NGHIEN C i r u CAC BIEN PHAP KHA THI KHAC PHUC HIEN TU^ONG BO HAM TOA XE
TRONG QUA TRINH
D O A NTAU VAN
H A N HPGS. TS. v u DUY LOC KS. TAO VAN CHIEN Bg mdn Dau mdy - Tga xe ThS. VU DUY DUC
Bd mdn Cdng nghe Giao thdng Trudng Dgi hgc Giao thdng Van tdi
Tom tdt:Ndi dung bdi bdo khdi qudt buc tranh tdng thi trang thdi ky thudt hdm dodn tdu van hdnh, nhitng tdn tai thiit bi hdm, cdc nguyin nhdn gdy nin bd hdm, niu cdc biin phdp khde phuc tdn tai, ndng cao chdt luang hdm dodn tdu.
Summary: This research mentions statistical results and analysis of troubles preventing the trains from running, and points out reasons of brake binding. This research also offers some solutions to brake binding occurred when trains are running.
I. DAT VAN DE
Hidn nay nganh dudng sat Viet Nam quan ly va khai thac 6104 toa xe khach, toa xe hang.
Thiet bj ham sir dung cho toa xe khach, toa xe hang gdm nhieu loai: KE, Erlineon,P, K, 104 va van VE. Nhung van ham tren ed dae didm co ban giong nhau la thidt bi ham gid ep ty ddng gian tidp, nhung eau tao va ehi tidu ky thuat eac loai van ham khac nhau. Trong qua trinh van hanh doan tau khach, doan tau hang thudng gap cac sy cd vd ham do trang thai ky thuat ham kiem tra bao duong, sua chua trdn cac tram kidm tra ky thuat cdn tdn tai nhidu hit cap gay trd ngai chay tau.
II. NOI DUNG
L Nhirng tdn tai doan tau ve ham trong van hanh
Qua kdt qua khao sat tii' 15/5/2009 ddn 15/9/2009 trdn cae tuyen dudng sit khu vyc phia Bac, tuydn thdng nhat tir Ha Ndi ddn Da Nang thay rang:
148 Tap chi KHOA HOC GIAO THONG VAN TAI S6 31 - 09/2010
Ten goi
Doan tau Van ham He thdng truydn
ddng ham
Thidt bj SAB
He thdng truydn ddng ham sau Ichi SLi'a ehua
xong
Tong so thiet bj duo'c khao sat
84 630
808
274
53 toa xe khach 19 toa xe hang
— 5 f ?
Tong so thiet bi khong thoa man
yeu cau ky thuat
22 354
633
191
01
Ty le %
26,19 56,19
78,34
69,71
1,4
Ghi chii
Bd ham gay trd ngai chay tau Can bao duong
sira ehira Khdng thda man
mdt trong cac ydu cau ky thuat Khdng thda man khoang each A va chidu dai true
keo e Trj sd AX, AY qua ldn so ydu
eau
thay:
Tdm lai:
Khao sat trang thai ham doan tau khach, tau hang van hanh trdn dudng sat Viet Nam cho
• Trang thai ham toa xe sau khi sira ehua xong dua ra van dung tdt.
- Trang thai ham toa xe trong qua trinh van hanh xuat hidn nhidu thidu sdt dan ddn bd ham toa xe gay trd ngai chay tau.
- He thdng SAB hu hdng ehii ydu la mai mdn true keo, vo ren, ket, khdng dam bao khoang each A va e.
- He thdng truydn ddng hu hdng ehu ydu la khdng dam bao gia trj AX, AY ciia ca ham be xe.
- 100% van ham khi vao xudng phai duge kidm tra, bao duong, thu' trdn thiet bj chuydn dimg dd phat hidn cac hu hdng do bui ban, mat buldng, ket, xi hd.
- He thdng dudng dng ham doan tau hu hdng la do xi hd mdi ghep, ldng ro, gly ren, hu hdng dng mdm, bam ndi, khdng dam bao lye can thidt dd ep 2 gioang ham ndi khi lap ghep vdi nhau trong dieu kidn ap suat gid dp ldn.
2. Nhung nguyen nhan gay nen bo ham toa xe trong van hanh 2.1. Nhung hu hong thiet bi hdm toa xe gdy nen bo ham
Kdt qua khao sat hu hdng thidt bi ham toa xe trdn cac tram kiem tra ky thuat. Xem bang 2.1
Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG V ^ N T M S4 31 149
• -T
Ten goi thiet bj ham Van ham
SAB (Khoang each A, e) He thdng truydn ddng (AX, AY, gdc ngh idng ca ham)
Tong so thilt bj du'oc khao sat
519 236 676
Tong so thidt bj khong thoa man yeu cau
ky thuat 132 164 572
Bdng 2.1
Ty Ie % 25,4 69,48
77,5 Hu hdng thidt bj ham khi dua toa xe vao xi nghidp sira chira. Xem bang 2.2.
Ten ggi thiet bj ham Van ham
SAB
He thdng truydn ddng (AX, AY, gdc nghieng ca ham)
Tong so thiet bj duoc khao sat
111 38 132
Tong so thiet bj can bao duong sua chua
111 ,• 27
no
T y l e
% 100 70,1 83 Nhung hidn tugng hu hdng trdn la nhung nguydn nhan gay ndn bd ham toa xe trong van hanh.
2.2. Phan loai bo ham toa xe trong van hanh - Khi lyc ham ldn hon lye bam gay Idt banh xe.
n
F = f ^ K
ham J nis / , i
/=!
Fban, = QWb
n
Trong dd: /_^K^ - Tdng lyc ep gudc ham vao banh xe; Q: Trgng lugng bam; v|/b: He sd
i=\
bam banh xe trdn dudng ray; /,„^: He sd ma sat giua gudc ham va mat lan banh xe.
F„a,„>Fbam <=> /„,.. Z ^i > Q-^b
Theo nguydn tae thidt kd he thdng ham dau may, toa xe Fha,„ < Ft,,^^ dd tranh hien tugng bd ham sinh ra trugt Idt banh xe khi ham.
Qua trinh trugt eiia toa xe khi ham (xem hinh 3.1).
Ti(at/giay) (pK
\ y
i-.-i.Ti:, l i e (S.111
Afe.svT
'"^^Ih,,
"aj-d
'"ykhih; hum
Ha sCi ma .sat t\ i d'la banh xe va ray khitiu*
V(KnVh)
( ) 10 -H) .^I 70 911 110 I3() i.'Si)
Hinh 3. L Qud trinh phat sinh truat
150
Tap chi K H O A H Q C GIAO THONG V ^ N TAI ft S o 3 1 ^ 0 9 / 2 0 1 0He sd bam banh xe voi duong ray khi ham cho phep khi thidt kd thidt bj ham:
1 4 H-0,0078v H/ = 0 , 1 + - ^ hoac v|/ = 0,24.-
v + 10 He sd ma sat fn,s gang tieu chuin:
l + 0,024v
0,27 v + 100 5V + 100 v: tdc do chuydn dgng eua doan tiu (km/h).
Khi dd ndu khdng xet ddn quan tinh khdi lugng quay cua banh xe thi ed thd coi lyc ham bang lye ma sat gudc ham.
•Cham"" I m s ' ^ J ^ i
Khi ZKi tang, thi tdc do V giam, he sd ma sat tang ndn Fhamtang. Khi Fhamtang gan blng lye bam Fba,„thi sy bam dinh giua banh xe va ray bat dau bj pha hoai, xuat hidn trang thai banh xe lan trugt va trugt ngay cang ldn len
- Bd ham khi lye ham nhd ban lye bam:
Dae didm eiia trudng hgp nay la banh xe vin quay hoae tdn tai trugt ey ly ngan, gay sat thuong nhd banh xe, sau mdt sd quay vdng se hdt, khdng gay Idt banh xe.
Trudng hgp nay khdng gay Idt banh xe nhung gay mai mdn gudc bam, hu hdng mat lan banh xe, tang lye can chuydn ddng eiia doan tau. Hidn tugng nay xuat hidn khi khdi hanh doan tau d cae ga lap tau, ga quay vdng, ga xdp da hang, do xi hd dng ham qua ldn, hu hdng van ham, he thdng truydn ddng ham.
2.3. Nhung nhiin to anh huong den bo ham toa xe trong doan tau
Theo kdt qua khao sat thdng kd trang thai ky thuat ham doan tau van hanh, nhirng sir ed do ham gay ndn trd ngai chay tau la: Hu hdng van ham, hu hdng thidt bj SAB, dudng dng hani chinh, he thdng truydn ddng ham ... Tat ea nhung bidn tugng, su cd hu hdng trdn la do nhan td true tidp, gian tidp lam giam chat lugng kidm tra bao duong, siia ehua thidt bj ham d eac tram kidm tra ky thuat, cac nha may, cac cdng ty chd tao, sira ehua toa xe va xi nghidp sira ehira toa xe.
2.3.1. Nhung nhdn to true tiep
- Do thidt kd, chd tao, sir dung vat lieu chd tao cac bd phan ehi tidt van ham khdng dam bao yeu cau ky thuat.
- Do chat lugng kidm tra bao duong, sira ehua thidt bj ham trdn cac tram kidm tra ky thuat, xi nghidp sira chua ham toa xe.
- Khdng dil vat tu ky thuat eung cap cho cac tram kidm tra, sira ehua thay the kjp thdi trong sira chiia djnh ky.
- Do ngudi didu khidn ham trong van hanh: Didu khidn ham doan tau tryc tiep anh hudng ctdn chat lugng ham, nha ham, bd ham doan tau hoae bd ham mdt sd toa xe trong doan tau khi sir dung nhidu loai van ham ed tinh nang tac dung khae nhau.
2.3.2. Nhung nhdn to gidn tiep
Trinh do chuydn mdn vd ham ciia cdng nhan tryc tiep lam cdng tae kidm tra, sira chira ham 6' cac tram cdn chua duge bdi duong, dao tao chuydn mdn hang nam cho phii hgp vdi didu kien
T^ chi KHQ4^QC GIAO THQNG VAN TAI So 31 - 09/2010 151
thyc td su' dung thidt bj ham doan tau.
Thidt bj kidm tra danh gia chat lugng van ham chua thdng nhit trong toan nganh, chua cd kd hoach kidm tra, bao duong djnh ky thich hgp.
2.4. Xae djnh nhirng nguyen nhan va bien phap khSc phuc bo ham toa xe trong van hanh STT
1
2
3
4 .
5
6
7
Nguyen nhan gay nen bo ham Trong doan tau su dyng nhidu loai van ham cd tinh nang tac dung khac nhau.
Do vat tu ky thuat chd tao cac loai van ham khdng dam bao ydu eau ky thuat eho phep.
Do chat lugng sira ehua thidt bj ham toa xe trong xi nghidp ehua dam bao nhii'ng ydu cau cho phep.
Chat lugng kidm tra, bao duong sira ehua ham tren eac tram kidm tra edn tdn tai.
Do didu khidn ham khdng hgp ly, gid ep trong dng ham bui ban, nude ...
Thidt bj kidm tra, thii' nghidm tinh nang van ham khdng duge thdng nhat trong toan nganh.
Do trinh do nghidp vu, chuyen mdn vd ham ciia can bd, cdng nhan true tidp lam cdng tac kidm tra, bao duong ham trdn cac tram kham xe, trong cae xi nghidp sira chira va cdng nhan lai tau edn bj ban chd.
Bien phap khde phuc
- Tidu chuan hoa van ham sii' dung eho toa xe.
- Sap xdp thii' tu toa xe sii' dyng van ham tinh nang tac dyng khac nhau hgp ly trong doan tau.
Cung cap day du bd phan ehi tidt ham, dam bao tidu ehuan ky thuat thidt kd van ham (Id xo, mang tac dung, gioang lam kin.
- Tieu chuan hoa mdt sd bg phan chi tidt ham.
- Nang cao chat lugng cae bd phan ehi tidt sira ehua thay thd van ham: Id xo, gioang, mang, chi tidt bd phan SAB, ndi ham, he thdng truydn ddng hSm, dam bao thdng sd AX, AY, A, e.
Nang cao chat lugng kidm tra bao duang trdn cac tram:
- Thyc hidn nghidm ehinh va day dii quy trinh kham ehua ham.
- Thyc hidn eac bidn phap dam bao do kin lien kdt dng ham (phdng ldng, eai tao gioang, ham ndi) - Didu ehinh tham sd AX, AY, A, e dung quy djnh.
- Didu khidn ham phai phii hgp vdi tinh nang tae dung tay ham, van ham va loai doan tau khach, hang.
- Cd quy djnh ey thd chu ky lam saeh bd Ige bui, xa nude thimg gid phu trdn cac tram kidm tra ham.
- He thdng ham lap van KE phai cai tao thdm bd Igc
bui, tach nii'de trdn dudng dng ham chinh. ' - Cae thimg gid phy phai ed van xa nude.
Thidt bj kidm tra, thir nghidm van ham trong toan
nganh phai duge thdng nhat 2 tidu chi: | - Cau tao.
- Nhung tieu chuan ky thuat dat dugc ciia thidt bj thil' kidm tra danh gia eac loai van ham.
- Td ehiic nang eao trinh do chuyen mdn vd ham ' eho can bd, cdng nhan.
- Md ldp chuydn 6e gidi thidu vd cau tao, tae dung eac loai thidt bj ham.
- Gidi thidu phuong phap kidm tra phat hidn hu hdng vd ham va phuong phap sira chua.
- Thudng xuydn dn tap, thyc hanh, kidm tra nang bac tho.
(Xem tiip trang 128)
Tap chi KHOA HQC GIAO THONG VAN TAI So 31 - 09/2010
khai thac frdn tuydn. Vide thidt kd; chd tao eac bd didu tidt didn ap mdi ngoai vide dam bao cac yeu cau ky thuat nhu bd didu tidt DTQ-T694 cdn cd them chiie nang didu tidt ddng didn nap eho ac quy va chdng qua tai maeh didn phu. Tir dd keo dai dang kd tudi thg td ic quy. Mat khae, vide chd tao bd didu chinh frong nude ed tinh nang boat ddng ehinh xae, dn djnh, tin cay, dd dang didu chinh dai didn ap boat ddng, chdng qua tai cho may phat didn nap ie quy vdi gia thanh khdng cao ... la thidt thyc nang cao chat lugng khai thac dau may trdn tuyen. Bd didu chinh dugc lap dat frdn dau may DlOH-016 trong sudt thdi gian tir khi ehinh thiic chay thir nghidm (2.2009 ddn nay), da dugc nganh dudng sat Viet Nam chinh thuc eho phep lap thay thd bang loat cho cae bd didu ehinh trdn cac dau may DIOH ciia nganh.
Tai lieu tham khiio
[1]. Dd Viel Dimg, Lai Nggc Dudng, Truang Duy Phiic (1996), Truyen ddng dau may diezel. Giao trinh.
giang day dai hoc. truong Dai hpc Giao thong Van tai.
[2]. Dd Viet Dimg, 2001, Nghien cii'u thiet ke che tao bo dieu chinh dien ap tu dong cho diu may Ddng Phong, Thong tin KHKT trudng Dai hoc Giao thdng Van tai.
[3]. Ngd Dien Tap (1996), Do ludng va dieu khien bSng may tinh, NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat.
[4]. Nguyin Xudn Phii, HdXudn Thanh (1996) - Vat lieu ky thuat dien - NXB Khoa hoc ky thuat.
[5]. Li Vdn Doanh ( 2001) - Dien tii' cong suat - NXB Khoa hoc ky thuat
[6]. Huong din su dung va cac tai lieu ky thuat dau may DIOH. Tong Cdng ty Duong sSt Viet Nam»
NGHIEN ClTU CAC BIEN PHAP KHA THI ...
(Tiip theo trang 152) IV. KET LUAN
Ndi dung bai bao da tdng hgp nhirng sy ed doan tau van hanh do ham gay ra va frang thai thiet bj ham trdn cac tram kidm tra ham, ga thanh lap doan tau va nhung toa xe dira vao xi nghidp sira ehua, khai nhirng nhan td anh hudng tryc tidp, gian tidp cho nguyen nhan gay nen bd ham toa xe trong doan tau van hanh tir dd dua ra cac bidn phap kha thi khic phuc lam giam sy cd bd ham toa xe frong van h^nh.
Kdt qua nghidn ciru dd tai gdp phan dao tao can bd nghien cuu, sinh vidn chuyen nganh DMTX. Nang cao chat lugng kiem tra, bao dudng sira chiia va trang thai ky thuat ham, lam giam thidu sy ed doan tau do bd ham toa xe gay ra, tang nang lyc van chuydn hang boa. hanh khach, giam sy chi phi sira chira toa xe va dem lai hidu qua kinh te rat ldn.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1]. PGS.TS. Vii Duy Lgc. De tai Ma sd 094030: "Nghien ciiu xae djnh nguyen nhan va bien phap khSc phuc nhu'ng hien tugng bd ham toa xe trong qua trinh doan tau van hanh"*