Tap chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN- Luat hoc. Tap 34, So 2 (2018) 75-83
Tap chi Khoa hQC D^i hpc Qu6c gia Ha Noi: Lugt hQC Website: https:/i5s.vnu.edu-vn/LS
Tu vu kien Apple Inc. lam cham iPhone 6 Viet Nam, Ban ve xu huong khoi kien tap the trong
giai quyet tranh chap tieu dung
Phan Thi Thanh Thuy
Khoa Lugt, Dgi hoc Qudc gia Hd Ndi, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cdu Gidy, Hd Not, Viet Nam Ngay nhan 08 thang 5 nam 2018
Chinh sira ngiiy 19 thdng 6 nam 2018; Chap nhan dang ngay 21 thang 6 nam 2018 T6m tat: Ngay 10/1/2018 hai luSt suVi6t Nam dai di6n cho mot so lugng Icm nguoi tieu dimg tren ca nudc khdi kien Apple Inc, ra Toa an nhan dan Thanh phi Ho Chi Minh vi ly do tap doan nay vi pham trach nhi^m cua nha san xuat gay thiet hai cho nguoi su dung iPhone cac phien ban cii a Viet Nam, Vu kien nay da nhanh chong thu hut dugc su quan tam ciia gioi hanh nghe lueit, cac nha nghien ciiu va du luan xa hgi. Bai vilt nay se phan tich va chi ra cac thach thiic phap ly ma vu kien d§t ra dii voi he thing toa an va xu huang tit ylu cua quy trinh khoi kien tap the trong luat to tung dan su Viet Nam.
Tit khoa: Nguai tieu dimg, khoi ki|n, kien tap the, iPhone, Apple, Viet Nam.
1. Boi canh vu ki|n Apple Inc. a Vi§t Nam Apple Inc.la mpt tap doan cong nghe may tinh ciia My co tru so chinh dat tai Cupertino, Califomia (gpi tSt la Apple) la noi san xuit va phan phoi nhihig san pham cong nghe dien tu chat luang cao, trong do c6 dien thoai thong mmh iPhone. Tu thang 12/2017 din nay Apple dang phai d6i mat vai nhirng be b6i phap Iy a dien rpng chua tung gap. Su viec bat dau khi mpt hpc sinh tmng hpc My, phan anh tren mang xa hpi Reddid ngay 9/12/2017 r k g dien thoai iPhone 6s ciia cau bi cham lai sau khi cap nhat
' DT.: 84-983807028.
Email. thuyptt@vnu,edu.vn
https://doi.org/10,25073/2588-l 167/vnuls 4148
he dieu hanh, nhung sau khi duac thay pin mcri toe dp cua may da duac cai thien. Lai phan nan nay da nhanh chong nhan duac cac y kien dong tinh cua dong dao nguoi dung iPhone cac phien ban 5, 6 va 7 (doi cii) va sau do lan rpng tren cac trang mang xa hpi va tmyen thong [1].
Truac thai dp gian dii cua nguai dung, ngay 28/12/2017 Apple da dang mot thong cao chinh thuc tren website cua hang, thira nhan c6 can thiep lam giam hieu nang tren iPhone 6 (bao gom cac phien ban SE, 6s va 6 Plus) co pin suy thoai thong qua ban cap nhat iOS 10.2.1 phat hanh vao thang 2/2017 vai ly do tranh viec hr dong tat nguon trong tinh trang luang pin hoat dpng a muc thap hoac m6i thp cua pm iPhone qua cao. Apple cGng da xin l§i nguai dung va cam ket se giam gia pin thay mai, tir 79 do la
P.T.T. Thuy / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN-Lugl hgc. Tap 34 So 2 (2018) 75-83
My xuong con 29 do la My, cho cac may phien ban iPhone 6 va iPhone 7 bao gom 7s va 7 plus c6 cap nhat he dieu hanh iOS 11.2 [2]. Trai vai mong dgi xoa diu tam ly nguai dung ciia Apple, thong cao nay da gay ra mpt lan song phan doi trong cpng dong nguai dimg iPhone. Hp cho rang Apple da lira doi nguai tieu dung (NTD) de true lai bang hanh vi len lut lam giam hieu nang cua may nham muc dich bupc hp hoac phai mua pin mod hoac phai thay may mcri.
Tinh den culi thang 2/2018, a My co toi han 60 vu kien tap the chong lai Apple vai cao bupc hang nay co tinh lam cham iPhone de tryc lai bat hgp phap tir NTD. Ci cac qu6c gia khac nhu Han Quoc, Phap va Israel, nguai sir dung Iphone cung tiln hanh khoi kien tap thi Apple vi Cling ly do [3].
6 Viet Nam, ngay 10/1/2018, hai luat su Viet Nam la NguySn Ngpc Hiing va Trin Manh Tung tir Van phong luat su Ket N 6 I (ngu tai quan Long Bien, TP Ha Npi) thuoc Doan Luat su Ha Npi, voi t\i each nguoi khoi kien, da khoi kien Apple Inc. (try sa tai My), co dai dien thuang nhSn tai Viet Nam la Cong ty TNHH Apple Viet Nam (try sa tai phuang Bin Nghe, quan 1, TPHCM) len Toa an Nhan dSn thanh pho H6 Chi Minh (TAND TPHCM) yeu cSu bao ve quyen lgi NTD ma hai ong cho rSng bi Apple Inc. vi pbam. Trong don khai kien, hai luat su tren de nghi toa bupc Apple giai quyit hai yeu cau co ban:
1. Co trach nhiem dua ra giai phap khSc phuc va cham dut viec gay thiet bai cho toan the nguai tieu dung tai Viet Nam khi sir dung san pham dien thoai iPhone (do Apple INC san xuat, phan phoi) bi khuyet tat ve ky thuat (cu the la bi suy giam hieu suat ciia dien thoai va suy giam mot so tinh nang khac do sir dung ban cap nhat he dieu hanh moi).
2. D6i vai nhung san phSm da bi 16i, khuyet tat ve ky thuat (cu the la bj suy giam hieu suat ctia dien thoai va suy giam mpt so tinh nang khac do su dung ban cap nhat he dieu hanh mai) cho cac san pham iPhone cua toan the nguai tieu dung tai Viet Nam, yeu cau Apple Inc. CO trach nhiem boi thuong thiet hai theo
quy dinh ciia phap luat. Cu the: APPLE can siia phan mem, he dieu hanh de dien thoai ciia toan thi nguai tieu dung Viet Nam tro vl diing hieu nang ban dSu, hoac phai thay pin mien phi dl di8n thoai cua nguoi tieu diing Viet Nam co hi8u nang nhu cu hoac nhu truac khi bi I6i [4].
D I keu gpi cpng ddng ngucri diing iPhone ciing tham gia ra khai kien, hai ong Himg va Tung da thanh lap ra mot website la Batterydown.vn de nhimg nguai dung iPhone bj tac dpng tieu cyc tir nha san xuat dang ky tham gia vu kien Apple tu each dong nguai khdi kien. Tinh den ngay 27/2/2018, website hiln thi hem 4700 ngucri dang ky cung tham gia khai kien Apple [5]. Truac nhimg cao bugc Apple tren truy6n th6ng Viet Nam va tren the giai vl cac hanh vi vi pham quyen lai NTD, cac co quan quan ly Nha nuac ciing vao cupc. Ngay 20/1/2018, Phong Bao ve nguoi tieu dimg thuoc Cue Canh firarih va Bao ve nguai tieu diing, Bo Cong Thuang da chmh thuc ra "Thong bao vl vu viec Apple Inc. lam cham toe dp cac san pham dien thoai Iphone the h6 cii" va khuyin khich NTD co quyen lgi bi vi pham bai Apple giii dan khieu nai true tuyIn hoac giii thu phan anh den Cue de duoc t\x van, h6 trg giai quyit [6]. Tuy nhien cho din nay vln khong c6 phan ling chinh thiic nao tir cac Hoi bao ve nguoi tieu dimg TP HCM va cac dia phuang khac.
Vu kien chua timg co tiln le nay a Viet Nam da thu hiit su quan tam dong dao cua NTD trong nuoc, rdiiing nguai hanh nghe luat, cac co quan tu phap, nguoi lam cong tac nghien ctru phap luSt, cac co quan nha nuac va t l chuc xa hpi CO chiic nang bao ve NTD va du luan xa hgi. Tuy vay, ke tir ngay nop don khoi kien Apple, da han 3 thang troi qua va sau 4 Ian gap ga va trao d6i giira dgi dien TAND TPHCM vdi nhiing nguai khoi kien [7], ngay 28/3/2018 Toa an da tir choi thu ly vu kien voi ly do hi so vu kien khong dupc b6 sung diing yeu ciu [8].
Cac diln biln cua vu kien nay lam diy len nhiing cau hoi vl cac khia caiih phap ly cua don khai ki8n Apple Inc., diln biln tilp theo ciia vy kien va cac thach thiic phap ly ma vu kien dat ra cho he thdng phap luat bao ve NTD 6 Vi?t
P T. T. Thiiy / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN. Lugt hgc, Tdp 34. So 2 (2018) 75-83
Nam ma cu the la quy trinh thu ly va giai quyit vu kien tieu dung theo quy dinh cua Bg luat T6 tung Dan sy (BLTTDS) 2015.
2. Nhung vSn de phap ly ma vu ki|n dat dat ra 2.1. Can cuphdp ly cua dan kh&i kiin Apple vd vdn di thu ly vu kiin
* v l tinh hap phap ciia don khoi kien: Trong dan khoi kiSn, hai nguoi dong khai kien la ong Hiing va 6ng Tiing dimg ten vai tu each NTD khoi kien bi dan Apple Inc. da co hanh vi xam hai quyin lgi chinh dang ciia NTD bang each c6 y cung d p san pham kbuyet tat, "gdy thiet hgi cho ngu&i kh&i kiin vd nhimg ngu&i tiiu ddng tren lanh thd Viet Nam" [4]. Dan ki^n ciing dua ra bang chiing phap ly lam ca sa cho vu khai kien chinh \i "Thong bao gtri khach hang cua chiing ta vl pin va hi?u suit ho^t ddng cua iPhone" cua Apple phat hanh ngay 20/12/2017 hen website ciia hang, trong d6 hang thira nhan da c6 y phat hanh ban cap nhat phan mem lam c h ^ boat ddng ciia cac dien thoai iPhone ddi cii ma khdng he thdng bao tmdc cho khach hang ve h|u qua ciia viec cap nhat nay. Hau qua la cac dien thoai Iphone cap nhat phan mem nay giam hieu nang, ngucri dung phai thay pin mdi de duy hi tinh nang sii diing.
Tir cac cao bupc va bang chiing phap ly dua ra, viec hai dng Hiing va Tiing kien Applevi pham trach nhiem cua td chiic, ca nhan kinh doanh hang hoa, dich vy trong viec cung cap thdng tin cho NTD, cy the la vi pbam trach nhi?m "Cdnh bdo khd nang hdng hda, dich vu cd dnh hu&ng xdu din su:c khde, tinh mgng, tdi sdn cua ngu&i tieu dung vd cdc bien phdp phdng ngira" va gay thiet hai cho ngudi su dyng iPhone ddi cu theo quy dinh tai Khoan 3 Dilu 12 Luat Bao ve quylri lgi NTD (BVNTD) 2010 va Khoan 1 Dieu 4 ve quyen yeu cm Toa an bao ve quyen va lgi ich hgp phap, BLTTDS 2015 la hoan toan cd can cii phap luat
• v l hr each ngudi khdi kien: Hai dng Himg va Timg la NTD bi thiet hai do nha san xuat vi pham trach nhiem trong cung cip hang hda dich
vu, do do cd quyen khdi kien dan sy de yeu cau bao ve quyen va loi ich hap phap ciia minh theo quy dinh tai Dilu 186 BLTTDS 2015.
* Ve tham quyen giai quyet vu kien ciia TANDTPHCM: Quan he giiia ngudi sir dung iPhone va Apple la quan he dan su cd yeu td nudc ngoai theo quy dinh tai Khoan 2 Dieu 663 BLTTDS 2015. Ben bi kien - Apple hic. la thuang nhan nudc ngoai cd try sd tai My nhung lai CO dai dien thuang nhan la Cdng ty TNHH Apple Viet Nam ddng tai Quan 1, TPHCM. Bdi vay, can cii vao quy dinh ciia Khoan 3 dieu 26 ve tham quyen giai quyet tranh chap dan sy ciia Tda an, Khoan 3 Dilu 35 vl loai trii tham quyen cua TAND cap huyen, Diem a. Diem b, Khoan I Dieu 37 ve tham quyen ciia TAND cap tinh va Diem a. Diem b khoan 1, Dieu 40 ve tham quyen ciia Tda an theo su lya cbgn cua nguyen don, ngudi yeu cau quy dinh tai BLTTDS 2015 thi TAND TPHCM hoan toan c6 tham quyen giai quyet vu kien cua hai dng Himg va Tiing. Cu the hon, neu chap nhan thu ly don khdi kien, TAND TPHCM se giao vu kien cho Tda Dan sy giai quyet.
2.2. Tda dn trd lgi don kh&i kien vd cdc hgu qud phdp ly vd xd hoi
Sau 2 thang 18 ngay nghien ciiu don khdi kien Apple ciia hai ong Himg va Tung va bdn lin tri hoan tra ldi, TAND TPHCM da quyit dinh tra lai don khdi kien vi hd so khdng hop le [8]. Dieu nay day len cau hdi ve tinh phii hgp vdi quy dinh cua phap luat va cac dien bien tilp theo cua vy kien.
Dan khdi kien gui TAND TP HCM va Giiy xac nhan da nhan don khdi kien ciia hai dng Hirag va Tiing da duoc scan dua len website Baterydown.vn cho thay dan nay dap iing diy du cac yeu cau ve npi dung theo quy dinh tai Khoan 4 Dieu 189, BLTTDS 2015. Theo phan anh, kl tu ngay khdi kien 10/1/2018 din ngay 28/3/2018 (2 thang va 18 ngay), trong sudt tbdi gian xir ly dan kien, dai dien Tda an da cd bdn lin gap gd va trao ddi vdi hai ngudi khdi kien rang vu kien rit phirc tap, cin them thdi gi'.M.
nghien ciiu va yeu ciu bd sung their •'•':;
p. T. T Thiiy / Tap chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Lugt hgc, Tgp 34. So 2 (2018) 75-83
chiing phap ly nhu can ban dich sang tieng Viet cd cdng chung cac tai lieu nhu Thdng bao cua Apple Inc. giii khach hang va cac tai lieu tieng Anh khac lam minh chimg trong hd so vu kien [9]. Ngay 13/3/2018 (lin gap thii ba) hai dng Hiing va Tung da man thu day du cac yeu cau nay the hien trong but luu cua Tda an tai Giay xac nhan da nhan don khdi kien [7]. Tda an tilp tuc khat cau tra ldi din ngay 23/3/2018, nhung din 28/3/2018 mdi cbinh thiic tra ldi khdng thu ly vu kien vi ngudi khdi kien khdng sua ddi, bd sung don khdi kien theo yeu ciu ciia Tda an quy dinh diem e Khoan 1 Dilu 192 BLTTDS [8],
Cd the thay, trong tac nghiep, TAND TPHCM da khdng nhit quan trong ndi dung trao ddi thdng tin vdi ngudi khdi kien ve cac ly do tri hoan viec ra quyet xir ly vy kien va Iy do dugic vien dan lam can cii de tra lai dan ki8n.
Chua ke chinh viec Tda chu ddng tri hoan tra Idi don kien tdi bdn lan la nguyen nhan dan den vi pham thdi hieu xii ly don khdi kien quy dinh tai Khoan 2 va 3 Dilu 191 cua BLTTDS 2015.
Cac diln biln nay cho thiy TAND TPHCM chua ton trpng nguyen tac ve thdi han xii ly dan kien va vi pham quyen dupc tra ldi diing han cua ngudi khdi kien. Viec tra lai don kien se lam nay sinh nhiing hau qua phap Iy sau: (I) Tda an phai tra ldi bang van ban neu rd Iy do tra lai dan khdi kien cho Vien Kiem sat ciing cap va cac duong sy va (2) Ngudi khdi kien cd the giri don khieu nai den Tda an, Vien kiem sat co quyen kiln ngbi vdi Tda an vl quyit dinh tra lai don khdi kien.
v l mat du luan xa hdi, each thiic TAND TPHCM xu ly don khdi kien Apple cua hai dng Hiing va Tung lam day len nhirng ban khoan ve ly do thyc sy dang sau quyet dinh tra lai dan khdi kien: do vu kien dat ra qua nhieu thach thirc khdng giai quyet ndi cho nganh tda an trong ap dung luat td tung dan su hien hanh bay do Tda an chua thyc sy quan tam den le cdng bang va cbiic nang bao ve NTD Viet Nam?
3. Nhihig thach thirc ph^p ly vy kifn d^t ra cho Tda an va nhjrng ngirdi khori ki^D
Vy kien chua bing cd tiln le nay se mang lai nhung thach thiic phap ly Idn cho TAND TPHCM ndi rieng va cho toan bp he thdng Tda an Viet Nam trong viec ap dung cac quy dinh cua phap Iuat td tyng dan su vko giai quyit.
3.1. Cdc rac rdi tir thu tuc td tung trong thu ly dan kh&i kien vd xet xir vy. dn
Vu an cd mpt sd luong rat ldn ngudi muln cimg tham gia khdi kien. Trong vy kien, thdng qua website Batterydown.vn, hai dng Hiing va Tiing da van ddng dugfc ban 4.700 ngudi cung tham gia khdi kien vdi hai dng qua hanh vi dang ky vao website. Gia su sd ngudi co nguyen vgng tham gia khdi kien nay la cd thyc va cd day dii tu each khdi kien,' Tda an cin ap dung phap luat phap hien hanh the nao de giai quyet vy kien hy hiiu nay.
Ve cdch thuc thu ly vu kien: Hien tai BLTTDS 2015 cua Viet Nam khdng cd quy dinh ve ca che "khdi kien tap the" (Class action civil lawsuit) do dd chi cd cac lya ehgn hoac khdi kien tryc tiep hoac khdi kien thdng qua dai dien la ca nhan, td chiic hpp phap khac theo quy dinh tai Dieu 186 ve Quyen khdi kien vy an.
Nhu vay, Tda cd the yeu cau dng Himg, ong Timg va ban 4.700 ngudi dang ky tham gia khdi kien Apple lya ehgn mdt trong bon phuang thuc dudi day.
(1) Tda an thy ly rieng le dan khdi kien cua hai dng Himg va Tiing hon 4700 ngudi khdi kien khac, sau do nhap thanh mpt vu an dan sy ldn de xet xu theo quy dinh tai Khoan 1 va khoan 2 dilu 42 cua BLTTDS 2015. Phuang thiic nay, mot mat, se tao ta mpt sd lugng khdng Id cac vu kien rieng le, tao ap luc len Toa an trong vi?c ra quyit dinh thu ly va dua ra xet ' Tac gia bai nay da thu vao website Batterydovra ik dang ky tham gia vy ki^n voi nhimg thong tin t\r t?to ra nhung ngay lap tiic duoc chap nhan ma khong c6 khau ki^m chimg, xac thuc thong tin nao. Di^u nay Iam diy len cau hoi ve tinh xac thuc cua s6 lui?iig hon 4.700 nguoi su dyng iPhone muon tham gia vu ki^n ma website phan Anh
p. T. T. Thuy / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN- Ludt hoc. Tgp 34. So 2 (2018) 75-83
xii ddi vai nhiing vu kien rieng re nhung lai cd npi dung va yeu ciu tuong hr. Mat khac, each nay ciing cd the lam cho mot sd lugng khdng nhd NTD nhyt chi, nit dan khdi kien va chip nhan mdt thyc te ring minh da bi Apple xam pham quyen Igi. Phln ldn NTD Viet Nam cd tam ly phd bien la sg di kien va tham gia td tung cho dil biet quyen Ipi chinh dang cua minh dang bi thuang nhSn vi pham.
(2) De cd tu each ddng nguyen dan vdi hai dng Hiing va Tiing trong cung vy kien, nhiing ngudi nay phai ciing ky ten trong don khdi kien ciia hai dng Hung va Tiing va gui len Tda an yeu cau giai quyet vy kien. Cach lam nay khd cd the thyc hien bdi le se gay ra rat nhieu khd khan va chi phi cho viec thu thap chu ky ciia mgt sd lugng khdng Id nhiing ngudi dung iPhonesinb sdng, lam viecd mpi mien dat nudc.
(3) Theo quy dinh tai Khoan 3 va 4 Di8u 187 ve Quyen khdi kien vu an dan sy, hai dng Hung va Tiing va nhiing ngudi sii dung iPhone da dang ky ciing tham gia vu kien Apple vira phai ty minh lam dan khdi kien giti TAND TPHCM vira phai Iam hop ddng uy quyen cho mpt Iuat su/van phdng luat su hay td chiic bao ve quyen Ipi ngudi tieu diing tham gia td tung va dai dien va bao v6 cho quyen Igi. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh xet xu Tda an vSn phai xem xet timg yeu cau dgc ISp cua nhiing ngudi khdi kien thdng qua dai dien nay.
(4) Nhiing ngudi mudn tham gia vu kien Apple Inc. cua hai dng Himg va Timg se tham gia vu kien vdi tu each ngudi cd quyen lgi nghia vy lien quan,"/fl ngu&i tuy khdng kh&i kien, khdng bi kien, nhung viec gidi quyit vu dn ddn su cd liin quan din quyen lai, nghia vu cua ho nin ho dugc tif minh de nghi hogc cdc duang su khde de nghi vd duac tda dn chdp nhgn dua ho vdo tham gia td tung v&i tu cdch Id ngu&i cd quyen lm. nghia vu liin quan."theo Khoan 4 Dilu 68 BLTTDS 2015. Lam theo phugng thiic nay, tinh ap luc, tam anh hudng ciia vu kien len nha san xuit se bi suy ylu.
Ngudi sir dung iPhone la "ngudi tieu dung"
theo quy diiih tai Khoan 1 Dilu 3 ciia Luat BVNTD 2010 da trd thanh "ngudi cd quyin lgi.
nghTa vu cd lien quan". Neu thy ly vy kien theo each nay, vd hinh chung, tda an da khuyen khich viec danh trao khai mem va lam NTD nhut chi, khdng mudn len tieng bao ve quyen lgi chinh dang cua minh.
Tdm lai, trong sd bdn phuang an de thy ly va giai quyet vu kien ke tren, phuang an thir ba la kha thi nhat. Tuy nhien theo quy dinh cua ph^p luat hien hanh viec giai quyet vu kien van rat phuc tap bdi le nd khdng loai tru dugc hgat dpng xem xet timg ndi dung va yeu cau khieu kien rieng re cua mpt sd lugng khdng Id cac nguyen don. Chua ke den cac boat dpng uy quyen tham gia to tung rieng le, phiic tap ma hang loat ngudi khdi kien phai thyc hien.
3.2. Vi nghia vu chirng minh thiet hai vd trdch nhiem chirng minh cua nguyen dan vd bi dan
Thdng 16 qudc te cho thay viec giai quyet nhihig vu kien ciia NTD ddi vdi thuang nhan cung cap hang hda dich vu khdng don gian. Ca tren ly thuyet va thyc tien deu chiing minh dugc rang trong giao dich vdi thuang nhan, ngudi tieu diing ludn d vi tri yeu the bdi "tinh bat can ximg ve tbdng tin" (Asymmetric information);
hau bet cac thdng tin ve hang hda dich vu deu do nha san xuat cung cap va khdng de gi kiem chiing dugc, vi vay NTD de bi lam dyng thdng qua nhimg hanh vi thucmg m^i khdng cdng bing cua nha san xuat [10], Chinh vi vay luat bao ve NTD cua hau bet cac qudc gia tren the gidi deu cd nhiing quy dinh mang tinh "thien vi", tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho NTD trong giai quyit tranh chip. Dilu 42 Luat BVNTD 2010 va Dilm a, Khoan 1 Dilu 91 BLTTDS 2015 quy dinh rang NTD cd nghia vy chiing minh thiet hai cua minh do hang hda dich vu gay ra;
td chiic, ca nhan kinh doanh hang hda, dich vy bi kien cd nghia vu chiing minh minh khdng co Idi gay ra thiet hai cho NTD.
Viec chiing minh thiet hai cua NTD trong vu kien nay dii khdng don gian nhung khdng phai la khdng lam dugc va cd ca hai mat thuan lgi va khd khan.
Mat thudn Icri: Ve phap ly, Apple Inc. da thira nhan chinh thiic viec co tinh phat hanh ban
P.TT Thuy / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Ludi hoc. Tgp 34. sS 2 (2018) 75-83
cap nhat cac he dilu hanh cap nhat iOS 10.2.1 cho cac phien ban iPhone 6 va he dilu hanh iOS 11.2 cho cac phien ban iPhone 7 de lam giam hieu nang ciia pin dien thoai ma khdng he cdng bd cho khach hang biit trude. DS dang thiy hanh vi nay da vi pham quyen lgi NTD d hai gdc dp: (1) Vi pham quyin dugc thdng tin vl hang hda san phim theo quy dinh tai Dieu 13 Luat BVNTD khiln cho NTD khdng thyc hien duoc quyin lya cbgn va dua ra quyet dinh phu hgp v^ (2) Viec che diu hau qua cua viec cap nhat he dieu hanh da gay ra thiet hai cho NTD. Hau qua la nhiing NTD da cap nhat he dilu hanh phai diing tmdc hai lya chpn cimg gay ra tbi8t hai vat chat la hoac phai bd ra mdt sd tiln thay pin mdi do Apple cung cap hoac viit bd may de mua dien thoai mdi.
Them vao dd, don khdi kien da cao bupc Apple chii y phat hanh ban cap rdiat he dieu hanh cho cac iPhone thi h8 cii nhim tryc lgi NTD Viet Nam la cd nhiing can cii nhat dinh bdi le Apple gay ra thiet hai chg NTD nhung lai khdng bdi thudng thiet hai ma van tilp Uic ban pin cho NTD dl thay thi, cho du da cd ddng thai giam gia ban pin. Ve nguyen tac, theo quy dinh tai Dilu 22 ve trach nhiem thu hdi hang hda cd khuylt tat va Dieu 23 vl trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai do hang hda cd khuyet tat gay ra, Apple phai co trach nhiem bdi thudng toan bp thiet hai phat sinh cho ngudi sit dung Iphone nhu bdi hoan tien thay pin mdi va cac chi phi cd lien quan den viec thay pin, sira may... va ca nhiing thiet hai gian tiep gay ra do dien thogi hoat ddng cham khdng dap iing yeu ciu thdng tin, lien lac. Cd le do chiing minh cac thiet hai gian tiep khdng don gian nen pham vi yeu cau trong dan khdi kien cua hai dng Hung va Tiing la kha khiem tdn, chi bao gdm cung cap cac giai phap khac phyc hien mgng may cham (ddi, sira may dien thoai), cham dirt thiet hai gay ra va bdi thudng thiet hai bao gdm chi phi cbo viec thay pin, sira may va cac chi phi cd lien quan tryc tiep khac.
Mat khd khdn: Dil Apple da thiia nhan Idi nhtmg nhiing ngudi khdi kien van phai chiing minh thiet hai gay ra cho ngudi dung iPhone
Vi?t Nam. Cac tai Ueu minh chiing hen quan den cac vy khdi kien tap thi ddi vdi Apple d My va d cac nudc khac cbl cd gia tri tham khao, khdng cd gia hi chiing cii trong vu ki?n nay [4]. Thdng thudng, viec chiing minh cac thiet hai nay NTD khd tu thyc hien dugc, ma cin sy ho trg trong phan tich, danh gia tu cac chuyen gia cdn^ nghe cao va cac chuyen gia kinh tl. Chua ke viec chiing minh thiet hai cd the keo theo nhihig chi phi dang ke cho ngudi khdi kien.
3.3. Van di thi hdnh dn trong tuang lai Gia thilt ring TAND TPHCM thy ly va xet xir vu kien v^ ra phan quyet cd lgi nghieng ve phia cac nguyen don, viec yeu cau Apple Inc.
tai My thi hanh an ban an cd hieu luc ciia Tda an Viet Nam la mgt dilu khdng dl dang. Viec nay ddi hdi rat nhieu thu tye tn phap qudc te va ngoai giao giira hai ben. Do pham vi cd h ^ cua bai vilt nen vin de nay se duoc ban tdi nhu mdt chu dl rieng trong mdt nghien ciiu khac.
4. Binh luan va m§t s6 goi y &e thu l^ va xet xu- cac vu kien tutmg tu tai Vi^t Nam
Tir cac thach thuc phap ly dat ra ddi vdi nhirng ngudi khdi kien Apple d Viet Nam, TAND TPHCM ndi rieng ya he thdng tda an ndi chung, cd thi nhan thay ring nhung van de phap ly phiic tap khdng din tit npi dung ya yeu cau phap ly cua ngudi khdi kien ma den tu chinh cac quy dinh hien hanh ve thu tuc thu ly va giai quyet cac vu ki8n dan sy ma cd nhieu ngudi cung khdi kien mpt ca nhan hay td chiic.
Ngoai nhimg Iy do khien tda an liing tiing, tri hoan nhieu Ian trong vipc dua ra quyet dinh thy ly hay tra lai dan khdi kien nhu vy kien phiic tap, qua ddng ngudi mudn tham gia vdi hi each nguyen don, chua tung cd tien le trong nganh tda an, nguyen nhan nam sau ben trong la cac quy dinh ciia phap luat td tyng dan sir Viet Nam hien tai khdng cdn dap iing dugc cac yeu cau ve thy ly va xet xii nhiing vu kien tieu dimg ldn mang tinh tap thi nhu vu kipn nay.
p. T. T Thuy / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc. Tap 34 Sd 2 (2018) 75-83
Luat To tung dan sy Vi^t Nam khdng cd quy dinh ve nhirng vu "kien tiip thi" dl giai quyet cac tranh chap m, trong dd cd nhieu ngudi ciing khdi kien mdt ngudi. Trong khi dd, tren thi gidi kien tap the dugc ap dung rit phd biln trong giai quyit cac tranh chip lao dgng va tifiu diing. Theo phap luat td tung dan sy cac nudc nhu My, chau Au va cac nudc ASEAN nhu Singapore, Malaysia, Philipinnes, Thai Lan, Indonesia, cac vy kien trong dd cd nhiiu ngudi diing dem kipn mpt td chiic hoac ca nhan duoc tda an coi la vu kien tap the va dugc thu Iy va xet xii khi thda man cac tieu chi co ban sau:
(1) Nhdm ngudi tham gia khdi kien qua ldn den miic viec giai quyet cac vu kien rieng re la qua phiic tap va khdng thi thyc hien dugc, (2) Phai cd nhiing van de phap ly va thyc tien chung cho ck nhdm, (3) Cac yeu cau hoac ldi bien hg ciia ngudi dgi dipn diing ra khdi kien phai phii hgp vdi lgi ich ciia nhdm ngudi tham gia va (4) Ngudi dgi dien khdi kien phai bao ve mpt each thich hpp lgi ich ciia c i nhom [11].
Tir cac tieu chi cua mdt "vu kien tap the ndi tren" theo tbdng le qudc tl, cd thi thiy rang vu kien Apple ciia NTD Viet Nam hoan toan dap img duoc cac yeu ciu vl tinh quy md, ban chat va npi dung cac y6u ciu phap Iy ciia mdt vu kien tap the. Neu cd co chi khdi kien tap thi, TAND TPHCM se dl dang thao bd dugc rihimg rao can ve thu tuc td tung hien hanh de giai quyit vy kien Apple mdt each triet de, bao ve hi?u qua quyen lgi cua NTD Viet Nam. Mgc du hi?n tai, vy kien bi TAND TPHCM tir chdi xet xir nhung dudi gdc do tu phap va goc do xa hdi, vu kien da mang lai cac y nghia tich cyc, cy the:
Thu nhat. vy kien Apple tao ra mpt tien le tich cyc khuyin khich gidi hanh nghe luat va NTD Viet Nam manh dan hgn trong viec bao ve quyin lgi chinh dang trong quan he tieu dung vdi nhirng nha san xuat cd the lyc tren the gidi. Vy ki?n ciing dat ra nhu ciu thiic bach ve cai each tu phap, sira ddi BLTTDS hien hanh va trau ddi nang lyc cho tham phan de cd mdt co chi khdi kien tap phii hgp vdi yeu ciu thy ly va giai quyit hi?u qua ddi vdi tranh chap tieu dung tap thi. Co chi khdi kien tap thi se giiip Tda an giam tai v l khdi lugng cdng viec hanh
chinh tu phap va tap trung vao chuyen mdn xet xu.
Thir hai, vy kien tap the se giiip tiet kiem thdi gian, cdng siic va chi phi cac ddng nguyen don bdi le hg khdng phai ty mmh tham gia td tyng, ty chiing minh thiet hai, ty tam utig an phi mdt each rieng le. Dac biet nghia vu chiing minh ciia NTD se nhan dugc sy hd trg, tham gia chuyen nghiep tich cyc cac cdng ty luat dai dien cho nhiing ngudi khdi kien, khdng cdn thach thiic ldn nhit ddi vdi NTD Viet Nam trong vu kien nay.
Thu ba, vy kien tap the se gay ra mpt ap lyc ldn vl ndi lo sg mat di mdt thi tmdng dang tren da tang tmcmg ddi vdi Apple Inc. va ca Cdng ty TNHH Apple Viet Nam. Ddi vdi cac thuang nhan, khdng cd siic ep nao budc hg phai dieu chinh h^nh vi kirih doanh ldn hon la thai dp phan ddi va tay chay hang hoa dich vu tir phia NTD. Nhieu kha nang sau kbi vu kien dugc thu ly, Apple Inc, se phai tim each hda giai vdi NTD trude khi cd phan quyet cua Tda an.
Thu tu. vy kien tap the se tao ra sy img hd rdng rai trong du luan xa hgi, khien cac ca quan, td chiic xa hdi c6 chiic nang bao ve NTD nhu Cyc Canh tranh va Bao ve ngudi tieu dung, cac hgi bao ve NTD cd trach nhiem hon va cung vao cupc va hd trg nhimg ngudi khdi kien.
Tdm lai, viec ap dung ca che khdi kien tap the de thy ly va dua ra xet ySx vy kien Apple se khac phuc dugc tat ca nhiing trd ngai phap ly da de cap va phan tich d tren.
Trong mdt nghien ciiu trude do ve eg chi khdi kien tap the bao ve NTD trong phap Iuat mdt sd nudc ASEAN, tac gia cung da dua ra cac khuyen nghi ve bd sung co che khdi kien tap tbi vao BLTTDS 2015 va Luat BVNTD 2010 de giai quyet hieu qua cac tranh chap tieu dimg cd quy md ldn va canh tinh nha cung cap hanh hda dich vu khi hp cd hanh vi xam pham quyin lgi ngudi tieu dung [11].
Rd rang rang vy kien Apple dang ddng vai trd tien phong trong viec thiic diy he co quan lap phap va ta phap Viet Nam tim ra phuang thiic hieu qua hon dl giai quyit tranh chap tieu diing d quy mo Idn. Vdi xu thi gia nhap cac
P.TT Thiiy / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Lugt hoc. Tdp 34. So 2 (2018) 75-83
hiep dinh tu do thuong mai the he mdi, cac quan he thuang mai - tieu dung se ngay cang phat trien va sdi ddng; cd the nhin thay trong tucmg lai gan sd lugng cac vu kien cd sd ddng NTD khdi kien cac phap nhan thuang mai cung cip hang hda dich vy trong cac lmh vyc nhu mua ban nha chung cu, cac dich vy nhu dien, nudc, tin dung, vien thdng... se ngay cang tang.
Khdng cd ca cbl khdi kien tap the, NTD se thiet thdi, nganh tda an ciing se khdng cd co hdi mai giua chuyen mdn, thyc thi cdng ly.
Khdng the phu nhan rang nhu ciu khdi kien tap the de bao ve quyen lgi NTD la hoan toan chinh dang trong nen tu phap hien dai. Dieu nay cOng cho thay vdi cac quy dinh phirc tap, nhieu tang nac ciia BLTTDS hien hanh ve thy ly va xet xii nhirng vu kien cd nhieu ngudi ciing khdi kien ddi vdi mgt td chiic, ca nhan da trd nen lac hau, khdng cdn dap iing thuc tien phiic tap va sdi ddng ciia nen kinh te thi trudng. De khac phuc cac ban che nay, cac nha lam luat nen nhanh chdng tilp can cac thdng le qudc tl va trong khu vuc ASEAN vl kien tap the de nghien ciiu, hgc tap kmh nghiem nham bd sung khai niem kien tap the, cac dieu kien khdi kien va quy trinh, thii tye giai quyet vy kien tap the vao BLTTDS hien hanh de bao dam rang quy trinh td tung thyc sy bao ve NTD mpt each hieu qua, bao ve nen thuang mai cdng bang va sy phat trien lanh manh cua nen kinh te thi trudng.
5. Ket luan
Mac dil cdn nhieu tranh luan ve tinh kha thi ciia vy kien Apple cua NTD Viet Nam, nhung khdng the phu nhan rang vu kien nay da md dau cho xu hudng khdi kien tap the trong tranh chap tieu dung - mpt xu hudng tat yeu, mdt quy trinh tu phap bat budc phai cd trong nen kinh te thi trudng, khdng cdn la mgt tinh hudng gia dinh trong boat ddng m phap nudc ta. Mot each khach quan, cd the thay cac quy dinh hien tai ve thy ly va xet xu vdi cac vu kien cd nhieu nguyen don ciing kien mdt bi dan, quy dinh ve nhap cac vu an dan sy, cac yeu cau khdi kien ddi vdi cimg mgt bi dgn da dat dugc nhiing nen
tang phap ly diu tien cho kien tap the trong tl tung dan sy Viet Nam. Tuy khdng cdn sdm, nhung day cung la nhiing khdi dau mang lai nhiing thuan lgi nhat dinh cho cac nha lam luat trong xay dyng quy trinh khdi kien tap the d Viet Nam.
Tai ll£u tham khao
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(truy cap 20/1/2018).
[2] Apple Inc., A Message lo Our Customers about iPhone Batteries and Performance, in https: //www. apple. com/Iae/iphone-battery -and- performance/ December 28,2017(truy cap 01/3/2018).
[3] Yoni Heisler, There are now almost 60 class- action lawsuits against Apple for secretly throttling iPhones tgi http://bgr.com/2018/02/26/iphone-battery-cIass-
act ion-lawsuits-consolidation/ (updated 26 February 2018).
[4] Van phong Luat su Ket Noi, http ://batterydown. vn/#vebatterydown {tmy cap 17/3/2018).
[5] Phan Thuang, Nguai Viet kien Hang Apple, duac khdng? Bao Tharih nien Di^n tir sora 04/3/2018 tai https://aianhnien.vn/thoi-su/nguoi- viet-kien-hang-apple-duoc-khong- 938358.html{truy cap I9/3/20I8).
[6] Cue Canh tranh va Bao ve ngudi tieu dimg.
Thong bdo ve vg viec Apple Inc. Idm chdm tdc dg cdc sdn phdm di^n thoai Iphone the he cQngdy 20/01
20/5,t3ihttp://www,vca gov.vn/chitietbvntd.aspx
?ID=3859&Cate_ID-436(cap nhat 20/3/2018) [7] QuIc Chien, Vg hen Apple Idm chdm iPhone:
Toa dn khdi hen ldn thir '#,Bao Ngudi Lao d^ng di?n tit, s6 ra 18/3/2018 tai https://nId.com.vn/phap-luat/vu-kien-appIe-lam- cham-iphone-toa-an-khat-hen-lan-thu-4- 20l80318I229052I8.htm (tmy cap 20/3/2018).
[8] Hai Duyen, Toa tir choi thu ly vu kien Apple lam chgm iPhone, Bao di^n tii VNExpress ngay 28/3/2018 tai https://vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/phap-
p. T. T. Thuy / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Ludt hoc. Tap 34, So 2 (2018) 75-83
luat/toa-tu-choi-thu-ly-vu-kien-apple-lam-cham- [10] Becher, S.I., Asymmemc hiformation in iphone-3729064.hlml (truy cap 28/3/2018) Consumer Contracts: The Challenge that is Yet [9] QuIc Chiln, Tda cdn them thdi gian xem xet vu to be Met, American Busmess Law Joumal, ,
lugt su ki4n Apple. Bao Ngudi Lao dpng dien tii 2008,. Vol. 45, tr.l 1-13.
tai https://nld.com.vn/phap-Iuat/toa-can-them- [ I I ] Phan Thi Thanh Thiiy, Kien tap the trang gidi thoi-gian-xem-xet-vu-luat-su-kien-apple- quyet tranh chdp tieu dung & mgt so nit&c 20I80122l94958I79.htmngay 22/01/2018 (cap ASEAN vd nhimg gai-y cho Viet Nam, la^ chi nhat 15/3/2018). Nha nuac va Phap Luat,. 1(357)/2018, tr. 47-49.
Discussing the Trend of Class Action in Consumer Dispute Settlement Based on the Lawsuit Against Apple
over Slowing Down iPhones in Vietnam
Phan Thi Thanh Thuy
VNU School of Law, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract: On January 10, 2018, two Viemamese law^^ers representing a large number of consumers across the country instimted a civil case against Apple Inc. to the People's Court of Ho Chi Minh City for the reason that this corporation violated the manufacturer's responsibility and caused damage to the users of iPhones in Viemam. The lawsuit has been quickly paid attention to by legal practitioners, scholars and public opinion. This article analyzes and points out the legal challenges that die lawsuit posed to the court system and the indispensable trend toward class action lawsuit in tbe Viemamese civil procedure law.
Keywords: Consumer, instimte a civil case, class action, iPhone, Apple, Viemam.