K H A O S A T D U T L I T O N G H O A C H A T B A O V E T H U G V A T
• • « • TREN RAU QUA TUOI VA CHE NAM 2008
LE SON HA, TRINH CONG TOAN VA CTV
Thanh tra Cue Bdo ve thifc vat Bo Ndng nghiep va Phdt trien ndng thdn
Tom tat:
Nhom rau an la co ty le mau chi/a du- luong hoa chat bao ve thpc vat (BVTV) vupt mire du1 lifong toi da cho phep (MRLs) cao, trong do rau ngot co 23% so m l u kiem tra vupt MRLs. ChUa phat hien thay mau rau an qua nao chCra du lupng hoa chat BVTV vupt MRLs. Nho la loai qua co ty le mau phat hien chCfa du lupng hoa chat BVTV vupt MRLs cao nhat (24%), trong khi do, chUa phat hien thay mau qua nao nhap khau tP Trung Qudc co chCra du lupng thudc BVTV vupt MRLs.
Vdi che sd mau phat hien co du lupng thudc BVTV la cao (70%), tuy nhien chua cd mau nao bi phat hien co du lupng hoa chat BVTV vupt MRLs. Ninh Thuan la dia phuong co ty le mlu bj phat hien cd du lupng BVTV vUOt MRLs cao nhat (30%).
Abstract:
Samples of leafy vegetables were detected containing the pesticide residues with the
high rates exceeding maximum residue levels (MRLs), in which in star gooseberry (Sauropus androgynus), 23% samples were exceeded MRLs. No sample of fruit vegetable was detected exceeding MRLs. The highest rate of MRLs-exceeding samples of fruits was detected in grapes with a proportion of 24% tested samples; while no samples of the China-imported fruits were detected exceeding MRLs. No samples of teas were detected exceeding MRLs though the high ratio of pesticide residue was detected (70%). Ninh Thuan is the local where the highest percentage of samples was detected containing the pesticide residues exceeding MRLs (30%).
I. DAT VAN D£
Mac dii hoa cha't bao ve thuc vat ddng vai trd quan trong trong san xuat nong nghiep,
gdp phan bao ve mua mang trong thdi ky san xuat nong nghiep theo hudng hang hoa vdi muc dp tham canh cao va tinh da dang trong sir dung gidng giam. Tuy nhien, do viec lam dung va sir dung hoa chat bao ve thuc vat khong dung ky thuat cung lam tang nguy co ton du hoa cha't bao ve thuc vat vupt muc cho phep trong thuc pham - dd la mot trong nhung nguyen nhan gay mat an toan ve sinh thuc pham va gay ngp dpc va anh hudng xa'u tdi sdc khoe cua ngudi tieu dung. D u lupng hoa cha't bao ve thuc vat trong thuc phim vupt qua
nguyen nhan ca ban. Hoa chat bao ve thuc vat co the gay ra nhieu loai benh hiem ngheo cho con ngudi nhu benh ung thu, di tat bam sinh va anh huong deh su phat trien t r i nao cua tre em, gay hai cho he mien dich, benh ve than kinh, benh rdi loan ve mat can bang hoocmon (gay ra vo sinh, day thi som...),.v.v. (P. S. Ross, J. G. Vos, L . S. Birnbaum va A.
D.M.E. Osterhaus, 2000; S. Kaplan va J. Morris, 2000; Reuters,2001;). V i vay, du luong hoa chat bao ve thuc vat vupt qua mire cho phep trong thuc pham noi chung va rau qua tuoi, che noi rieng la mot moi nguy ddi vdi sure khde cua ngudi tieu dung.
V i vay, nham muc dich kiem tra, giam sat va xac dinh thuc trang du luong thudc BVTV tren nong san, nham phuc vu cong tac giam sat va cong tac quan ly sir dung hoa cha't B V T V an toan hieu qua, gdp p h i n dam bao ve sinh an toan thuc pham, chuong trinh khao sat du lupng hoa chat B V T V tren rau qua tuoi va che da dupe tien hanh. Bao cao nay tong hop mot so ke't qua da dupe thuc hien trong nam 2008.
Muc tieu nghien cuu
- Kiem tra, giam sat du lupng hoa chat B V T V trong san xuat rau, qua va che nham dam bao ve sinh an toan thuc phim tai mot sd tinh, thanh phd trong diem.
- Xac dinh thuc trang du lupng hoa chat B V T V trong nong san lam co sd xay dung he thdng giam sat 6 nhiem hda chat B V T V trong ndng san.
- Dd xuat giai phap quan ly va sir dung hoa chit B V T V hop ly nham dam bao ve sinh an toan thuc phim.
II. DOI TUONG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU 2.1. Ddi tupng ndng san kiem t r a
Rau, qua tuoi dupe lay tai co sd san xuat va luu thong tren thi trudng, che dupe la'y tai co sd che' bien.
2.2. D|a diem lay m l u
Vdi rau dupe lay tai Ha Npi, Ha Tay (cu), VTnh Phuc, Hai Phong, Nghe A n , Hue, Da Ning, Khanh Hda, TP HCM, Ddng Nai, Binh Duong, Tien Giang va Lam Ddng; qua dupe la'y tai Ha Npi, Nghe An, B i c Giang, TP H C M , Tien Giang va Ninh Thuan; che dupe lay tai Ha Npi, Thai Nguyen, Phu Thp va Lam Ddng.
2.3. Phuong phap lay mau
Lay m i u , bao quan va van chuyen m i u theo tieu chuan nganh 10TCN-386-99 cua Bo Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon.
2.4. Chi tieu va phuong phap kiem t r a
Cac chi tieu va phuong phap kiem tra dupe trinh bay d bang 2.4 va thiet bi dupe sir dung dd phan tich du lupng la GC/ECD; GC/FPD; GC/NPD; GC/MS, LC/MS.
Bang 1. Chi tieu va phuong phap kiem tra du lupng hod chat bdo ve thuc vat
Nong san
Chi tieu kiem tra
d u luong hoa chat B V T V Phuong phap phan tich
Rau
+ Nhom Clo huu co: Endosulfan + Nhom phdt pho huu ca:
Methamidophos,trichlorfon, acephate, dimethoate, diazinon, chlorpyriphos ethyl, chlorpyriphos methyl,
fenitrothion, quinalphos, methidathion, profenophos + Nhom pyrethroid: cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin
+ Nhom carbamate dndoxacarb, carbosulfan,
metalaxyl, fenobucarb
+ Nhom triazo\e:propiconazole, difenoconazole
+ Nhom benimidazole: carbendazim, thiophanate methyl
+ Dithiocarbamate (CS2) + Thudc KTS: gibber elite acid .
+ Nhom khde: fipronil, imidaclorprid, chlorothalonil, matrine, abamectin, amamectine
- S19 Manual Pesticide Residue Analysis (Germany)
- Analytical methods for residual compositional substances of agricultural chemicals feed additives and veterinary drugs in food (Japan)
- Analytical methods for pesticide residue in food (Canada)
PTN14-DLF, PTN07-DLF, PTN09-DLF, PTN16-
DLF,PTN 15-DLF,
PTN06-DLF, PTN11-DLF PTN5 5-DLF
Qua
+ Nhom phdt pho hiru co: Methamidophos, trichlorfon, acephate, dimethoate,
diazinon, chlorpyriphos ethyl, chlorpyriphos methyl, fenitrothion, quinalphos, methidathion, profenophos + Nhom pyrethroid: cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin
+ Nhom carbamate: carbosulfan, metalaxyl, fenobucarb
+ Nh6mtriazo\e:propiconazole, difenoconazole
+ Nhom benimidazole: carbendazim, thiophanate methyl
- SI9 Manual Pesticide ResidueAnalysis (Germany) - Analytical methods for residual compositional substances of agricultural chemicals feed additives and veterinary drugs in food (Japan)
- Analytical methods for pesticide residue in food (Canada)
PTN14-DLF,PTN07-DLF, PTN09-DLF, PTN16-DLF, PTN 15-DLF
Che
+ Nhom Clo huu co: Endosulfan, dicofol + Nhom phot pho huu co: Methamidophos, acephate, dimethoate, diazinon,
chlorpyriphos ethyl, chlorpyriphos methyl, fenitrothion, quinalphos, methidathion, profenophos
+ Nhom pyrethroid: cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, etofenprox
+ Nhom khac; fipronil, imidaclorprid, acetamiprid,dicofol,chlorothalonil,
matrine, abamecfin, emamectin, cartap, nereistoxin
- S19 Manual Pesticide ResidueAnalysis (Germany) - Analytical methods for residual compositional substances of agricultural chemicals feed additives and veterinary drugs in food (Japan)
- Analytical methods for pesticide residue in food
(Canada)
PTN14-DLF, PTN07-DLF, PTN09-DLF,PTN 15 -DLF,PTN06- DLF, PTN11-DLFPTN40-DLF, PTN03-DLF
I I I . K E T QUA VA B A N L U A N
3.1. Khao sat dir lupng hoa chat bao ve thuc vat tren rau qua va che
MPi loai cay trong co dac diem sinh truong, phat due khac nhau va mdc do gay hai cua sau benh cung khac nhau va vi tri, cau tao cua cac bo phan nhu la, hoa, qua cung khac nhau. V i vay, chung loai cay trong co the se co anh hudng den mdc do phan huy tu nhien cua hoa chat BVTV sau khi phun.
Nhin chung, nhom rau an la cd ty le mau cd du luong hoa chat vupt mdc du luong tdi da cho phep (MRLs) vdi ty le cao nhat, chi trir nhom rau gia vi kh6ng cd m l u nao vuot MRLs, con cac loai rau an la dupe kiem tra khac deu cd du lupng vupt MRLs chiem ty le tir 7,7% den 23% (rau ngot) sd mau dupe kiem Ua. Vdi rau an qua, khong cd m l u kiem tra nao co chua du lupng hoa chat bao ve thuc vat vupt mdc du lupng tdi da cho phep.
Bang 2. Ke't qua phdn tich du lupng theo chung loai ndng san Ket qua phan tich
T T Chung loai rau qua
Sd lupng m i u kiem tra
Khdng phat hien d u lupng
Phat hien cd d u lupng< M R L s
D u lupng >
M R L s Chung loai
rau qua
Sd lupng m i u kiem tra
Sd m i u Ty le
( % ) So m i u Ty le ( % )
Sd mau
Ty le ( % )
1 Rau mudng 101 56 55,5 34 33,6 11 10,9
2 Rau cai 121 37 30,6 61 50,4 23,0 L 19,0
3 Dau dp 100 55 55% 35 35,0 10 10,0
4 Rau ngot 13 5 38,5 5 38,5 3 23,0
5 Bap cai 12 6 50,0 5 41.7 1 8,3
6 Rau gia vi 9 6 66,7 3 33,3 0 0,0
7 Rau khac 13 4 30,8 8 61,5 1 7,7
8 Dua chupt 17 11 64,7 6 35,3 0 0,0
9 Ca chua 6 3 50,0 3 50,0 0 0,0
10 MuPp ddng 24 19 79,2 5 20,8 0 0,0
11 Vai 16 10 62,5 5 31,3 1 6,3
12 Cam 9 3 33,3 6 66,7 0 0,0
13 Nho 25 2 8,0 17 68,0 6 24,0
14 Xoai 20 6 30,0 13 65,0 1 5,0
15 Quyt 14 6 42,9 8 57,1 0 0,0
16 Qua khac 18 13 72,2 5 27,8 0 0,0
17 Che xanh 40 12 30,0 28 70,0 0 0,0
18 Che den 25 8 32,0 17 68,0 0 0,0
Trong so' cac mau qua dupe kiem tra, nho la loai qua co ty 16 mau chura du lupng hoa cha't bao ve thuc vat vupt mure du lupng tP'i da cho phep cao nha't (24%), tiep den la vai (6,3%) va xoai (5%). Cam, quyt va cac loai qua khac chua phat hien tha'y mSu nao vupt mire du lupng tP'i da cho phep.
Tren che, mac du ty le mau phat hien tha'y du lupng hoa chat bao ve thuc vat la cao (70%), nhung ta't ca deu thap hon mire du lupng toi da cho phep.
Tuy nhien, qua ke't qua kiem tra cac m l u rau qua va che, chua phat hien tha'y hoat cha't cam sir dung la endosulfan va methamidophos.
3.2. Khao sat d u lupng hoa chat bao ve thuc vat tren rau qua tuoi va che theo dia phuong
Thoi quen, phuong phap sir dung hoa cha't bao v6 thuc vat (BVTV), dac bi6t la vide tuan thu thdi gian each ly, co anh huong Ion deh viec ton du hoa cha't BVTV tren nPng san noi chung va tr£n rau qua tuoi va che noi rieng. K h i sir dung khong dung ky thuat kh6ng nhung khPng dem lai hieu qua phong trir sinh vat gay hai nhu mong muo'n ma con co the anh huong xa'u deh moi truong, sire khde ngudi phun hoa cha't va de lai du lupng tr6n nPng san lam anh hudng deh sdc khde ngudi tieu dung. Da hinh thanh mot thdi quen, nhieu khi gan nhu da thanh tap quan cua nhieu nong dan dd la: he tha'y sau benh xua't hien la ngudi dan phun hoa chat B V T V , tham chi phun nhieu lan, phun tang l i l u lupng so vdi khuyen cao... dan deh nhieu tac dong xa'u ddi vdi sdc khoe con ngudi va moi trudng, lam sau benh trd nen quen va khang hoa cha't va vi the' ngudi dan lai phai tang lieu lupng sir dung hoac dung loai hoa cha't cd dpc tinh cao hon dan deh lieu lupng hoa cha't sir dung tang len nhung hieu qua diet trir sau benh thi khPng tang va do vay cd the gay ra nhieu hau qua khPng mong mudn ddi vdi sdc khde con ngudi va mPi trudng cung nhu de lai du lupng vupt qua mdc cho phep tren nong san. Tap quan sir dung hoa cha't B V T V ciia ngudi nPng dan se
Theo x u i t xu, thi dia phuong co ty le mau chua du luong hoa chat bao ve thuc vat vuot MRLs cao nhat la Ninh Thuan (30%), tiep den la Hue' (18,5%), Da Nang va Hai Phong (14, 8 va 14,3%), Khanh Hoa, Lam D6ng (11,1 va 11,4%), Bac Giang (10%). Thap hon la Thanh pho' H6 Chi Minh (8%), Tien Giang (9,4%), Ha Noi (6%), VTnh Phuc (8,6%) va Nghe An (3,2%). Thai Nguyen, Phii Tho, Dong Nai va Binh Duong khdng phat hi?n mau nao vuot mdc du luong toi da cho phep. Tren cac loai qua nhap khau tir Trung Qudc, 19 m i u gom cac loai qua la tao, le, quyt da dupe lay tu cac cho dau moi d Tp Ho Chi Minh va Ha Noi dem ve phong thi nghiem phan tich du lupng, nhung ke't qua chua phat hien mau nao co du luong vuot muc du lupng toi da cho phep. Dieu nay cung phii hop vPi cac ke't qua dieu tra ve' sir dung hoa chat BVTV: tai Ninh Thuan, noi co ty le mau vupt muc du luong tdi da cho phep cao nhat (30%), chi cd 7,14% so hp su dung hoa chat B V T V dung theo hudng d i n ghi tren nhan (Bao cao ke't qua nhiem vu dieu tra bd sung ve sinh an toan thuc phim rau qua, 2009), tai Ha Npi cd 90% ngudi nong dan trong rau su dung hoa chit theo hudng d i n ghi tren nhan, con tai Hai Phong, chi cd 35 % nong dan su dung hoa chat theo khuyen cao ghi tren nhan (Trung tam Kiem dinh va khao nghiem hoa chit BVTV phia Bic, 2008).
Bang 3. Ket qua phdn tich du luqng hod chat BVTV tinh theo xuat xii
T T Dia phuong
So lupng
m i u kiem
tra
Ket qua phan tich
T T Dia phuong
So lupng
m i u kiem
tra
Khdng phat hien d u lupng
Phat hien cd d u lupng < M R L s
D u lupng
> M R L s T T Dia phuong
So lupng
m i u kiem
tra Sd mau Ty le
(%) Sd m i u Ty le
(%) So m i u T y l e (%)
1 Ha Npi 150 73 48,7 65 43,3 12 8.0
2 Vinh Phuc 35 23 65,7 9 25,7 3 8,6
3 Hai Phong 35 15 42,9 10 28,6 5 14,3
4 Bic Giang 10 4 40,0 5 50 1 10
5 Thai Nguyen 10 2 20,0 8 80,0 0 0
6 Phu Tho 10 6 60,0 4 40,0 0 0
7 Nghe An 31 18 58,1 12 38,7 1 3,2
8 Da N i n g 27 10 37,0 13 48,1 4 14,8
9 Hue 27 13 48,2 9 33,3 5 18,5
10 Khanh Hoa 27 16 59,3 8 29,6 3 11,1
11 TP. H C M 84 38 45,2 41 48,8 5 6,0
12 Tien Giang 64 26 40,6 32 50,0 6 9,4
13 Lam Ddng 44 7 15,9 32 72,7 5 11,4
14 Ninh Thuan 20 1 5,0 13 65,0 6 30,0
15 Ddng Nai 5 2 40,0 3 60,0 0 0,0
16 Binh Duong 5 2 40,0 3 60,0 0 0,0
17 Trung Qudc 19 12 63,1 7 36,8 0 0,0
I V . K E T L U A N V A K I E N N G H I
1. Nhom rau an la co ty le mau co du luong hoa chat B V T V vuot MRLs cao, trong do cao nha't la rau ngot (23%) va rau cai (19%). Vdi rau an qua, chua phat hien thay m l u nao co du luong hoa cha't BVTV vuot MRLs.
2. Vdi qua, nho la loai qua co ty le m i u cd du lupng hoa chat B V T V vupt MRLs cao nhat (24%).
3. Vdi cac loai che da che bien, du ty le phat hien cd du lupng hoa chat B V T V cao (tdi 70%), nhung chua cd mau nao vupt MRLs.
4. Ninh Thuan la dia phuong cd ty le mau cd du lupng hoa chat B V T V vupt MRLs cao nhat (30%), cac dia phuong Thai Nguyen, Phu Tho, Binh Duong, Ddng Nai chua phat hien tha'y m i u nao cd du lupng hoa chat BVTV vupt MRLs.
5. Vdi cac m i u qua nhap khau td Trung Qudc dupe kiem tra, chua phat hien tha'y mau nao cd du lupng hoa cha't B V T V vupt MRLs.
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
1. Trung tam Kiem dinh va khao nghiem thudc BVTV phia Bac (2007), Die dn: Dieu
tra ve sinh an toan trong ndng san thuc pham - Dieu tra sd3: Dieu tra ve sinh an toan trong ndng san thuc pham ddi vdi nhom thuc pham cd ngudn gdc tir thuc vat tuoi sdng.
2. Thuy Hang (2007), Kiem sodt du luong hda chat bdo ve thuc vat - con duong ben vung cho xuat khau ndng san tai Viet Nam, Thien nhien.net. 13-05-2007.
3. Du dn "Xdy dung vd kiem sodt chat luong ndng san-thifc pham" (2009)- Bdo cdo nhiem vu dieu tra bd sung ve sinh an toan thifc pham nam.
4. Peter S. Ross, Joseph G. Vos, Linda S. Birnbaum and Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus (2000), PCBs Are a Health Risk for Humans and Wildlife. Science, Volume 289.
5. Sheila Kaplan and Jim Morris (2000), Kids at risk - Chemicals in the environment come under scrutiny as the number of childhood learning problems soars. U.S. News & World Report, Volume 128, Issue 24 page 47-53.
6. Reuters News Release (2001). "Pesticide combination leads 'to Parkinson's disease" January 5, 2001.