KHUNG HOANG TINH THAN DlTdl NHAN QUAN CUA CAC NHA TRIET HOC PHUdNG TAY HIEN DAI
LE THI HONG NHUNG'*'
Tom tat: Thiic hi$n cong cade hien dai hoa xa hgi, chiing ta tat ySii can phai tiep thu nhdng thanh tiiu van mmh cua xa hpi hiSn dai phiidng Tay va ne tranh nhdng he qua tieu ciic xet tdgoc d6 van hoa nhan van cua no. Hang loat nha trii't hoc phiidng Tay hien dai noi tieng da va dang diia ra quan diem ve chfnh nhdng he qua van hoa tieu ciic cua hien dai hoa, gan lien chiing vdi cac qua trinh hdp ly hoa va the tac hoa xa hpi. TH do, ho dat ra va diia ra caa tra ldi cho van de cot loi caa phat trien xa hpi: con ngiidi bien dai can phai lam gi d§ bao dam tinh ch&'t nhan van cua ti§'n trinh lich sH.
Bai viet phan tich khiing hoang tinh than ay nhii tien de de tiep thu co chon lgc thanh tiia van minh phiidng Tay.
Tif khoa: IQiung hoang tinh than; hien dai hoa; hdp ly hoa; the'tuc hoa; van hoa, van minh.
Abstract: As a step in social modernization, it is essential to learn to receive accomplishments of western civiHzation while avoiding its negative effects. Famous modern western philosophers have discussed the negative cultural consequences of modernization associated with rationalism and secularism. They posed questions and answers for the core of social development: what modern men need to do to preserve humanity in the progress of history? This article analyzed that mental crisis as a foundation for selective reception of western civilization.
Keywords: Mental crisis; modernization; rationalism; secularism; culture; civilization.
Ngay nh^n bai: 12/12/2019; Ngay s^a bai: 10/01/2020; Ngay duyet dang bai: 15/02/2020.
1. Dat van de suy ddi va d i n tdi thii tieu van hda Vidt Trong bd'i canh hdi nhap, tie'p bien van vd'n da cd ban sic, dien mao rieng eiia nd.
hda toan ciu va hien dai hda xa bdi d thdi Song, d day, ehflng ta lai phai do'i dien vdi dai ngay nay, chung ta ein phai danh gia mot hiem hpa khd lUdng la tam thd' sung va tie'p thu cd chpn lpc nhflng gia tri van bai phfldng Tay, tuyet dd'i hda nhflng gia hda phfldng Tay. Dfldng nhien, vd'n tien xa tri ciia nd va hdn the nfla, la dinb hUdng hdn tren con dUdng phat trien khoa hpe, "phfldng Tay hda". Ban than van hda edng nghe va san xua't vat eha't, nen van phfldng Tay cung va'p phai nhflng va'n de minh phfldng Tay mang trong minh nhieu nan giai eua rieng nd. Do vay, tie'n hanh gia tri chung nhan loai. Do v^y, chung ta hien dai hda vi muc tieu dan giau, nUdc cin phai cd thai dp s i n sang tie'p nhan manh, xa hdi cdng bing, dan ehu, van nhflng gia tri dd, nhflng dd la sfl tie'p nhan minh, dfldng nhien, chung ta can phai diia tren ed sd van hda Viet. Nghia la,
nhflng gia tri do cin dUdc \km cho thich
flng vdi van hda Viet, chfl kbdng phai lam '•' NCS. Khoa Triet hpc Dai hoc Khoa hpc Xa hoi i N h a n van, Dai hoc Quo'c gia Ha Npi.
g ] NHAN LUG KHOA HOC XA Htl SO 4-2020
LE THI HONG NHUNG nhan thflc dfldc nhflng cam bay ma xa bdi
hien dai d phfldng Tay da bi sa vao de ne tranh, khdng lap lai chung. Nhfl vay, va'n d^ neu tren ddi hdi phai dfldc nghien cflu mpt each sau sac, tren binh didn trie't hpc, dac biet la ein phai tinh de'n tieng ndi cua ban than cac dai dien tri tue, cac nha trie't hgc phfldng Tay. Day cflng chinh la mue dich ciia bai viet nay.
2. Ban chat cua t h a hoa t i n h t h a n Nhu da rd, trie't hpc da, dang va mai mai cd mdt muc dieh nhan van duy nhat eua minh la giai phdng con ngfldi, dem lai tfl do cho eon ngfldi, tUc la chi ra ban ehat dich thflc cua sfl tha hda (danh ma't nhan tinh minh do bi chi pho'i, bi "chap" vao nhflng eai khdng thude ve nhan tinh minh) eua con ngfldi va con dfldng khac phuc sfl tha hda a'y. Trong mdi mpt thdi dai lich sd, con ngfldi ludn bi cbi phdi bdi mpt hinh thflc tha hda nao dd. C.Mae da vach tran sfl tha boa cua eon ngfldi dfldi chu nghia tfl ban (vat hda quan be gifla ngfldi vdi ngfldi) la do sU thd'ng tri cua che dp tfl hflu va dng cung da chi ra con dfldng khie phuc sfl tha hda dd bang each mang xa hdi cbu nghia va xay dflng ch§' dp cdng san chii nghia'^'. Gid day, hinh thflc tha hda chie'm flu the trong xa hpi phfldng Tay chinh la sfl tha hda tinh thin. Nghia la, con ngfldi trong xa hpi phUdng Tay hien dai bi nd dich ve mat tinh than vdi tU each gia tri td'i eao, ed y nghia quyet dinh ban cha't ngudi. Phan tich hinh thflc tha hda nay va chi ra con dfldng khic phuc nd da trd thanh de tai ehu ye'u cua ta't ca trao lflu trie't hpc phfldng Tay hien dai'^'. Viec tim bieu van d§' tha hda tinh t h i n eua ngudi phUdng Tay hien dai trong bd'i canh SO 4-2020
tie'p bie'n v a n h d a t o a n c i u v a t o a n cau h d a hien nay, n h i m n e t r a n h "vet xe dd'"
ciia n e n v a n m i n h phfldng Tay k h i tie'p t h u nhflng t h a n h tiiu tieh cue cua nd d a n g t r d t h a n h v a n de cd y n g h i a q u a n t r g n g ca ve m a t ly l u ^ n , lan ve m a t tbiic t i l n dd'i vdi c h u n g t a .
C u n g vdi thdi gian, c h u n g t a ngay cang n h a n tha'y rd hdn r i n g , the' ky XXI se trd t h a n h mpt cai md'c q u a n trgng trong lieh st£
loai ngUdi. Cai md'c n a y d a n h d^u sfl cao c h u n g cua thdi dai "chinh phue tfl nhien"
eua eon ngfldi. N e n v a n m i n h m a con ngfldi da t a o dflng n e n la ra't h u n g m a n h , k h a n a n g tac dpng ciia con ngfldi den sinh q u y e n da sau rgng tdi mflc de dga b a n t h a n mdi s i n h ciia Homo Sapiens vd, do vay, de'n ca sfl tdn t a i ciia loai sinh v a t n a y vdi tfl each mpt t r o n g cae h e thd'ng sinh quyen.
Thflc cha't cua va'n de la d chd, gid day, moi q u a n h e q u a lai gifla con ngfldi va tfl nhidn k h d n g t h e td ehfle nhfl trflde kia, khdng t h e dfla t r e n cd sd sd d u n g tai nguyen t h i e n n h i e n rapt each khong suy nghi, khdng cd gidi b a n va thfldng xuyen lam h a i tfl nhien.
D a de'n lflc loai ngfldi can p h a i y thflc d i y d u sfl p h u thudc cua m i n h vao k h a n a n g ciia s i n h quyen trong viec duy tri sfl dn d i n h va tie'p tuc xay dflng cude sd'ng theo nguyen t i e ddng tie'n hda (coevolution) va p b a t t r i e n ben vflng. Dd la ndi d u n g c b u ye'u eua nhflng ehuyen bie'n dang b i t d i u d i i n r a . T a t ca nhflng vaii de k h a c d^u la thfl ye'u.
'» Xem: Le Kim Binh, D6 Mmh Hop (2014), Tai sao chiing ta cin phii kiin dinh chu nghia Mac. Nxb.
Chinh tri Qu6'c gia, HN.
(^J Xem' D6 Minh Hpp (2016), Di tim le song - Nhilng bi an vf dai ciia con ngiidi Nxb. Ton giao, HN.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHQI Q ]
Cd t h e la ky quae, song cP hdi k h a c p h u c k h u n g h o a n g t o a n c i u cua loai ngfldi trflde b e t p h u thugc k h d n g b a n vao k h a n a n g td chflc cdng n g h e cua n e n v a n m i n h n h a n loai, m a c h u ye'u vao dien mao t i n h t h i n , dao dflc eua b a n t h a n con ngfldi. Va, dfldng nhfl mpi cdi deu p h u thugc vao t r i n h dd p h a t trien dao dflc cua con ngfldi - t r i n h dp m a con ngfldi y thflc dfldc tbiic cha't cua m e n h l e n h sinh t h a i vdi tfl each radt t h a n h to' cua b e thd'ng dao dflc c h u n g - ''raenb l e n h t u y e t dd'i" n b u K a n t ndi. Ne'u linh vUc dao dflc trflde kia chi bao q u a t nhflng q u a n h e d ben trong b e tbd'ng "xa hgi loai ngfldi", t h i hien nay, nd dUdc rad rdng r a ca nhflng q u a n h e "xa hdi loai ngfldi - tfl nhien". Ldi r a n "Khdng dflpc sat sinh" triic tiep chuyen sang nhflng q u a n he a'y, bdi nhflng q u a n he nay, k h i bd'i c a n h h i n h t h a n h ba't ldi, cd thd d i n de'n sfl b u y diet ciia loai ngfldi t r e n t r a i Da't theo d u n g n g h i a cua tfl nay.
3. Q u a n d i e m c i i a c a c n h a t r i e t h o c phfltfng T a y h i e n d a i v e t h a h o a t i n h t h a n
Dieu ndi t r e n trd t h a n h t a m diem t r o n g cdng t r i n h n g h i e n cflu ciia N.I.Moiseev nhfl thii n g h i e m t h u vi n h i m phac hga trie't hgc lich sii sinh quyen'^'. N.I.Moiseev dat niem tin vao con ngUdi va dng hy vpng eon ngfldi cd k h a n a n g t r a n b t h a m hga. Theo dng, de n h a n thflc sau sac bdn ve tUdng lai ciia loai ngudi, e h u n g t a can p h a i chuyen tfl nhflng v a n de sinh t h a i hgc va chinh tri hgc sang v a n de t i e n hda t r o n g the' gidi ndi t a m cua con ngfldi. Day chinh la chie'c chia khda de rad r a dieu q u a n trgng n h a t ~ bao tdn loai Homo Sapiens t r e n h a n h tinh. Dieu dd thflc sfl la n h u vay, bdi e h u n g t a dang p h a i t r a ldi eho va'n de n a n giai: xet ve pbUdng
dien dao dflc, con ngudi d d a u t h e k y XXI la gi, con ngUdi dd cd k h a n a n g n h a n thfle sfl b i t d i u eiia k h u n g h o a n g t o a n c i u va tinh ca'p bach cua m e n h l e n h s i n h t h a i d chflng mfle nao? Den lUpt minh, va'n de n a y lai ddi hdi p h a i l a m s a n g td bd'i c a n h dao dflc cu t h e vdi tfl each phfldng didn q u a n t r p n g bac n h ^ t ciia tdn t a i ngudi b i e n dai. Ndi each k h a c , c h u n g t a c a n p h a i xac d i n h nhflng n h a n td' can trd con ngfldi l a m Ngudi hay, ndi cbinh xac hdn, can trd con ngUdi tfl h o a n t h i e n m i n h vdi tU each Ngfldi, eiing nhfl c a n trd con ngfldi d a n h gia nhflng kha n a n g k h i e p h u e eae n h a n to' a'y.
D e giai quye't nhflng va'n de nay, c i n p h a i xay dflng m d t phfldng p h a p thieh hdp.
Do viec k h a o cflu the' gidi dflpng dai va eon ngUdi vdi t u cdch mot thUe t h e t i n h t h a n - xa hdi phflc t a p , tdn t a i t r o n g t h e thd'ng nha't hflu cd, n e n c h u n g t a c i n p h a i n h a n thflc phflc b e t d a n v e n "tinh t h i n - v a n hda - v a n minh". T u y nhien, c h u n g t a khdng t h e n b a n tbflc phflc h e thd'ng nha't n a y nhd ap d u n g phfldng p h a p l u a n cua k h o a hpc cd dien, - phflPng p h a p l u a n quy qua trinh n b a n thfle va cai bien t h e gidi ve tae dpng den t h e gidi tfl p h i a chii t h e b a n g each dd'i lap nghiera n g a t k h a c h t h e vdi cbii t h ^ Phfldng p h a p m a chflng t a e i n p h a i cd la phfldng p h a p gia djnh, thfl nha't, tac ddng lan n b a u gifla k h a c h t h e va chii t h e va, thfl hai, chii t h e la thflc t h e t i n h t h i n . Vdi nhflng gia dinh nay, cd t h e coi b a n chat xa hdi cua eon ngfldi la t a o p h a m cua chinh con ngfldi. Nhflng t r i thflc cd dfldc ve con
'^' N.I.Moiseev (1993), VitOn len ly tinh - NhSng bai giang vethuyi't tien hoa pho quat va nhiing ^g dung cua no, MatxcOva
Q
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOILE THI HONG NHUNG
ngfldi nhd p h a n tich cac dfl h e u k i n h n g h i e m t i n h t h i n d a dfldc k h a c h q u a n h d a la bd s u n g c a n thie't cho cae k h o a hpc cd dien. Nhflng dfl lieu nay, v^ thflc chat, p h a n a n h m o t phfldng dien k h a c c u a t d n tai ngfldi, phfldng dien m a c h u n g t a khdng t h e d a t tdi b i n g tfl duy duy ly t h u i n tuy, nhflng viec bd q u a nd se l a m m a t b a n t h a n muc dich, ngi d u n g eiia h c h sii - t i n h t h i n h d a x a hgi t i n h .
Con ngfldi soiig d thdi dai n a o ciing d e u cd thidn hfldng phdng dai y n g h i a c u a thdi dai do. T r e n thflc te', hp di de'n t h i e n hfldng do rapt each vd t i n h chfl k h d n g p h a i hflu y.
Chung t a cung di de'n t h i e n hfldng ay k h i quan n i e m thdi b i e n dai la ke't q u a ciia toan bd tien t r i n h p h a t t r i e n lieh sd n h a n loai. DflPng nhien, k h i dd, e h u n g t a da kbdng n h i n n h a n thdi b i e n dai b i n g n h a n quan cua cac t h e h e tfldng lai, bdi c h u n g t a thudng coi each n h i n n h a n do la c h u a n xac.
Mac du vay, b e n c a n h nhflng n h a n to' m a chung t a da biet, t r o n g lieh s-i£ n h a n loai.
v i n cd nhflng n h a n to' budc c h u n g t a p h a i tach biet thdi dai t h a y t h e cho thdi T r u n g dai d chau Au va n h d n dfldc t e n ggi la
"modern" (thdi H i e n dai) b a y thdi d a i Cdng nghiep, tfle la giai doan d a n g di de'n hdi ke't d trflde m a t c h u n g ta. Va'n de l a d chd, day cbinh la thdi dai d i u t i e n m a nhflng dac didm quye't dinh c u a nd la giai p h d n g con ngfldi khdi t h e gidi q u a n t d n giao tflng thd'ng tri, la tfl bd c h u n g b i a t h i n la t r u n g t a m (theocentrisrae) de c h u y e n s a n g chii ngbia eon ngfldi la t r u n g t a m (anthropocentrisme) va ke't q u a ta't ye'u cua nd la t h e tuc h d a (secularisation) xa hpi.
Khung h o a n g x a hdi b i t d a u bpc Id ro d thdi dai n a y va do c h i n h la k h i i n g h o a n g cua Id'i
SO 4-2020
sd'ng coi eon ngfldi la t r u n g t a m (vd t h a n t h e o n g h i a nay). De'n lUpt minh, chinh k h u n g h o a n g n a y quye't dinh boi canh dao dUc c u a con ngfldi h i e n dai.
Tfl gifla the' k y XX, ngfldi t a b i t d i u ndi tdi khdi diem cua thdi dai H a u cdng nghiep. Nhiing t h u d t ngfl, nhfl "thdi dai each m a n g khoa hgc - k y t h u a t " b a y "xa bdi t h d n g tin", da x u i t hien. Nhflng, n h i n chung, nhflng d d n b gia ngfldc lai (postmodern) v a n chie'm Uu the. Dieu n a y chflng td ngi d u n g ciia thdi hien dai v i n chfla dfldc k h a o eflu rapt each it n h i e u tbda dang; thdi hien dai cflng vdi ta't ea mgi cdch t a n cua m i n h v a n la k e tuc hpp logic cua lich sii can hien dai. Tren thflc te, n h i e u l i n h vflc cua ddi sd'ng xa bdi bien dai d a n g chia t a y vdi q u a kbfl theo nhflng mflc do k h a c n h a u . C h a n g b a n , ne'u eac linh vflc k i n h te, chinb t r i - xa hdi bie'n ddi da it n h i e u cho tha'y sfl xua't hien cua mot cha't Iflpng mdi, t b i q u a n n i e m pbi tdn giao ve the' gidi v i n d a n g chflng td mflc do k b u n g h o a n g s a u sac cua thdi can bien dai. Kbiing h o a n g n a y dflde t h e hien r a nhU the' nao?
NgUdi t a cbo r i n g , k h u n g h o a n g cua thdi cdn hidn dai d i u tien xua't hien d cudi thdi P h u c b u n g . N h a trie't hoe ngUdi P h a p , B.Paseal (1623-1662) dUa r a ldi canh bao ve cac md'i n g u y h i e m ciia viec de cao con ngUdi t h a i qua. M u d n hdn, n h a trie't hgc ngudi Dflc, I.Kant (1724-1804) chia mui n h p n ciia ehu n g h i a p h e p h a n cua dng vao viec chd'ng lai tfl hoai n g h i cua ly tinh. Vao the' ky XIX, n h a trie't bpc ngfldi D a n Mach, S.Kierkegaard (1813-1855) len tie'ng ehd'ng lai logic hgc m a n g t i n h phi n b a n each hda t r o n g hpc thuye't Hegel. N h a van, n h a trie't bpc ngfldi Nga, M.Dostoesky (1821-1882)
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q |
dUa ra tU tudng ve mau thuan cua ban tinh ngfldi, ve nhflng mien sau bi an eua nhan each. Tu tudng nay eua dng dUdc coi la thu dich sau sic vdi quan niem the tuc ve con ngUdi vd'n dac trUng eho thdi elm hien dai.
CMae dfla ra tfl tudng ve sii tha hda eiia con ngfldi ddi vdi ban chit xa hpi cua nd ma theo dd, con ngfldi dflng ddi lap vdi lflc lUdng tbu dicb - ket qua boat ddng lao ddng ciia ban than nd (tU ban). Nha triet hgc ngudi DUc, F.Nietzsche (1844-1900) ndi midt thi ve sii "hen ha" tren phUdng dien tinh t h i n cua con ngUdi hien dai va keu gpi khic phuc tinh trang nay. Vao diu the ky XX, xa hdi Cdng nghiep hau ky da bi phe phan mot each toan dien. Ve sU phe phan nay, chung ta cd the kd dd'n sU phe phan ciia cac nha trie't hgc ldn, nbU Ortega y Gasset, Nietzsche, Spengler...*^'.
Chang han, Ortega y Gasset chi ra xu hudng man rp hda xa hdi nhU ke't qua eiia qua trinh "ndi day ciia dam ddng" va nhfl ke't qua thd'ng tri ciia con ngudi dam ddng trong xa hdi*^*. Gvardini vach ra sU doi lap gifla cac ket qua boat ddng ciia con ngfldi hien dai vdi nhflng muc dich thflc sfl nhan van cua nd. Theo dng, nen van minh nhan loai (cu thd la quydn lflc) da "'noi loan"
cho'ng lai con ngUdi va dan de'n nen "van hda phi - van hda"*^'. Berdyaev nban tha'y
"cai bi dat" eiia toan bd thdi can hien dai la sU "chd'i bd Kito giao". Vdi thdi hien dai, theo dng, dieu quan ngai nha't la niem tin thai qua vao ky thuat, tfle la quyen lfle vd ban ddi vdi tfl nhidn va con ngfldi tfl phia cac lfle Ifldng xa hdi vd danh tinh, hpp ly hda mot each bat can y thflc con ngfldi va do vay, lam tieu tan muc dieh eiia ton tai ngudi. Ong cho rang, dai bd phan ngfldi
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
phflPng Tay da tflng la nhflng ngfldi da t h i n giao, hg dfldc sinh ra tfl nen mot van hda tha'm dfldm tfl duy Kitd giad. Hg di de'n giai doan dfldc ggi la "trfldng thanh",
"dgc lap", song ve tbflc cha't, da danh mit qua khfl cua minh ma lai chfla dat tdi hien tai, tfle mdt nen van hda khac. Hp danh m i t cdi ngudn Kitd giao, song lai chfla song mpt ne'p sd'ng mdi theo Phuc am. Do vay, theo dng, dieu lo ngai nha't la sii thd'ng tri hoan toan cua van minh ddi vdi van hda*''. Sorokin cho rang, nen van hda duy cam ciia thdi dai Cdng nghidp ta't yeu phai hi diet vong bdi chu nghia tfldng ddi ve gia tri dang chuyen hda thanh ehu nghia hfl vd*^*.
Promm lflu y ring, trong xa hgi Cdng nghiep hau ky, eon ngfldi dflng ddi lap vdi rapt be thd'ng to chflc khdng lo - nha nfldc cflng vdi nen cdng nghiep hien dai ma, khi boat dpng vi nhiing ldi ich rieng eua minh, thfldng trd nen ra't xa la dd'i vdi eon ngfldi, tham cbi cdn tbu dich v6i con ngfldi va bie'n eon ngfldi hoan toan thanh khach the, -
"vat hda" con ngfldi. Theo dng, "con ngudi bi xam cbiS'm bdi tam trang b i t an vk mong mud'n cd'ng hie'n toan bd tU do cua minh cho mpi ke ddc tai du loai; hay eon ngudi danh ma't tu do, bie'n minh thanh eai dinh vit ciia cd may: khong phai la con
'^' Xem: D5 Minh Hop (2006), Dien mao tri^t hgc phUdng Tayhi$n dai. Nxb. Ha Noi, tr,3-28.
'^' H.Ortega y Gasset (1995), SiJ noi d$y cua dai chung.
London, tr.55.
'^' R.Gvardini (1990), Su cao chung ciia thdi Can dai.
Maiz, t r . l 8 .
'"' N.Berdyaev (1994), Trang thai tinh thin cua thi gidi Men dai Matxcdva, tr.4S5.
'^' P.Sorokin (1959), Khung hoang cua thdi dai chiing ta - Con ngitdi, van minh, xa hpi. N.Y., tr.427
SO 4-2020
LE T H I HONG NHUNG
ngUdi tfl do, m a l a ngfldi m a y dfldc n u d i dfldng td't, dflde a n m a c dep"*^'. Tillieh n h a n xet: "nhiing b a o d a m dfldc d e m lai nhd cac cd che g i a m s a t k y t h u a t m o t each ed h i e u q u a dd'i vdi tU n h i e n , nhflng phfldng p h a p g i a m s a t t a m ly dd'i vdi ca n h a n va g i a m s a t sfl p h a t t r i e n n h a n h vi m a t to chflc dd'i vdi xa hdi, - t a t ca nhflng bao d a m nhfl v a y d e u p h a i t r a cai gia d i t : b a n t h a n con ngfldi m a ta't ca nhflng bao d a m do dfldc t a o r a nhfl nhflng phfldng tien lai trd t h a n h phfldng t i e n bd trd cho nhflng bao d a m ay"^^"'.
Tfl nhflng q u a n n i e m dd, ngfldi t a cho rang, dae trflng eho n e n v a n m i n h d a n g
"ndi loan" ehd'ng lai v a n h d a la nhflng h e qua xa hdi va t i n h t h i n s a u day: k h i bi ehuyen h d a t h a n h mdt y e u to' eua h e thd'ng td chflc phflc t a p , "con ngudi d a m ddng" tU t h i y m i n h b i t lUe va cd ddc. Con ngfldi dd hfldng de'n nhflng giai p h a p ddn gian va t h a i qua, de'n bad lfle va "tdn thd t h i n tfldng", k h i m a nhflng gia t r i dich thflc cua nd (nhan van) bi t h a y thd' b a n g nhflng hien tflpng xa hpi, nhfl n h a nfldc, d a n tdc, k y t h u a t va t h a m ehi la t h i n thoai (ve c h u n g tgc, ddng hg,...). Vdi tfl c i c h la cai t n i c tie'p thfl dieh vdi b a n n g u y e n t i n h t h i n t r o n g con ngfldi, "van hda d a m ddng" k h u d n m i u hda y thflc cua eon ngfldi d a m ddng, k h u d n m i u hda Id'i sd'ng, nhflng n h u c i u v a ldi iing xxi cua con ngfldi nay. Theo O r t e g a y Gasset, q u a t r i n h "ehuyen mdn h d a t h a i qua" d i i n ra; ngfldi lao dgng budc p h a i trd t h a n h ehuyen gia t r o n g mpt l i n h vflc r i t hep, xu hfldng n a y ta't ye'u b a n che t r i n h do p h a t trien t r i t u e va t i n h t h i n c u a con ngfldi, ddng thdi l a m t a n g p h u thupc cua hg vao nhflng td chflc phflc t a p . Xu hfldng n a y
S6 4-2020
lai c a n g t a n g len t r o n g thdi dai raa quyen t h d n g t r i thupe ve cac lflc Ifldng s a n xua't vd h i n b . N e t dac trflng cua k h o a hpe h i e n dai la hieu bie't n g a y m p t n b i e u h d n ve nhiing cai ngay mdt nhd hPn. Tfl dd, theo Sorokin, con ngUdi thfldng hfldng den t r i thflc k i n h nghiera, p h a n ly thuye't - tbU chu n g h i a thflc chflng de tien n h i t ' " ' .
Tie'n bd k h o a hpc - k y t h u a t dera lai rapt sfle m a n h chfla tflng t h a y cbo nhflng eon ngfldi raa, ve thflc chat, chfla trfldng t h a n h ve phfldng dien dao dflc. D6 la hiem hpa ddi vdi sU sd'ng t r e n t r d i D a t (vu k h i b u y diet h a n g loat, n a n d n h i e m radi trUdng). Cai ggi la each raang t h d n g tin dfla tdi chd "con ngfldi tfl n h a n t h a y m i n h ngay cang trd ndn h e n mpn hdn, k h i hp p h a i dd'i m a t k b d n g nhflng vdi mdt h e tbd'ng nhflng xi n g h i e p k h d n g Id, raa vdi ca mpt t h e gidi vi t i n h tfl q u a n , suy n g h i n h a n h hdn va thfldng d u n g hdn con ngfldi"'^^'.
4. N g u y e n n h a n c u a k h u n g h o a n g t i n h t h a n v a c o n diidtag k h a c p h u c n o
Nhfl vay, cd t h e k h a n g djnh, nhflng h a u q u a ciia cude each m a n g cdng nghe la bet sfle da dang. Sfle m a n h ky t h u a t cd t h e md r a nhflng k h a n a n g to ldn cho p h a t trien t i n h t h i n theo cac phfldng hfldng k h a c n h a u n h a t . Song, ky t h u a t tfl t h a n nd k h d n g nhflng khdng tfl dgng keo theo tie'n bd t r o n g linh vflc v a n b o a va t i n h t h i n -
'^' E.Fromm (1992), Chay trd'n ta do. Basel, tr. 9 (Xem them: E.Fromm (1990), Sd hUu hay ton tai. London;
B.P.Vycheslavsev (1953), Ehung hoang cua van hoa cdng nghiep. N.Y., tr.21-28).
(10) p Tilhch (1994), DUng cam ton tai. Cambrigie, t r . l 3 2 .
" " P.Sorokin (1959), Khung boang cua thdi dai chiing ta. N.Y., tr.485.
(121 E.Fromm (1992), Chay trd'n til do. Basel, tr.lO.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
dao dflc, ma edn trd thanh nhan to' lam phflc tap hdn nfla bd'i eanh tinh than vd'n dang ngay cang trd nen phong phfl va rd'i rim hdn rat nbieu so vdi trflde kia. Niem tin rau quang vao sfle raanh toan nang cua ky thuat cd the lam cho con ngfldi danh ma't nhflng gia tri nhan van, nhfl nang lflc tha'u hieu va ddng cam vdi ngfldi than, quan niem ve eai thien va cai ae. Dieu nay cd the din de'n sfl phi nhan van hda cac quan be xa hdi va quan be gifla cac ca nhan vdi nhau.
Ddnh gia chung ve thdi dai Cdng nghiep, chung ta de dang nhan tha'y xa hgi hien dai dang lam nay sinh cae lfle Ifldng thfl dich vdi ban than nban each con ngfldi. Do vay, hien nay, ben canh nhiem vu giai phdng con ngfldi khdi dp bfle ngoai tam, thUc tien xa hdi hien dai cdn dat ra mdt each gay gat van de tu do ndi tam cua con ngudi. Giai phdng con ngUdi khdi ap bflc xa hgi chua ban da giai quye't dUde vin de tU do ndi tara eua con ngUdi cung vdi toan bg dung Iupng cua nd. Sau khi dUdc giai phdng khdi xieng xich eua che' dp ap bflc, "eon ngfldi nhd be"
lai bpc Id khat vpng dflpe giai phdng ve mat tinh t h i n ngay mpt ldn hPn. Khi dd, cic mat den td'i cua ban tinh ngfldi b i t diu dflpc xera xet kbdng ban tfl gdc do nhan thfle, raa ehii yeu la tfl gdc dp hieu qua thanh tay ban tinh a'y. Im lang va che day se sinh ra tinh hie'u chie'n. Ngflpc lai, ldi con ngfldi den tdi ra anh sang se cd kha nang loai bd cang thing ngi tam.
Thflc te nay gin lien vdi qua trinh phi t h i n thanh hod van hda.
Nhan dinh nay can dfldc lam sang td.
Vdi nhflng cau bdi, nbU "eon ngudi hien
dai la gi?", "cai gi dang chd ddi nd?", trUdc bet ein phai thfla nhan tra ldi cho cac cau hdi nhfl vay kbdng he ddn gian. Su nan giai d day kbdng chi vi dU bao tUdng lai bao gid cflng khd, ma edn vi tinh hdp ly ciia ban than eac cau hdi nay ludn din de'n hoai nghi. Theo Chaadaev, khi mpt nha trid't hpc ndi ra danh tfl "con ngfldi", thi khdng phai bao gid dng ta eung hieu minh dinh ndi gi*^^'. Hoai nghi dd cua Chaadaev ra't dang phai suy ngam. Ta't nhidn, ne'u coi con ngfldi hoan toan thudc ve the gidi xa bdi, thi ed the ban ehe so' phan cua hg mdt each tuyet do'i d ban than tinh xa hpi nay. Khi dd, theo F.Fukuyama, tham chi cdn cd the ndi d§'n
"sfl cao ehung eua lich sr("'^^\
Theo quan diem nhan hpc triet hgc, nhflng quan niem nhfl vay la rat hdi hdt.
Thflc ra, sau hdn hai mfldi the ky tim kie'm cau tra ldi eho eau hoi "con ngfldi la gi?", tfl tfldng trie't hge phfldng Tay, mac dfl mic phai nhflng ban che mang tinh thflc chflng chu nghia, nd ludn gifl quan didm rang, khdng the quy con ngfldi ehi ve the gidi xa hpi. Ne'u nhin nhan muc dich sd'ng ciia eon ngUdi ehi la khat vgng dUdc giai phdng ve phudng dien xa hgi, thi tfl tfldng ve cac cdi ngudn nao dd eua lich sii se trd nen v6 nghia. Khdng nen hieu so' phan cua eon ngfldi chi la sd' phan mang ban tinh xa bdi (ban than nd can phai dfldc nghien cflu mpt each sau sac hdn nfla). Khdng thd hinb dung tfldng lai ciia nhan loai se ra sao ne'u khdng tinh
'1'' P.Ya.Chaadaev (1991), Toan ta.p, t.2. London, tr.468.
"*' F.Fukuyama (1990), SiS cao chung cua lich sii.
N.Y., tr.28.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI SO 4-2020
LE THI HONG NHUNG den so phan eiia con ngfldi vdi tfl each
mpt thflc the tinh than, mdt nhan each.
Muc dich va trien vpng tdn tai trong xa hgi hien dai nhfl mpt thflc the tinh t h i n cua con ngfldi la gi?
De tra ldi cau bdi nay, trflde het chung ta cin phai quan tam d§'n viec Ifla chgn mpt giai phap nao dd de sao cho van de nay khdng th^ dfldc luan chflng mot each hoan toan duy ly. Theo Leontev, day la cdng viee Ifla chpn eud'i eflng, ddi hoi phai cd tfl do*^^'. Phfldng an liia chpn pbo bien b day la sfl liia chpn bat ngudn tfl quan diem nban bpc cua Kant - quan diem chu ye'u dfla tren quan niem Kitd giao ve eon ngfldi. Dd la quan niem ring, con ngfldi ddng thdi thupc v^ hai the gidi - the gidi tfl nhien va the gidi sieu nhien.
Mamardashvili ggi the gidi si^u nhien nay la "da't nfldc v6 hinh", la "td qud'c bi an vd hinh cua ba't ky thiic the cd y thflc nao". Theo dng, do con ngfldi cd y thflc, nen bg deu cd td qud'c thfl hai va, vdi tfl each thflc th^ tinh thin, vdi tfl each con ngfldi, hg la nhflng edng dan cua td qud'c thfl hai dd""^'. Ban cha't sieu nhien cua con ngfldi the hien trong tinh t h i n eua nd, trflde het la trong y thflc ton giao ma, de'n Iflpt minh, y thflc tdn giao nay lai hoc Id ra thdng qua nhflng quy tic dao dflc vd'n c6 cua eon ngfldi. Khi dd, mpi nd lflc tinh t h i n deu the hien ra la bg phan cau thanh quan trpng nha't cua boat dpng tinh thin. Do vay, mdt va'n de trie't hgc quan trpng dflde dat ra d day - va'n de minh bien cho chu nghia duy ly da bi bd qua. Tuy nhien, chflng ta can phai coi nhflng no lflc tinh t h i n do la dieu kien ein thie't cho ddi sd'ng van hda, la sfl stf 4-2020
khaeh quan hda ddi sd'ng cua eon ngfldi.
Vdi quan diem nay, Mamardashvili cho ring, "y thflc" (hay y thfle tdn giao) la cai khdng the quy ve boat dpng ly tri; nd la cai bieu thi linh vflc khdng phan chia dfldc, bao ham mgi bieu bien eua con ngfldi nhfl mdt thfle the thudc ve hai the gidi. Ring, thfle hien hanh vi y thfle cd nghia la tbflc hien nd lUc cd ban cha't tri tue - dao dflc thd'ng nha't. Nhfl vay, cd the ndi, thuat ngfl "y thUc" da dUdc Mamardashvili sd dung theo nghia "tinh than". Vdi dng, khdng cd nd lUc thi cung khdng cd con ngUdi vdi tu cdch mot nhdn each; trd thanh con ngudi cung ed ngbia la trd thanh thiic the dao dflc, la sd'ng bing nd lflc thfldng xuyen cua y tbflc (tinh thin). Chinh vdi nghia dd raa Mamardashvili da ndi ring, van hda ehi la kha nang ciia van hda cao ca hdn.
5. Ket l u a n
Tfl nhflng suy luan neu tren, chung ta ein phai di de'n ket luan ring, khung hoang tinh t h i n cua con ngfldi bien dai bat ngudn tfl tbflc te lang quen quy tic dao dfle cd ban eua lodi ngfldi theo ngbia ma Kant da ndi tdi, tfle la ngoai Ifldng tam va tri tue, edn phai khieh le cai thien, hay tac dgng trfle tie'p va tich cflc ciia ban nguyen thien de'n chung ta va d trong chung ta'^^. Tu tudng ve nang lfle bam sinh cua con ngfldi trong viec khu biet gifla cai thien va eai ac, ve sfl cin
"^> N.Berdyaev (1951), VuWng- quoc tinh than va viiOng quo'c no ie.N.Y., tr.393.
"«' M.Mamardashvih (1992), Tii tiidng bi cam doan.
Cambrigie, t r . l 0 5 .
"•" V.Soloviev (1991), Muc dich cua tinh yeu, London, tr.393.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
thiet phai tao ra cai thien de con ngfldi trd thanh ngUdi, la tfl tfldng xua't phat tfl quan niem Kitd giao ve ca nhan nhfl mdt chii the ddc lap cd gia tri tfl than, cd nang lflc tie'p can vdi cai t h i n thanh nhd y chi tfl do cua nd. Do vay, con dfldng ehan chinh dd'i v6i mdi con ngfldi chi ed the la eon dfldng nd lflc khdng met mdi, tfl sang tao ra ban than minh nhfl mdt thflc the tfldng tu vdi Chfla.
Mflc dp ma con ngfldi y thfle dfldc sfl ein thie't phai nd lflc nbu vay, phai hoan thi§n dao dUc cung nhU cac chuan mfle dao dflc tflpng flng raa bg ed nghia vu tuan thu, - dd cbinh la cai chflng td trinh do phat trien tinh t h i n cua con ngfldi.
Khi dd, d mdi thdi diem cu the, tuy thugc vao mUc do nd lflc ciia minh, con ngUdi trd nen khac nhau radt cich dang ke.
Ngudi nay nd lfle it hdn, ngfldi khae nd lfle nhieu hdn, nhflng day kbdng phai la vin de thudc ve dan chu, bdi dan ehii ddi hdi sfl binh dang ve nhflng dieu kien xua't pbat. Dan chu khdng ed nghia la chia deu, la cao bang. Ngfldi ta kbdng the chia diu nhflng cai khdng cd. Con ngfldi phai tli minh tim kiera nhflng cai ma rainh cin cd bing nd lflc eua ehinh minh. Va, vdi nghia dd, mdi ngfldi deu cd cuoc sd'ng rieng d mdt thdi diem nao dd. Thfle tien cho thiy ngfldi ta chi cd the ndi de'n trinh dd phat tridn tinh t h i n cao ddi vdi nhflng ca thd nao dd, cdn so' ddng dfldc phan bd khdng ddng deu gifla hai ranh gidi tinh t h i n la van rainh va man rd. Tfl tfldng ve
"gidi tinh hoa tinh thin" chi la ragt sfl trflu tfldng hda ed Ipi cbo nhflng nhflng suy luan tfl bien. Viee phan ehia eon
ngUPi thanh gidi tinh hoa va dai chflng ehi mang tinh tUdng dd'i. Cd't loi ciia va'n de la tu y thflc ciia mdi con ngfldi v^ tfl do nhfl mot gia tri tinh t h i n td'i cao cua minh, la viec hidn thflc hda nd va chiu trach nhiem v l nd dfla tren nhflng gia tri nhan van dich thfle ma nhan loai da tich luy dfldc trong sud't chieu dai lich s\i tdn tai va phat trien ciia minh. Day ciing la muc dich raa tae gia bai vie't nay mudn dat ra nhfl mdt van de de dgc gia eflng suy ngim va tim ra con dfldng giai phdng con ngfldi hien dai khoi nhflng cam dd, nhflng khat vgng t i m thfldng ludn i n nau trong mdi ngfldi chflng ta.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. A.Camus (1970), Con ngddi mpt chieu - iy luin va y thdc hi cua xa hgi cong nghiep tien tien, Nxb. Nrta dera, Sai Gdn.
2. Trin Thai Dinh (2005), Triet hgc hien sinh, Nxb. Van hpe. Ha Ndi.
3. Nguyin Chi Hidu, Dd Minh Hdp (2013), Chu nghia Mac phadng Tay, Nxb.
Tdn giao. Ha Ndi.
4. Dd Minh Hpp (2006), Dien mao triet hgc phadng Tay hien dai, Nxh. Ha Ndi.
5. Le Tdn Nghiem(1971), Nhdng v^n dS triet hgc hiin dai, Nxb. Ra khdi, Sai Gdn.
6. Alain Touraine (2003), Phi phan tinh hien dai, Nxb. Thd gidi, Ha Npi.
7. Vien Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hoi (1997), Ton giao va ddi sd'ng hiin dai, (tap 1), Thdng tin Chuyen de.
8. Vien Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hgi (1997), Ton giao va ddi so'ng hiin dai, (tap 2), Thdng tin Chuyen de.
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI