\Si
Qu6crtVE SANG KIEN AN NINH HANG HAI (MSI) CUA MY 6 KHU VUC DONG NAM A
• TS TRAN TUAN SOHV Hoc vi$n Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
• Thiiu ta, ThS VU DlTC THO Trudng ST quan Chinh tri - Bo Quoc phong
• Tdm tdt: Bien Bdng vd eo bien Malacca cd vi tri chien liidc dac biet quan trgng d khu viic Ddng Nam A cUng nhti tren the gidi, Nhiing ndm gdn ddy, ngodi vdn nan ctidp bi^ buon hdn vH khi trdi phep, thi vdn de tranh chdp chu quyen ldnh hdi, ldnh tho tren Bien Dong da vd dang ldm cho vdng bien ndy trd nin mdt an todn hdn bao gid het Dieu ndy khong chi khien cdc ntidc thdnh vien ASEAN quan ngai, md nhiiu qudc gia trin thi gidi, trongdd cd My cUng het sHc quan tdm. Sdng kien An ninh Hdng hdi (MSI) ra ddi Id sUphdn dnh thdi dp cung nhti toan tinh chiin Itidc ve an ninh mdi cua My d khu vtic Ddng Nam A.
• TH khda: MSI, My, Bdng Nam A.
1. Sy ra dcri Sang kien An ninh Hang hai (MSI) Ngay 30-5-2015, ttong phien thio lugn tgi Ddi thogi Shangri-La Ian thii 14 d Singapore, Bg trudng Qude phdng My Ashton Carter lue do ed bii phat bidu vdi tua dg "My vi cie thich thiie ddi vdi an ninh chiu A - Thii Binh Duong". Ong biy to thii dg quan nggi tmdc nhiing hinh ddng bdi dip dao nhin tao va ddi hoi chii quygn
"vd ly" cua Tnmg Qudc ttdn Bien Ddng: "Den gid vin chua rd Ii Trung Qude sg cdn di ddn dau. Dd li nguyen nhin vung bign nay dang ttd thinh ngudn eon cing thing a khu vuc". Ong ciing khing dinh: "Chiing ta phii ting eudng ning lue eiia kidn tnic an ninh khu vuc, die biet li vg an ninh hang hii"; My se tigp tuc bio ve quygn tu do hing bai, tu do hang khdng d Bien
Ddng: "My se ddn, bing miy bay, tiu vi boat dpng d bit cii noi nio mi luit phip qudc tg eho phep. Bdi sau cimg, vige bidn miy di ngim thinh sin bay khdng tgo ra ehu quygn vi cho phep Trung Qude ngin ein tu do hing hii hay hing khdng"'".
De khing dinh eie cam kgt eiia Mf, Bp trudng Ashton Carter di gidi thieu "Sing kign An ninh Hing hai" (Maritime Security Initiative - MSI) mdi ciia My 6 Ddng Nam A ttgn co sd dg xuit cua Uy ban Quin vu Thupng vien My do Thupng nghi sy John Me Cain diing diu vi dupe Qudc hdi My phg chuan vdi khoin ngin sich 425 trigu USD. Muc dich ra ddi ciia MSI Ii nhim ning cao ning Iuc kigm soit bign cua My vi nang lue bii quin eho mgt sd nudc tiiuge ASEAN ttong bdi
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cinh thich tiuic an ninh hing bii trgn Bign Ddng ngiy mdt ting cao.
Td The Diplomat ttong bii vigt "US Kicks off New Maritime Security Initiative for Southeast Asia" ngay 16-10-2016 cho bieti ttong 425 tiieu USD, My se ehi 50 trieu USD cho nim tii chinh 2016,75 trigu USD cho nam tii chinh 2017 va 100 tiieu USD cho mdi nim tii khda 2018,2019 vi 2020. Sing kign niy chii ygu tap tnmg d 5 qudc gia Ii Indonesia, Malaysia, PhiUppmes, Thii Lan, Viet Nam, cung vdi eic ddi tie Singapore, Brunei va Dii Loan'^'.
2. MSI la su- tiep noi cac sang kien truo^c d6 cua My o" Dong Nam A
Trude khi MSI ra ddi, My da trien khai mgt sd chinh sich an ninh bign d khu vue Ddng Nam A ding chu y sau:
Sing kign An ninh Hang hii khu vue (Regional Maritune Security Initiative - RMSI). Ra ddi vio tiling 3-2004, RMSI la sing kien ciia Bd Qude phdng My, nhim muc dich thu thip thdng tin quin suva tinh bio, phit trien mdi quan bg vdi eic ddi tic d'khu vue, giim sit va dinh chan cie mdi de dpa hang bii xuyen qude gia. RMSI dupe trign khai thanh hai giai dogn. Giai dogn 1 (2004 - 2010): My phat trien hgp tic vdi cic qudc gia ttong khu vuc nhim ddi phd vdi nhiing mdi de dga ttdn bign. Giai doan 2 (2010 - 2020): My tiign khai xiy dgng h? thdng theo ddi vi kiem soit eo bien Malacca vi Bign Ddng, gia ting khi ning bio dim an nuih vting bign qudc tg cung nhu linh hai ciia moi nudc'^'. Tuy nhign, RMSI di vip phai su phin ddi mgnh me tir Malaysia va Indonesia. Hai qudc gia nay cho ring RMSI se din tdi vigc vi pham chii quygn vi bi le thugc vio qudc gia ben ngoii, mie dii phia My sau do khing dinh: (1) RMSI khdng phii la hi?p ude hay lien minh; (2) RMSI khdng din tdi luc luong thudng trgc tuin tta khu vuc Thii Bmh Duong;
(3) RMSI khdng phii li tiiich thire vdi qudc gia cd ebu quyen; (4) RMSI hogt dpng ttong khudn khd lugt phip qudc te.
Trdn thuc tg, RMSI la su tidp ndi eiia Sing kign An ninh phd bign (ProUferation Security Initiative - PSI) dupe Tdng tiidng My G.W.Bush dua ra thing 5-2003. Muc tieu cua PSI la nhim ngan chin vigc van ehuyen cic loai vu khi buy diet hang loat vi cic vat Ueu Uen quan, ttong do cd cie bien phip ngin chin, khim xet vi bit giii cic tiu thuyen, miy bay bi nghi ngd o pham vi toin thg gidi. Ttr 11 qudc gia ban diu, tinh den nay di cd 104 qude gja chinh thiic tham gia, ttong do cd nhieu qude gia Ddng Nam A kg ca Viet Nam... Tuy nhign, sang kign PSI cua My cung g^p phii sir phin ddi boi mpt sd qudc ga nhu An Do, Trung Qudc vi Indonesia. Cic qudc gia nay cho ring, PSI da vi pham Digu 19,23 vi 88 ttong Cdng ude Lien Hop qudc vg Luit Bign (UNCLOS, 1982).
Sing kien An ninh Container (Container Security Initiative - CSI) la chuong trinh do Cue Hii quan va Bao ve Bign gidi My thupc Bp An ninh Ngi dia de xuit vio thing 1-2002 voi muc dich "giii quygt nhirng moi de dog an mnh bien gidi vi tiiuong mai toin cau do cic phin tii khiing bd ed kha ning su dgng cic container van chuyen bing dudng bign de mua bin vu khi"'^'. CSI di dg xuit CO chg an ninh bao dam tat ca cie container tigm an nii ro phii dupe nhgn dien vi Idem tta tai eic cang xuat a nude ngoii tnrdc khi ehit len tau tdi My. Sang kign niy eho phep Hai quan My cii nhin vien tdi lim viee tai cing ciia eic nudc tham gia CSI dg kigm tta bing hda trude khi xuat khau den My. Theo Co quan Hai quan va Bao ve bign gidi My, di cd 36 cing bign ldn tten the gioi tham gia vio CSI. Tai Ddng Nam A, ed mgt sd eang cua Thii Lan, Singapore vi Malaysia gia nhap CSI.
Ngoii nhiing sing kidn kg ttgn, phia My ciing di trign khai nhigu chuong tiinh, ke hoach hgp
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tie an ninh bien a khu vuc nhin Chuong tiinh huin luygn, dao tao quin sir qudc tg (IMET);
Chuong trinh hgp tic hai quin chdng khiing bd (CIPAT); Chuong trinh huan luygn hgp tie Ddng Nam A (SEACAT); Nhdm chuygn gia ADMM vg An nmh bign (EAG-MS, 2011); Nhdm chuyen gia (EWG) ve An nmh Hing hii (2013); Hdi nghi Tu lenh Hai quin Tiy Thii Binh Duong (WPNS, 1987); Hgi nghi Hii quan An Dp Duongva Bd Tu Lenh Thii Binh Dirong (USPACOM),v.v. nhim nang cao ning luc an mnh - qudc phdng cho cic nuac ,thinh vien ASE/\N die biet li ning lire kiempoat an ninh tten khu vuc Bign Ddng.
3. Muc dich cua My
Mdtli, My mudn ting eudng xiy dung ca sa ha ting ky thuit nhim ning eao khi ning giim sit cic boat dpng okhu vuc. Ndu nhu sing kign RMSI (2004) tap tmng cic ngudn luc dg kigm soat eo bign Malacca, thi MSI (2015) thg hien no luc 6 phgm vi rpng ldn hon la toan bd Bidn Ddng. Trong 5 qudc gia ASEAN mi MSI uu tien, Phihppines li qudc gia dugc My xie dinh li ttgng tim eiia sing kidn vdi nhieu du in ldn nhir Du in xiy dung Tmng tim bing hii vi tie chign chung (AiS); Du an ning eao mang ludi thdng tin hen lgc; Du in dao tgo tang cudng quan he giiia luc lugng ehi huy va kiem soit [C2); Du in Cinh sat bidn (PCG) vi Tnmg tim Giim sit bien qude gia ciia Piiilippines (NCWC); Du an ning eao ning luc tinh bio, trinh sit vi giam sit (ISR).
Vol Malaysia, My ttang hi cho nudc niy he tiidng thong tin Uen lae an loin, be thdng dir Ueu hogt ddng chung cua Quan dpi (MAF) dg kdt ndi Tmng tim boat dgng bay Hoang gia Malaysia vdi eic luc lupng tie chien va Bg chi huy. My ciing lip dit hg thdng Uen lac an toin eho Bd chi huy Ham dpi ciia Hal quin Malaysia tai cin cii bai quin Lumut, ning cap Tmng tim tic chidn tdng hgp.
Vdi hidonesia. My ho ttp cie tiiiet bi di ddng dg thu tiiip, dinh gii, phin tich vi bio cio tin tiic cho Trung tim chi huy hing bii Indonesia, tir dd giiip phin tich thdng tui, kgt ndi dCr Ueu vi phdi hpp boat ddng tdt han ttong eiiu ttg thien tai vi ho ttp nhin dao. Lgc lupng Khdng quin Thai Binh Dirong va Ve bmh Qudc gia Hawaii cung se hgp tic vdi Khdng quin vi Hal quin Indonesia ve hogt dgng bay luin phidn va phdng khdng radar mat dit.
Ddi vdi Thii Lan, qudc gia nay sg nhin dirge su ttg giup eiia My nhim ting cudng ning lyc ehi huy vi Idem soit giiia Quin dpi Thii Lan vdi cic Bg chi huy true thudc. Vdi Vi?t Nam, My eii chuyen gia hd tta huin luyen sii dung miy bay khdng ngudi lii, thiet bi an ninh, he thdng tim kiem cliu nan tren bign SAROPS, giiip dd vg ning lue thuc thi phip luit tten bign cho luc lugng canh sit bign Viet Nam,v.v.'^\
Hai la, thdng qua vien ttg, My cd the bin khi tii quin si^, dd be trien khai eic hogt ddng quin su vi ky thoa ude an ninh vdi mgt sd qude gia DdngNamA.Kgtiinim 1991 ddn nim 2015, My duy tii boat ddng vien ttp an nmh cho khu vgc Ddng Nam A thdng qua cac chtrong trinh: Ho ttg tai chinh quan su nudc ngoii (FMF); Tii ttg bin thiet hi quan sir (FMS); Giio due va huan luy^n quin su qudc tg (IMET), v.v. Tinh rieng nim 2010 va nim 2015, (vien ttg an ninh eiia My eho khu vucli 182,1 tiieu USD vi 147,6 tiieu USD)'®. Tuy nhign, gdi tii chmh 425 trieu USD cua sing kign MSI la ngudn kinh phi dde lip, khdng cd ttong kg hoaeh tnrdc dd vi li ngudn ciia Bg Ngogi giao chii khdng phai ciia Bg Qude phdng hay Co quan Phat trign Qudc tg (US/\ID) eua My. Dieu niy phan inh, My tang miic quan tim tdi Unh vuc an ninh bien cua Ddng Nam A, ting hoat dgng b6 ttg cho chign lupc "xoay tiue" vi nhirng chuang trinh khie d khu vuc. Ngoii ra, My ciing Ii nha
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cung cap khi tai quan su hlen dai cho nhigu nude ddi tic d Ddng Nam A. Theo sd Ueu eua Vien N ^ e n ciru Hda bmh Qudc tgStockhoUn (SIPRI), ttong giai dogn 2010 - 2017, My di bin vu khi cho Ddng Nam A voi tri gii li 4,58 ty USD (chidm 6%
doanh sd toin ciu ciia Washington). Nim 2012, trong qui trinh thuc hien chinh sich chuyen ttpng tim sang chau A, Co quan hc^ tie qudc phdng - an ninh My (DSCA) di trinh Qude hdi de xuit ban vii khi ttang bi tri gii 301^ USD cho khu vuc chau A - Thii Binh Duong: Thii Lan dgt dupe thda thuin mua gdi vu khi tri gii 253 trieu USD;
hidonesia li 1,73 ty USD; Singapore vdi gdi mua 435 trigu USD; rieng PhiUpphies, My cam ket "hd ttptdi da vi kip thdi trong tien hinh hien dai boa lire lupng vii ttang PhiUppines nhit li ve khdng quin vi hii quin, xiy dung thg ttin phdng thu cd dd tin eay eao dg ddi phd vdi su "xam lin" cua Tnmg Qudc oBidn Ddng"*^.
Hing nim. My eiing thudng xuydn td chirc cie cupc dign tip quan su thudng nign 6 khu vuc. Nam 2012, "My tign hanh khoang 200 cugc dign tap song phirong va da phuong vdi 24 nude, ttong dd cd cic cupc dign tip vdi cic qudc gia Ddng Nam A nhu: Cobra Gold, Carat, Ngudi gic dgnAngkor, Cope Tiger, BaUkatan,v.v."'^', "Rieng nim 2015, BO tir lenh Thii Buih Duong My da td ehiie khoing 175 cupc dign tip quan su song phirong va da phuong; tien hanh hon 500 cugc giao luu cua cic si quan quin dpi eip cao vi td chiic hpi thio quan su"'^', ttong dd da phin eie hogt dpng didn ra 6 khu vue Ddng Nam A vi ttgn Bien Ddng. Thdng qua eie boat dgng nay, My timg bude thit chat quan he an nmh voi nhigu qude gia Ddng Nam A. Tinh rieng nim 2012 - 2013, "My da ky mdi va ky lai khoing 30 thoa thugn hpp tie an ninh quin su vdi cic nuoe ttong khu vuc"""' ttong dd cd cac nude nhu PhiUppines, Suigapore vi Thai Lan,
Ba la, chinh sich eua My tip trung vao nhdm cic nudc la ddng mmh, ddi tie quan ttpng va ed vi tri chien luge tten khu vuc Bien Ddng. Kurt M.CampbeU - cuu Trg ly Ngoai tiirong My phu ttich Ddng A - Thii Binh Duong, kien tnic su tmdng ttong ehinh sich "Xoay True" di tiing viet: "Chinh sich ciia My 6 chiu A ttr liu tip tiung vio khu vuc Ddng Bic A, nhung mdt phin quan ttpng ciia Chidn lupe Xoay True sang chau A tiigt ra lai la viec tai td chire su tip trung d ben ttong chau A vg phia cie nudc Ddng Nam A,...
Quan ttpng nhit, Ddng Nam A ciing li khu vuc cd cie ddi tic tiem ning diy hiia hen mi My can thigt lap quan he chit che hon, die bidt Ii Indonesia, Viet Nam, Malaysia vi Brunei""".
Chinh vi vay, dua tten co so miic dp quan he, My di chia cic qude gia Ddng Nam A thanh ba nhdm nude ehinh la: (1) Nhdm ddng mmh thin thidt gdm Thii Lan vi PhiUppines; (2) Nhdm ddi tic chidn luge la Smgapore; (3) Nhdm ddi tic chien lupe tigm ning li Indonesia, Malaysia vi Viet Nam. Vi ttong sing kien MSI cung vay, chinh sich an ninh bign cua My van chu yeu tip trung o nhiing nuoc cd vi tri chien luge in ngii tten khu vyc Bien Ddng vi eo bien Malacca. Ngoii PhUip- pines va Thii Lan - hai quoc gia cd hiep ude quin su va li "ddng mmh ngoii NATO" eiia My d khu vuc Ddng Nam A; Singapore - nude ed tiem luc kinh te, quin su manh, noi My di xay dung dupe mdi quan he ehinh tri, an ninh vung chic. My eiing day manh tang cudng quan he vdi cie qudc gia nhu Malaysia, Indonesia, \^iet Nam vi Brunei.
Bdn li, thdng qua MSI, My mudn tim kigm vai ttd Ion ban eiia ASEAN ttong eic vin de an ninh khu vuc. Neu nhu tiude day, su iing hd eiia My vdi ARF duge xem la "su tbii nghidm phuong thirc linh dao mdi" ciia My vdi ASEAN, till sau mgt tiidi gian, md hmh eo che an ninh da phuang eiia ASEAN ngiy cang phit huy tinh hieu qua, khing
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dinh dugc vi thg ttong dinh hinh eiu tnic an ninh mdi eho toin khu vue di lam thay ddi tu duy an ninh ciia My vg ASE/W. Tir eho chi coi ttgng ea chg an nmh tay ddi dua ttgn md binh "tiuc va nan hoa", dudi thoi chinh quygn Tdng thdng Obama, My da coi ttpng co che an nmh da phuong eiia ASEAN vi dgt nd ngang tim vdi co che song phuong. Chinh quyen Obama di tuyen bd ring:
"Washmgton xem xet ASE/\N li diu mdi cho cic van de khu vuc""^ vi ASEAN la "ddi tie thidt ygu", giii vai ttd trung tim ttong "cau true khu vuc mdi". Phia My nhgn dinh: "Trong sd cic td chiic dan xen nhau ngiy cing tang ve sd lupng ttong khu vuc, ed lg td ehde quan ttpng nhit li ASEAN", vi"Myquaytt61aisutiptnmgvdiASEAN""^'.My ling hd eie eo ehg hgp tie an ninh eua ASE/VN nhu ARF, EAS, ADMM+, v.v., ttong do cd vin de Bign Ddng; ling hg da phuong hda, qudc te hda ttanh chip ttdn Bign Ddng, thing thiing bic bd eic ygu sich "dudng ludi bd" tii phia Trung Qude, thit chat hon niia quan he vdi ASEAN, xie dinh Ddng Nam A Ii mgt ttpng tim, mit ach quan ttpng d'khu vue ehiu A - Thii Bmh Duong.
Nam li, mue dieh cao nhat ciia MSI li kiem che Tnmg Qudc. My di nhin thay su "ttdi day" cua Trung Qudc ttong phat tridn luc lugng quin dgi, nhit li luc Iugng hai quin, khdng quin. Viee nude niytrignkbaichignlupe "dai duongxanh", chidn luge "hii quygn", xay dung "chuoi nggc ttai", bdi dip ttii phgp cic" dio nhin tgo" ttdn bien nhim md rpng "khdng gian sinh tdn", eiing vdi nhung ddi hdi chii quyen vd ly d khu vuc Bign Ddng da de dga nghidm ttgng toi an ninh khu vue vi cic lgi ich cua My. Vi vay, My timg bude trign khai cic hogt ddng nhim ddi phd vdi Tnmg Qudc. Khdng chi thit chit quan be vdi eic nude ddng nunh, ddi tic, ting cudng xiy dung co sd hg ting ky thuit dg ning eao khi ning giam sit khu vuc Bien Ddng, My edn tiien khai nhieu boat ddng nhucoi
van dg Bien Ddng ngang hang vdi vin dg eo bign Dai Loan vi bin dio Trigu Tign: "Ddng Bic A ndi bat vdi vin de Bin dio Trigu Tign, va Ddng Nam A la vin dg Bign Ddng""* vi tuyen bd "quygn di Iai tu do tten Bien Ddng va dd la Igi ich qudc gia eua My""^. Cie cugc tgp ttin quan su 6 khu vue vi vay ciing dupe My tang cudng: "Khu vgc Ddng Nam A di tto thinh khu vuc dign tip quin sg nhigu nhit ttgn toin eiu""^'. Digu ding ndi li, Trung Qude di tto thanh muc tieu sd 1 ciia My vg tin suit, phgm vl vi phuong thiic do thim. Theo thdng kg, nim 2009, My chi thuc hign ban 260 vu do thim Trung Qude, nhung dgn nim 2014, di Ign hon 1200 vu (trung binh moi ngiySvu)"^, con sd nay vugt qua miie do trinh sit ciia My ddi vdi Lien Xd ttong thdi ky Chign ttanh Lanh. Theo bio cio ciia Vien Nghign cuu Bign Ddng ciia Trung Qude ngiy 25-11-2016 till: "quin dgi My di tiiigt lip 7 nhdm, gdm nhigu cin a i quin sir tai chiu A - Thai Bmh Duong, chigm 50% tdng sd ein cii quan su cua My d nudc ngoii""®. Tren eo sd dd, My di xay dung co ehd an nmh 6 khu vuc chau A - Thii Buih Duong thanh bdn cip do: Cip dg 1 li My - Nhit Ban; Cap dp 2 la My - AusttaUa, Han Qudc, Thai Lan, PhiUppmes; Cip dg 3 li My - Singapore, Indonesia; Cip dp 4 Ii My va eie qudc g^a khic. Rieng tgi Ddng Nam A, My da digu chinh, bd tri lai luc Iugng vi eie cin cii quin su.
Theo do, My di tiing budc thidt lap cic cin cii quin su hay eie co sd tgm tni tai Thii Lan, PhiUppines, Smgapore vi ting cudrng quan hg an ninh vdi Indonesia, Malaysia vi Vigt Nam dga tten cic thda thuin hgp tic giira cic ben.
Nhin chung, muc dich sing kign MSI di phin inh muc tigu mi chinh quygn Tdng tiidng Obama da theo dudi dua tten 3 trg cot la ngogi giao, phip ly vi quin su, cung nhu 5 vin dg co bin ve Bien Ddng li: Luit qudc tg; kiem chg, ngan chin; khuygn khich; cam ket ngoai giao vi
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sii dung cdng eu ASEAN. Tuy nhign, sau khi Tdng thdng Trump len cim quygn (1-2017), chinh sich an nmh cua My 6 khu vgc vi ttong van dg Bign Ddng da cd su digu chinh ding ke vi manh me ban so vdi thdi Tdng thdng Obama. Khdng chi phd binh "Chinh quygn Obama da bat lire ttong ehinh sich vg Bidn Ddng", Trump edn tuyen bd: "Trung Qudc khdng ngn vi khdng thg Igng hinh, mudn lam ^ Ihi lim dBIgn Ddng"'^^'.
Tren tiigc tg, Bign Ddng di ttd tiiinh mdt phan quan ttpng ttong chign lupc A Dp Duong - Thii BUih Duong tu do vi md rgng cua chinh quydn Tmmp. Cic boat ddng tip ttin, tuan tta o khu vuc dugc My trien khai theo hudng ting quy md vi tin suat, quan b? an runh vdi eie ddi tie ttong khu vue ciing dugc My day manh. Die biet, chinh quygn Tmmp di dua ra chu truong xiy dung chign lupc qude gia ve Bien Ddng vi day mgnh ting cudng siic manh luc lugng hai quan, chuygn hogt dgng "tten bign" sang hogt ddng "tu bign", ttr "trien khai tuygn diu" sang "bidn dign tuygn diu" vi "Iim chu tten bien" thay eho
"kigm soit ttdn bign", dieu dd cho thay thii dp kien quygt eiia My ttong vin dg Bien Ddng tnrdc nhiing hanh dgng lin tdi ciia Tnmg Qude.
4. Doi sich cua Viet Nam
Mgt la, hpp tic an ninh ttdn bign voi My phii dua tten Co ehe ddi thoai thudng nidn vg Chinh tii - An mnh - Qudc phdng (2008), Co chd Ddi tiioai Chinh sich Qudc phdng (2010), ndi dung khudn khd Bin ghi nho vg hpp tie qudc phdng Viet Nam - My (2011) vi Tuygn bd tim nhin chung vg quan be qudc phong Vidt Nam - My (2015) cung nhu thanh qua 20 nam quan he qudc phdng - an ninh Viet - My (1995 - 2015) va chuin muc, quy # i h chung eiia Lien Hgp qudc vg an nmh, an toin hing hii.
Hai li, cin nhan dien, nim bit duge chinh sich an nmh bign ciia My ddi vdi Viet Nam de
xay dung mdi quan hg phii hgp dua tten lgi ich chung cua ei Viet Nam, My vi ASEAN. Vg ca ban, chinh sich an nmh bien cua My ddi vdi Vi$t Nam ttong thdi gian qua chu yeu dua ttgn lgi ich vi tri dig chign luge eua Viet Nam tten bign - qudc gia cd 3260 km dudng bd bign vi chidm khoing 1 trieu km^ dien ti'ch Bien Ddng. My mudn thdng qua Viet Nam de tang cudng khi ning hien dien tten Bidn Ddng, kigm ehg tham vgng va inh hudng cua Tmng Qude.
Ba li, Viet Nam ein ti'ch cue, chii ddng hon niia ttong edng tic ddi ngogi quin sg qude phdng vdi My dg bao ve cic lgi Ich hpp phip tten bign cua Viet Nam. Thdi gian qua, ttanh thii su quan tim ciia My ttong vin de an runh, an toin hing hii ttgn khu vuc Bien Ddng, Viet Nam di nhgn dugc khi nhigu su giup dd eua My trong cie chuong tiinh, boat ddng vien ttp vii khi ttang bi, giio due dio tao, die biet li nhirng giup do ttong ning cao ning lgc chip phap, thuc thi phap luit ttgn bign cho lue lugng Cinh sit bign Vidt Nam. Tuy nhign, ttong bdi eanh vin dg ehCi quygn vi Ipi ieh hop phip ttgn bien Uen tuc dung trude nhiing thii thich, Viet Nam ein day manh ban niia cic boat dpng de bao ve nhiing Ipi ich hpp phip tten bien ciia mmh.
Bdn la, ting cudng hgp tic an ninh tren bidn vdi My tten co sd giii viing muc tigu dge lap din tge va CNXH, min tbii nguyen tie "ba khdng"
ttong qude phdng. Viet Nam khdng tham gia eie lidn minh quan su, khdng li ddng minh quin su eiia bit ky nude nao, khdng cho bat cu nude nao dgt can cii quin su 6 Vigt Nam va khdng dua vao nude nay de chdng nude kia. Vigt Nam can giii viing nguyen tic ddc lip, or chii vi dua vio sire minh li chinh de bio ve Td qudc, ddng thdi tranh thu su ddng tmh iing hd cua cdng ddng qudc te de bio ve nhiing lgi ich ehinh ding eua Viet Nam.
Lf LUAN CHlNH TRj • So 10/2020
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QUdCT^Nim li, ttong bdi canh cude egnh ttanh dia chinh tri giiia cic nudc ldn a khu vuc ngiy mot gay git, vin dg tranh chap chii quyen tten Bien Ddng cd chieu hudng phiie tap hon, Viet Nam can xii ly khgo leo, ein bing cic mdi quan he, trinh xung dot lgi ich vdi My v i Tnmg Qudc. Neu q u i t h i n thiet vdi My Trung Qudc sg cd eie hinh dgng, die biet l i tten khu vuc Bien Ddng vi cho ring \^et Nam dua vio nude Ion de chdng Igi hg. Ngugc Igi, ndu coi Tnmg Qude l i quan hg sd 1, \^gt Nam se mit nhigu cohdi ttong hpp tic vdi My va eic nude ddng nunh. Vi vay, bao dam cin bing Ipi ieh ciia c i My v i Trung Qudc l i each tdt nhit dg Viet Nam ttinh khdi tinh timig hi ket giiia cic eudng qudc.
Tdm Igi, MSI l i su tiep ndi viec trien khai ehinh sich an ninh bign eiia My df khu vue Ddng Nam A, l i mdt thinh td h6 ttg chinh sich "xoay tiuc"
chuyen ttpng t i m sang chau A - Thii Bmh Duong cua My. Tuy nhign, viec trign khai MSI khdng he don giin ttong bdi canh ngin sich qudc phdng My tiep tuc bi cit giim do khd khin ve kinh te.
Ben egnh do, Tong thdng Trump sau khi len n i m quyen d i cd su dieu cbinb ehinh sich an ninh o khu vuc eung nhu ttong v i n dg Bidn Ddng inrde bdi canh Tmng Qude ngay cing quygt Uet hon ttong ddi hdi chii quygn tten bien tgi day O
(1) Prashanth Parameswran: "US Launches New Maritime Security Initiative at Shangri-La Dialogue 2015", Tlie Dip/omat, dang ngay 2-6-2015.
(2) Prashanth Parameswran: "US Kicks off New Maritime Security Initiative for Southeast Asia", The Diplomat, dang ngay 2-4-2016.
(3) Nguygn Thi Hue: Vi tham vong cua My ddi voi eo biin Malacca. Tap chi Kiin thuc Qudc phong Hien dai, sd 10 - 2004, tt.29.
(4) Sing kign an mnh Cdng ten no ciia My,
https://www.customs.gov.vn/Lists/TinHoatDong/
ViewDetails.aspx?ID= 17486&Category=Tin%20n.
(5) Nhiing nudc ASEAN nao nim uong Sang kien An ninh Hang hai My 2016, https://vov.vn/the- gioi/nhung-nuoc-asean-nao-nam-trong-sang- kien-an-ninh-hang-hai-my-2016-5100 le.vov.
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(8), (10) Nguygn Xuin Khu: Dinh gia chiin luge chuyin trgng tam sang chau A - Thii Binh Duong cua My tir dau nim 2012 din nay. Tap chi Quan hi qudcphong, quy 111/2013, tt.50,49.
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(11], (13) Kurt M. CampbeU (Nguygn Hdng Quang.
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(12), (14) Dang Dinh Quy (chii bign): Tranh chip Biin Dong luat phip, dia chinh tri va hgp tac qudc ti, Nxb Thg gioi, HaNpi, 2012, tt.53,54.
(15) Trin Khanh: Vai trd cda ASEAN trong ngSn ngiia xung dot d Bien Ddng, Tap chi N^en cuu DdngNamA, sd 10 - 2012, tt.5.
(16) Quang Huy My quay trd lai Dong Nam A cd tic ddng tbi nao ddi voi an ninh Biin Ddng, Tap chi Quan he qudcphong, sd 1 - 2011, U.38.
(19) https://vn.spumiknews.c6m/opinion/20I90 2057010820-chinh-sach-bien-dong-thoi-ong- tmmp-my-co-lam-nen-chuyen-voi-tmng-quoc- viet-nam-se-ra-sao/.
LfLUAN CHlNH TRI-SolO/2020