86 8(233)-2011
CHU TjCH HO CHI MINH VOI THANG LOI CUA
CUOC T £ N G KHOn NGHiA THANG TAM NAM 1945
TS. VAN THI THANH MAI *
1. Sinh ra va Ion len d thugc dia. Nguyen Ai Quoc Ho Chi Minh thau hieu n6i dau ciia than phan nguoi dan mat nuoc. Cho nen, trong hanh trinh tim duong ciru nuoc. den voi chii nghia Mac
Lenin chan chinh va khoa hoc, den voi con duong each mang v6 san, H6 Chi Minh da bang nhiJng hoat dong cu the, thiei thirc trong phong trao cong san va cong nhan quoc te, bang nhfrng kinh nghiem thirc te va sir tiep thu sang lao nhfrng luan dicin ciia Lenin \e van de dan tpc va thuoc dia, dc kien tri thirc hien iniic tieu "doc lap cho To quoc toi, tir do cho dong bao toi" Trong cac bai viei, bai phat bieu dugc liin lirgl dang tai tren cac phtrong lien bao chi nhu: Nguoi ciing kho, Doi song cong nhan, Thu tin Quoc te, Nhan dao;
bill phat bieu tai Dai hoi V Quoc te Cong san, trong cac tac phitm Ban an che do thirc dan Phap, Duong Kach menh... \a sau nay la nhirng van kien do Ho Chi Minh soan thao, dugc thong qua tai Hoi nghi hgp nhai miia .\uan nam 1930 (Huong Cang), v;in co thg thay ro sir xuyen suoi.
nhai quan trong tu tuong ciia Nguoi, do la miic tieu giai phong dan tgc.
Tuy nhien. ti^r thirc ti^n nhung thai bai ciia cac phong trao dau tranh yeu nuoc nhirng nam dau the ky XX, Ho Chi Minh hieu rai ro rang, de giai phong dan tgc, khong the di theo con duong each mang cai luong, niia \b\ nhu hai nha chi sT hg Phan, khong the chi la giri Yeu sach ciia nhan dan An Nam cho bon triim so de quoc. Boi vi, theo
Nguoi: "Chi co giai phong giai cap v6 san moi giai phong dugc dan tgc, ca hai cugc giai phong nay chi co the la sir nghiep ciia chii nghTa cong san va cua each mang the gioi"' Di theo con duong each mang v6 san ciia chii nghTa Mac- Lenin, theo hgc 6 truong Dai hgc Phuang Dong cua Quoc te Cong san, song Chit tich Ho Chi Minh khong rap khuon, giao dieu. Ngay tir nam 1924, trong bao cao v6 Bdc Ky, Trung Ky va Nam Ky, Ho Chi Minh da cho rang "chit nghia dan tgc la dgng lire ciia dai nuoc" ciia cac nuoc thugc dia 6 phuang Dong va 6 do, chii nghia yeu nuoc va tinh than dan tgc da lam cho sir xung dot v6 quy6n lgi dugc giam thieu, boi dii la dia chii hay nong dan, nguoi buon hay cu li thi hg d6u la nguoi no le mat nuoc. Boi the, "Chii nghia dan tgc da luon luon thuc day cac nha buon An Nam canh tranh voi nguoi Phap va nguoi Trung Quoc;
no da thiic giuc thanh nien bai khoa, lam cho nhirng nha each mang troii sang Nhat Ban va lam vua Duy Tan muu tinh khoi nghia nam 1917'"-.
Nam vtrng va van dting sang tao nhilng luan diem ciia Lenin ve vaii de dan tgc va thugc dia.
Chii tich H6 Chi Minh da vi chit nghTa de qudc la mot con dia co hai voi, mot voi bam vao giai cS'p v6 san a chinh quoc, mot voi khac bam vao giai cap vo san 6 thugc dia. Vl vay, muoii tieu diet no, nhai dinh phai dong thai cat ca hai voi. Va nhan dan cac thugc dia, muon gianh dugc dgc lap, tu do khoi ach ihoiig tri ciia chii nshia thuc dan, llii
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* Ban Tuyen giao Trung uang86 8(233)-2011
nhat dinh phai "tir giai phong minh" Tuy nhien, trong cugc dau tranh doi giai phong ay, giai cap cong nhan va nhan dan lao dgng phai dugc Dang - Dgi tien phong ciia giai cap va dan tgc lanh dao.
2. Nhan thirc sau sac vai tro quan trgng ciia mot Dang each mang. Ho Chi Minh da roi Chau Au ve Quang Chau (Trung Quoc), day cong xuc tien viec chuan bi ve chinh tri, tu tuong va to chirc cho su ra doi ciia mot chfnh Dang v6 san 6 Viet Nam. Va cung tir nhan thiic sau .sac vi tri va trach nhiem ciia minh ddi voi nhirng thoi diem co tinh buoc ngoat. Ho Chi Minh da giri thu moi, trieu tap va chii tri Hoi nghi hgp nhat cac to chuc cong san, thanh lap Dang Cong san Viet Nam miia xuan nam 1930. Cuong hnh chinh tri dau tien cua Dang (Chanh Cuong van tat, Sach luge van tat, Di6u le van tat...) do H6 Chi Minh soan thao, dugc thong qua tai Hoi nghi nay da chi ra nhiem vu giai phong dan tgc va con duong di len chu nghia xa hoi ciia each mang Viel Nam la:
"Chu truang lam tir san dan quygn each mang va tho dja each mang de di tdi xa hoi cong san"^
Va nhu vay, danh duoi de quoc Phap va bgn phong kieii tay sai, lam cho nuoc Viet Nam dugc dgc lap, nhan dan Viet Nam dugc tir do khong chi la khat vgng ciia loan the dan tgc, la nhu ciiu hire thiei ciia lich sir, ma con tro thanh diem cot yeu trong Cuong linh chinh tri dau tien, mang dam dau an H6 Chi Minh.
La mot mau muc v6 sir van dung sang tao hgc thuyet Mac - Lenin vao difiu kien cii the ciia each mang Viet Nam, van de lire lugng (tap hgp luc lugng each mang) trong Cuong linh dau tien da the hien tu duy .sac .sao cua lanh tu H6 Chi Minh trong viec phan hoa va co lap ke thii. Do la chi ro viec phai "thu phue cho dugc dai bg phan giai ca'p minh, phai lam cho giai cap minh lanh dao dugc dan chiing" va "thu phue cho dugc dai bg
phan dan cay va phai dua vao hang dan cay ngheo" de lam each mang. Vi vay, "Dang phai het sire lien lac voi tiSu tu san, tri thuc, trung nong, Thanh nien, Tan viet... di keo hg di vao phe v6 san giai cap. Con ddi vdi bgn phii rtong, trung, tilu dia chii va tu ban An Nam ma chua ro mat phan each mang, thi phai lgi dung, it lau mdi lam cho hg dirng trung lap"4 Sir lien minh giai cap do giai cap cong nhan lanh dao vi muc tieu giai phong dan tgc, khong phai la thoa hiep vo nguyen tac, ma la sir the hien ro net tu tuong Ho Chi Minh ve viec xay dung va phat huy sire manh ciia khdi dai doan kei toan dan tgc, vi muc tieu giai phong dan tgc. ' > • ..
Tir thuc tien ciia xa hoi Viet Nam, dung tren lap truong ciia giai cap cong nhan. Ho Chi Minh thay rai ro sir cau kei chat che giira bgn de qudc thuc dan va phong kien phan dgng. Vi vay, ngay trong Cuong linh dau tien, Nguoi da khang dinh:
Thuc hien giai phong dan tgc la nhiem vu hang dau ciia each mang Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, nhan thuc diing dan ciia Ho Chi Minh ve viec tap trung thuc hien nhiem vu giai phong dan tgc, giai quyet moi quan he giua nhiem vu dan tgc va dan chit phii hgp dieu kien cu the ciia each mang Viet Nam la mot sang tao, nhung lai trai vdi tinh than chi dao ciia Dai hoi VI Quoc te Cong san nam 1928. Sau do, thang 10/1930, tai Ma Cao - Trung Qudc, Hoi nghi lan thir nha't Ban chap hanh Trung uong Dang da thong qua Luan cuong Chinh tri do dong chi Tran Phu soan thao. Dac biet chii y den tinh giai cap, den hai giai cap chu ye'u la cong nhan va nong dan, Luan cuong da thay ro sue manh ciia giai cap cong nhan va nong dan, song chua danh gia dung kha nang each mang ciia tang lap tieu tu san 6 Viet Nam. Dieu do lam han che kha nang tap hgp mgi lire lugng each iTiang cho cugc dau tranh vi sir nghiep giai
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phong dan tgc.
Sau nam sau. trai qua cugc thir nghiem sau sac ciia phong trao X6 viei Nghe Tinh. qua thdi ky chong khiing bd trang. de'n khi Van kien chung quanh van de chien sach mdi ra ddi (thang 10/1936), va den Hgi nghi Trung uong Utn thu sau (thang 11/1939). lan thir 7 (10/1940). dac biet la Hoi nghi Trung uong lan thu 8 (3/1941) do Ho Chi Minh chit tri. ngi dung chuyen huong chieii luge ciia each mang Viet Nam. tap trung cho nhiem vti giai phong dan tgc da dugc khiing dinh.
Tren co so phan tich ky tinh hinh cu the' ciia Viet Nam va the gioi, Nguoi va Trung uong Dang xac dinh ro: Duoi ach thong tri cua Phap - Nhiit, quyen lgi ciia tai ca cac giai cap bi cuop giat. van menh ciia dan tgc bi nguy vong. vi le do Phap - Nhat la ke thii ciia loan dan tgc. Liic nay. doi hoi cap bach ciia loan dan tgc la dgc lap tir do, vi vay.
nhiem vii chii yeu, truoc mat ciia each mang nuoc ta la giai phong dan tgc: "Trong liic nay neu khong giai quyet dugc van de dan tgc giai phong, khong doi dugc dgc lap tu do cho loan the dan tgc. thi chiing nhirng loan the qudc gia dan tgc con chiu mai kiep ngua trau, ma quyen lgi ciia bg phan. giai ca'p den van nam cung khong doi lai dugc""" Sir chuyen huong chieii luge cua each mang Viet Nam d Hgi nghi Trung uong ISn thii 8 (thang 5/1941). su trd lai voi tu tudng Ho Chi Minh trong viec tap trung thuc hien nhiem vu giai phong dan tgc la mot sir thay ddi chien luge each mang. sang tao va kip thdi, co y nghia quyet dinh den thanh cong ciia Cach mang Thang 8/1945.
3. Tren co sd sir chuyen huong chien luge nay, trong Loi keu ggi dong bao ca nude, Ho Chi Minh da phan tich nhirng nguyen nhan thai bai ciia cac cugc khdi nghia truoc day, keu ggi nhan dan doiin kei de cd sire manh danh dudi Phap
Nhat. Ciing do, Nguoi va Trung uong Dang da co nhiing sang tao kip thdi trong viec xay dung lire lugng each mang, xay dung can cii- dia each mang, chuan bj cho ngay toan dan viing len dau tranh gianh chinh quyen. Sir ra doi, phat trien va anh huong rong rai ciia mat tran Viet Minh a khiip ciic vLing, tir mien niii xuong ddng bang, tir nong thon den thanh thj, da tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho Dang md rong vai tro lanh dao va td chiic ciia minh trong phong trao dau tranh each mang cua quiln chiing. Cac td chuc Cihi qudc ciia Viet Minh phat trien, phong trao dau tranh chong Phap Nhat iCn cao, vv..
Sir phat trien ciia dgi quan chinh tri ngay cang hiing hau, sir kei hgp ciia tu ve cihi qudc, Cuu qudc quan va Viet Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan thanh Viet Nam giai phong quan da tao cho phong trao each mang Viet Nam mot sire manh mdi. Qua trinh xay dung lire lugng gan lien voi sir phat trien ciia phong trao quan chiing, vol nhu-ng khau hieu va hinh thiifc dau tranh thich hgp, da co vu manh me nhan dan ca nude dau tranh va thong qua dau tranh de phat trien lire lugng. Phong trao khang Nhat cuu nude, chien tranh du kich, chiem can cii- dia, md rong va phat trien cac khu can ciir dia each mang ngay cang phat trien, la phuong phap tich cue nhat de huy dgng luc lugng ciia loan dan cho cugc Tdng khoi nghia sap tdi.
Thang 8/1945. thdi co cho cugc khdi nghia dii de'n rai giin. lire lugng quan chiing da sSn sang.
Giua luc do, quan dgi Nhat dau hang Dong minh vo dieu kien. Quan Nhat d Ddng Duong hoang mang. Co hgi ngan nam cd mot, va quyet tain "dii cd phiii ddt chay ca diiy Truong Son cung phai gianh cho ky dugc dgc liip" da dugc H6 Chi Minh khang djnh. Tren tinh than do, Hgi nghi loan qudc ciia Dang (ngay 13/8/1945) d Tan Trao
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quyei dinh phat ddng Tdng khdi nghia trong toan qudc. Qudc dan Dai hgi hgp d Tan Trao (ngay 16/8/1945) da nhai tri vdi chii truong Tdng khdi nghia ciia Dang va Tdng bg Viet minh, va bau ra Uy ban dan tgc giai phong (.sau ddi thanh Chinh phii lam thdi nude Viet Nam Dan chit Cong hda).
Hd Chi Minh nhan manh: Thdi co da chin muoi, song "khong phai Nhat bai la nude ta dugc dgc lap. Nhieu sir gay go trd ngai xay ra. Chiing ta phai khdn kheo va kien quyei. Khdn kheo de tranh nhirng sir khong cd lgi cho ta. Kien quyei de gianh cho dugc nen dgc kip hoan toan"^ Dudi sir lanh dao ciia Dang va lanh tu Hd Chi Minh, ddng bao ca nude da chop thdi co, nhai te vung len khdi nghia, gianh chinh quyen tir tay bgn phat xit Nhat. Tong khdi nghia gianh thang lgi d Ha Ngi (19/8), d Hue (23/8) va d Sai Gdn (25/8), v.v... da giang mot ddn quyei dinh vao tai ca cac CO quan dau nao cua bgn thong tri va tay sai. Lan sdng each mang va sire manh bao luc each mang ciia quan chiing da lam te liet mgi sir khang cu cua cac the' lire thii dich, xoa bd bg may chinh quyen cua giai cap thd'ng tri, thanh lap chinh quyen each mang d Viet Nam.
Nhu vay la, truoc khi quan Ddng minh keo vao giai giap quan ddi Nhiit, chinh quyen each mang tir trung uong den dia phuong da dugc thiei lap, thay the cho chinh quyen ciia phat xit Nhat va tay sai. Nhan dan Viet Nam da ddn quan Ddng minh vdi tu each la chii nhan ciia nude Viet Nam dgc lap. Tdng khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen thang 8/1945 la sir vimg day ciia toan dan. Sue manh da lam nen thang lgi ciia cugc Tdng khdi nghia la sue manh ciia khdi dai doan kei loan dan, dugc ren luyen, hun due qua 3 cugc long dien tap (1930-1931), (1936-1939) va (1939-
1945). Sire manh dd da loi cud'n dugc ca nhirng nguoi cdn dang do dir. Sue manh dd cdn phan
anh mdt each rd net tu duy sac sao. tri tue ciia Dang va sir sang tao ciia Hd Chi Minh trong qua trinh lanh dao nhan dan tien hanh cugc each mang giai phdng dan tgc.
Thang lgi ciia cugc Tdng khdi nghia thang 8/1945, viec Bao Dai thoai vi de lam mot nguoi dan ciia mdt nude Viet Nam dgc lap, da chii-ng td nggn cd dgc lap, tir do ma Chii tich Hd Chi Minh giuong cao va chii truong doan kei mgi lire lugng ciia dan tdc trong cugc dau tranh gianh chinh quyen d Viet Nam la hoan toan diing dan. Thang lgi ciia Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, Tuyen ngon dgc lap do Chii tich Hd Chi Minh dgc tai Quang truong Ba Dinh ngay 2/9/1945, da khai sinh ra mot Nha nude Viet Nam mdi. Thang lgi dd da dua nhirng ngudi dan Viet Nam tir than phan than dan, than phan nd le, trd thanh cong dan mot nude Viet Nam dgc lap, chii nhan ciia nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda Nha nude dan chii nhan dan dau tien d Ddng Nam Chau A.
Thang lgi ciia cugc Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 khong chi bien khat vgng dgc lap, tir do cua nhan dan ta sau gan 80 nam trdi bi thuc dan Phap thd'ng tri trd thanh hien thuc sinh ddng, ma cdn
"thirc sir la giai doan dau tien md dau cho lan sdng xoa bd che do thugc dia d Chau A, tiep theo la Chau Phi" vi muc tieu dgc lap dan tgc, dan chii va tien bo xa hoi •
Chu thich:
1. Ho Chi Minh, Toan tap, Nxb. Chinh tri Qitoc gia. H, 1995,1.1,11:416.
2. Ho Chi Minh, Toan tap, Sdd. t.l, tr.466.
.^. Ho Chi Minh, Toan tap. Sdd. 1.3. Ir.l.
4. Ho Chi Minh, Toan tap, Sdd, t.3. tr.3.
5. Ddng Cong .sdn Viet Nam, Vdn kien Ddng Toan lap. N.\h. Chinh tri Quoc gia, H, 2000. t.7. Ir.ll3.
6. Ddng Cong sdn Viet Nam, Vdn kien Ddng Todn tap. Nxh. Chinh tri Quoc gia. H, 2000. 1.7. lr.56J.