng (phuong Hai Dinh), le hgi cudp oil (Dong Phu), le hgi Cau ngu (xa Bao Ninh, phuong Hai Thanh)...

"Khi xa chuyen dich ca cau nghe nghiep, ben dich vu vd du lich phdt trien, cdc le hoi dua thuyen. le hoi cheo can duac to chuc phuc vu khach du lich. Vai mot xa chii trong den ngdnh du lich thi cdc gid tri van hoa duac phuc hoi vd phdt trien" (Ngu dan thon Sa Dgng, xa Bao Nmh, Tp. Dong Hdi, phong van sau, 2017).

Thanh pho Vinh da khai thac triet de von van hoa trong viec xay dung cac chuong trinh du lich gan vai le hgi truyen thong hang nam ciia tinh nhu le hgi Lang Sen, le hgi Vua Mai, le hgi den Con, le hgi du lich bien Cira L6, le hgi Hang Bua,... Nhcr vay, nhiing le hgi dugc khoi phuc, phat huy va dugc quang ba rgng rai den dong dao mgi ngudi.

Hien nay, cac di tich van hda - lich su tren dia ban thanh pho Dong Hdi, thanh pho Vinh dugc ton tao va dugc gidi thieu rgng rai, thu hiit khach du Ijch trong nuoc va quoc te den tham quan. Mot sd chuong trinh du lich van hoa gan ket vdi le hgi truyen thong dugc khoi phuc va phat huy co hieu qua, boat dgng du lich da thu hiit su tham gia cua nhieu thanh phan kinh te, dac biet la du lich bien.

PHAT T R I ^ N BEN VCfNG VUNG QUYEN 9. SO 1 (3/2019) 33

NGHIEN CIJU THyC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM

Ben canh d6, hai thanh pho da xay dyng mo hinh cac doi van nghe quan chung tren co sd cac cau lac bg dan ca, dan vii tai mot so phuong, xa de phuc vy nhu cau cua khach du lich. Chinh vi the, nhiing lan dieu dan ca, ho khoan, cheo can, hat vi dam, hat phuong vai,...

CO CO hgi dugc phat huy va quang ba rgng rai.

Cac san pham, mat hang luu niem c6 gia tri van boa, van hoa am thyc truyen thong cua hai thanh pho thong qua hoat dgng du lich ngay cang den dugc vdi du khach. Nhu d thanh pho Vinh da dua vao sir dung "Pho an dem Thanh co" tao dieu kien cho nhan dan va du khach thudfng thirc van hoa am thuc xir Nghe. Neu khong the phat huy gia tri cua von van hoa nay bang cac boat dgng du lich va thiic day kinh te phat trien thi khong the dua cac gia tri van hda vao moi truong nhu n6 von da ton tai va giam ganh nang ve ngan sach. Mat khac, phat trien kinh te la mot huong di co tam quan trgng de thuc day phat trien von van hoa, nhung neu kinh te ma khong gan lien vai phuong cham phat trien ben viing, bao ve moi trucmg sinh thai, dam bao ddi song xa hgi thi viec thuang mai hoa cac san pham du lich tii' von van hda se nhanh chong lam bien dang cac gia tri van hoa - lich sir va khien cho von van hoa vai dan va xuong cap tram trgng. Yeu to thi truong thiic day ehuoi gia tri san pham du lich tham gia vao chudi gia tri d quy mo quoc gia va quoc te se tao thuan Igi cho sy canh tranh va bao tdn v6n van hoa mot each ben viing. Vdi Igi the ve tiem nang von van hoa da de cap d tren, Vinh va Dong Hdfi cd nhieu co hgi de tao ra ehuoi gia tri gia tang lien quan den cac san phim du Ijch hi von van hoa. Tir d6 tao nen ban sic trong phat trien van hda de hgi nhap vimg va qudc tk. Mat khac, cac thach thiic dang hien hiju doi vdi hai do thi nay la viec giai quyk xung dot trong Igi ich ve chii sd hiru ddi vdi boat dgng trinh dien van hoa phi vat thS va di san vat the.

2.2. Von van hda Quang Ngai trong phdt trien du lich

Vdi nhieu Igi the so sanh, du lich bien, dao hien nay dang ngay cang phat trien manh me va trd thanh san pham dac trung cho cac tinh viing Trung Bg, trong do co Quang Ngai. Tuy nhien, muon phat trien du lich ben viing, Quang Ngai can khai thac von van hda dia phuong dac thii.

Quang Ngai la mot tinh thugc viing Duyen hai Nam Trung Bg co nhieu tiem nang ve tai nguyen du lich. Ben canh 150 km duong bd biin keo dai tir An Tan den Sa Huynh cung nhieu bai bien dep va noi tieng, nhu Sa Huynh, My Khe, Le Thuy, Minh Tan..., Quang Ngai con noi tieng voi dao Ly Son - nai co nhieu von van hoa de phat trien du lich, xiing dang trd thanh mot trung tam du lich bien dao hap dan trong toan quoc. Hon niia, Quang Ngai nam trong khu vyc co sy phat trien du lich nang dgng nhat a Duyen hai Nam Trung Bg vdi cac trung tam du lich noi tieng nhu Nha Trang (Khanh Hoa), Da Nang, Hgi An (Quang Nam)... Ciing vdi sy quan tam chi dao cua cap iiy va chinh quyen dia phuong trong phat trien du lich, Quang Ngai co nhieu Igi the de co the dua du lich phat trien va dugc ky vgng trd thanh mot trong nhung trung tam du lich mdi ciia ca nude.

Tren dia ban tinh Quang Ngai co 29 di tich lich sir van hoa cap quoc gia, 76 di tich Ijch sir van boa cap tinh dugc xep hang. Day la von van hoa phong phii, la tien d^ cho du lich Quang Ngai co huong phat tri^n du lich van hoa ben canh viec phat trien du lich sinh thai dya tren the manh bi§n dao.

V6n van hoa phi vat thS, nhu ll hgi "Khao

\k the linh Hoang Sa"^; con cac v6n van hda

Khao le the linh Hoang Sa la nghi l l dac biet gin liSn voi huyen dao Ly Son (Quang Ngai). Le nay do cu dan lang An Vmh va An Hai thuc hien. gin liSn vcri

34 PHAT TRIEN B £ N VLfNG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO 1 (3/2019)

Ha Binh Thanh - Nguyin Thj Thanh Hiromg Khai thac von van hoa...

Hai doi Hoang Sa then chiia Nguydn. Y thiic vk chii quyen bien Dong, chua Nguyen sai phai cac doi Hoang Sa di ra dao, ma nhimg ghi chep hien con lim giu trong Dai Nam nhat thong chi, Viet sit cuong giam khao luac, Phii bien tap l u c , Sau nay, duoi thoi nha Nguyen, cac doi Hoang Sa dugc ISy tir cu dan ciia hai lang An Vmh va An Hai v3n duoc duy tri. Le nay duac cac tpc hg a hai lang tren to chiic de tuong nhd nhimg nguoi linh Hoang Sa xau so tii nan tren bign khi lam nhiem vu. Do vay, viec khao Ic the linh la viec the nguoi linh con song bang hinh nhan va te nguai da chet. Ngoai nhung le vat can thiet trong te le nhu trail rucru, hoa qua, cac loai thiic an che bien tir hai san va gia cam, dac biet la phai co hinh nhan thi mang (duoc lam bang bpt gao hoac ram ra), Hnh vi va thuyen \%. Trong cac le nay deu c6 thay phap - nguoi thong ngon true tiep voi than hnh (Ba Thiiy Long than nir) va ciing la nguai thirc hien cac nghi le. Viec dung hinh nhan the mang cho ngudi song va rude hon ngudi chet ve vdi to tien co y nghia nhan van sau sac, dong thdi la su an ui ve mat tam linh doi vdi nhimg ngudi trong gia dinh Theo Nguyen Dang Vu trong

"Van hda dan gian ciia cir dan viing ven bien Quang Ngai", l l khao le the linh cd nhieu dac diem tuong dong vdi le hpi nam mdi (Rija Nugar) ciia ngudi Cham. Ca hai !e hpi nay deu dien ra vao cuoi nam cii, dau nam mdi vdi y nghia long on, tong nam cii, rude nam mdi; deu diing hinh nhan the mang... Neu su tuong dong dien ra vdi nhieu net giong nhau ve mat nghi thirc, vat pham thi cd the khang dinh gia tri giao luu tiep bien van hda giiia hai tpc ngudi Cham va Viet thdng qua mot nghi le mdi xuat hien nhung ham chiia mot dang thirc nghi le khac (ciing viec le), mot dang Viet hoa nghi le ciia ngudi Cham. Dau vet van hoa Cham the hien kha dam dac trong cac nghi le ciia cu dan viing ven bien Duyen hai Nam Tmng Bp (DHNTB). Dieu do cd y nghia quan trong trong viec nhan dinh va phan tach cac Idp van hda an sau ben trong qua trinh giao luu va tiep bien van hda ciia ngudi Viet d vimg dat nay Ben canh do, nghi le khao li the linh Hoang Sa mang gia tri khao cicu hch su quan trgng tren viing ven bien DHNTB bdi no Hen quan true tiep tdi doi Hoang Sa dudi thdi chua Nguyen. No la chimg nhan hiing hon ve mat van hda, lich sii ciia Viet Nam ndi chung va ciia bao the he cu dan viing ven bien DHNTB doi vdi chii quyen bien dao Tmdng Sa va Hoang Sa. Cd the ndi, net dep cua nghi l l khao le the linh Hoang Sa trong van hda

khac, nhu nghe thuat hat bai choi, cac nganh nghe thii cong, van hoa ciia cac lang chai... la nguon tai nguyen van hoa dac thu trong phat trien du lich cua tinh. Dac biet, tren dao Ly San, ben canh chuang trinh du Ijch "Ly San - bien dao que huong", con c6 cac chuang trinh nhu: "Tieng ggi Hoang Sa", "Ly San - mua tdi", "Kham pha niii liia xua", "Hanh trinh ciia cac than linh"... Q cac chuang trinh nay, viia lua chgn cac di tich lam diem nhan, vua khai thac cac di san van hda phi vat the (le hgi, phong tuc, tin nguong, dan ca, dan vu,..) de tao thanh thuang hieu du Ijch. Vi du chuang trinh "Hanh yinh cua cac than linh" da su dung cac chat lieu hi nghi le thd ciing am hon, lam mg gio, thd ca Ong, tuoTig nha cac chien sy bao ve Hoang Sa... de phat trien du lich.

Hoac cd cac trai nghiem ve kham pha bien, kham pha san ho, kham pha tri thirc dia phuang ve van hoa tdi ciing nhung san pham mang tinh dac san cua tdi, cua dao Ly San...

Cac chuang trinh du lich khac ve bai bien My Khe, ve cua bien, ciia song, cac khu chiing tich San My, khu di tich Sa Huynh, cac danh thang niii An, song Tra... da gan vdi viec khai thac cac nghe thu cong, am thyc, tri thiic dia phuang trong sinh boat ddi thuong tao thanh cac tua du lich dac thii, mang dam ban sac van hoa cua tirng viing d Quang Ngai. Mot so diem du Ijch dugc khai thac, nhu bai bien My Khe, kliu chu'ng tich Son My da ket noi, kham pha sinh boat van hoa tai cac lang chai, lang nong nghiep... Mat khac, mot so nghe thii cong da dugc khai thac thanh san pham du lich vua dap

tmyen thong la mach ngam ben viing de xay dung va sang tao, thoi hon vao qua khir lan hien tai va tuong lai cho van hda bien Viet Nam noi chung va van hda bien vimg ven bien DHNTB noi rieng. Y nghia hien sinh ciia nghi le nay cang kliang dinh hon nira tinh tat yeu va chirng cii lich sd cu the ciia chii quyen bien dao ciia nude ta. Dac biet la trong giai doan hien nay, khi Trung Quoc cd tinh nguy tao nhiing bang chimg chii quyen d Hoang Sa thi nghi le nay cang cd y nghia thiet thuc trong viec khang dmh chii quyen biln dao ciia Viet Nam tren khia canh van hda.

P H A T T R I E N BfeN VLTNG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 1 (3/2019) 35

NGHIEN CO-U THyC NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM

Ben canh do, hai thanh pho da xay dyng mo hinh cac doi van nghe quan chiing tren co so cac cau lac bg dan ca, dan vii tai mot so phuong, xa de phuc vu nhu cau cua khach du lich. Chinh vi the, nhiing lan dieu dan ca, ho khoan, cheo can, hat vi dam, hat phuang vai,...

CO CO hgi dugc phat huy va quang ba rgng rai.

Cac san pham, mat hang luu niem co gia tri van hda, van hoa am thuc truyen thong ciia hai thanh pho thong qua hoat dgng du lich ngay cang den dugc vdi du khach. Nhu d thanh pho Vinh da dua vao sii dung "Pho an dem Thanh cd" tao dieu kien cho nhan dan va du khach thuong thirc van boa am thyc xii Nghe. Neu khong the phat huy gia tri cua von van boa nay bang cac boat dgng du lich va thiic day kinh te phat trien thi khong the dua cac gia tri van hoa vao moi truong nhu no von da ton tai va giam ganh nang ve ngan sach. Mat khac, phat trien kinh te la mot hudtig di co tam quan trgng de thiic day phat trien von van hda, nhung neu kinh te ma khong gan lien vdi phuang cham phat trien ben vung, bao ve moi truong sinh thai, dam bao ddi song xa hot thi viec thuang mai boa cac san pham du lich tir von van hoa se nhanh chong lam bien dang cac gia tri van hoa - lich su va khien cho von van hoa voi dan va xuong cap tram trgng. Yeu to thi truong thiic day chudi gia tri san pham du lich tham gia vao chudi gia trj o quy mo quoc gia va quoc te se tao thuan Igi cho sy canh tranh va bao ton von van hoa mot each ben viing. Vai Igi thi ve tiem nang von van hda da de cap d tren, Vinh va Dong Hdi cd nhieu ca hgi de tao ra ehuoi gia tri gia tang lien quan den cac san pham du lich tir von van hoa. Tii do tao nen ban sac trong phat trien van boa de hgi nhap viing va quoc te Mat khac, cac thach thirc dang hien hiiu ddi vdi hai do thi nay la viec giai quyet xung dot trong Igi ich ve chii sd hiiu ddi vai boat dgng trinh dien van hda phi vat the va di san vat the.

2.2. Von van hda Quang Ngai trong phdt trien du lich

Vdi nhieu Igi the so sanh, du lich bien, dao hien nay dang ngay cang phat h-ien manh me va trd thanh san pham dac trung cho cac tinh viing Trung Bg, trong do co Quang Ngai. Tuy nhien, muon phat trien du lich ben viing, Quang Ngai can khai thac von van hoa dia phuang dac thii.

Quang Ngai la mot tinh thugc viing Duyen hai Nam Trung Bg co nhieu tiem nang ve tai nguyen du lich. Ben canh 150 km duong bd bien keo dai tu' An Tan den Sa Huynh ciing nhieu bai bien dep va noi tieng, nhu Sa Huynh, My Khe, Le Thiiy, Minh Tan..., Quang Ngai con noi tieng vdi dao Ly Son - noi co nhieu von van boa de phat trien du Ijch, xung dang trd thanh mot trung tam du lich bien dao hap dan trong toan quoc. Han niia, Quang Ngai nam trong khu vyc co sy phat trien du lich nang dgng nhat d Duyen hai Nam Trung Bg vdi cac trung tam du lich noi tieng nhu Nha Trang (Khanh Hoa), Da Nang, Hgi An (Quang Nam)... Cling vdi sy quan tam chi dao ciia cap iiy va chinh quyen dia phuang trong phat trien du lich, Quang Ngai c6 nhieu Igi the de co the dua du lich phat trien va dugc ky vgng trd thanh mot trong nhiing trung tam du lich mdi ciia ca nude.

Tren dia ban tinh Quang Ngai c6 29 di tich lich sii van hoa cap quoc gia, 76 di tich lich sii van hoa cap tinh dugc xep hang. Day la von van hoa phong phii, la ti^n dk cho du lich Quang Ngai c6 hudng phat triSn du lich van boa ben canh viec phat trien du lich sinh thai dya tren the manh bien dao.

Von van hoa phi vat thi, nhu ll hgi "Khao le the hnh Hoang Sa"^; con cac v6n van hda

Khao le the linh Hoang Sa la nghi IS dac biet gdn liin vdi huyen dao Ly Son (Qiiang Ngai). Le nay do cu dan lang An Vmh va An Hai thuc hien, gdn lign vdi

34 PHAT TRIEN BEN VIJNG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO 1 (3/2019)

Ha Binh Thanh - Nguyen Thj Thanh Hircrag Khai thac von van hda...

Hai ddi Hoang Sa thdi chiia Nguyin. ^ thuc ve chii quyen bien Dong, chiia Nguyen sai phai cac ddi Hoang Sa di ra dao, ma nhirng ghi chep hien con lira giii trong Dai Nam nhat thong chi, Viet sii cuong giam khao luac, Phii bien tap luc... Sau nay, dudi thdi nha Nguyen, cac ddi Hoang Sa dugc \ky tir cu dan ciia hai lang An Vinh va An Hai van duac duy tri. L l nay duoc cac toe ho d hai lang tren to chiic dk tudng nhd nhung ngudi linh Hoang Sa xau so tii nan tren bien khi lam nhiem vii. Do vay, viec khao le thi linh la viec the ngudi linh cdn song bang hinh nhan va te ngudi da chet. Ngoai nhiing le vat can thiet trong te IS nhu trau ruau, hoa qua, cac loai thuc an che bien tu hai san va gia cam, dac bi6t la phai c6 hinh nhan thi mang (duoc lam bang bdt gao hoac rom ra), linh vj va thuyen le. Trong cac le nay deu co thay phap - ngudi thong ngon true tiep vdi than linh (Ba Thiiy Long than nii) va cting la ngudi thuc hien cac nghi le. Viec diing hinh nhan the mang cho ngudi song va rude hon ngudi chet ve vdi to tien cd y nghia nhan van sau sac, dong thdi la su an iii ve mat tam linh doi vdi nhiing ngudi trong gia dinh. Theo Nguyen Dang Vii trong

"Van hda dan gian ciia cu dan viing ven bien Quang Ngai", le khao le the linh cd nhieu dac diem tuong dong vdi le hpi nam mdi (Rija Nugar) cua ngudi Cham. Ca hai le hdi nay deu dien ra vao cuoi nam cii, dau nam mdi vdi y nghia tong on, tong nam cu, rude nam mdi; deu diing hinh nhan the mang... Neu su tuong dong dien ra vdi nhieu net giong nhau ve mat nghi thuc, vat pham thi cd the khang dinh gia tri giao luu tiep bien van hda giira hai toe ngudi Cham va Viet thong qua mot nghi l l mdi xuat hien nhung ham chira mot dang thiic nghi le khac (ciing viec le), mot dang Viet hda nghi le ciia ngudi Cham Dau vet van hda Cham the hien kha dam dac trong cac nghi le ciia cu dan vung ven bien Duyen hai Nam Trung Bp (DHNTB). Dilu do cd y nghTa quan trong trong viec nhan dinh va phan tach cac Idp van hda an sau ben trong qua trinh giao luu va tiep bien van hda cua ngudi Viet d viing dat nay. Ben canh do, nghi le khao le the linh Hoang Sa mang gia tri khao cihi lich su quan trong tren vimg ven bien DHNTB bdi nd lien quan true tiep tdi dpi Hoang Sa dudi thdi chiia Nguyen. Nd la chiing nhan hiing hon ve mat van hda, lich sir ciia Viet Nam ndi chung va ciia bao the he cu dan viing ven bien DHNTB ddi vdi chu quyen bien dao Trudng Sa va Hoang Sa. Cd the ndi, net dep ciia nghi l l khao le the linh Hoang Sa trong van hda

khac, nhu nghe thuat hat bai choi, cac nganh nghS thu cong, van hoa cua cac lang chai... la ngudn tai nguyen van hoa dac thii trong phat triSn du lich ciia tinh. Dac biet, tren dao Ly San, ben canh chuang trinh du lich "Ly Son - bien dao que huang", con cd cac chuang trinh nhu: "Tieng ggi Hoang Sa", "Ly San - miia tdi", "Kham pha niii liia xua", "Hanh trinh ciia cac than linh"... 0 cac chuang trinh nay, vira lua chgn cac di tich lam diem nhan, viia khai thac cac di san van hoa phi vat the (le hgi, phong tuc, tin nguong, dan ca, dan via,..) de tao thanh thuang hieu du lich. Vi du chuang trinh "Hanh trinh ciia cac than linh" da su dung cac chat lieu tir nghi le thd ciing am hon, lam mg gio, thd ca Ong, tudng nha cac chien sy bao ve Hoang Sa... de phat trien du lich.

Hoac CO cac trai nghiem ve kham pha bien, kham pha san ho, kham pha tri thirc dia phuang ve van hoa tdi ciing nhiing san pham mang tinh dac san ciia toi, cua dao Ly Son...

Cac chuang trinh du lich khac ve bai bien My Khe, ve cira bien, cua song, cac khu chiing tich San My, khu di tich Sa Huynh, cac danh thang niii An, song Tra... da gan vai viec khai thac cac nghe thu cong, am thuc, tri thiic dia phuang trong sinh hoat ddi thuomg tao thanh cac tua du lich dac thu, mang dam ban sac van hda cua timg vung d Quang Ngai. Mot so diem du lich dugc khai thac, nhu bai bien My Khe, khu chiing tich San My da ket noi, kham pha sinh boat van hoa tai cac lang chai, lang ndng nghiep... Mat khac, mot so nghe thu cong da dugc khai thac thanh san pham du lich vira dap

truyen thong ta mach ngam ben viing de xay dung va sang tao, thoi hon vao qua khii lan hien tai va tuong lai cho van hda bien Viet Nam ndi chung va van hda bien viing ven bien DHNTB ndi rieng. Y nghia hien sinh ciia nghi le nay cang khang dinh hem nira tinh tdt yeu va chiing cu lich su cu thi ciia chii quyln bi6n dao ciia nude ta. Dac biet la trong giai doan hien nay, khi Trung Qu6c cd tinh nguy tao nhiing hiing chiing chii quyln d Hoang Sa thi nghi le nay cang cd y nghia thill thuc trong viec khang djnh chii quyln biln dao ciia Viet Nam tren khia canh van hda.

PHAT T R I E N B E N V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, S6 1 (3/2019)

35

NGHIEN CU'U T H I J C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM

ling nhu cau trai nghiem, mua cac san pham thii cong, san pham dac san vai hinh thiic do lim niem,...

Nhu vay, dua vao von van hoa de phat trien du lich mang tinh dac da tbii gop phan cho Quang Ngai co ve dep rieng, siic hap dan rieng. Von van boa dac thii, rieng c6 se lam cho du hch Quang Ngai cat canh. Phat trien du lich dac thii tir von van hoa doi hoi phai co nhirng giai phap mang tinh chat tong the, trong d6 CO su lien ket chat che giua nha nghien ciiu, nghe nhan vdi doanh nghiep du lich. Von van khong chi di tim cac ve dep co xua hay ca nggi cai hay, cai dep cua ca dao Quang Ngai ma von van boa thuc su la nguon luc de phat trien du lich. Tir von van hoa, di san van hda Quang Ngai se trd thanh tai san cua du lich.

Ket luan

Vdi cac tgc ngudi vung Trung Bg, von van hoa dugc tich luy hang ngan nam da bun diic thanh cac chuan muc ling xir va he gia tri tieu bieu trong phat trien du lich ndi rieng, kinh te- xa hgi ndi chung d vimg Trung Bg.

Tir nhiing phan tich, trinh bay tren, bai viet da lam xuat Ig dien mao ciia van hoa vdi tu each la mot nguon von, mot nguon luc noi sinh, mot coi nguon can re, mot nen tang tinh than can thiet cho phat trien du hch vimg Trung Bg. Do ciing chinh la viec trien khai Nghi quyet Dai hgi Dang lan thii XII de Nghi quyet di vao ddi song, bien thanh siic manh vat chat phuc vu phat trien trong boi canh mdi day thach thiic nhung ciing day co hgi cua qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hda va hoi nhap quoc te hien nay.

Chac chan trong tuang lai gan, von van hda vung Trung Bg se trd thanh di san van hoa trong phat trien du lich cua cac tgc ngudi vung Trung Bg va dong dao du khach gan xa. Viec nhan thiic, danh gia dung von van hda trong phat trien du lich viing Trung Bg la vo cimg can thiet, de gia tri cua von van hoa nay ludn la mot bieu trung mang dam gia tri van hda vimg Trung Bg va gia tri van hoa Viet Nam.

Tai lieu tham khao

1. Bourdieu, P. (1984^. Bislinction: a Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste ( Suphan biet: phe binh xa hpi trong danh gia sd thich), Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, tr 1 (Din theo Biii Hoai San, 2018).

2. Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital, in J. G. Richardson (ed.) Handbook of Theori' and Research for the Sociology of Education. Greenwood Press New York, Pp. 241-258.

3. Dang Cong san Viet Nam (2016). Van kien Bai hdi Bai bieu todn quoc lan thuXll, Van phong Tmng uang Dang, Ha Noi.

4. Ha Dinh Thanh (Chii bien, 2016). Van hoa do thi o mot so Ihdnh pho Bac miSn Trung trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa, do thi hda. Bao cao tong hgp de tai/nhiem vu khoa hgc cSp bo 2015-2016, Vien Khoa hgc xa hpi viing Trung Bp, Da Nang.

Thong tin tac gia:

1. Ha DinhThanh, PGS. TS

- Don VI cong tac: Vien Nghien cmi Phat tnen ben viing Vimg, Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam - Dia chi email: hadinhthanh54@ginail.com 2. Nguyen Thi Thanh Huang, TS

- Don vi cong tac: Vien Nghien ciru Phat tnen ben vung Vijng, Vien Han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam

Ngay nhan bai: 26/1/2019 Ngay nhan ban sira 18/2/2019 Ngay duyet dang: 25/2/2019

36 P H A T T R I E N B E N VLJNGVUNGQUYENg, S O l (3/2019)