CHAN NUOI D O N G VAT VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
thai chan nuoi; Hifn trang va giai phap. Dai hpc N6ng 14. Vu Dinh Ton, Lgi Thj Cue, Nguyen Vin Duy va Dgng nghifp H^ Npi 26-27/11/2009. V" ^'"* (2008a), Chat lupng nuoc diing trong trang trgi T3ng Cu. thSng U (2008-2013), Nlin g.S^ M h g M "^^ ™ ^ ' ' ? " * f - S ^BSH. T.p chi Kho. hgc vi, Phd.
2008.2013, NXB Thong ki. '"*"• ''^'' ^ ™ ' ^ '
v a Dlri, Tan. LS Him HUu vi Ngiiyln Vta D u , " . V u D i u h T6„, l » Thj Cue vi Nguyin Vi„ Du, (2010), Arf, huong cua mia vu dih tieu khi hiiu »'™"')- . " " ^ 8 " hieu qua xu ly chal .h„ bang bS ChuSng „„6i „ i „ s , so irang .r,. chSn nuoi lon i, B.ogas cu. m«t .o (rang tr,i ch5„ „„ai 1,„ ™ huyen van Giang-tirf. Hung Yin. Tap chi Khoa hoc vi ^W * ' *=l>o. I w va Phi, Inin, 6(6): 5K.561.
phat trien, 8(6); 959-%8.
KHAO SAT TINH HINH NUOI CHO H'MONG COC DUOI
TAI HA GIANG VA LAO CAI C^l^yj
Nguyen Tien Tiing' *, Bui Xuan Phuang', Dinh Thi'DUng' va Tran Hieu Coi^
N g a y n h | n b a i b a o : 08/03/2015 - N g a y n h a n b a i p h a n b i e n : 26/03/2015 N g a y b a i b a o d u o c c h a p n h § n d a n g : 30/03/2015
T O M T A T
Nghien c u u nay d u p c tien hanh tgi Ha Giang va Lao Cai vao nam 2007, 2009, 2011 vk 2013 n h a m danh gia tinh hinh nuoi giong cho H ' m o n g CQC duoi cua nguoi dan. Ket qua khao sat cho tha'y ty If giong cho H ' m o n g coc duoi giam dan qua cac nam: Nam 2007, ty 1^ giong cho H'mong cOc duoi tai hai tinh la 8,34%, de'n n a m 2013 giam c6n 3,83%. Myc dich nu6i cho ciia nguoi dan la de bao vf cho gia dinh qua cac n a m 2007, 2009, 2011 va 2013 la 50,21%; 51,48%; 53,00% va 55,95%. Nhirng n a m gan day, nuoi cho n h a m b a n con giong d u y c nguoi d a n chu tnjng hon: n a m 2007, 2009, 2011 va 2013 ty If la 14,21%, 15,08%; 17,81% va 21,43%. P h u o n g thtic nuoi chit ye'u la tha t y do (lon h o n 38,80%), tiep den la ket hpp giua tha rong t y d o va nuoi nho't va p h u o n g thuc nuoi nh6't chie'm t^ If tha'p nha't (25,60%). Vi vay, cong tac quan ly gio'ng cung n h u phong tru dich bfnh gap nhieu kho khan. Cong tac chan nuoi va thu y chua dupc nguoi d a n quan lam d u n g mue, van con mot ty le lon (12%) hp dan nuoi ch6 khong chu dpng thuc an hang ngay cho cluing, dieu nay can tro lon dd'n su phat trieh ciia giffng cho nay tren dja ban hai tinh.
Tit khod: Chd H'mong cgc dudi
A B S T R A C T
S t u d y i n g o n H ' m o n g s h o r t t a i l d o g b r e e d i n H a g i a n g a n d L a o c a i p r o v i n c e s Nguyen Tien Tung, Bui Xuan Phuong,
Dinh Tiie Dmtg and Trait Hint Coi The shidies were carried out in Hagiang and Laocai provinces in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013 in order to collect data on breed of H ' m o n g short tail dogs. The result has shown that the rate of H'mong short tail dog breed over the total domesctic dogs reduced in year (8.34% in 2007, but in 2013 this rate reduced to 3,83%)- The local people in that area almost breed the domestic dog for protection houses. The rate of
1 Trung tam Nhift doi Viet-Nga
• Tac gia de lien hf: ThS. Nguyin Tien Tiing, Vifn Sinh thai Nhift doi, Trung tam Nhift doi Vift-Nga, Duong Nguyi" V^" Huyen, Nghia D6, Cau Giay, Ha Npi. Difn thoai: 0986 724 819. Email: [email protected]
CHAN N U 6 l DQNG VAT VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
H'mong short tail dog breed was bred by local people for housing protection (in 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013 was 50.21%, 51.48%, 53.00% and 55.95%). In recently, local people breed more the dog for selling dog puplles, in years of 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013 this rate increase uplo 14.21%, 15.08%, 17.81% and 21.43%, respectively. Local people rear the domestic dogs by free breeding (the rate is more than 38.8%) and combination of rearing dog graze free and in cages. The rate of dogs rearing in cages is not high (25.60%). It, therefore, it makes a difficult for breed management and diseases control. Dog husbandry and veterinary is not yet done well by local people. There are approximately 12% famers rearing the dogs without feeding, so that it has a negative impact on the development of this breed.
Key words: H'mdng short tail dogs l.DATVANDE
Cho H'mong cgc duoi la mpt giong cho ban dja, t | p trung nhieu 6 cac tinh mien niii phia bac, dac bi§t tren hai tinh Ha Giang va Lao Cai, noi tap trung nhieu dong bao H'mong sinh so'ng. Cho H'mong la gio'ng cho duoc nguoi dan six dung nhieu trong cupc so'ng hang ngay nhu len nuong, trong nha, bao vf gia siic (Bui Xuan Phuemg va ctv, 2013;
Pham Thanh Hai va ctv, 2014). Vdi nhirng d?c diem iru viet nhu kha nang thich nghi cao, it mac bfnh, do thong minh lon dupc the hi^n qua kha nang dam nh|ii chitc nang bao v? to't va nhu cau dinh duong tha'p hon m^t so' gio'ng cho nhap noi. Vi vgy, nhihig nam gan day da co nhieu cong trinh nghien ciiu trien khai nham dua gio'ng cho H'mong vao sir dyng cho myc dich phuc vu Quo'e phong - An ninh va cho ke't qua tich ct^c (Tran Hmi Coi va ctv, 2011).
Nam 2009, gio'ng cho H'mong coc duoi da dugc cong nh$n gio'ng ca'p quo'e gia theo quyet djnh so 02-20/9/2009 ciia VKA (Hiep hgi cho gio'ng Viet Nam) va tieu chuan gio'ng so' 002. Ben canh nghien cim dgc diem sinh hpc va kha nang thyc hifn nghiep vu, cong tac dieu tra, khao sat mpt each co he tho'ng, toan di#n thuc trang tinh hinh nuoi cho H'mong cpc duoi tren dja ban hai tinh Ha Giang va Lao Cai de tu do de xua't giai phap nham phat trien va giii gio'ng cho ban dia nay la het sue can thie't.
2. VAT LI?U VA PHirONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU Khao s^t cac hp nuoi cho tren dia ban tai hai tinh Ha Giang va Lao Cai: Moi huyfn - thi dupc chpn ra tu 3 deh 5 xa, trong do co h'nh de'n ye'u to' dia hinh, phan bo' dan cu va tgp quan canh tac ciia dia phuong.
Sir dung ban do dia hinh, ban do hanh chinh va thie't bi dinh vi GPS phuc vu cong tac dieu tra. Qua trinh dieu tra tie'n hanh tir vung trung tam dong dan cu deh viing heo lanh, thua dan, tit gan de'n xa, tu tha'p len cao. Cac so' li?u so ca'p dugc phong van cac chu hg nuoi cho theo bp cau hoi dyng san.
Cac so lifu thu ca'p dugc thu th$p qua bao cao cua so va phong nong nghifp cac huyfn, so'lieu tho'ng ke qua cac nam.
Du lifu duac thu thap trong thai gian tir thang 1/2007 den thang 12/2013.
Bg so' lifu dupc xu* ly bang phan mem Excel 2007.
3. KET QUA NGHlfeN CtltJ VA THAO LU^N 3.1. Ty If giong cho H'mdng cgc duoi nuoi t^i hai tinh Lao Cai va Ha Giang
Ke't quit khao sat tai 2 tinh Ha Giang va Lao Cai cho thay ty le gio'ng cho H'mong cpc duoi giam dan qua cac nam tir 2007 deh 2013. Nam 2007, tong so' cho khao sat tren dia ban hai tinh Ha Giang va Lao Cai la 11500 con, trong do so'cho H'mong cpc duoi la 959 con, chie'm ty If 8,34%. Ty le giong
92
KHKT Chan nuoi So 10-2015CHAN NUOI DONG VAT VA CAC VAN DE KHAC cho H'mong cgc duoi n^m 2009 va 2011 H'mong gi^m xuong con 3,83%, tha'p han giam xuong ISn lupt chi con 7,82% va 5,52% 50% so vai 2007.
so voi tong dan. Deh nam 2013, ty If cho
Bing 1. Ty- If ch6 H'mong cpc duoi nuoi tgi H^ Giang v^ Lko Cai Nam kh j o sat
2007 2009 2011 2013
So cho khao sat (con) 11.500 11.706 12.100 10.980
Cho H'mong cpc duoi (con) 959 915 668 420
Tyle(%) 8,34 7,82 5,52 3,83 Ke't qua nghien cuti nay tuong dirang
voi ke't qua cong b6' ciia Bui Xuan Phuong va ctv (2010). Ty l | giohg cho H'mong c$c duoi tren dja ban hai tinh Ha Giang va Lao Cai giam nhieu do nhung nam gan day trao luu nuoi gio'ng cho H'mong cgc duoi dien ra rat manh me 6 nhieu tinh thanh trong ca nuoc, dac bi?t tai hai thanh pho' lon la Ha Npi va Ho Chi Minh. Vi v$y. Ha Giang va Lao Cai tro thanh noi cung cap gifi'ng cho H'mong chu ye'u cho cac dia phuang nay dan de'n so' lirpng bi giam xuo'ng. M^t khac, cong tac quan ly va nhan gio'ng cho chua dupc nguoi dan chu trpng va dau tu diing huong. Han nira, hi?n tuprng cho H'mong bj dong huye't dien ra t?i cac viing nay kha cao vi lupng due gio'ng h^in ehe'cung la mgt nguyen nhan dan de'n ^ 1? gio'ng cho H'mong cpc duoi tren dia ban hai tinh giam xuong dang ke.
3.2. Mijtc dich nuoi cho H'mong cpc duoi ciia ngu6i dan dia phuong
Moi gio'ng cho co dac diem ngogi hinh va tinh each d | c trung, can cu vao do con nguoi da lua chgn va su dyng chiing vao nhiing myc dich rieng. Ke't qua khao sat mue dich sii dung cho ciia nguoi dan dia phuong dupc chiing toi trinh bay tai bang 2.
Ket qua tai bang 2 cho tha'y gio'ng cho H'mong cgc duoi dupc ngucri dan sir dyng vao nhieu mye dich khac nhau nhu: bao v?, nuoi canh, ban con gio'ng va la'y thit. Trong do nuoi vao myc dich bao v^ (nha cua, gia siic, hoa mau...) chiem ty I? cao nha't. N3m 2007 ty 1? hg dan sir dyng vao myc dich bao V? ehiem 50,21%, nam 2009 la 51,48%, den nSm 2013 ty 1# hg dan sir dyng gio'ng cho nay vao myc dich bap v? la 55,95%.
Bing 2. Myc dich sii dyng cho H'mong cgc duoi ciia nguoi din dja phuong
2007 2009 2011 2013
Bao vf 50,21 51,48 53,00 55,95
Mue dich Nuoi canh
18,53 18,69 19,46 20,24
nuoi Ban con giong
(%)
14,21 15,08 17,81 21,43
Lay thit 17,05 14,75 9,73 2,38 Ke't qua dupc trinh bay t?i bang 2 cho
tha'y ty 1? hg dan sir dyng cho H'mong ege duoi vao myc dich nuoi canh dao dpng trong khoang 18,53-20,24%. Theo nguoi dan dia phuong, so dl giong cho H'mong ege duoi nay dupe lya chgn lam eanh boi sy trung thanh, mue dg than thien vai chii, thoi gian cham soe va v? sinh it hem so voi nhieu gio'ng cho khic.
Ke't qua khao sat tai hai tinh Ha Giang va Lao Cai cho tha'y ty l^ nuoi gio'ng cho H'mong cgc duoi vao myc dich thuang mgi de ban con gio'ng tang nhanh nhung nam gan day (14,21% trong nam 2007 tang len 21,43%
nam 2013), dong thai ty le hp dan nuoi vao myc dich khai thae thit giam manh (17,05%
trong nam 2007 xuong eon 2,38% trong nam 2013). Nguyen nhan co su chuyen dich xu
CHAN NUOI DQNG VAT VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
huong nay la do nhihig nam gan day nhu cau nuoi gio'ng cho H'mong cgc a mpt so tinh thanh trong ca nuoc cao hon, dan de'n gia trj con giong tang len vi vay myc dieh nuoi thuong mai ban giohg dupc nguoi dan chii trpng nhieu hon.
3.3. Phuong thiic nuoi cho H'mong cgc duoi cua nguoi dan dia phuong
Qua hinh 1 eho thay phuang thtrc nuoi gio'ng cho H'mong cgc duoi ciia nguoi dan dia phuemg chu ye'u la nuoi tha ty do, tiep de'n la phuang thiie ke't hpp (ket hpp giiia tha rong ti^ do va nuoi nho't), phuong thiie nuoi nhot chiem ty I? tha'p nha't. Cy the trong nam 2007, phuang thiic nuoi nh6't chie'm ty 1? cao nhat 51,54%; phuong thiic nuoi ket hpp la 32,59%; phuong thiic nuoi nhot ehie'm ty 1|
tha'p nha't 15,87%. Deh nam 2013, phuang thiic nuoi tha tv do chie'm ty 1| 38,80%, nuoi ke't hpp 35,60% va nuoi nhot chi la 25,60%.
Nhu vgy, phirong thiic nuoi nho't tha'p va tha tv do eao dieu nay gay kho khan cho cong tac quan ly giong ding nhu phong trir dich bgnh tren quan the cho tgi hai tinh Ha Giang va Lao Cai. Tuy nhien, qua hinh 1 cho tha'y phuong thiic nuoi tha tv do co xu huong giam mgnh, tu 51,54% trong nam 2007 xuo'ng con 38,80% nam 2013, dong thoi ty I? nuoi nhot tang hi 15,87% nam 2007 len 25,60%
trong nam 2013. Day la mpt xu huong tich cue cho thay nguoi dan dia phuemg da hieu dupe quy trinh chin nuoi cho ciing nhu hi?u qua ciia cho H'mong nen da chii trpng hon Irong eong vi^c cham soe va quan ly giong cho H'mong cgc duoi.
"
'" >.A-' ••'- " -JL..J|.-.:..J||.,,._
f l
.,;:•.
•^r t l " Jl m ,: ^ I
" i l " ' " ' " ^
Nan,
Hinh 1. Phuong thiic nu6i cho H'mong cpc duoi cua nguoi dan dia phuong
3.4. Nguon thiic an sir dyng nuoi cho Thiic an giu vai tro dgc bi?t quan trpng de'n sinh truong va phat trien a i a dpng vat.
De dan cho phat trien to't can phai co ehe' dp an ufi'ng hpp ly dap iing du nhu cau dinh duong. Ke't qua khao sat nguon thiic an sir dung eho cho cua nguai dan dja phuong cho tha'y, CO toi 81% hp dan tan dung thiic an du thira sau bira an hang ngay a i a con nguoi lam thiic an cho cho (cac thiic an nay thuong la com, ngo, xuong dgng vat...). Co tai 12%
hp dan nuoi cho khong chii dgng nguon Ihiic an cho cho, hang ngay cho phai tv tim kie'm thiic an trong tu nhien de ton tgi. truong hpp nay xua't hi?n nhieu 6 cac hp dan nuoi cho co dieu ki?n kinh te'dge bi?t kho khan.
Ke't qua khao sat cho thay chi co 6,40%
hp dan ehe' bie'n thiic an rieng eho cho, thuc phain thuang duge sir dyng che'biai eho cho la npi tgng dpng vat va phan dau va co gia cam. Ket qua khao sat ciing cho thay t^ 1^ hg dan sii dyng cam vien cong nghigp de nuoi cho chi chie'm 0,60%.
Nhu vay, vaii de dinh duong va thiic an cho cho ehua dupc nguai dan dia phuang chii trgng nhieu, dieu nay anh huang khong rUio de'n su phat trien aia dan eho tren dja ban hai tinh.
Theo Nguyen Tie'n Tiing va ctv (2012), nhu cau nang lirpng cho cho H'mong cpc duoi trudng thanh khoang 1500 Keal/con/ngay.
3.5. Tinh hinh djch b^nh tren dan cho Ket qua khao sat tai 2 tinh Ha Giang va Lao Cai cho tha'y cong tac phong trir dieh benh tren dan cho H'mong eiia nguoi dan dia phuang chua dupc chii trpng dung miic nen cho eon bi mpt so b?nh, nhieu nha't la ty I^
dan cho nhiem ky sinh triing cao. Mpt so' benh truyen nhiem gay tii vong eao tren cho nhu: Care, Pavo, Lepto... da so' nguoi dan ehua biet de'n va it co bi#n phap phong ngira.
KHKT Chan nuoi So 10-2015
CHAN NUOl DQNG VAT VA CAC VAN DE KHAC
Theo Nguyin Thi Lan va Khao Keonam (2012) cho biet benh Care la b | n h pho bien tren dan cho 6 nude ta. Cong tac thii y ciia dia phuong con gap nhieu kho khan, nhat la tai cac vung sau viing xa, nai co nhieu dong bao dan tpc thieu so suih so'ng va co dieu kien kinh te'd^c bi?t kho khan nhu Ha Giang va Lao Cai.
Trong so' cac b#nh tren dan cho thi b?nh dai dupe ngiroi dan dja phuang chii trpng phong ngira han ca, bdi miic dp nguy hiem doi voi tinh mgng con nguoi khi tie'p xiic voi cho mac b^nh. Ket q u i tgi hinh 2 cho tha'y ty le cho H'mong cpc duoi dupc tiem phong dai tang len trong nhiing nam gan day. Nam 2007 ty 1? cho dupc tiem phong dgi la 45,75%, nam 2009 va 2011 ty 1? cho dupc tiem phong dgi tren dia ban hai tinh lan lirpl la 48,96% va 56,72%, deh nam 2013 ty 1? nay dat 65,50%.
Ty 1§ tiem phong dgi tren dan eho tang dan qua cac nam, dieu nay cho thay miic dp quan tam de'n siic khoe dan eho eiia nguoi dan dupe nang len dong thoi cung ghi nhan sy no lire eiia chinh quyen dia phuang trong cong tie thii y.
Hinh 2. Tf I? cho H'mong cpc duoi dupc tiem phong vac xin dgi qua cac nam 4. KtT L U ^
Ty Ig giong cho H'mong cgc duoi tren dia ban hai tinh giam dan qua cae nam.
Phuong thiic nuoi ciia nguoi dan chu ye'u la nuoi tha tv do, tuy nhien nhung nam gan day nuoi nhot co su quin ly a i a con nguoi dang dan dupe ehii trpng.
Nguoi dan nuoi voi myc dich chinh la bao v0 va ban con gio'ng.
Thiic an sir dyng eho eho chit ye'u tan dyng thiic an du thira hang ngay eua con ngutri.
Cong tae phong tru djch benh tren dan cho chua dupc quan tam diing miic.
Gio'ng cho H'mong ege duoi hi^n nay dang dupc huah luy?n va sir dung vao myc dieh Quo'e phong - An ninh. Vi vgy, can co nhiing lop tap huaii ve eong tic quan ly, nhan gio'ng, cham soc, nuoi duong va phong trir dich b?nh tren cho cho nguoi dan. Dong thoi xay d i ^ g mgt so' mo hinh nhan nuoi tai dja phuong de nguoi dan tie'p cgn.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1 Tian Huu Coi, Bui Xuan Phuong, Dinh The DQng va Nguyen TiMi Tiing (2011), Kha nSng huSh luy^n ch6 nghidp vif giong H'mong cpc duoi va cho dgng soi.
Tgp chi Khoa hoc Ky thu|t Chan nuoi, 2(143): 27-31.
2. Ph^m Thanh Hai, Dinh Thf Diing va Biii Xuan Phuemg (2014), Dgc dtem gen D - Loop giong cho ban dia H'mSng cpc duoi. Tgp chi Khoa hpc Ky thugt Chan nuoi, 12(189): 8-13.
3. Nguyen Thj Lan va Khao Keonam (2012), Dac diem b$nh ly cua cho Phii Quoc mSc b^nh Care va i>ng dung ky thugt mien djch huynh quang de chan doan b^nh.
T^ip chi Khoa hpc va Phat tnen, 10(6): 913-918.
4 Biii Xuan Phuong, Dinh The Dung va Tiiin Huu Coi (2010), Thanh phan khu h | cho nha t^i mpt so tinh phia bac va bac Trung bg Vi?l nam. Tuyen tgp BCKH ve sinh thai Nhi?! dm, NXB Nong nghidp, trang: 157-163.
5 Bili Xuan Phuong, Trjnh Quoc Khanh, EJinh The Diing, Tran Hihi Coi va Nguyen Tien Tiing (2013), Thanh phSn khu h? cho nha tgi tinh Ha Giang, Vigt Nam. Tap chi Khoa hpc va Cong ngh? Nhi^t doi, 2:
85-92.
6 Nguyen Ti^n Tiing, Bui Xuan Phuong, Dinh The Dung va Tran Hiru Coi (2012), Xay dyng khau phan an cho cho dye giong H'mong cpc duoi giai dogn 12-18 thang tu6i tu cac nguyen li?u san co. Tap chi Khoa hpc Ky thuat Chan nuoi, 5(158): 44-50.