TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 9/2016 NGHIEN cffu -TRAOBdl
KHdl T 6 VU AN itiNH SU THEO Y!U CXU Ci!fA BI HAI
PHAMTHAI*
Tdm tat: Bai viit ldm ro cdc vdn di: yiu cdu kh&i to. khdng yeu cdu kh&i Id vd rdt yiu cdu khdi to vu dn hinh sg eiia bf hgi hoge ngu&i dgi diin cda ho; nhieng diem hgp li. bdt hgp li trong quy dfnh cOa Bp lugt Id tgng hmh sg ndm 2015 vi nhOng vdn de ndy vd di xudt hu&ng hodn thifn.
Tu khod: Bf hgi; kh&i Id vg dn; yeu edu; vg dn hinh sg.
Nhgn bdi: 15/8/2016 Hodn thdnh bien tgp: 04/10/2016 Duy^tddng: 10/10/2016
INSTITUTION OF CRIMINAL CASES ON THE REQUEST OF VICTIMS Abstract: The paper clarifies the following issues: request of instituting criminal cases, request of not instituting criminal eases and withdrawal of request of instituting criminal cases of victims or their representatives; reasonable and unreasonable points relating to those issues in question under the 2015 Criminal Procedure Code and proposals for improvement.
Keywords: Victim; instituion of law cases; request; criminal case.
Received: Aug 15^, 2016; Editing completed: Oct A 2016; Accepted for publicgtion: Oct ICf^. 2016
1. Yeu cau khdi tS vy dn hinh sur 7.7. Cdc tru&ng hgp chi dugc kh&i td vg dn htnh su theo yeu cdu
V6 nguyen tdc, vipc khdi to vy an hinh sy la quyen chu dpng cua ca quan cd thdm quyen tien hdnh to tyng, khdng phy thu0c vdo y chi ciia bi h^ ho?ic ngudi dai dipn cita hp. Tpi pham xdy ra ldm xuat hipn quan he phdp luEit hinh sy giQ-a Nhd nudc vd ngudi thyc hi§n hdnh vi pham tpi. Vi vdy, chi Nhd nudc mdi cd quy^n truy ciiu hodc tha mien trdch nhipm hinh sy d6i vdi ngudi thyc hipn hdnh vi pham tpi. Tuy nhien, trong mpt sd trudng hgp, yeu cau khdi td cua bi hai ho§c ngudi d^ di?n cua hp la dieu kien bdt bupc de khdi to vu dn hmh sy. Dd la cdc tpi pham it nghiem trpng hodc nghiem trpng, xdm
ph^m siic khoe, nhdn phdm, danh dy cita con ngudi ho$c xdm pham trat ty qudn li kinh tl, tinh chat, vd miic dO nguy hilm cho xd hOi khdng phdi Id rat Idn ho^c d§c bi^t ldn, khdng cd tinh tiet dinh khung tdng n$ng, neu CO quan c6 tham quyen tien hdnh to tyng chu dpng khdi t6 cd thi gdy them nhiing thn that ve tinh than, ldm lp bf mdt ddi tu cua bi hai, phd v5 sy tha thti, hod gidi vd thod thudn b6i thudng giiia cdc ben.
Khodn 1 Dieu 105 Bp lu^t to tyng hinh sy (BLTTHS) ndm 2003 quy djnh cdc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi to vy dn hinh sp theo y6u ciiu cua ngudi bj h?ii Id cdc tpi ph^ra quy djnh tai khodn I cdc dieu 104, 105,106, 108, 109, 111, 113. 121, 122, 13l"' vd 171
• Giing vifin, Tnrtnig B^i hpc Lu^t TP. Htt Chf Minh E-mail: [email protected]
(1). Theo Nghj quylt cua Qu6c h^i s6 33/2009/NQ- QH12 ngay 19/6/2009 vl vi§c thi hftnh LuSt sua dii, hh sung mOt s6 dilu cua BLHS. kl lit ngdy 19/6/2009
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TAP CHi LUAT HOC S 6 9/2016 NGHIEN CUU - IttAU r/uj Bp Iuat hinh sy (BLHS) ndm 1999.
Quy dinh nay dugc kl thua t?ii khodn 1 Dilu 155 BLTTHS ndm 2015, theo do cdc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi td vy dn hinh sy theo yeu cau ctia bi hai Id cdc tpi pham quy djnh tai khodn 1 cdc dilu 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 143, 155, 156 vd 266 BLHS ndm 2015 (tdi cd y gay thuong tfch hodc gay tdn hai cho sdc khoe ctia ngudi khac, cd y gay thuang tich hodc gay tdn hai cho sue khoe cua ngudi khdc trong trang thai tmh than bi kich dpng manh, cd y gdy thucrng tfch hodc gay ton hai cho siic khoe cua ngudi khdc do vugt qua gidi han phdng ve chinh ddng hodc do vugt qud muc can thiet khi bdt giii ngudi pham tpi, vd y gdy thuong tich hodc gay tdn hai cho siic khoe ciia ngudi khdc, vd y gdy thucrng tich hodc gay tdn h^ cho sue khoS ciia ngudi khdc do vi pham quy tdc nghi nghipp ho|c quy tdc hdnh chinh, hiep dam, cudng ddm, ldm nhyc ngudi khdc, vu khdng, xdm pham quyen sd hun cdng nghidp).
Nhu v$y, m|ic dii cd nhiing quan diem de nghj thu hpp*^* ho$c md rpng pham vi cdc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi td vy an hinh sy theo yeu cdu'"** nhdm the hi?n "tucmg quan nguiii lh[fc hi^n h&nh vi xflm ph^m quyen tac gia quy djnh t9t Dilu 131 BLHS nilm 1999 khdng bj xti 11 ve hinh sg nen khong c6n thu$c trufmg hpp chi dii<^
khdi tt v\i in hinh sg theo y£u c^u.
(2).Xem: Nguyin Diic Thil, Khai id vu dn hinh sir theo yiu cdu cua ngudi bj hgi trong id tyng hinh sg Vift Nam. L u ^ fln tiln sT lu$t hpc, Tni&ng d^i hpc lu§t Thflnh phi H6 Chf Minh, 2015, tr. 119,120.
(3).Xem: Nguyin Mai Bp, "Mpt sd vudng mflc, bat c$p trong eflc quy d)nh cua BLTTHS vfl huong hofln thi^n", Tgp chl nhd nudc vd phdp ludt. 4/2009, tr. 50;
BCii Dtic Hiln, "V^ tpi vi ph^m quy djnh v^ di^u khi^n phuong ti^n giao th6ng du6ng b$: phi tpi phsun
giiea cdng Id vd tu td". "cdn ddi lgi tucmg quan trong phdp ludt giUa lgi ich cd nhdn vd lgi ich xd hpi md Nha nu&c la ngu&i dgi dign"^^^ nhung BLTTHS ndm 2015 vd co ban giii nguyen pham vi cdc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi td vy dn hinh sy theo yeu cdu, "frong gi&i hgn Nhd nu&c vd xd hpi chdp nhgn dugc".^^^
Viec khdi td vu an hinh sy cac tpi pham khdng thupc cdc dieu khodn ndi tren la quyen chit ddng ciia co quan cd tham quyen tien hdnh to tyng, khdng phy thupc vdo -^ chf cua bi hai hodc ciia ngudi dai dipn ciia hp. Vi vay, hi hai cd the ty do lya chpn yeu cdu ho§c khdng yeu cdu khdi to vy an hinh sy nhtmg khdng dugc tii choi gidm dinh. Nhieu trudng hgp, phdi cd ket luan gidm djnh mdi xdc dinh dugc tpi pham cd thu$c trudng hgp khdi td vy an hinh sy theo yeu cau hay khdng. Neu bi hai tir chdi gidm djnh theo quyet dinh tnmg cau ctia co quan cd thdm quyen tien hanh to tyng md khdng vi Ii do
hod hay chi khori t6 khi c6 yfiu ciiu ciia ngu&i bj h^i", Tgp chi tod dn nhdn ddn, s6 9/2009, tr. 8; Le Hthi Th^, D 5 van Duong, Nguyin Thj ThuJ' (d6ng chQ bign), Nhimg vdn di 11 lugn vd thirc tiin cdp bdch cua viec ddi mdi thu tyc td lung hinh su ddp dng yeu cdu cdi cdch tw phdp. Nxb. Chinh trj quic gia - sg th^t, Hfl Npi, 2013, tr. 305; Ng6 Vfln Vinh, "Bfln v^ khfa c ^ ngudi bj hai trong quy djnh v^ khdi t6 vy in hinh s\r theo yfiu c4u cua ngudi bj hai", Tgp chi nghi lugt. s6 2/2014, tr. 36, 37; Nguyin Diic Thfli, Khdi td vy dn hinh sg theo yeu cdu cda ngudi bi hgi Irong td tyng hinh sg Vift Nam. tldd, tr. 120 - 123.
(4).Xem: Nguyin Manh Khflng. "Cfli cich tu phip vfl v ^ de tranh tung", Tgp chi nhd nudc vd phdp ludt, s6 10/2003, tr 36.
(5).Xem; Trim Quang Ti?p, "Mpt s6 v ^ d^ U lu§n ve khdi t6 vy in hinh s\r theo yeu ciu cua ngudi bj hjii", Tgp chi kiim sdt. s6 01/2006, tr. 29.
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TAP CHi LUv\T HQC S6 9/2016 NGHIENCUV- TRAOBdl bit kha khdng h o ^ khdng do trd ngai khdch
quan thi cd th£ bi dan gidi (diem b khodn 2 Di^u 127 BLTTHS nam 2015). Day la quy dinh mdi cua BLTTHS nam 2015, gdp phdn gidi quyit tinh trang bi hai tti chdi gidm dinh, gay khd khdn cho viec chu dgng gidi quyet vy an hinh sy ciia co quan dieu tra.
7.2. Chu thi cda quyen yiu cdu kh&i td vg dn hinh su
Mpt Id hi hai:
Theo quy dinh tai khodn 1 Dieu 105 BLTTHS ndm 2003, "ngudi bi hai" la chii th6 cd quyen yeu cau khdi td vy an hinh sy.
Ngudi bi hai Id ngudi bi thiet hai ve the chat, tinh thdn, tai sdn do tdi pham gdy ra (khodn 1 Digu 51 BLTTHS ndm 2003). Ngudi bi hai Id cd nhan chti khdng phdi Id ca quan, td chtic. Co quan, td chiic bi thiet h^ do ^ i pham gay ra Id nguyen dom dan sy (neu cd dcm yeu cau boi thudng thiet hai) hodc ngudi c6 quy^n lgi, nghia vu Hen quan den vy dn (neu khdng cd dcm yeu cau bdi thudng thiet h^i). Theo quy dinh cua BLTTHS ndm 2003, nguyen dan dan su vd ngudi cd quyen lgi, nghia vy Hen quan den vy dn khdng phdi Id chii thg cd quyen yeu cau khdi td vy dn hinh sy. Vi vay, co quan, td chiic bj thiet h^ vi tpi xdm pham quy^n sd hiiu cdng nghiep theo khodn 1 Dieu 171 BLHS ndm 1999 khdng phai la chti the cd quy§n yeu cau khdi td vy dn hinh sy. Gdn 4 ndm sau khi BLTTHS ndm 2003 cd hieu lyc phdp Iuat, Thdng tu lien tjch ciia Tod dn nhdn dan tdi cao, Vien kiem sat nhdn ddn tdi cao, Bp cdng an, Bp tu phdp so 01/2008/TTLT- TANDTC-VKSNDTC-BCA-BTP ngay 29/02/2008 mdi cho phep ca quan, td chiic la
chu sd hiJU nhdn hieu hodc td chiic qudn Ii chi dan dia li cd quyen yeu cau khdi to vy da hmh sy ve tdi xdm pham quyen sd hiiu cdng nghiep.*^* Nhu v^y, bdng mdt vdn ban duoi Iuat, pham vi chu thi quyen yeu cau khdi to vy dn hitih sy dugc md rpng d6i vdi nguyen dcm dan sy va ngudi cd quyen lgi, nghia vy lien quan den vy dn.
Theo quy dinh tai khodn 1 Dieu 155 BLTTHS ndm 2015, "bi hai" la chii tha c6 quydn yeu cdu khdi t6 vu an hinh sy. Pham vi chii thd cd tu cdch bi hai theo BLTTHS ndm 2015 dugc md rpng so vdi quy dinh cua BLTTHS ndm 2003. Theo do, bj h?ii khong chi Id ca nhan true tiep bi thiet hai ve the chat, tinh than, tai san ma cdn Id ca quan, to chuc bi thipt hai ve tdi sdn, uy tin do tpi pham gay ra hodc de do^ gay ra (khodn 1 Dieu 62).
Nhu vdy, co quan, td chuc bj thipt hai ve t§i xdm pham quyen sd huu cdng nghi?p theo khodn 1 Dieu 226 BLHS ndm 2015 Id chii the cd quyen yeu c^u khdi td vy dn hinh sy vdi tu each b\ hai chu khdng phdi vdi tu cdch nguyen dcm ddn sy hodc ngudi cd quy^n lpi, nghia vu lien quan den vy dn, von cd phgm v\
quyen han che hon so vdi bi hai.
BLTTHS ndm 2003 va BLTTHS ndm 2015 diu khdng ddi hdi tdt ca bj hai yeu clu khdi td thi mdi dugc khdi to vu an hinh % Neu chi vi mdt trong sd cdc bi hai khdng yeu cau khdi td ma khdng dugc khdi td vy dn thi
(6).Xem: Myc 3 Thdng m lien tjch ciia Tofl in nhin din t6i cao, Vi§n kifim sit nhan dfln t6i cao, B$ cong an, Bp tu phflp s6 Oi/2008/TTLT-TANDTC- VKSNDTC-BCA-BTP iigiy 29/02/2008 hudng &
vifc tniy ctru trflch nhi?m hinh %g d6i vdi eflc hinh vi xam ph?m quyln sd hilu tri tu$.
TAP CHi LUAT HQC S6 9/2016 NGHIEN ctfu - TRAO Bdi khdng bdo ve dugc quydn va Igi fch hpp
phdp ciia bj hai mudn yeu cau khdi td. Thuc tien cho thdy neu chi mpt trong sd bi hai yeu cau khdi to thi toa an khdng dugc ket dn bi cdo pham tpi vdi nhieu ngudi.*'' Vi vay, quan diem "trong trucmg hgrp vg dn cd nhiiu nguai bi hgi, di kh&i td vu dn hinh su phdi cd yiu edu kh&i td eua tdt cd nhieng ngu&i bf hgi, niu ehi cd mpt ngu&i bf hgi cd yeu cdu kh&i td vg dn hinh su thi cSng khdng dirge kh&i td vu dn hinh su"^^^ Id khdi^ hpp If.
Hai la ngudi dai dipn ciia bj hai:
Theo quy dinh tgi khodn 1 Didu 105 BLTTHS ndm 2003, "ngu&i dgi dign hgp phdp cua ngu&i bf hgi" la chii the cua quyen yeu cdu khdi td vy dn hinh sy trong trudng hgp "ngu&i bf hgi Id ngudi chua thdnhnien, ngu&i cd nhugc diim ve tdm thdn hodc thi chdt". Nhu v$y, pham vi chu the cd quydn yeu cau khdi to vy dn hinh sy theo quy dinh ciia BLTTHS ndm 2003 r^ng hon so vdi BLTTHS ndm 1988 chi quy dinh ngudi bj hgi cd quyen yeu cdu khdi td vy an hinh sy.
Tuy nhien, BLTTHS ndm 2003 chua quy djnh trudng hgp bj hai dd chet thi ngudi dgi di?n ciia hp cd quyen yeu cau khdi td vy dn hinh sy. Khodn 1 Didu 155 BLTTHS ndm 2015 dd quy dinh bd sung trudng hgp nay;
theo dd, "ngu&i dgi dign cda bj hgi" Id chu the ciia quyen yeu cdu khdi td vy dn hinh sy trong trudng hgp "bi hgi Id ngu&i du&i 18 tudi, ngu&i cd nhugc diim ve tdm thdn hodc ihe chdt hope dd chit".
Ydu cdu khdi td vu dn hinh sy ciia ngudi dai dien ciia bj hai la yeu cau d^c lap, khdng phy thugc vdo y chi cda bi hai. Vipc ngudi dai dipn ciia bi hgi yeu cdu khdi td vy dn hinh sy khdng loai trir viec hi hai ty minh yeu cau khdi td vy dn hinh sy. Do dd, quan diem "neu ngu&i bi hgi la ngu&i ehua thdnh niin, ngu&i cd nhugc diim vi tdm thdn hogc thi chdt thi chi ngu&i dgi dign hgp phdp cda ngu&i bi hgi m&i cd quyin yeu edu"^ Id khdng hgp li.
1.3. Npi dung vd hinh thtrc yeu cdu kh&i td vu dn hinh su
BLTTHS ndm 1988, BLTTHS ndm 2003 va BLTTHS ndm 2015 ddu khdng quy dinh npi dung vd hinh thtic yeu cau khdi to vy an hinh sy. Myc 7.2 Thdng tu lidn tjch s6 05/2005ATLT-VKSNDTC-BCA-BQP ngdy 07/9/2005 ciia Vipn kiem sat nhdn dan toi cao, Bp cdng an, Bp quoc phdng vd quan h?
phoi hgp gi&a ca quan dieu tra va vipn kidm sdt trong thyc hipn mpt so quy djnh ciia BLTTHS ndm 2003 hudng din: Yeu cau khdi td vy dn hinh sy thd hipn dudi hinh thtic dcm hodc trinh bdy tryc ti^p. Don ydu cau khdi to cd chii ki ho^c didm chi ciia ngudi yeu ciu. Trudng hgp yeu cdu khdi to dugc trinh bay tryc tiep thi co quan dieu tra, vipn kiem sdt lap bidn ban ghi r6 ndi dung yeu cdu khdi to cd chG ki hodc didm chi cua ngudi yeu cau. Bien bdn do vi?n kiem sdt lap dugc chuyen ngay cho ca quan dieu tra
(7).Xem: Quyet djnh giim d6c thdm cua Tofl hinh sg Tofl in nhfln dfln t6i cao s6 08/2006/HS-GDT ngfly 22/11/2006.
(8).Xem: Ngd Vfln Vjnh, tldd, tr. 39.
(9).Xem:Nguyln Diic Thfli, "M0t sd vudng mflc trong thyc tien flp dyng c h l djnh khdi to vy fln hinh sg theo yeu c^u cua ngudi bj h^i", Tgp chl kiim sdt s6 9/2009, tr. 28.
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TAP CHi LUAT HQC S 6 9/2016
de xem xet viec khdi td vy dn hinh sy va dua vdo hd so vy an. Cdn ve npi dtmg yeu cdu khdi td vu an hinh sy, do chua cd vdn bdn hudng dan nen trong thyc tien, chu the yeu cdu thudng khdng the Men chfnh xdc y chi ctia minh trong don. Cd trudng hgp ngudi bi hai ve tpi lam nhuc ngudi khdc gui don yeu cau ca quan dieu tra "gidi quyet vigc ngu&i ddn dng hdnh hung ngu&i ddn bd", CO quan didu tra va vien kiem sat cd quan diem ddy Id dan yeu cdu khdi td vu an hinh su nhung tod an khdng chdp nhan, tra hd so de dieu tra bd sung. Tuy nhien, ngudi hi hai dd bd di khdi dia phuong, khdng the xdc dinh lgi yeu cau chfnh xdc ctia hp.*'**' Tdc gid dong ^ vdi quan diem can coi ndi dung yeu cau khdi to phai la yeu cdu xu Ii sy vipc cd dau hipu tpi pham theo phdp lugt hinh sy, khdng ddi hdi ngudi yeu cku phdi xdc djnh tOi danh vd didu, khodn ciia BLHS;
vipc dinh tpi danh id trdch nhipm ctia co quan tien hdnh to tyng hinh sy, khdng phai Id nghia vy cita ngudi yeu cdu khdi to; ndu chi yeu cau b^i thudng thipt hai hodc cdi chinh, xin loi thi khdng phdi Id yeu cau khdi td vy dn hinh sy.*' '*
7.4. Hdu qud phdp li eua yiu edu kh&i td vg dn hinh su
- Quyet dinh khdi td vy dn hinh sy theo yeu cdu:
Yeu cau khdi to vu dn hinh sy Id sy kien phap If lam phdt sinh vide kiem tra, xdc minh
NGHltN ctru - TRA O Bdi cua CO quan cd thdm quyen khdi to. Dd la
"can cu hinh thuc di kh&i td vg dn ". *'^' Cdn cu npi dung dd khdi td vy dn Id d^u hipu cua tpi pham da dugc xdc djnh. Khi thod mdn cac cdn cii ngi dung vd cdn cii hinh thiic dd khdi t6 vy an thi CO quan cd thdm quy^ phdi ra quydt ^nh khdi td vy dn hinh sy. Khoan 2 Dieu 104 BLTTHS ndm 2003 vd khodn 1 Didu 154 BLTTHS ndm 2015 diu ddi hdi quyet dinh khdi t6 vy dn hinh sy phdi ghi r6 dieu, khodn cda BLHS dugc dp dyng. Thyc td, cd nhftng quyet dinh khdi t6 vy dn hinh sy chi ghi dieu ma khdng ghi khodn ciia BLHS dugc ap dyng.*'^* Vipc ghi rd kho^
cua BLHS dugc dp dyng khdng chl di xdc dinh tham quyen, thdi hgn to tyng va dp dyng bipn phap cuang chd md cdn de xdc dinh CO thuOc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi td vy dn hinh sy theo ydu cdu khdng. Vi vgy, viec ghi rd dieu, khoan ciia BLHS dugc dp dyng trong quydt dinh khdi to vy an hmh sy Id bit bu$c.
- Trinh bay ldi bugc tgi tai phien tod:
ITieo quy dinh tai khodn 3 Di^u 51 BLTTHS ndm 2003, trudng hgp vu dn dugc khdi td theo yeu cdu cua ngudi bi hai thi ngudi bi hai ho§c ngudi dai didn hgp phap ciia hp trinh bay Idi budc tpi tgi phien tod., Ddy Id quy dinh kd thira khodn 4 Di^u 39 BLTTHS ndm 1988. Tuy nhien, BLTTHS
(10)J£Hn: Dinh Vfln Qu^, Btnh lugn dn. Nxb. Thflnh ph6 H6 Chi Minh. 1998, tr. 276.
(1 l).Xem: Mai Thanh Hilu, T e u c ^ khdi t6 vy fln hinh sv", Tgp chi nghi lugt, s6 01/2010, tr. 38.
(12).Xem: Vi?n nghien cthi nhfl nudc vfl phflp lu^
Tgi phgm hgc, lugt hinh sg vd lugt td lyng Mnh sy Vift Nam. Nxb. Chlnh trj qu6c gia, Hfl N$i, 1995, tr.465.
(13).Xem: Quy^t djnh giflm d6c thim cda HOi d6ng t h ^ phfln Tofl in nhfln dfln xM cao s6 15/2005/HS- GDT ngiy 01/8/2005.
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TAP CHI LUAT HQC S6 9/2016 NGHIEN CUV-TRAO BOI ndm 2003 khdng quy dinh rd trinh ty, thu tuc
trinh bdy Idi bupc tpi cua hg tai phien toa.
Khodn 3 Didu 62 BLTTHS ndm 2015 tiep tyc quy dinh: "Tru&ng hgp vu dn dugc khdi td theo yiu cdu eiia bf hgi thi bf hgi hodc ngu&i dgi dign cua ho trinh bdy l&i budc tpi tgi phiin tod". Dong thdi, khodn 4 Didu 320 BLTTHS ndm 2015 bd sung quy dinh sau: "Truang hgp vu dn dugc kh&i td theo yeu cdu cua bf hgi thi bi hgi hodc ngu&i dgi dign cda hg trinh bdy, bd sung y kien sau khi kiem sdt vien trlnh bdy ludn tpi". Mac dti dieu luat khdng quy dinh r5 bi hai hodc ngudi dgi dipn ciia hp trinh bdy Idi luan tpi nhung CO the hieu day la thdi diem to tyng dd hp trinh bdy Idi luan tOi.
- Chiu dn phi;
Theo quy dinh tai khodn 3 Dieu 99 BLTTHS nam 2003, trudng hgp vy dn dugc khdi to theo yeu ciu ciia ngudi bj hgi, ndu tod dn tuyen bd bj cdo khdng cd tpi thi ngudi bj hgi phdi chju dn phi. Quy djnh ndy dugc kd thua tgi khodn 3 Dieu 136 BLTTHS ndm 2015. Quy dinh bj hai chiu dn phi dung trong trudng hgp bj hgi Id chit thd ydu cau khdi to vy dn hinh sy. Tuy nhien quy djnh ndy khdng hgp If trong trudng hgp bi hai khdng ydu cau khdi to ho^c dd chet vi vipc yeu ciu khdi to do ngudi dgi dipn hgp phap ciia hp ty thyc hipn. Vi vgiy, khodn 3 Dieu 136 BLTTHS ndm 2015 cin sua ddi theo hudng: trudng hgp vy dn khdi td theo yeu ciu ciia bj hgi ho^c cua ngudi dai dipn ciia bj hgi, neu tod dn tuydn bo bj cdo khdng cd t$i thi bi hgi ho$c ngudi dgi dipn ciia hi hai phdi trd dn phf.
2. Khong yeu cau khdi to vy An hinh sy Khdng yeu ciu khdi t6 vy dn hinh sy la cdn cur dd ra quyet dinh khdng khdi td vy dn hinh sy, huy quyet dinh khdi to vu dn hinh sy, dinh chi diiu tra vd dinh chi vy an. Ddy la quy dinh mdi cua BLTTHS ndm 2015.
- Khdng khdi to vy an hinh sy:
Theo quy dinh tai diem 8 Dieu 157 BLTTHS ndm 2015, ndu tpi phgm thupc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi to theo ydu cau md bi hai hodc ngudi dai dien ciia hp khdng ydu ciu khdi td thi khdng dugc khdi t6 vy dn hinhsy.
Khdng ydu ciu khdi t6 dugc the hi?n dudi hinh thiic hdnh d^ng ho^c khdng hdnh dpng. Dudi hinh thiic hdnh dpng, bi hgi hodc ngudi dai dipn ctia hp cd don hodc trinh bdy tryc tiep vdi ca quan dieu tra ydu cau khdng khdi td vy dn hinh sy. Trudng hgp ndy, co quan didu tra xdt thiy dii cdn cu thi ra quyet dinh khdng khdi td vy dn hinh sy (khodn 1 Dieu 158 BLTTHS ndm 2015). Dudi hinh thuc khdng hdnh dpng, bj hgi ho^c ngudi dai dipn ctia hp khdng the hipn ydu cau khdng khdi to vy dn hinh sy dudi bit ki hinh thiic ndo. Trudng hgp ndy, hdt thdi hgn kiem tra, xdc minh ngudn tin vd tgi pham (khdng qud 4 thdng, ke ca gia han), ca quan didu tra mdc nhien coi Id khdng cd yeu ciu khdi to vd khi dd mdi dugc ra quydt djnh khdng khdi to vy dn hinh sy (Dieu 147 BLTTHS ndm 2015).
- Huy quydt dinh khdi to vy dn hinh sy vd dinh chi dieu tra:
Theo quy djnh tai khodn 1 Dieu 158 BLTTHS ndm 2015, neu tpi pham thupc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi to theo yeu ciu md
TAP CHl LUAT HQC S6 9/2016 NGHltN CtrV- TRAO Bdi bj hgi hodc ngudi dgd dien cua hp khdng ydu
cau khcri to thi "ngu&i cd qiryen kh&i td vu dn ra quyil dinh khdng kh&i td vu dn hinh sg; niu dd kh&i Id thi phdi ra quyit dfnh huy bd quyit dinh kh&i td vu dn hinh su".
Theo quy dinh tai diem a khodn 1 Didu 230 BLTTHS ndm 2015, ca quan didu tra ra quydt dinh dinh chi dieu tra neu cd cdn cii tpi phgm thupc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi td theo yeu ciu md bi hai hodc ngudi dgi dipn ciia hp khdng yeu cdu khdi to.
BLTTHS ndm 2015 khdng quy djnh rd trudng hgp ndo ra quyet djnh buy quyet djnh khdi to vy dn hinh sy, trudng hgp ndo ra quyet djnh dinh chi dieu tra. Tdc gia cho rdng sau Ichi cd quydt dinh khdi td vy dn hinh sy, neu co quan didu tra chtra tidn hdnh 'tac hoat dpng dieu tra thi huy quyet dinh khdi t6 vy dn hinh sy, ndu da tidn hanh cdc hogt dpng dieu tra thi dinh chi didti tra.
- Dinh chi vy dn trong giai dogn truy to;
Theo quy djnh tgi khoan 1 Dieu 248 BLTTHS ndm 2015, vipn kiem sat ra quyet djnh dinh chi vy dn neu cd cdn cti tpi phgm thupc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi td theo yeu ciu md bj hgi hodc ngudi dai dipn cita hp khdng yeu cdu khdi td.
Nhung quy djnh mdi ctia BLTTHS ndm 2015 ndi tren tgo co sd phdp Ii nhanh chdng ket thiic giai quyet vy dn, tiet kJpm thdi gian vd chi phf td tyng. Tuy nhien, BLTTHS ndm 2015 chua quy djnh neu tpi phgm thupc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi to theo yeu ciu ma bj h^ hodc ngudi d^ dipn ciia hp khdng ydu cau khdi to thi phdi dinh chi vy an trong giai dogn xet xii so thdm va phuc thim. Vi vgy.
khi chudn bi xet xii ho$c tai phien tod so thdm, ndu xet thdy t^i phgm thupc tnr6ng hgp chi dugc khdi to theo yeu ciu md bj hgi hodc ngudi dai dipn ciia hp khdng ydu ciu khdi to thi tod dn khdng dugc ra quydt djnh dinh chi vy dn theo diem a khodn 1 Dieu 282 hodc khoan 2 Dieu 299 BLTTHS ndm 2015 ma phdi ra quydt djnh tra ho sa dd dieu tra bd sung theo didm d khodn 1 Didu 280 ho$c didm c khoan 6 Dieu 326 BLTTHS ndm 2015 (vipc khdi tovi pham nghidm trpng .thii tyc td tyng). Tai phidn toa phdc thdm, neu xet thdy tpi phgm thupc tnrdng hgp chi dupc khdi td theo ydu ciu ma b; hgi hodc ngir6i dgi didn ciia hp khdng ydu cau khdi td thi toi an khdng dugc huy bdn dn sa thim vd dinh chi vy an theo khoan 2 Dieu 359 BLTTHS ndm 2015 ma phdi huy ban an so tham de didu tra Igi theo diem c khodn 1 Dieu 358 BLTTHS ndm 2015. Trong khi dd, tgi phidn tod gidm doc thim, neu xdt thay tpi phgra thupc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi td theo yfiu cau ma bj hgi ho^c ngudi dai di^n ciia hp khdng ydu ciu khdi to thi hpi ddng gidm doc thdm huy bdn an da cd hipu Iyc phdp Iu§t vi dinh chi vy dn ngay theo Dieu 392 BLTTHS ndm 2015. Do dd, tdc gid kien nghi siia d6i, bo sung diem a khodn 1 Dieu 282, khodn 2 Dieu 359 theo hudng dan chi^u den khodn 8 Dieu 157 BLTTHS ndm 2015.
3. Rut yeu cau khdi to vy dn hinh sy 5.7. Diiu kign rut yeu cdu kh&i td vg dn hinh su
- Cdc trudng hgp dugc nit ydu ciu khdi td vy dn hinh sy;
BLTTHS ndm 2003 khdng quy djnh r8 52
TAP CHi LUAT HQC S 6 9/2016 NGHIEN ctru- TRAO Bdi cdc trudng hgp dugc nit ydu cdu khdi td vy
dn hinh sy. Tac gid cho rdng cdc trudng hgp dugc nit ydu cau khdi td vu an hinh sy la cdc trudng hgp chi dugc khdi td vy an hinh sy theo ydu cau. Vi \^y, ndu tdi pham quy dinh tgi khodn 2 Didu 104 BLHS ndm 1999 thi vi$c ngudi dd yeu ciu khdi td nit yeu ciu khdng dnh hudng ddn vide gidi quydt vu an.' **' Tdi phgm khdng cdn thupc trudng hpp khdi td theo ydu ciu thi vipc giai quyet vu an khdng con phy thudc vdo ^ chi ciia hi hai hodc ngudi dgi dipn cua hp. Tir thyc tien ndi yen, BLTTHS ndm 2015 cin quy djnh rd trudng hgp dugc nit ydu ciu khdi td vy dn hinh sy la trudng hgp chi dugc khdi td vy dn hinh sy theo ydu ciu.
Ngodi cac trudng hgp chi dugc nit ydu ciu khdi to vy an hinh sy neu trdn, bi hgi hodc ngudi dai dipn cua hp cd thd ty nguypn hod gidi vd de nghj mien trdch nhi?m hmh sy cho ngudi thyc hien tpi phgm it nghidm trpng hodc tpi phgm nghidm trpng do vd ^ gdy thipt hai ve tinh mang, sdc khod, danh dy, nhan phdm hodc tdi sdn ciia ngudi khac (khodn 3 Didu 29 BLHS ndm 2015).
- Chu the ctia quyen nit yeu cdu khdi t6 vy dn hinh sy:
Khodn 2 Didu 105 BLTTHS ndm 2003 quy djnh chii the ciia quyin nit ydu ciu khdi to vy dn hinh sy Id "ngu&i dd yiu cdu kh&i td". Quy djnh nay dugc kd thua tgi Ichodn 2
(14).Xem: Quyet djnh giflm d6c thim cua Hdi ddng Thflm phin Tofl fln nhfln dfln toi cao s6 15/2005/HS- GDT ngfly 01/8/2005; xem them: Trpng Tfli, "VI sao vy fln phai x i t xu nhi^u ]kn", Tgp chi tod dn nhdn ddn. s6 2012005, te. 1 0 - 1 4 .
Didu 155 BLTTHS ndm 2015. "Ngu&i dd yeu cdu kh&i td" cd the la bj hai hodc ngudi dgi didn cua hp. Nhu vay, BLTTHS ndm 2003 vd BLTTHS ndm 2015 deu gifi nguyen phgm vi chd the cua quyen nit ydu cau khdi td vu dn hinh sy. Yeu ciu khdi to ciia bj hgi vd ngudi dai didn cua hp Id nhung ydu cau dpc lap. Ydu ciu khdi td ciia chu the nay khdng can sy d6ng y cua chu the kia. Vi vdy, chi ngudi da ydu ciu mdi dugc nit ydu ciu khdi t» cita minh.
Phgm vi chii thd ciia quydn nit ydu ciu khdi td theo BLTTHS nam 2003 vd ndm 2015 rpng han so win quy djnh tgi khoan 2 Dieu 88 BLTTHS ndm 1988. Theo dd, BLTTHS ndm 1988 quy dinh chii the cua quyen nit yeu cdu khdi td vy dn hinh sy chi
!a "ngu&i bi hgi" vi Bp ludt nay chi cho phdp ngudi bj hgi la chti thd duy nhat ciia quyen ydu cdu khdi td vu dn hinh sy.
- Y chl cua chii thd nit ydu ciu khdi to vy dn hinh sy;
Rut ydu cau khdi td vy dn hinh sy phai Id hanh vi ty nguyen. Khoan 2 Didu 105 BLTTHS ndm 2003 quy dinh: "Trong tru&ng hgp cd cdn cie di xde dinh ngudi da yiu cdu kh&i td rut yiu cdu kh&i td trdi v&i y mudn cua hg do bf ip bupc, cu&ng bdc thi tuy ngu&i da yiu cdu kh&i td rut yiu cdu, Ca quan diiu tra, vign kiem sdt, tod dn vdn cd the tiip tuc lien hdnh td tung ddi v&i vu dn ". Quy djnh ndy dugc kd thiia tgi khodn 2 Dieu 155 BLTTHS ndm 2015. Tuy nhidn, n^u nhu BLTTHS ndm 2003 quy djnh tuy nghi:
"vdn cd thi tiip tuc tien hdnh td tgng" thi BLTTHS ndm 2015 quy dinh diit khodt:
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TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 9/2016 NGHIEN CUV - TRAO Bdi
"vdn tiep tuc tien hdnh td tgng". N h u v^y, theo quy djnh ctia BLTTHS nam 2015, trudng hgp cd cdn cti xdc dinh ngudi da yeu c i u nit ydu c i u khdi td trdi vdi y mudn cua hp do bj ep budc, cudng buc thi chi cd cdch gidi quydt duy nhat la tiep tyc tien hdnh td tyng ddi vdi vu dn.
Vide quy dinh ro y chf ty nguyen cua ngudi nit ydu cdu khdi td trong BLTTHS ndm 200? vd BLTTHS ndm 2015 hgp Ii hem so vdi quy djnh khdng rd rdng ctia khoan 2 Dieu 88 BLTTHS ndm 1988. Theo do, Didu 88 BLTTHS nam 1988 quy dinh: "Trong tru&ng hgp cdn thiet. tuy ngu&i bf hgi rut yeu edu, vign kiem sdt hodc tod dn vdn cd Ihi tiep tgc tiin hdnh Id tgng ddi v&i vg dn"' Dieu lugt khdng xdc djnh rd the ndo la
"tru&ng hgp edn thiet" Vi vgy, vipc tiep tuc tien hdnh to tung khdng chi la trudng hgp
"sg bi can. bf cdo trd thit nen rut yeu cdu kh&i td" ma cdn Id trudng hgp "tpi phgm bi die lupn xd hgi len dn mgnh m^".''^' Quy djnh khdng rd thi khd trdnh khdi tuy tien trong dp dyng.
Riit ydu ciu khdi t6 vy dn hmh sy phai la hdnh vi tu bd ydu cau khdi t6 vy dn hinh sy.
Trudng hgp ngudi dd yeu ciu khdi td Iam
"dcm bdi ngi" thi phdi xdc dinh chfnh xdc do c6 phai Id tir bd yeu c i u khdi Id vu dn hinh sy khdng. Thyc tien cd tnrdng hgp ngudi bj hai ldm "dcm bdi ngi", tod an cho rdng dd la rut yeu c i u khdi to vy dn hinh su
nhung khi xdc minh lai "ngu&i bf hgi vdn yeu cdu gidi quyit theo phdp lugt vd cho rdng vigc bdi ngi chi la de xin gidm nhg hinh phgt cho bf cdo ". "^*
- Thdi didm nit ydu c i u khdi to vy dn hinhsy:
Khodn 2 Dieu 105 BLTTHS ndm 2003 quy djnh thdi didm nit ydu cdu khdi t6 vy dn hinh sy Id "tru&c ngdy ma phien tod sa thdm". Vi vgy, vi$c tod an cap phiic thim chip nhdn ngudi bi hai nit yeu cau khdi td vy dn hinh sy tg.i phien tod, buy bdn dn so thdm, tuydn bd cdc bj cdo khong cd tpi va dinh chi vy dn Id vi phgm phdp lugt.'''*
Quy djnh thdi didm rtit ydu ciu khdi td vy an hinh sy cua BLTTHS nam 2003 cy thi h a n so vdi khodn 2 Dieu 88 BLTTHS ndm 1988 chi quy djnh chung chung "iru&c ngdy m& phiin tod" ma khdng xdc djnh rd phien tod so thim hay phuc thim. M^c du v§y, cd the khdng dinh cd hai BLTTHS ndm 1988 vd ndm 2003 deu quy dinh thdi diem nit yeu c i u khdi t6 vy dn hinh sy. Khi phdp didn hod lu^t td tyng hinh sy Vipt Nam lin thii ba, BLTTHS ndm 2015 dd bd quy djnh thdi didm nit yeu cau khdi to vu an hinh sy. Vi^c bd quy djnh thdi diem nit yeu c i u khdi to vy dn hinh sy md ra c a hdi dinh chi vy dn tgi phien toa so thdm ciing nhu trong giai dogn xet xu phiic thim.
(15).Xem: Vj?n nghign ciiu khoa hpc phflp 11 6$ tu phip, Binh lugn khoa hgc BLTTHS. Nxb. Thflnh ph6 H6 Chi Minh, 1994, tr. 180.
(I6).Xem: Quy^t djnh giim d6c thim cua H^i d6ng tham phfln Tofl fln nhfln dfln t6i cao s6 17/2008/HS- GDT ngfly 24/11/2008.
(17).Xem: Quy^t djnh giim d6c thim cua Tofl htnh sv Toi in nhfln dfln t6i cao s6 34/2006/HS-GDT ngiy 26/9/2006.
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TAP CHi LUAT HQC S6 9/2016 NCHIENCffU- TRAOBdl 3.2. Hgu qud phdp li cita vi^c ni( yeu cdu
khdi 16 vu dn hinh su - Vu an phai dugrc dinh clii:
Khoan 2 Dieu 105 BLTTHS nim 2003 quy dinh: "Trong nvang hgp ngucri da yeu cdu khai to rit yeu ciu truac ngdy ma phien log sa thdm thi vu dn phdi duac dinh chi".
Cu tha, neu ngay sau Ichi khcti t6 vu an hinh sir ma ngucri hi hai hoac nguoi dai di?n cua hp nit yeu ciu Idioi t6 thi co quan diSu tra ra quyet dinh huy bo quylt dinh Ithoi to vy an;
neu dang diSu U-a hoac da ket thiic diSu tra thi CO quan diSu tra ra quySt djnh dinh chi dieu tra; neu da chuyen hS so cho vi?n kiSm sit thi vien Viim sat ra quySt djnh dinh chi vu an; trong giai doan chuin bj xet xii so thim thi thim phan dugc phan cong chu toa phien toa so tham ra quyft dinh dmh chi vu an (diSm a khoan 2 DiSu 164, khoan I DiJu 169, DiSu 180 BLTTHS nam 2003 va myc 7.2 Thong tu lifin tjch s6 05/2005/TTLT- VKSTC-BCA-BQP). Vi vay, vi?c toa in cfip phiic tham cho ring ngucri bj h^ nit don yeu cau khoi t6 vy in hinh sif tnroc khi mcr phien toa so thim nen da buy ban 4n so thim, tuyen bo bj cio khong co toi va dinh chi vu in theo khoan 2 D i k 107 BLTTHS nam 2003 (hanh vi khdng ciu thanh tpi phsim) la vi phjm phap lujt.'"'
Khoan 2 DiSu 155 BLTTHS nam 2015 bo quy djnh ve thoi di jm nit yeu ciu khoi t6 dong thoi kg thira quy djnh ve dinh chi td (IS).Xem: Quy^t djnh gita itx Ihim cua H^i ihng Ihim ph4n ToA in nhan dSn loi cao s6 17/2008/HS- GDT ngiy 24/11/2008 .
tung: "Trudng htfp nguai da yeu ciu khai to rit yeu cdu thi vtf dn phdi dugc dinh chi" cua BLTTHS nSm 2003. Tuy nhien, BLTTHS nam 2015 moi chi quy djnh nguoi da yeu cau khcri ti nit yeu cau trong giai doan dieu tra thi co quan dieu tra ra quyft dinh dinh chi dieu tra (dilm a khoin 1 Dieu 230); nit yeu ciu U-ong giai doan Uiiy t6 thi Vien kiim sat quyit djnh khong truy to va ra quyit djnh dinh chi vu an (khoan 1 Dieu 248 BLTTHS); nit yeu cau trong giai dogn chuin bi xft xir so thim thi thim phin chii toa phien toa ra quyet djnh dinh chi vu in (diim a khoan 1 Diiu 282 BLTTHS). BLTTHS nam 2015 cin quy djnh cu thi vi^c dinh chi vu an u-ong tru6ng hpp nguoi da yeu ciu khoi to nit yeu cau tai phien toa so thim va trong giai do?n xet xu phiic thim.
- Khong CO quyin yeu ciu khoi to lai vy an hinhsy:
Khoan 2 Diiu 105 BLTTHS nam 2003 quy dinh: "Ngitai bi hgi da rit yeu ciu khai Id tht khdng cd quyen yeu ciu lgi, Irii truang hgp rut yeu ciu do bi ep buoc, cuang bic".
Day la quy djnh moi so voi BLTTHS nam 1988 khong cim viec yeu ciu khoi t6 lai vu an. Tuy nhien, BLTTHS nam 2003 quy djnh khong diy dii chu thi khong c6 quyin yeu ciu khcri to lai v\i in. Khoin 3 Dieu 155 BLTTHS nam 2015 ma rpng pham vi chu thi khong CO quyin yeu ciu khdi t6 lai vy in gom "bi hgi hogc nguai dgi dieti cua bi hgi".
Quy djnh ciia BLTTHS nim 2015 hpp li hon vi chii the ciia quyin nit yeu ciu khdi to vu in la bj hai hoic ngudi dai dien ciia hp thi chii the khong dupc yeu ciu khdi td lai vy in cung
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TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 9/2016 NGHIENCffU- TRAOBdl phai li bj hai hoic ngudi dai di^n ciia hp.
- Chju in phi:
Theo quy djnh tai Ichoin 3 Dieu 99 BLTTHS nam 2003, trudng hpp vu in khdi to theo yeu cau ciia bj hai, neu vy an bj dmh chi do ngudi da yeu cau khdi to nit yeu cau thi ngudi bj hai phii tri in phi. Quy djnh niy dupc ki thira t^ khoan 3 Dieu 136 BLTTHS nam 2015. Quy djnh bi h^ chju an phi diing trong trudng hpp bj hai la, chii the yen ciu ddng thdi la chu the nit yeu cau khdi td vy in hinh sy. Tuy nhien, quy djnh nay khdng hpp Ii trong trudng hpp bj hgi khdng yeu ciu khdi to vy in ho|lc da chft, vi?c yeu cau khdi to vy an do ngudi dgi dien hpp phip cua hp ty thyc hien. Vi vgy, khoin 3 Dieu 136 BLTTHS nam 2015 cin sua dii theo hudng:
trudng hpp vy in khdi td theo yeu ciu ciia bj hgi hojc ciia ngudi dai dign ciia bj hgi, neu vy in bj dinh chi do ngudi da yeu ciu nit yeu ciu khdi to thi bj hgi hoac ngudi dgi dign cua bj hgi phii tra in phi./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Nguyen Mai Bp, "Mpt sd vudng mic, bit
egp u-ong cic quy djnh ciia BLTTHS vi hudng hoin thign", Tgp chi nhd nudc vd phip lugt, s6 4/2009.
2. Bill Dilc Hiin, "Vi tpi vi phgm quy djnh ve diiu khien phuang tign giao thdng dudng bp: phi tpi phgm hoi hay chi khdi ti khi cd yeu ciu cua ngudi bj hgi", Tgp chi lod dn nhdn ddn, so 9/2009.
3. Mai Thanh Hiiu, "Yeu ciu khdi to vy in hinh sy", Tgp chi nghi lugt, so 01/2010.
4. Nguyen Mgnh Khing, "Cai cich tu phip
vi vin de tranh tyng", Tgp chi nhd nudc vdphdp lugt, so 10/2003.
5. Dmh van Que, Binh lugn an, Nxb. Thinh pho Hd Chi Minh, 1998.
6. Trpng Tai, "Vi sao vy in phai xet xii nhieu lan", Tgp chi toa dn nhdn ddn, so 20/2005.
7. Nguyen Dire Thai, "Mpt so vudng mic ' trong thyc tien ip dyng chi djnh khdi ti vu in hinh su theo yeu cau ciia ngudi bj hai", Tgp chi kiim sdt, 09/2009.
8. Nguyen Dire Thii, Khai to vy dn hinh sf theo yeu cdu cua ngudi bi hgi trong ti lyng hinh s^ Viet Ngm, Lugn in tien si lugt hpc, Trudng dai hpc lugt thinh phi Hi Chi Minh, 2015.
9. Lg Hiiu Thi, Do Vin Duong, Nguyin Thj Thuy (dong chu bien), Nhirng vin di li lugn vd thuc tien cap bdch cia vi^c dii mai thu tyc to lung hinh su ddp teng yiu ciu cdi cdch luphdp, Nxb. Chinh trj quic gia-sythat,HiNpi,2013.
10. Trin Quang Tigp, "Mpt so vin de li lugn ve khdi to vy in hinh sy theo yeu ciu cua ngudi bj hai", Tgp chi kiim sal, so 01/2006.
11. Vign nghign ciiu khoa hpc phip li, Bg tu phip, Binh ly^n khoa hgc BLTTHS, Nxb.
Thinh pho Hd Chi Minh, 1994.
12. Vign nghien ciiu nha nudc vi phip lugt, Tgi phgm hgc, lugt hinh su vd lut^l Id lyng hinh stf Viet Ngm, Nxb. Chinh trj quoc gia. Ha Npi, 1995.
13. Ngd van Vjnh, "Bin vl khia cgnh ngudi bj hgi trong quy djnh ve khdi to vy in hinh sy theo yeu cau ciia ngudi bj hgi", Tgp chi nghi lugt, sd 2/2014.
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