Tap chi Khoa hpc va Phat trign 2010: Tap 8. sd 6: 959 - 968 TRUCiNG DAI HOC NONG NGHIEP HA NQl
ANH Hl/OTNG CUA MUA VU DEN TIEU KHI HAU CHUONG NUOI
TAI MOT SO TRANG TRAI CHAN NUOI LON QT HUYEN VAN GIANG - TINH HUNG YEN
Evaluating the Impact of Different Seasons on the Air Quality Inside Some Pig Farms in Van Giang District of Hung Yen Province
Vu Dinh Ton''^, Le Hiru Hieu' va Nguyen Van Duy^
Khoa Chdn nuoi & Nuoi trong thuy sdn - Tru&ng Dgi hgc Nong nghiep Hd Ngi Trung tdm Nghien curu lien ngdnh PTNT - Tru&ng Dgi hgc Nong nghiep Hd Ngi
Dja chi email tac gia lien he://zA/ew@//Maec^M.v/;
TOMTAT
Nghien ctru du'p'c tien hanh tren 3 trang trai chan nuoi lan 6" huyen Van Giang - tinh Hu'ng Yen trong mua dong va mua he n h i m danh gia anh hu'O'ng cua y l u to miia vu d i n tieu khi hau chudng nuoi, thong qua mot s6 chi tieu: nhiet dp, am do, t6c do gio, ham luo-ng khi CO2, H2S va NH3. C c so khoa hoc ciia nghien cii'u se giup ngu'O'i chan nuoi co nhu'ng dmh hu'ang trong viec t h i l t k l , xay dirng chuong trai cung n h u cham soc nuoi d u a n g lan phii hp'p dac d i l m cua tirng miia. Ket qua cho t h i y , a ca mua he va mua dong, cac chi tieu nhi?t dp va km dp khong khi trong chudng nuoi deu n i m trong giai han cho phep. Trong khi do ham lu'p'ng cac khi CO2, H2S va NH3 d i u v u o t gia trj cho phep. So v a i gia trj cho phep, ndng dp khi CO2 a mua he g i p 3,6 - 5,0 l l n , a miia dong g i p 4,6 - 12,5 l l n . Khi H2S trong miia he cao g i p 2 - 2 6 l l n gia trj cho phep, trong miia dong la 20 - 29 l l n . Ham lu'p'ng NH3 trong miia he va mua dong virp't qua gia trj cho phep l l n lirp't la 1,5 - 8,0 l l n va 8,5 - 13,5 l l n . Miia ddng c h i t lup'ng moi tru'O'ng khdng khi t h i p han so vd'i miia he, vd'i ham lu'p'ng cac khi dpc gay d n h i l m d i u cao han (CO2 cao g i p 1,2 - 2,5 l l n , H2S cao g i p 1,1 - 1 0 l l n va NH3 cao g i p 1,1 - 6,3 l l n ) . Nhu' vay mua vu cd anh hu'O'ng lo'n to'i c h i t lu'p'ng khdng khi chudng nudi.
TO khda: Chan nudi Ip'n, c h i t lu'p'ng khdng khi, chudng Ip'n, miia vi^, t i i u khi h$u.
SUMMARY
This study was carried out at 3 pig farms in Van Giang district of Hung Yen province in winter and summer. Its aims to evaluate the influences of different seasons on the air quality inside the pigsty. The air quality was determined by some criterias: temperature, humidity, air speed, the concentration of CO2, H2S and NH3 around the pig house. Results of this research provide farmers with basic knowledge not only about designing and building pig cages but also rasing pigs suitably with different seasons. The results showed that, in both summer and winter, the value of temperature and humidity in pigsites was under permissible limits. Meanwhile, the concentration of CO2, H2S and NH3 were higher than permitted values. In summer, the the concentration of CO2, H2S, NH3 was higher than standard values (3.6 - 5.0; 2 - 2 6 ; 1.5-8 times respectively). In winter, the amount of these gases were higher the standard values (4.6 - 12.5; 2 - 26; 8.5 - 13.5 times respectively). In winter, the air quality was not good as that in summer with higher level poisonous gases (CO2: 1.2 to 1.5; H2S: 1.1 to 10; NH3: 1.1 to 6.3 times as compared with those in summer). Seasonal factor affected remarkably on indoor climate of pig house.
Key words: Air quality, indoor climate, pig house, pig production, season.
Nghien cu'u anh hu'ang cua mua vu den tieu khi hau chuong nuoi tai mpt so trang trai chan nu6i lpn.
I.DATVANDE
NhQng nam gan day, nganh chan nu6i ldn d nfl6e ta da co nhflng bfldc phat trien manh me e i ve s6' Ifldng d i u eon va s i n Ifldng thit. Trong sfl phat trien cua nganh chan nu6i lpn P Viet Nam giai doan 2001 - 2005 CO sU dong gop rat ldn ciia chan nu6i trang trai v6i k h o i n g 10% to'ng dan ldn va 25% ve san Ifldng thit ldn eiia ca nflde (Cue Chan nu6i, 2006). Van Giang la mpt trong nhflng huyen ciia tinh Hung Yen co hoat dpng chan nuoi ldn kha phat trien, nhat la chan nu6i ldn trang trai, tinh de'n thang 6- 2008 tren dia ban huyen c6 174 trang trai chan nu6i ldn tap trung (Phong Nong nghiep huyen Van Giang, 2008). Chan nu6i tham eanh, mat dp chan nu6i eao se lam tang sU phat thai cac khi CO2, HgS, NH3... lam giam chat lupng tieu khi hau chuong nu6i, tfl do anh hflcing den nang suat chan nu6i. Theo Phung Dfle Tien va es. (2009), trong ba d6'i tfldng vat nu6i: ldn, bd va gia cam thi chan nu6i lpn cd mflc dp 6 nhiem cao nhat. Mat khac, chat Ifldng tieu khi hau chueng nu6i cung chiu sfl tae dpng rat 16n bdi m6i trfldng ben ngoai, dae biet trong dieu kien Van Giang eflng nhfl nhieu dia phfldng khac cua mien Bie Viet Nam deu eo khi hau nhiet ddi gio mfla: mfla d6ng lanh, mua he nong am.
Sfl thay d6'i hinh thai thdi tiet thee mfla se anh hfldng tdi m6i trfldng kh6ng khi ben trong chuong nu6i, vi vay viec nghien cflu anh hUPng eiia yeu t6' mfla vu tdi chat Ifldng m6i trfldng kh6ng khi trong chuong nu6i eo y nghia quan trpng trong viee thiet ke' xay dung chuong trai, hoan thien quy trinh chan nu6i.... Tfl ed sd thfle te nay, de tai nghien cflu anh hfldng cua mua vu den tieu khi hau chuong nu6i tai mpt so' trang trai chan nu6i ldn cf huyen Van Giang tinh Hflng Yen da dflde thflc hien.
2. VAT LIEU NGHIEN CUtJ
2.1. Vat lieu
Cae mau kh6ng khi trong chuong nu6i ciia eae trang trai ehan nuoi ldn d huyen Van
Giang tinh Hflng Yen dflpc lay va phan tich theo mfla dong va mua he.
2.2. Dia d i e m va thdi g i a n n g h i e n ciifu - Trang trai chan nu6i ldn theo ph.Udng thflc c6ng nghiep v6i he tho'ng chuong trai dUdc xay dflng theo kieu chuong hcl:
+ Trang trai 1 eiia gia dinh ong Dang Dfle Binh, xa Xuan Quan - huyen Van Giang - tinh Hflng Yen.
+ Trang trai 2 ciia gia dinh 6ng Nguyen Van Lap, xa Xuan Quan - huyen Van Giang - tinh Hflng Yen.
+ Trang trai 3 ciia gia dinh ong Dam Ngpc Han, xa Xuan Quan - huyen Van Giang - tinh Hflng Yen.
- Nghien eflu dflde tien hanh tfl thang 4/2009 den thang 2/2010.
2.3. Phifofng p h a p n g h i e n cijfu
- Thu thap th6ng tin thfl cap ve tinh hinh ehan nu6i lpn tai huyen Van Giang.
- Xae dinh e6ng suat chan nu6i/nam va ed eau dan tai thdi diem do khi P trang trai theo doi.
- Udc tinh tong kh6'i Ifldng chat thai r i n va long tao ra tfl ehan nu6i ldn trong trang trai bang phfldng phap can va do, tie'n hanh 3 lin/mfla/trang trai (lam tren mfla dong va mfla he).
+ Lupng chat thai ran dUdc thu gdm ngay 2 lin, theo tflng loai ldn: ldn nai, lpn con sau eai sfla va ldn thit.
+ Lupng nude riia chuong (m^/ngay) = eong suat thflc te cua may bdm x thdi gian bdm nude riia chuong/ngay. Lfldng chat thai long chinh b i n g Ifldng nfldc riia chuong (nghien cflu nay kh6ng de cap de'n lUdng nfldc tieu cua lOn).
- Xac dinh cac th6ng s6' ky thuat lien quan de'n tieu khi hau chuong nuoi lam tren mua dong va mfla he, tien hanh 3 lin/mua/trai. Vdi mSi l i n lay miu, viee lay m i u deu dUpc thflc hien trong 3 ngay lien tue.
+ Xae dinh th6ng s6' ve thiet ke chuong trai: hfldng chuong, dp cao mai, kieu mai, dp eao noe...
Vu Dinh Ton, Le HO'u Hieu va Nguyin Van Duy + PhUdng phap xae dinh nhiet dp, am
dp, to'e dp gio theo TCVN 5508-1991.
+ Cac chat khi COj, HgS va NH3 trong khong khi chuong nu6i dflde lay mau va phan tich xac dinh ham Ifldng theo phfldng phap thfldng qui eiia Vien Y hpe lao dpng va Ve sinh m6i trfldng, bai giang thfle tap m6n hpe Ve sinh thfl y Trfldng Dai hpc Nong nghiep Ha Npi.
Cac mau kh6ng khi chuong nuoi dflde lay trfle tiep tai trai va dflde phan tieh tai Phong thi nghiem Bp m6n Thu y cpng dong - Khoa Thu y - TrUdng Dai hpe N6ng nghiep Ha Npi.
- Mua he: lay mau vao eae thang 6, 7 va 8. Mfla d6ng: lay mau vao cac thang 11, 12 va thang 1.
- Gia tri cho phep (GTCP) ciia nhiet dp, am dp dflpc xae dinh theo Le Hong Man va cs. (2003), GTCP eiia t6'e dp gio, ham lUdng CO2, H2S va NH3 dupe xac dinh theo Do Ngpc Hoe (1994).
- Ke't qua phan tich dUdc xii ly bang phin mem Excel 2003.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Tinh hinh chan nuoi Itfn cf Van Giang Van Giang la mpt huyen nam d phia Tay Bie tinh Hung Yen, phia Bie va Tay Bie giap vdi thanh ph6' Ha Npi phia Nam giap huyen Khoai Chau, huyen Van Lam, phia Dong giap huyen Yen My, phia Tay giap tinh Ha Tay cu v6i tong dien tich 71,79 km^. Vi tri dia ly va dac diem tU nhien cua huyen Van Giang da tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho viee
phat trien san xuat cac san pham n6ng nghiep cung cap cho thi trUdng trong va ngoai huyen, dae biet la khu vUe thanh pho' Ha Npi. Nhflng nam gan day, nhd eo nhflng ehinh sach phat trien chan nuoi eua tinh Hflng Yen va dae biet la cua huyen, chan nuoi lpn P Van Giang da phat trien rat nhanh ea ve s6' lUpng dan lpn va nang suat ehan nu6i (Bang 1).
Ke't qua tfl bang 1 eho tha'y, dan lpn eiia huyen da lien tue tang tfl 57.178 eon nam 2005 len 75.887 eon nam 2007. Mae dfl trong nam 2007 s6' Ifldng dan lpn nai ciia huyen giam so v6i nam 2006 xu6'ng con 3.024 eon do tae dpng eua dich tai xanh, tuy nhien so' lfldng ldn thit va san Ifldng thit lpn hPi xua't chuong van tang, dat 72.630 eon va san lupng thit 10.240 tan nam 2007. Chan nu6i ldn trang trai gifl vai tro quan trpng va chie'm mpt ty le rat 16n trong cd ca'u dan.
Tinh de'n thdi diem thang 6-2008, s6' lUdng cac hp chan nu6i lpn trang trai tap trung chi chie'm khoang 15 - 20% nhUng lai chie'm tdi 82 - 86% t6'ng dan ldn cua ca huyen, eon lai 80 - 85% hp ehan nu6i nho le trong khu dan eU chie'm 14 - 18% tong dan. Trong so' cac trang trai chan nu6i lpn tap trung eo 9 hp ehan nu6i ldn trang trai quy mo ldn (eo tren 50 ldn nai hoac tren 300 lpn thit), 57 hp chan nuoi d quy mo vfla (co tfl 20 - 50 ldn nai hoae 100 - 300 ldn thit) va 108 hp chan nu6i d quy md nho (co dfldi 20 ldn nai hoae dfl6i 100 ldn thit) (Phdng N6ng nghiep huyen Van Giang, 2008). Nhfl vay co the tha'y hoat dpng chan nu6i lpn trang trai d Van Giang da va dang d6ng vai tro chu dao va chii yeu d quy m6 chan nuoi vfla.
Bang 1. Sii phat trien dan Icfn cua h u y e n Van Giang
Chi tieu DVT 2005 2006 2007
Tong dan Lo'n nai Lpn thit
San lu'p'ng thit hcci
Con Con Con Tin
57.178 , . 2.239 55.908 8.382,6
67.200 3.180 63.970 9.915,0
75.667 3.024 72.640 10.240,0 Nguon: Phong Nong nghidp huyen I dn Giang
Nghien cu'u anh hu'ang cua mua vu den tieu khi hau chuong nuoi tai mot so trang trai chan nuoi lo'n..
3.2. Cong suat chan nuoi ciia cac trang trai Cac trang trai nghien eflu co quy mo ehan nu6i vfla vdi so' Ifldng tfl 19 - 36 ldn nai, 80 - 150 ldn thit co mat thfldng xuyen. Cong suat chan nu6i dflpc xae dinh thong qua s6' ldn eon eai sfla va s6' Ifldng ldn thit, san Ifldng thit ldn hdi trung binh ma trang trai s i n xua't ra trong mpt nam. C6ng suat ehan nu6i eua cac trai dUpc trinh bay d bang 2.
Ke't qua thu dflde tfl bang 2 eho tha'y, s6' ldn con cai sfla san xua't ra trung binh trong mpt nam cao nhat ci trai 2 vdi 500 con, con s6' nay d trai 1 va trai 3 l i n lUdt la 350 va 230 Cdn. Tuy nhien, kh6ng phai toan bp so' ldn eon sau khi eai sfla deu dflpc dfla len nu6i thit, ma tfly thupe vao tflng trai va gia ldn Cdn tai thdi diem sau khi cai sfla. Neu gia lpn con cai sfla cao thi eae trai chi gifl lai mpt s6' Ifldng vfla p h i i vdi chuong nuoi ldn thit ciia trai. Theo thong bao eiia cac chii trang trai, ldn con sau khi cai sfla nu6i them mpt thpi gian ngin, khoang 20-25 ngay sau do se ban cho cac ho ehan nu6i khac de nu6i thit vdi
gia tfl 850.000 - 900.000 dong/con. Tuy trai 2 san xua't ra mpt s6' lfldng lpn con eai sfla rat 16n nhflng ehi gifl lai mpt s6' Ifldng nho de nu6i thit, p h i n con lai la ban va dieu nay da khie'n cho san Ifldng thit ldn ciia trai chi dat mflc trung binh 15 tan/nam. Trong khi do d trai 1, so' ldn con cai sfla/nam la 350 eon nhflng san Ifldng thit lai dat tdi 22 tan/nam.
Trai 3 co s6' ldn con eai sfla san xua't ra ehua b i n g mpt niia eua trai 2 nhUng s i n lUdng thit lpn san xua't ra cung dat 14,3 tan/nam, sap si vdi trai 2 (15 tan/nam). Vdi quy m6 va eong suat chan nu6i nhfl vay se eo lien quan true tie'p de'n Ifldng chat thai dflpc tao ra tfl eae trang trai tfl d6 anh hfldng de'n chat Ifldng kh6ng khi trong chuong nu6i
3.3. \Jdc tinh liidng chat thai tao ra tit cac trang trai
Quy m6 chan nuoi va c6ng suat chan nu6i se quyet dinh lUdng chat thai tao ra.
Lupng chat thai ran va chat thai long hang nam b cac trai dflde trinh bay d b i n g 3.
B a n g 2. Cong suat c h a n nuoi cua cac t r a n g trai
Chi tieu DVT Trai 1 Trai 2 Trai 3
So Ign con cai sOa/nam S6 lan con cai sO'a ban/nam S6 lpn thit xuit chu6ng/nam Kh6i lu'png bit diu nuoi Kh6i lu'png Ipn hpi xuit chuSng San lu'png thit Ipn hpi xuit chu6ng/nam
Con Con Con kg/con kg/con tin
350 100 200 15,21 ± 0,17 110,14 ±0,53
22
500 300 150 9,36 ± 0,22 100,37 ±0,68
15
230 70 130 15,25 ±0,20 110,44 ±0,18
14,3
B a n g 3. l/dc t i n h liidng chat thai h a n g n a m cua c a c t r a n g trai
Chit thai rin
Chat thai long
Chi tieu Lpn nai Lpn con cai sOa Lpn thit Tong Lpn nai Lpn thjt Tong
DVT kg/nam kg/nam kg/nam nghin tin/nam
mVnam , m^/nam
mVnam
Trai
X
5562,31 3758,25 29.475,06
38,79 1458,61 2653,53 4.110
1
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 0,42 0,25 0.37 2,54 0,25 0,37 0,78
Trai
X
8743,16 2950,42 20.488,27
32,18 675,72 1125,41
1.800 2
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 0,35 0,10 0,53 1,16 0,46 0,27 0,35
Tra
X
2803,23 2035,91 18.341
23,17 648,39 1620,26
2.260 13
±
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 0,12 0,34 0,46 1,22 0,21 0,45 0,67
Vu Dinh Ton, Le HCHU Hieu va Nguyin Van Duy Chat thai ran do la IflOng phan thai ra
ciia ldn nai, ldn eon car sfla va ldn thit, Ifldng chat thai long dflpc de cap chu yeu la lupng nU6e riia chuong va nu6e tam cho lpn. Ket qua d bang 3 cho tha'y, lUpng chat thai ran nhieu nhat la d trai 1 v6i khoang 38,79 tan/nam, mac dfl t6ng chat thai ran tao ra tfl chan nuoi ldn nai chi la 5.562 kg/nam, tha'p hdn d trai 2 (8.743 kg/nam). Dieu nay eo the giai thich la do d trai 1, ldn con sau khi cai sfla chu yeu dflde gifl lai de nu6i thit, trong khi d6, trai 2 ehi gifl lai mot Ifldng lpn eon nha't dinh. V6i so' Ifldng ldn nu6i thit nhieu va may bdm nUde eo eong suat ldn, mat khac trong nhflng ngay he nong trai 1 co sii dung he th6'ng phun nU6c len mai de lam mat eho ldn thit nen lUpng nu6e thai hang nam eua trai 1 la eao nha't vdi khoang 4.110 m^ dflde tao ra, cae trai 2 va 3 l i n Ifldt la 1.800 m^ va 2.260 m^. 0 ca 3 trai nu6i, lUpng nU6c thai tao ra tfl chan nu6i ldn thit deu rat 16n, gap kheang 2 l i n lUdng nfldc thai tao ra tfl ehan nuoi ldn nai. Do chuong nu6i ldn thit thUdng e6 mat dp nu6i cao, ldn thit thfldng van dpng nhieu, chuong trai rat ban bdi phan va nflde tieu vi vay Ifldng nflde sii dung de riia chuong la nhieu hdn so vdi ldn nai. Dac biet, d trai 1 va trai 3, ngoai riia chuong va t i m eho lpn thi cl moi 6 chuong ldn thit cdn cd 1 6 chfla nfl6c de cho ldn t i m (gpi la be dim), hang ngay nflde dflpc bdm diy vad trong 6 do, sau khoang 1 ngay (mua he) va 2 ngay (mfla d6ng) thi thao nflde eu di thay the bang nflde mdi, dieu nay eflng lam eho Iflpng nfldc thai tfl chan nuoi ldn thit la nhieu hdn. V6i Ifldng chat thai r i n va chat thai long hang nam nhieu nhU vay, neu trang trai kh6ng eo
bien phap xii ly se anh hUdng rat ldn den chat Ifldng tieu khi hau chueng nu6i, dac biet la ham lUpng cae khi doe NHg va HgS se tang eao.
3.4. Cd c a u d a n Itfn c u a cac t r a i d thofi d i e m lay m a u
Chat lUdng moi trfldng kh6ng khi trong chuong nu6i (tieu khi hau ehu6ng nu6i) ngoai chiu sU tac dpng ciia moi trUdng d nen dai khi hau no eung chiu anh hUdng bdi sd' lUdng cae loai ldn nu6i trong chuong. Cd ca'u dan ldn eiia cac trai ci thdi diem lay mau trong mfla d6ng va mua he dflpc trinh bay cl bang 4.
Cd eau dan ldn eiia cac trai thay doi rat ro trong mfla he va mua d6ng, cu the, eo 2 trong tong so' 3 trang trai eo t6ng dan lpn d mua d6ng bi giam so vdi trong mfla he (trai 1 va trai 3). Giam nhieu nhat la 6 trai 1 tfl 186 con (mfla he) xu6'ng con 85 con trong mfla dong, trong do dan ldn nai giam mat 9 ccn. b trai 3 tuy dich benh eung eo xay ra nhUng vdi v6i mflc dp it nghiem trpng hdn. Nguyen nhan eiia sfl giam sc' Ifldng dan ldn d 2 trai tren la do d 2 trai nay da xay ra dich benh vao khoang trflde thdi diem lay mau trong mfla d6ng da gay thiet hai nang ne, dac biet la d trai 1. Dong thdi dich benh eung da gay che't mpt s6' lUdng ldn lpn cdn sau khi eai sfla va ldn thit giai ddan d i u (du6i 30 kg). D6'i vdi vdi ldn nai bi benh khi dieu tri mpt thdi gian kh6ng co dau hieu chuyen bien thi trang trai da loai thai. Trong khi do ci trai 2, tong dan ldn ciia trai tang tfl 105 eon (mfla he) len 124 con (mua d6ng) do dan nai da dflpc bo sung them 7 con (tfl 32 eon lpn nai trong mfla he len 39 eon trong mua d6ng) va d trai khong bi xay ra dich benh.
B a n g 4. Cd c a u d a n Itfn c u a cac t r a i t r o n g m u a h e
Trai
Lpn nai
Mua he
Lpn con sau cai sOa Lpn thit Tong Lpn nai
(Dan vi tinh: con) Mua dong
Lpn con sau cai sO'a Lpn thit Tong Trai 1
Trai 2 Trai 3
36 32 19
50 28 40
100 45 21
186 105 80
25 39 15
25 39 0
35 46 45
85 124 60
Nghien ciJu anh huang cua mua vu den tieu khi hau chuong nuoi tai mot so trang trai chan nuoi lgn.
3.5. Mot so chi t i e u ky thuat c h u o n g nuoi Cac trang trai nghien cflu deu chan nuoi theo mo hinh khep kin, tflc la nu6i ldn nai sinh s i n , lpn eon va lpn thit, tflc la eae hp deu tfl tflc trong viee cung cap gi6'ng lpn nu6i thit. Ngoai ra, vao nhflng thdi diem gia ldn gio'ng nu6i thit eao hoac co nhieu dan ldn con eai sfla d eflng mpt thdi diem va kh6ng co dii chuong danh cho ldn sau eai sfla thi eae hp se ban lpn eai sfla eho cac hp khac de nu6i t h i t .
Ke't q u i k h i o sat mpt s6' ehi tieu ky thuat eiia chuong nuoi (Bang 5) cho tha'y cae trang trai ehan nu6i deu dflpe xay dflng rat g i n vdi khu nha ci va eae eong trinh khac cua cae hp gia dinh nhfl gieng, nha tam, nha ve sinh... day ehinh la nguy cd gay 6 nhiem nguon nfldc sii dung cho sinh hoat ciia gia dinh va nguon nUde cap cho hoat dpng chan nu6i, dong thdi, v6i khoang each g i n nhU vay eung kh6ng dam bao thflc hien quy trinh ve ve sinh thu y trong trang trai chan nu6i. 0 e i 3 trai nghien eflu, chuong nu6i deu dupe xay dung theo kieu chuong 2 day, tuy nhien hfl6ng chuong kh6ng dflde chu y xay dflng mpt each khoa hpc ma chii yeu de phfl hdp v6i dien tieh da't eiia trang trai, v6i true dpe eua chuong nu6i chay theo hUdng Bae - Nam.
V6i hfldng chuong kieu nay, e i hai mat cua chuong nuoi deu bi anh nang ehieu vao, nha't la anh n i n g gat d eu6'i budi sang va niia d i u budi ehieu. Hdn the' nfla, eae trai deu sii dung
loai vat lieu co tinh dan nhiet cao la tam ldp fibre xi mang lam mai. Vdi hai yeu t6' nay se lam cho nhiet dp trong chuong nu6i tang len rat nhanh, nha't la trong mfla he. Nhiet dp chuong nu6i cao, se anh hUdng de'n sfle khoe va kha nang san xua't ciia ldn. De tao dp th6ng thoang, trai 1 va trai 3 xay tflpng bao xung quanh chuong nu6i cao khoing 1 m roi bo tr6'ng tfl tfldng cho de'n mai chuong, chinh vi vay chuong nu6i lpn b cac trang trai nay deu kh6ng c6 ciia so, ehi co khu chuong ldn nai eiia trai 1 eo eiia so vdi kieh thflde 1,2 m x 0,9 m de cho anh sang va gid tfl nhien di vao trong chuong. Viec xay tUdng liing b dp eao 1 m giup eho ehuong trai th6ng thoang hdn, dae biet d trai 2, ca khu ldn thit va khu lpn nai deu kheng xay tfldng bao xung quanh ehuong ma sii dung he th6'ng cac cpt be t6ng de nang dd mai. Dp cao ciia noe va dp cao mai la 2 chi tieu ky thuat cd anh hflSng ldn de'n mflc dp th6ng thoang eua chu6ng nu6i. Nhin ehung, 2 ehi tieu nay ci cac trai deu dap flng dflde yeu ciu ky thuat cua ehuong nu6i ldn dUa theo Pham Sy Tiep (2006), dp cao cua ndc chuong ldn hpp ly la 4,0 - 4,5 m, dp cao tfl nen ehuong tdi mai la 2,5 - 2,8 m. Tuy nhien ci trai 2, ehuong lpn thit ed chieu cao ciia mai trflde la hdi tha'p, ehi dat 1,8 m. Viee thiet ke'xay dflng chuong trai chan nudi se anh hfldng de'n chat Ifldng moi trfldng kh6ng khi trdng chuong nudi (Phflng Thi Van va cs., 2003).
B a n g 5. Mot so chi t i e u ky t h u a t c h u o n g n u o i
~~----_,_^_^ Trai
Chi tieu —-...__^
Hu'O'ng chu6ng Kieu chu6ng
Rong chu6ng nuoi (m) Dai chuong nuoi (m) Cica so (dai x rong) (m) Cao noe (m) Cao mai Iru'o'c (m) Cao mai sau (m) Dp day cua lu'png (cm) Dp cao cua tu'ong (m) Loai mai
Kieu mai
Khoang each tu' chuong den nha p (m)
Tra Lpn thit D6ng-Tay
2 day 12,5 20,0
-
4,3 2,5 3,0 10 1,1 Fibre xi mang
Mpt mai 12,4
i l Lpn nai Bac-Nam
2 day 7,4 25,5 1,2x0,9
4,3 2,5 2,5 10 2,5 Fibre xi mang
Hai mai 10,7
Tra Lpn thit D6ng-Tay
2 day 8,4 16,5
-
4,3 1,8 2,6
- -
Fibro xi mang Mpt mai
37,5 12
Lpn nai Bac-Nam
2 day 7,5 40,8
-
4,3 2,6 2,6
- -
Fibro xi mang Hai mai
50,8
Tra Lpn thit Bic-Nam
2 day 7,6 18,0
-
2,9 2,4 2,4 10 1,0 Fibro xi mang
Hai mai 20,3
i 3 Lpn nai Ble-Nam
2 day 7,6 15,7
-
4,5 2,4 2,4 10 1,0 Fibro xi mang
Hai mai 40,5
Vu Dinh Ton, Le Hiru Hieu va Nguyin Van Duy 3.6. C h a t liitfng k h o n g k h i c h u o n g n u o i
tai cac t r a n g t r a i t r o n g mvia h e M6i trfldng kh6ng khi trong chuong nuoi ldn phu thupc vao m6i trfldng cua nen dai khi hau, viec ap dung cae tien bp ky thuat trong chan nudi, mat dp nuoi, sU thoat nUdc trong chudng va viee thu gom phan, phu thupc vao mfla vu trong nam (trich dan theo Sada, 2006). Ngoai ra, chat Ifldng khdng khi chuong nudi eflng phu thupe vao phUdng thfle ehan nudi (phfldng thflc ehan nu6i truyen th6'ng hay phUPng thfle chan nu6i cflng vao cflng ra) (Phan Bfli Ngpe Thao va cs., 2006) va kieu chuong nu6i (Phflng Thi Van va cs., 2003).
Ben canh dd, lfldng chat thai (rin va long) dupe tao ra tfl lpn thit va ldn nai la khac nhau, dong thdi vdi mdi loai ldn, ngUdi chan nu6i lai cd quy trinh chan nu6i va ve sinh chuong trai khac nhau. Chinh vi vay, nghien cflu nay da lay mau dpe lap de danh gia anh hudng eiia yeu t6' mua vu de'n m6i trUdng kh6ng khi trong chuong ldn nai va ehudng ldn thit. Mdt sd' ehi tieu danh gia chat Ifldng mdi trfldng kh6ng khi trong ehuong nu6i d mfla he dflde trinh bay d bang 6 va bang 7.
Cac trai nghien cflu deu cd chueng trai dflde xay diing theo kieu thdng thoang tfl nhien vi vay eae ehi tieu vat ly, hda hpc trong chuong nudi chiu anh hudng rat ldn bdi nen dai khi hau. Ke't qua P bang 6 va bang 7 eho tha'y trong mua he, chi tieu ve nhiet dp chuong nu6i P ca 6 chuong lpn thit va 6 chuong ldn nai deu khong dap flng dflde ehi tieu ve sinh ehe phep, nhiet dp trong chuong ldn nai dao dpng tfl 31,31- 32,46''C, trong chuong ldn thit la 31,31 - 32,25''C. Theo
Lai Thi Cfle va cs. (2007), nhiet dp kh6ng khi trong chuong ldn thit dao ddng trong khoang 28,4 - 28,86°C, nhu vay ke't qua d nghien cflu nay la cao hdn. Sada va cs. (2006) khi nghien eflu ve tieu khi hau trong ehuong nudi ldn d mfla he da thdng bao, nhiet dp khdng khi trong chuong nudi tfl 17,04 - 17,60°C. Nhiet dp ehuong nudi eao lam cho ldn bi stress, lpn se phan flng lai b i n g viec giam thu nhan thfle an, giam tang trpng va ty le sinh san.
Dd'i vdi ldn choai va thit, cfl 3°C tang hdn so vdi nhiet dp thich hdp lpn giam an va giam tang trpng 10 - 15%; ldn nai nu6i eon giam an tfl 0,5 - 1,8 kg thfle an, ty le nai hao mdn eao, giam trpng lfldng eon eai sfla va keo dai thdi gian kh6 nai (Ngpe Tien, 2003). Nhiet dp t6'i flu trong ehuong ldn thit la 15 - 22°C, t6'i thieu 7 - 15°C va t5'i da 25 - 27°C (trieh din Sada va es., 2006). Dp am kh6ng khi trong ehuong nu6i d ea 2 khu ldn thit va lpn nai deu nam trong gidi ban cho phep, tuy nhien am dp trong ehuong ldn thit cd xu hfldng cao hdn d trdng chuong ldn nai khi ea 3 trai deu ed am dp 0 ehuong ldn thit la cao hdn.
Dieu nay la de ldn thit dflde nu6i tren nen be t6ng, chung thai phan va nUdc tieu kh6ng c6' dinh tren nen chuong nen thdi gian bdm nUdc riia ehuong va tam cho ldn thit nhieu hdn so vdi lpn nai. Mat khac, b trai 1 va trai 3, chuong ldn thit ed mai tUdng dd'i tha'p, trong nhflng ngay he thdi gian tam va riia ehudng nhieu lam cho am dp trong chuong ldn thit eua eae trai nay cao hdn so vdi trai 2 (dflde the hien thdng qua Ifldng nflde thai tao ra hang nam tfl ldn thit ciia trai 1 va trai 3 tfldng flng la 4111 va 2268 m^
so vdi 1800 m^ cua trai 2).
B a n g 6. Mot so c h i t i e u c h a t liftfng k h o n g k h i c h u o n g Itfn n a i t r o n g miia he
Chi tieu Nhi$t dO
Am ao
V^n t6c gib CO2 HjS NHj
DVT
"C
%
m/s
%
mg/l mg/l
X
31,76 58,67 0,67 1,39 0,39 0,09
Trai 1
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 0,23 2,40 0,10 0,06 0,01 0,01
X
31,31 63,33 0,31 1,50 0,34 0,15
Trai 2
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 0,54 4,37 0,03 0,28 0,03 0,01
X
32,46 68,00 0,41 1,12 0,03 0,03
Trai 3
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 1,05 3,21 0,08 0,51 0,01 0.00
GTCP 14-22 60-80 0,3 0,25-0.30
0.015 0,02
Nghien ct^u anh hugng cua mua vu den tl§u khi hau chuong nuoi tai mot so trang trai chan nuoi lo'n.
B a n g 7. Mot so chi t i e u chat liitfng k h o n g khi c h u o n g Itfn thit t r o n g m u a he
Chi tieu Nhiet dp Am dp Van t6c gio CO2 H2S NH3
DVT
°C
%
m/s
%
mg/l mg/l
X
32,25 70,67 0,26 1,48 0,30 0,13
Trai 1
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 0,57 1,76 0,02 0,07 0,10 0,03
X
31,16 66,67 0,17 1,50 0,25 0,16
Trai 2
±
± +
±
±
±
± SE 1,09 2,96 0,02 0,28 0,28 0,01
X
31,79 78,80 0,37 1,07 0,13 0,05
Trai 3
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 1,22 1,71 0,05 0,41 0,04 0,02
GTCP 14-22 60-80 0,3 0,25-0,30
0,015 0,02
Chi tieu tdc dp gid trong chuong lpn nai d ea 3 trai deu dap flng yeu eiu ve chi tieu ve sinh, nam trong khoang 0,31 - 0,67 m/s.
Trong khi dd, ci chuong nudi ldn thit ed 2 trdng tdng so' 3 trai khdng thda man dupe yeu ciu dd'i vdi chi tieu nay. Td'e dp gio trong ehuong nudi ldn thit eiia trai 1, trai 2 va trai 3 l i n lupt la 0,26, 0,17 va 0,37 m/s. Khu nudi lpn thit ctia trai 1 va trai 2 cd mai ehuong tfldng dd'i tha'p lai ehi b6' tri mpt mai nen to'e dp Iflu th6ng ciia kh6ng khi trong chuong bi han che. Mai chuong nu6i lpn thit P trai 3 dupe thiet ke' theo kieu mai tren mai dUdi, khoang each gifla 2 mai vao khoing 0,4- 0,5 m, tao dieu kien thuan ldi ehd viec lUu thdng kh6ng khi gifla ben trong va ben ngoai chuong. Ke't qua ci nghien eflu nay la tha'p hdn so vdi nghien eflu ciia Phan Bfli Ngpc Thio va es. (2006) cho rang van t6'c gid trong ehuong nudi ldn thit la 0,82 m/s. Theo Sada va cs. (2006), van td'e gid trong chuong nudi ldn thit trong mua he dao dpng trong khoang 0,17 - 0,25 m/s tha'p hdn so vdi ke't qua eua nghien cflu nay.
Nong dp cac khi dpc gay d nhiem ehuong nudi d eae trai deu vfldt qua gidi han eho phep. Nong dp khi CO2 d trong khoang 1,12%
- 1,50% (chuong ldn nai) va tfl 1,07% - 1,50%
(d chudng ldn thit). So vdi GTCP, khi CO2 ci chuong ldn nai eao gap 3,7 - 5,0 lin, b ehuong ldn thit cao gap 3,6 - 5,0 l i n , Lai Thi Cue va es. (2007) cho biet, khi CO, trong chuong nu6i ldn thit cua mot s6' n6ng hp thupc Gia Lam - Ha Npi cd nong dp trong khoing 0,25 - 0,29%; nong dp COg trong ke't
q u i nghien cflu eiia Sada va cs. (2006) la 0,06 - 0,07% tha'p hPn so vdi ke't qua eiia nghien cflu nay. Ham Ifldng khi HjS d ehudng ldn nai dao dpng trong khoing 0,03 - 0,39 mg/l, cao hdn GTCP tfl 2 - 26 lin. Chi tieu nay tUdng flng d ehuong ldn thit la 0,13 - 0,30 mg/l, vfldt GTCP tfl 8,67 - 20 lin. Theo Phflng Thi Van va cs. (2006), ham Ifldng H2S vflpt qua GTCP 4,7 l i n . Theo Lai Thi Cue va cs. (2007), ham Ifldng HgS vfldt qua GTCP tfl 19,16 - 22,72 lan. Khi NH3 cd ham lUdng tfl 0,03 - 0,15 mg/l ci chuong ldn nai (gap 1,5 - 7,5 l i n GTCP) va tfl 0,05 - 0,16 mg/l d ehuong ldn thit (gap 2,5 - 8 l i n GTCP).
Phung Dfle Tien va cs. (2009) cho biet, nong dp khi NH3 eao gap 17 l i n GTCP. Nhfl vay, ke't q u i cua nghien cflu nay la tha'p hdn so vdi ke't qua eua cac tac gia tren. Sfl cd mat cua eae khi COg, H2S va NH3 vdi ham lUdng vfldt qua gidi han eho phep nhieu l i n da lam giam chat Ifldng khdng khi trong ehuong nudi, anh hfldng de'n sfle khoe eiia ldn. Neu ham Ifldng NH3 trong chuong do dUdc 25 ppm se gay ra cay mat, ho, giam k h i nang chd'ng benh; P 50 ppm lpn se giam tang trpng 12%; d 100 ppm lam ldn giim tang trpng 30% (Ngpc Tien, 2003). De k h i c phuc khi amoniie phai dpn dep ve sinh, di chuyen phan hang ngay de'n ndi quy dinh cd hd'ii.
3.6. Chat liitfng k h o n g k h i c h u o n g nuoi tai cac t r a n g trai t h e o m u a d o n g Cac ehi tieu vat ly, hda hpc danh gia chat Ifldng moi trfldng kh6ng khi trong mfla d6ng dflde trinh bay ci bang 8 va 9.
Vu Dinh Ton, Le Hu-u Hieu va Nguyin Van Duy
Bang 8. Mot so chi tieu chat liitfng khong khi c h u o n g Iprn n a i trong mua d o n g
Chi tieu
Nhiet dp Am dp Van t6c gio CO2 H2S NH3
DVT
"C
%
m/s
%
mg/l mg/l
X
21,78 76,50 0,33 1,76 0,35 0,19
Trai 1
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 0,52 0,76 0,02 0,04 0,04 0,02
X
22,38 76,67 0,22 1,93 0,44 0,17
Trai 2
±
± +
±
±
±
± SE 0,63 0,88 0,05 0,33 0,05 0,03
X
21,80 65,50 0,23 1,39 0,30 0,19
Trai 3
±
±
±
± +
±
± SE 1,00 3,50 0,15 0,06 0,13 0,01
GTCP
14-22 60-80 0,3 0,25-0,30
0,015 0,02
Bang 9. Mot so' chi t i e u chat liitfng khong khi c h u o n g Itfn thit trong mua dong
Chi tieu
Nhi?t dg Am dp Van t6c gio CO2 H2S NH3
DVT
°C
%
m/s
%
mg/l mg/l
X
22,64 77,67 0,11 2,08 0,33 0,17
Trai 1
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 0,48 2,60 0,03 0,51 0,01 0,02
X
23,21 79,00 0,10 3,76 0,35 0,17
Trai 2
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 0,53 4,51 0,01 0,38 0,02 0,02
X
20,84 67,40 0,20 1,57 0,34 0,27
Trai 3
±
±
±
±
±
±
± SE 0,64 1,86 0,04 0,15 0,05 0,05
GTCP
14-22 60-80 0,3 0,25-0,30
0,015 0,02
Ket q u i thu dUdc d bang 8 va bang 9 eho thay, cac chi tieu nhiet dp, dp am kh6ng khi deu n i m trong gidi han cho phep. Gia tri ciia nhiet dp trung binh d chueng lpn nai la 21,78
• 23,80°C, tha'p hdn d mfla he tfl 8,9 - 10,6''C;
treng ehuong ldn thit la 20,84 - 23,2l''C, tha'p hdn mua he khoing 8 - 11°C. Trai 1 va trai 2 cd dp am khdng khi trong ehuong nudi b mfla ddng deu eao hdn so vdi mua he, trong khi dd so vdi mua he am dp khdng khi trong chuong nu6i eiia trai 3 lai thap hdn. Mflc dp Iflu th6ng eiia kh6ng khi trong ehuong nuoi d mua d6ng kem hdn so vdi trong mfla he va deu khdng dap flng dflde ehi tieu ve sinh. Tdc dp gid d ehuong lpn nai la 0,20 - 0,33 m/s, tha'p hdn 1,2 - 2,9 l i n sd vdi trong mfla he;
chl tieu nay d chudng ldn thit la 0,10 - 0,20 m/s, thap hdn 1,7 - 2,4 l i n trdng mua he.
Nong dp khi CO2 trong chuong ldn nai cad nhat b trai 2 (1,93%) va tha'p nha't d trai 3 (1,39%). Gia tri nay cao gap 4,6 -6,4 l i n so vdi
GTCP, nong dp CO2 va cao gap 1,2 - 1,3 lan so vdi trong mfla he. Trong khi dd d khu ehuong ldn thit, nong dp CO2 eao gap 5,2 - 12,5 \kn GTCP, va eao gap 1,4 - 2,5 lin so vdi trong mfla he. Ham Ifldng khi H2S d chuong ldn nai dad ddng trong khoang 0,3 - 0,44 mg/l, eao gap 20 - 29 l i n GTCP, neu so vdi mfla he, gia tri nay cao gap 1,3 l i n ci trai 2, gap 20 l i n d trai 3. 0 trai 1, ehi tieu ham lupng H2S lai tha'p hdn khdng dang ke so vdi trong mfla he. Nguyen nhan ehu yeu la do sd' lupng ldn nai d trai 1 bi giam tfl 36 eon trong mfla he xud'ng eon 25 eon trong mfla dong.
Chuong ldn thit cd ham lUpng H2S trong khoang 0,33 - 0,35 mg/l, cao gap 22 - 23 lin GTCP va gap 1,1 - 2,6 \kn so vdi trong mfla he. Khi NH3 cd ham Ifldng deu cao gap 8,5 - 9,5 lan GTCP d chuong ldn nai va 8,5 - 13,5 lin d ehuong ldn thit. Sd vdi trdng mfla he, chuong nudi ldn nai cd ham lUdng khi NH3 trong mfla ddng eao hdn 1,1 - 6,3 lin, cdn so' nay d chuong ldn thit la tfl 1,1 - 5,4 lin.
Nghien cflu anh huang cua mua vu den tieu khi hau chuong nuoi tai mot so trang trai chan nuoi ign...
4. KET LUAN
- Trong mfla he, P khu chudng lpn nai, chi tieu am dp tfldng d6'i va t6'c dp kh6ng khi nam trong gidi han cho phep. Cae ehi tieu khae deu cao hdn tieu chuan ve sinh. Ham Ifldng khi gay d nhiem deu vfldt qua tieu chuan ve sinh eho phep, ham lUdng CO2 dao dpng trong khoang 1,12-1,50%; khi H2S:
0,03-0,39 mg/l; khi NH3: 0,03-0,15 mg/l. Khu ehuong ldn thit cd dp th6ng thoang kem hdn, t6'e dp gid dao dpng trong khoang 0,17-0,37 m/s, ham Ifldng eae khi gay 6 nhiem nhfl CO2, H2S va NH3 tfldng flng l i n Ifldt la 1,07- 1,48%; 0,13-0,30 mg/l; 0,05-0,16 mg/l.
- Trong mfla d6ng, mflc dp th6ng thoang eiia chuong nu6i kem hdn trong mfla he. T6'c dp gid trong mfla nay d ehuong ldn nai dad ddng trong khoang 0,22-0,33 m/s, d ehuong lpn thit mflc dp thong thoang kem hdn, t6'e dp gid d trong khoang 0,10-0,20 m/s. Ham Ifldng cac khi COg, H2S va NH3 deu eao hdn trong mfla he. b chuong ldn nai, khi COg cd ham Ifldng b trong khoang 1,39-1,93%; H2S la 0,30-0,44 mg/l; NH3 la 0,17-0,19 mg/l. Khu ehuong ldn thit ed ham Ifldng cae khi CO2, H2S va NH3 tfldng flng l i n Ifldt la 1,57- 3,76%; 0,33-0,35 mg/l; 0,17-0,27 mg/l.
- Mfla ddng cd chat Ifldng tieu khi hau ehuong nudi kem hdn so vdi trong mua he.
Trong mfla ddng ham Ifldng cac khi dpc gay 6 nhiem deu eao hdn so vdi trong mfla he (COg eao gap 1,2-2,5 lan, H2S eao gap 1,1-10 l i n va NH3 eao gap 1,1-6,3 lan tuy thude vao chuong ldn nai hay ldn thit).
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O
Cue Chan nudi - Bp Ndng nghiep & PTNT (2007). Hdi nghi tdng ke't ehan nudi trang trai tap trung giai doan 2001-2006, dinh hudng va giii phap phat trien giai doan 2007-2015.
D6 Ngpe Hoe (1994). Bai giang thfle tap ve sinh thfl y, Khoa Chan nuoi - Thfl y, TrUdng Dai hpc N6ng nghiep I - Ha Npi, tr 3-16.
Lai Thi Cue, T r i n Van Quyen (2007). Anh hucing ciia che' pham Bamix de'n chat Ifldng kh6ng khi chuong nu6i lpn, Tgp chi KHKT Nong nghiep. Tap V, so 1, tr 20-23.
Le Hong Man, Bfli Dfle Lflng (2003). Thflc an va nuoi dUdng ldn. NXB. N6ng nghiep.
Le Trung C i n (2008). Bai giang ve thflc trang ehan nu6i ldn d Van Giang trong ldp tap h u a n ve khai thac va quan ly nguon tai nguyen thien nhien.
Ngpe Tien (2003). Anh hfldng eua m6i trUcing tdi nang suat ehan nudi ldn, Bao N6ng nghiep s6' 123.
Pham Sy Tiep (2006). Ky t h u a t chan nudi ldn thit. NXB. Lao dpng - Xa hpi.
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