CHUYEN MUC
S i r HOC - NHAN HOC - NGHIEN C U U TON GIAO
CH^ DO KHAO XET QUAN LAI THOI VUA GIA LONG, IVIINH MENH
PHAM TH! THU H I E N "
Dual thdi quan chu Viet Nam ndi chung va trieu vua Gia Long, Minh Menh ndi rieng, viec khao xet de phan loai, thang giang, thudng phat quan lai ludn duac chu y Ben canh viec di ra phuang thirc, trinh tu, thdi gian, hai vua Gia Long va Minh Menh ludn de cao tieu chi tai, dire khi xet thanh tich. Cac quy dinh trong khao xet quan lai cua hai vi vua nay mot mat rang budc trach nhiem cua quan lai doi vol nha nuoc; mat khac tao ddng luc khuyen khich quan lai lam viec. Tham khao chi do khao xet quan lai cua nha Nguyen cd the riit ra mdt so bai hoc gia tri doi vdi viec danh gia can bd cdng chirc hien nay.
Tir khoa. c h i dp khao xet, Minh Menh, Gia Long, quan lai
Nhan bai ngay: 30/3/2018; dua vao bien tap: 10/4/2018; phan bien: 20/4/2018; duyet dang: 25/7/2018
Han Phi (2005: 73) tCrng noi: "Lam vua ma khong co bay toi thi lam sao ma co nuo'c du-gc". Vdi bon phan la toi trung cua Hpang dS, quan lai co vi tri, vai tro quan trpng trong n§n hanh chinh quflc gia. Quan lai khong chi la dpi ngu t u vin, giup Hoang di hoach djnh chinh sach cai trj va quan ly cac linh vyc cua ddi song xa hpi, ma con la nhung ngu-ai trien khai moi chu tru-o-ng, chinh sach cua nha nu-6-c, la c§u noi giC-a
• Tru-ong Oai hoe Luat Ha Npi
nha nuac vai nguai dan. Vai nhirng vai tro do, quan lai luon nhan dugc sy- dai ngo "hau hmh" vS vat chit va tinh than cua nha nuac. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh thyc thi cong vu, ben canh nhCrng dong gop, mpt bo phan khong nho quan lai be tre cpng viec, hoac Igi dung chu-c quySn, tham 6 tai san, hach sach dan... Do vay, vua Gia Long va Minh Menh, cung nhu cac hoang d§ khac cua cac tri^u dai quan chu Viet Nam, da ban hanh nhiSu quy dinh ve khao xet danh gia nang luc, cong lao hay hanh vi vi pham cua
quan lai trong qua trinh thyc thi cong vu.
1. CAC QUY 0!NH CClA VUA GIA LONG VA MINH MENH V i KHAO XET QUAN LAI
1.1. Thcri han, trinh tir khao xet Trong Hdi dien co chep "pham xet thanh tich cac quan c u 3 nam lam mpt khoa, lay cac nam Thin, Tuat, Su-u, Mill lam han" (Npi cac trieu Nguy§n, 1993: 97) de ti§n hanh sg khao va 6 nam mot lan lam thong khao. Ben canh khao xet quan lai theo dinh ky, hai vua con tien hanh viec khao xet bat thu-ang trong mpt s6 tru-gng hgp nhy CO ngugi lam chinh sy dac biet gici, hoac cac quan Doc hpc, Giao, Huln CO vet tich x l u (Qude s u quan trigu Nguyin, 2007, tap 4: 1022). VI du nhu nam 1825, vua Minh Menh quy djnh quan dja phu-ang xet Huln dao cac huyen, ai co hpc hanh dugc sT tu- tin theo, hoac ai hpc thu-c nong hep khong xyng chu-c thi d i u phan biet tau len djnh doat; n i u c6 cho khuylt c l n be thi nen chpn ngugi hgc rpng dung tuoi sung bo (Quoc su- quan trilu Nguyen, 2007, tap 2: 422).
Theo Hdi dien, trinh ty thu tuc khao xet CO s y phan biet dya tren pham ham va dja ban lam viec. Doi vgi van ban tam p h l m tra len a Kinh va Tryang quan phu ThCra Thien, cac vien thanh, trIn, dao g ngoai dang tai chu-c da du nien han d i u chilu sy trang cong lao, l l m loi trong chtrc sy ma lam mot ban t y trinh bay. Nam 1833, dien lam ban t y trinh bay cua cac quan chu-c da du-gc chuin djnh lai:
Tong d i e , T u l n phu, BS chinh. An sat, chuang quan I n cac nha, bp, vien, vien nao dang an lugng tai chu-c da du 3 nam lam mpt ban t y trinh bay (Npi cac trilu Nguyin, 1993, tap 3: 98, 99).
Qua do CO the thay, cac quan thupc cac ca quan g trung crang va nhu'ng vien quan dCrng d i u cac c l p hanh chinh dja phuang d i u co trach nhiem lam ban trinh bay v l thanh tich cung nhu loi l l m trong qua trinh thyc thi cong vu. Con doi vai cac lai vien thi khong thay chinh su- ghi chep v l viec nay. Phai chang cac vien glup viec nay se dygc danh gia thong qua ban t y trinh bay cua vien tru-ang quan hoac thong qua sg thinh an cua quan chu-c c l p tinh. Sau khi lam ta khai va t i l n hanh khao xet quan lai dual quyin, cac vien trudng quan tuy thupc vao ngach quan lai se nop danh sach va td khai nay len bo Lai hoac bp Binh d l kiem tra giai quylt (Npi cac trilu Nguyen, 1993, tap 3: 97). T i i p do, bo Lai va bp Binh dem danh sach cac quan van vo trong Kinh va ngoai cac tinh da du 3 nam lam viec chia theo thCr ty, x I p thanh tCrng hang: nhCrng ngu'di mdi duac thang bo, thyc thu thi khong xet, nhu-ng ngudi dugc x I p hang uu d i u thudng gia 1 c l p ; hang binh, gia ky luc 2 thir, n i u gap vj tri khuylt trong ca quan nha nydc tCr trung ygng d i n dia phu-gng dang dugc thang chu-c, thi cho phep dinh t h i n va quan tren bao cu len nha vua (Qu6c sir quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 4' 818). Rieng doi vdi quan phu huyen, viec khac xet v l hinh an va thu luang d y g c giao cho cac bp thong ke
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI s6 5 (237) 2018 thanh tich cu the, trong do, viec hinh
an dygc giao cho bp Hinh tra x6t trong tCrng nam roi lam danh sach cho bp Lai giCr; viec d i e thu t h u l hang nam dugc trao cho hai bp Lai va Hp (Noi cac trieu Nguyin, 1993, tap 3: 102).
Nhu vay, ca quan va chirc quan tham gia khap xet quan lai gdm Luc bp, dinh than va cac trygng quan.
1.2. Noi dung khao xet
Viec khao xet quan lai noi chung tCr trung uang d i n dja phuang d i u dya tren 2 tieu chi tuyin chpn quan lai la:
tai va du-c. Theo dd, trong qua trinh lam quan, thdi han 3 hay 6 nam, d i u xet tren kha nang chuyen mon va tu- cach dao dire. Bac biet, theo ghi chep cua chinh sir, vdi cac vien quan g i n dan lam nhiem vu giac hoa dan, truyin ba va thyc hien chinh sach ciia nha nude d i n dan, tieu chi tai va dire duac quy djnh ro rang, chi tilt han so vdi cac quan chirc tai trilu dinh. Cu t h i :
Boi vol quan phu huyen
Quan lai c l p phu huyen la chirc quan gan dan nhlt nen nha nude luon chu trong khap hach. Dudi hai trieu vua Gia Lcng va Minh IVIenh, tieu chi khao hach cd sy thay doi. Thdi vua Gia Long, le xet cong trang quan lai phu huyen chu yeu can cir vao hinh an.
Nam Gia Long thir 10 (1811), nha vua dat le xet: "Vien nao xu- bao nhieu an, trong dd cd bao nhieu an khong bi dan keu lai, bao nhieu an bj toa tren xet lai, ddi vdi nhO-ng an bi xir lai va mdi l i y cung thi d i u chilu xir dung hay sai r l i can cir vao dd xem xet quan vien nao
lam nhilu hay it, xir diing hay sai, tham dinh chia l i m 3 bac: b§c thygng khao tCr 8 d i n 10 p h i n ; trung khap tCr 6 d i n 7 p h i n va d y g c mpt nira sai mpt nira la ha khao" (Quoc sir quan trilu Nguyen, 2007, tap 1: 817). D i n du-di thdi vua Minh Menh, viec xet thanh tich quan phii huyen dygc md rpng hgn, ngoai chuyen van an con can cir vao viec thu t h u l , tuyen quan, trj dan, sy nhung te cua nha iai dudi quyin va viec khuyen dan trong trot.
Do; vol cai tong, phd cai tong Vdi nhu-ng vien quan dirng d i u clp hanh chinh trung gian la c l p Tong, vua Minh Menh cung dinh le 3 nam khao xet mot l l n . Cai tong, php cai tong la nhu-ng vien quan gan dan, co chirc trach cung vdi quan phu huyen trong viec thyc thi cac chinh sach cua nha nu-dc, do vay, tieu chi khao xet cung d y g c can cir vao tai va dire.
Theo quan diem cua Nho giao va phap trj, quan lai khi ganh viec nu-dc c l n la
"ngygi hieu rong, b i i t nhilu, lam duac nhilu viec" (Nguyin Hiln Le, 2006: 57) va c l n CO cac dire tinh la liem, chinh (Nguyin H i l n Le, 2006; 147). Theo do, doi vdi cac vien quan dirng dau c l p tong, tieu chi v l chuyen mon dygc xac dinh la hoan thanh thue khoa, giir yen dan; tieu chi ve dao dire la khong tham 6. N i u t h u l khoa xong xudi, dja phygng yen on, dan khdng dieu hao, khong cd moi te gi khac thi cho hang yu theo thir bac can nhac: Cai tong thi sai thi cho thyc thu, Cai tong thyc thu thi thang tdng bat p h l m Ba hp theo trIn sai phai, phd Tong ngoai iiy thi
cho lam Cai tong thi sai. Nhii-ng ngudi gidi chinh s y se du-gc c i t nhac ngay, n i u hen kem, tham 6, bi x I p vao hang liet va each chirc (Qupc sir quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2: 762). Quy dinh tren cho t h i y , Cai tong cung nhu cac doi tygng bo dung khac cung trai qua thdi gian tap s y lam Cai tong thi sai, sau thdi gian thir thach, khao xet t i t mdi dugc thyc thu chirc vu.
Boi vol cac hoc quan
Vua Minh Menh cho rang mu6n biit hpc quan tdt hay x l u eham hay lu-di thi dya vao s6 sT tir thanh dat nhilu hay it d l ban d|nh viec thang chirc hoac trult bd. Viec sat hach cac D6c hpc, Giao thu va H u l n dao dugc giao cho Doc, Phu, B5, An cac dia phuang thuoc hat, n i u ai hpc thirc ndng can lam viec thilu sdt thi bai bo (Quoc sir quan trilu Nguyen, 2007, tap 3: 310 va 380).
Boi vdi lai vien
cap quy djnh v l xet hach lai vien chcra dygc ra rang, tuy nhien, tieu chi xet lai vien cung bao gom ca dire va tai.
Theo quy dinh cua vua Minh Menh, thupc nha Vu kho, tCr Chu s y d i n vj nhap lyu thy lai, cir 6 nam lam mpt khoa de phdng s y nhung nhilu va gian doi (Qu8c sir quan trieu Nguyen, 2007, tap 5: 639). Nam 1827, vua Minh Menh chuan djnh xet hach lai vien g B i c thanh: ngydi nao thanh liem, sieng nang giu- phep, khong cd viec gi tham d, thi liet lam hang uu, dgl chi d l bat; ngydi nao chuyen c l n , man can, chu-a tCrng a dua lam bay va muu c l u hdi Id, thi liet lam hang binh.
cho iu-u de cung chirc; ngydi nao dau khdng cd III te ma gia yeu y g n hen, thi liet vao hang thir, bat phai hu-u tri (Qupc su- quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2: 569).
2. MUC DiCH KHAO KHOA QUAN LAI Phan loai quan lai
Can cir vao qua trinh sg khao, quan chirc se d y g c chia lam cac hang khac nhau. Tuy vao tCrng ddi vua, each thirc phan loai quan lai cd khac nhau. Vua Gia Long chuan djnh, ddi vdi quan lai phii huyen, sau khi khao xet se phan lam 4 loai: thu-ang khao, trung khao, ha khao va hang kem. Ddi vdi quan tu- chanh tam pham trd xudng, n i u vien nao td ra x u i t s i c thi xep hang u-u, vien nap tuy khdng phai la m i n can ma ciing khong cd l l m loi thi x I p hang binh, con lai la hang kem (Npi cac trilu Nguyin, 1993, tap 3: 98). Vua Minh Menh thi chuin djnh cac quan trong ngoai cir 3 nam mpt khoa chia lam 4 hang u-u, binh, thir, liet. Trong do: hang yu la: co gia c l p ky luc ma khcng giang phat, cong hgn I5i; hang binh: cdng va ldi ngang nhau; hang thir: khong cdng ma cd ldi hoac loi nhilu hgn cdng, nhung tinh trang lam viec con kha mpt chiit; hang liet: s y trang tam thudng.
Quyef dinh thang giang quan lai Dira tren sy phan hang quan lai, trilu dinh quylt djnh thang giang, luu quan lai. Quy djnh nay du-gc neu rd vao thdi vua Minh Menh nhy sau: n i u ai dygc hang yu binh thi d y g c thang chuyin, quan trong thi bo ra ngoai, quan ngoai thi bo vao trong, hang thir thi vSn giCr
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HOI s6 5 (237) 2018 chirc cu va h^ng liet phai giang trult
(QuIc sii- quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2: 803). Cu t h i :
- Ddi vdi quan phu, huyen trong 3 nam, vien nao thu t h u l va goi linh dugc 10 p h i n thi dugc thang; vien nao thieu tCr 2 p h i n tram trd xudng thi doi di nai khac. N i u thilu qua 2 phan tram thi lyu lai (QUPC SU- quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 4: 978).
- Dpi vdi quan lai phu trach de dllu:
nha vua chuan djnh han trpng 3 nam, trong han l y nam nao nu-dc sdng manh han thu-dng ma giir dugc de khong vd, thi trudng quan De chinh, giam tu cho d i n nhu-ng ngygi thira bien d i u dygc thygng hau. Nam nao the nude binh thu-dng ma de vd thi phan biet giang chirc, each chirc (Qude sii- quan trilu Nguyen. 2007, tap 2: 771, 772).
- Doi vdi Cai tong: Cai tong thyc thu, ngydi nao d trong nam, thu thue gpi linh dugc d l y dii, thi lien tuc c l p cho t i l n va gao, theo nhu le. N i u thieu 5 p h i n tram trd len, thdi khdng c l p lygng, thilu 1 p h i n 10 trd len thi each lyu, dgl ngay nap thu du, mdi cho chi lygng va tau xin khai phuc. Cdn Cai tong thi sai, khdng cd lygng, ngudi nao thilu 5 p h i n tram trd len, phai phat 60 trugng ngay, t u v l bd lyu an.
Man han thi sai, ai bj phat trygng 1 l l n , thi dinh lyu 1 nam; phat trugng 2 l l n , dinh luu 2 nam; phat tryang 3 lan, dinh luu 3 nam (Qude sir quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 4: 978).
- Doi vdi cac quan phu trach vide hgc:
Doc hoc tai chirc du 3 nam, do tinh
t h i n xet thyc n i u la ngydi co van chuang, su- pham, dugc si tir tin thee ma tuoi hgi cao, thi cho thang ham, Iu-u tai chirc. Ngydi nao cd sire khde thi cho thang dung; ai cd tai hpc tam thygng, khong hai Idng si tir thi giang mpt cap, bat v l huu. Ngydi nao cd van chu-gng, s y pham, dugc si tir tin theo, lai b i i t hang hai co gang bdi p h i n d y g c x I p vao hang c l n chirc'"
cho thang ham, luu chirc. Ngu-di nao lam viec binh thydng x I p vao h^ng t u l n phan, cung chirc'^' cung che Iu-u chirc, dgl 6 nam bong man, sat hach lai de cho thang dung (QuIc sir quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 4: 1022).
- Dpi vdi cac lai vien: dya tren ca sd phan Ipai, cac vua se c i t nhac thang giang. Tuy nhien, tiiy thupc vao cong viec g moi mpt nha, mpt eg quan, lai vien se dugc bo dung, thang giang khac nhau. Doi vdi thupc vien cac ty Ta hCru lenh sir, ngu'di nao van hpc, chCr viit, tinh toan vao hang yu, bo lam Thu- lai g sau bp, vao hang thir thi sung tam Van han d phu Hoang tir;
ngu-di nao khdng d i n hach thi bai chirc (Quoc sii- quan trilu Nguyen, 2007, tap 2: 87). Bdi vdi ty thupc d tran, phu huyen sat hach thupc lai, ngygi nao Hem chinh, can m i n , giir phep va khdng cd tinh trang tham lam bi 6i, thi liet vao hang uu, dgi chi cho thang bo. Ngydi nao sieng nang, chya tCrng be dang, lam viec gian doi, myu c l u lgi rieng, an ciia diit lot... thi liet vao hang binh cho cung chu-c nhy cu.
Ngydi nao tuy khdng gay d l l u hai, sy gian lan, ma hi§n da gia suy hen y i u
thi Net vao hang thir cho ngh! hu-u (QuIc sir quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 3: 63). Ddi vdi lai vien trong Npi cdc, vua Minh Menh chuin cho: hang binh, v i n dugc giir chirc nhu cu; hang thir, dinh lai mdt nam, khdng dugc thang; hang liet, giang 1 c l p , ddi di nai khac (Qude sir quan trilu Nguyen, 2007, tap 3: 417).
3. THLfC THI c a CHfi K H A O XET QUAN LAI DU-ai TRjfiU VUA GIA LONG VA MINH MENH
Vdi tieu chi khao xet chu y i u la tai nang va dao dire cung vdi viec quy djnh npi dung khao xet cu t h i ddi vdi tCrng ddi tygng va thdi gian khao xet, vua Gia Long va Minh Menh da the hien s y cong tam trong qua trinh sir dung quan lai. Can cir vao k i t qua khao xet djnh k^, hai vua Gia Long va Minh Menh se quylt djnh thang chirc, giang hay bai chirc va thuyen chuyen quan lai.
Trong cac tru-dng hap quan lai lap cong, d y g c dac each thang thu-dng, hay phat hien ra s y sai sdt, nhung te, se khong phai chd dii nien han 3 nam lam viec ma se dugc tiln hanh khao xet ngay theo lenh cua nha vua. Chinh sir chep nhilu quan lai duac thang chirc va p h l m tu-dc nhu: Tri huyen Kim Dpng la Nguyin Nhan Ly lam quan thanh liem, sieng nang lai dugc dan tin phuc nen du-gc thang lam Tri phii Thien Trugng; Tham tan quan thir An Giang la Tru-ang Minh Giang co cong dep giac du-gc t i n phong tudc Nam; Tong thong dao Lang Binh Ta Quang C y dugc gia phong tudc ba;
nguyen An sat Dinh Tygng la Ngd Ba T u l n cd cdng trong viec l i y lai dygc tinh thanh tir tay giac da dugc c i t nhac len lam Bd chinh sir... Khi lap dugc ccng trang, quan lai se dygc gia c l p ky luc heap c l p trac dj nhy mpt thanh tich d l d i n han khao xet se can cir vao dd d l thang chirc hoac giam bdt tpi n i u CO hanh vi vi pham. Theo thing ke trong Bai Nam thirc luc chinh bien, cd 4 vien quan dugc c l p trac dj, 57 vien dugc cap ky luc va 97 ngudi dugc gia c l p . Can cir vap so lan dirge c l p ky luc, khi cd "cho khuylt" trong bd may nha nude, vua va dinh t h i n se bo nhiem ngygi dd vao vi tri thich hgp phu hgp vdi nang lye ban than va cdng lao.
Mat khac, trong nhCrng l l n khao xet bat thcrdng, nhilu hanh vi sai trai cua quan lai bj phat giac va hp phai chju nhu-ng hinh phat nhltdlnh. Nam 1830, nhan t h i y quan phO huyen va lai vidn cac t r i n g i n dan "di mua van diia phep... ngirdi sieng nang thuc ra cung cd, ma ngudi tham nhung tuong cung Chang It" (Quoc sir quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 3: 63), vua Minh Menh da ha lenh cho thanh t h i n Phan Van Thijy giao cho cac trIn B i c thanh sat hach thupc vien d t r I n va lai djch d phit huyen. Sau ky sat hach nay nhiiu ngygi vi hen kem da b| b i t v l hcru.
Cung nam 1830, nha vua sai Ha Quyin va Trygng Bang Q u i xet phan biet cac ty thupc trong Npi cac bdi day la ca quan trpng y i u . Dp vay, bpn Quyin da lam sd cir 10 ngydi c i n m i n Cham ch! nen thang la Trygng
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 5 (237) 2018 Van Uyen, T r i n Ngpc Giao, Nguyin
Dire Hoat, Lam Duy Nghia,... Cdn Tdn T h i t Du, Nguyin Duy Trudng hpc thirc t i m thu-dng thi xin bo ra lam quan ngoai. Hay Ndi cac thj dpc Nguyin Tri Phugng lam viec t i m thugng nen bj giang bo lam Npi vu phii Vien ngoai lang thy Lang trung.
Dac biet, trong qua trinh khao xet thyc hien viec thang thudng hay giang phat, doi vdi mpt sd trygng hap nhlt djnh, hai vua Gia Long va Minh Menh d i u cd sy can nhac ky lydng. Chinh sir chep Hd Hu-u T h l m vi ngu mudi, mac nhilu tpi ldi song tinh hiln lanh moc mac, tuoi gia khdng kham du'gc chd nhilu viec va cung la b l tdi cu nen thay vi each chirc thi vua Minh Menh da ban cho chirc Han lam vien Bien tu (Qude su- quan trilu Nguyen, 2007, tap 3: 191). Trong tru-dng hgp T u vu Npi vu phii Nguyin flirc Tuyen an bdt nhya thgm, vua da xir chat 1 ban tay dem treo, xda ten trong so quan d l
"hdi han suit ddi va nhd dd d l lam cho mpi ngu-di d i u biit tinh ngd ran chcra" (Quoc su- quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 3: 246); hay TrIn Cpng Trung lam viec g kho kinh gay khd d l , lam thu g i n 10 lang da bj dem chem d chg Ddng (Nguyin Minh Tudng, 1996:
222-223); hoac Hu-u Thj lang bd Lg sung lam viec d Npi cac la Hoang Quynh, Bai chilu Nguyin Chinh T i l t bj tpi giao giam hau do thdng d i n g che gilu tpi dung I n bao ngy ddng lai cdng van... Qua dd, cd the thiy nhu-ng hanh vi tham tang, biin thu cdng quy, ICra doi vua d i u bi ap dung hinh phat
nang nhlt, bdi thep quan d i l m cua vua Gia Long "Quan tham lai nhOng la mpt hai dan" (Quoc sir quan trilu Nguyen, 2007, tap 1: 984) va thd phung vua phai cd Idng trung. Thee thing ke trong Bai Nam thirc luc chinh bien, dudi thdi vua Gia Leng va Minh Menh da cd 121 vu vigc quan lai tham nhung bj phat giac va xu- ly.
Ddng thdi, trong qua trinh xet hach quan chirc c l p d u d i hay lai vien, vua Gia Lpng va Minh Mgnh lupn nhlc nhd tru-dng quan lam nhiem vu khdng duac thien vj va tu- lai. Khi t i l n hanh khao xet quan lai, vua Minh Menh c h u i n djnh trtrdng hgp cac trygng quan d dia phygng khong d l y kiim soat khao hach thi moi mdt quy hoac vai thang, hoac khdng djnh ky, phai quan d Kinh di xet de trach phat vdi tinh t h i n n i u tinh nao co Tong doc, T u l n phu thi trach cir Tong ddc, Tuin phu, Lanh binh va quan quan, tinh nao khong cd Tong doc, T u l n phii thi trach cir Bo chinh. An sat, Lanh binh va quan quan (Quoc sir quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 4: 218); hoac n i u sat hach vien djch sal l l m se bi phat bong nhy trudng hgp cua Tao trudng B i c thanh la Nguyin Dang Tuan bj phat bong 6 thang. Nhy vay, ben canh viec trao q u y i n khao xet quan lai c l p d y d i , nha nude cdn thiit lap s y giam sat doi vdi cac vien trydng quan trong qua trinh thyc thi nhiem vu nay. Dieu nay cho t h i y s y c l n trong trong chinh sach khao xet quan lai cua cac vua Gia Long va Minh Menh.
4. MOT VAI NHAN XET
Viec khao xet quan iai dudi hai trilu vua Gia Long va Minh Menh du-gc t i l n hanh thydng xuyen, Hdn tuc. Cac quy dinh trong hoat ddng khao xet nay t h i hien s y k l thCra cd chpn Ipc cac quy djnh khao xet quan lai ciia cac trilu dai trudc. Ben canh dd, vide quy dinh v l trinh t y thu tuc, ngi dung, thdi han khao khda quan lai cua hai vua Gia Long va Minh Menh da mang lai nhO-ng hieu qua dang ke trpng viec quan ly bach quan.
Thir nhit, thdi gian khae thanh tich theo quy dinh ciia vua Gia Long va Minh Menh la 3 nam sa khao, 6 nam thong khao. Con so nay co s y khac biet so vdi cac trilu dai trudc: thdi Ly dinh han 9 nam lam mdt khda; thdi TrIn la 15 nam; thdi Hau Le la 3 nam mpt l l n sa khao, 9 nam thdng khao (Phan Huy Chu, 1992, tap 1: 692). Cd the t h i y , thdi gian sa khao va thdng khao cua nha Nguyin noi chung va thdi Gia Long, Minh Menh ndi rieng da dygc rut n g l n . S y riit ngan nay la hgp ly bdi n i u d l 9 hay 15 nam thi kha Cham t r i , khdng phai la chinh sach khuyln khich quan lai.
Thir hai, tieu chi khao xet quan lai d y g c hai vua n h i n manh la dya tren hai p h l m c h i t tai va dire. Trong khao xet quan phu huyen, trieu dinh Minh Mdnh da phan biet thanh 2 ddi tugng:
ngygi "hiln" la "dep du-gc trpm cudp, yen d y g c dan, rudng nugng ngay cang dugc m d mang, nhan dan ngay mdt ddng diic, lam viec minh m i n , thoa man Idng dan thyc dang x I p vao
loai nao"; ngydi "gian" la "ke hen ha tham nhung, Idi noi viec lam de tien, lam viec dien dao, khong thda Idng dan, thyc dang x I p vSo hang nao"
(Ndi cac trilu Nguyin, 1993, tap 3: 99).
Thep ghi chep v l khao thanh tich nam 1834 trong Bai Nam thirc luc, vua Minh Menh da du-a ra sy thang thygng phu hgp dya tren cac tieu chi danh gia cu the nhu dap dire (eham chi m i n can, gio- minh trong sach), mire dp hoan thanh cdng viec (nhilu l l n lap dugc chiln cdng), tai nang (bay muu), quan he vdi dong lieu (hiep sire ddng Idng). K i t qua cua viec khao xet dd cd 4 trudng hgp dugc gia ham Thai tir Thilu bao, 1 trudng hgp d y g c gia ham Tham tri bp L l , 1 trygng hgp bj giang chirc va chuin dugc thudng theo thir bac ce 12 quan vien.
ThCr ba, ndi dung khao xet ludn g i n vdi tinh chit, k i t qua thyc hien cdng viec, nhu c i u phat triln kinh t l ndng nghiep. Theo quy djnh khi du 3 nam, trygng quan lam danh sach bao len bd v l viec quan phu huyen co khuyen dan trlng trot khdng, 3 nam tiip chilu theo sd da trdng trot dygc nhilu hay it va thanh tich nhu t h i nao, chia ra tirng hang ma xet cdng. N i u da tdi 3 nam ma d i t bd hoang cdn nhilu thi xet hac d l phan biet ngydi eham, ke lydi (QuIc sir quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 2: 174, 175).
Thir tir, hai vua ludn the hien sy nghiem khac trong qua trinh khao xet quan lai. D i i vdi cac hpc quan, nhu-ng ngudi cd nhiem vu giao hda ngudi
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 5 (237)2018 dan va dao tao nguon nhan lye cho bp
may nha nude, hai vua r i t c l n trpng.
Trpng khap xet n i u ngudi nao tai hpc t i m thu-dng, khong kham noi giao chirc se bj x I p vap hang dung thydng'^' thi giang 1 c i p , bat v l hu-u.
Hoac khi khao xet d l quylt dinh thang giang, hai vua ludn gia an ddi vdi quan lai bang viec gia them thdi han de hoan thanh cdng viec d i i vdi mpt sd vien quan nhlt djnh. Quan phu huyen trpng viec thu t h u l , gpi linh, n i u thilu tCr 1 p h i n 10 trd len, cho han 6 thang; 6 p h i n tram trg len, cho han 5 thang; 2 p h i n tram trd len, cho han 3 thang. N I U trong han ma lam du dugc, thi cho ly chirc''^* (Qude sir quan trilu Nguyin, 2007, tap 4: 978). N i u Ly trcrdng ma khdng thu du t h u l thi se bj phat danh roi cho d i n hinh phat cao nhlt la bai chirc.
Tuy nhien, viec trao quyin cho cac trygng quan lam nhiem vu khao xet quan lai c l p dydi cd t h i lam t i l m I n nguy eg nhung nhilu, h I i lp.
Nhin chung, vdi nhCi-ng quy djnh rd rang, viec khao xet quan lai ciia hai vua vCra cd tinh nghiem khac vCra co sy ban an. Tri huyen Gia Binh la Le Cong Vy cd cau "Khon sy thiem t h i n trung, luc khao b i t thien vd uan sac"
(Gap viec khd cang ro b l tdi trung, sau l i n khao hach chang thang quan nao dau oan han) (Phan Thiic True, 2010:
340). O i l u dd cho thiy c h i dp khao xet quan lai thai vua Gia Long va Minh Menh da tao ra mdt hieu irng t i t ddi vgi quan lai trong qua trinh thyc thi cdng vu va tao tien d l cho viec s i p
x I p bo tri quan lai trong bp may nha nydc cua hai vua d i u trilu Nguyin.
Hien nay, "dn cd nhi tri tan" viec danh gia can bd cdng chirc cung c l n tham khao chinh sach ddi xua, nham xay dyng chinh sach khao xet hoan thien han. Ching han, c l n xem lai viec danh gia can bp tren cac mat sau:
- Mdt la, c l n Icru tam va d l cao ca hai y i u td tai va du-c trong qua trinh danh gia can bd cdng chu-c. Hay ndi each khac, c l n chu trpng d i n hieu qua cdng viec va mu-c do pham ldi de phan Ipai chinh xac can bp cdng chirc.
- Hai la, xay dyng cac tieu chi danh gia cdng chirc theo k i t qua thyc thi cdng vu. Tieu chi danh gia cdng chirc duac t h i hien rd qua B i l u 28 va 56 Luat Can bd cd cdng chirc, Nghi dinh 56/201S ngay 09/6/2015 cua Chinh phu vi danh gia va phan loai can bo, cong chirc, vien chirc. Tuy nhien, cac npi dung tieu chi danh gia trong luat va nghj djnh hien cdn chung chung, r i t khd dinh lu-gng d y g c k i t qua, hieu suit cdng tac ciia cong chirc. Do vay, nen chang c l n k l thira tieu chi danh gia cung nhu viec quy djnh tinh chit, ndi dung cdng viec ddi vdi tCrng vien quan nhcr thdi vua Gia Long va Minh Menh
- Ba la, trong danh gia thanh tich c i n danh gia khach quan, nghiem tuc d l lam ca sd cho viec quy hoach, dao tao, bdi dydng can bd cdng chirc, dac biet la nhO-ng ngu-di giu- chu-c vu lanh dao.
Do vay, nen chang trong cong tac binh xet thi dua c i n cd quy djnh v l trach nhiem doi vdi ngu-di tham gia binh xet.
5. K^T LUAN
Vai nhu'ng quy djnh khao xet kha chat che nhu* tren, dpi ngu quan lai trong bp may nha nuac diro'i thai vua Gia Long va IVIinh M$nh luon du'gc danh gia, phan loai va co SLF luan chuyen trong cong viec. Viec hai vua sCr dung ca 2
tieu chi la tai va dire de khao xet quan lai da bupc dpi ngu quan lai phai t y hoan thien ban than minh, c6 g^ng neu cao dao dCpc trong cong vi$c de mong nhan du'p'c sy danh gia tot va sy thang thu'ang t y phia trieu dinh. •
CHU THICH
'^* Can chirc sieng nang chO'c vu.
'^' Cung chLKc: giu bon ph^n, ISm chCfc vu.
'^' Dung thuo'ng: k6m coi, tam thuo'ng.
'•'^ Ly chi>c: ducc thang iSm chijc khcic, hoac phai doi di no! khSc.
TAI LIEU TRiCH D A N
1. Han Phi. 2005. Han Phi TO'. Ha Npi: Nxb. Van hgc.
2. Nguyen Hi6n Le. 2006. Khdng 7i>, Ha Npi: Nxb. Van hoa Thong tin.
3. Noi cac tri§u Nguyen. 1993. Ktiam dinh D^i Nam hoi dien SLF 1$. t|p 3. Hue: Nxb.
Thuan Hoa.
4. Phan Huy Chu. 1992. Lich trieu hiin chuung loai chi, tap 1. Ha Ngi: Nxb. Khoa hgc Xa hpi.
5. Phan Thiic True. 2010. Qude su'di bien. H^ Ngi' Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi.
6. Qu6c su' quan tri§u Nguyen. 2007. Dai Nam thtK luc, chinh bien, tap 1 d§n tap 5. Ha Noi: Nxb. Gicio due.