Kien thuTc b^n dja cua ngu'di dan ufng pho vdi n h i l m man trong san xuat
ndng nghiep d xa Hai Loc, huyen Hgu Loc, tinh Thanh Hda
PHAN N H d BiM*
1. Dat vlfn d e
Biln doi khi h f a Id mdt trong n h f a g thach thttc phttc tap n h a t ma con ngttfti phai gdnh chiu trong t h l k^ 21 iWorld Bank, 2010). Biln d l i khi hau de dga den tdt ca cdc qud'c gia, nhlit Id cac quic gia dang phdt trien. Con ngfldi da cd t h l nWn thSy n h f a g anh hflfag va tdc ddng cua b i l n doi khi h f a qua nhiSt d l bfah q u t o cia khdng khi vd dai dflang; cdc hign tflgng khi hau cflc daan gla t f a g v l t f a suSt, cfltog do vd tinh t h i t thtttog, h i t o tiiang b t o g tuyet t m ngdy c t a g nhieu va mflc nflftc bien dang. NghiSn cili cfla N g t a h f a g t h l gifti cha thay, V i | t Nam Id mdt trong 5 qud'c gia d l hi ton thfltog nhSt trSn the gifti do sfl b i l n d l i cfla khi hau (Pasgupta vd cgng sif, 2007). Mflc nttftc bien d t a g , nhiSt d l t f a g , stt gia t f a g cac h i t a tttgng thfti t i l t cttc doan dttdc dtt dofa se xay ra va cd tac dfag nghiSm trgng d i n con ngfldi vd n f a kinh tM Viet Nam. Dli vfti mgt quoc gia cd dtttog bd b i l n dai vd hai dong b f a g chdu tho I t o Id d i n g b f a g sdng Hang vd dong b f a g sdng Cttu Long thi n h f a g moi de dga do mflc nfldc bien
dfag cao, bao, 10 lut, xdi 14 bd b i l n vd xdm nhdp mdn... Id thifc sfl nghiem trgng. Dilu ndy da, dang vd se gdy a n h httftng Ifa d i n suih ke cua ngttfti d f a ven bien s i n g pha thude vdo cdc nguon tai nguyto thiSn nhidn nhay cam vfti b i l n d l i khi hau.
Hai Lgc Id mdt xa d i n g b f a g ven biln nfai ft phia Dfag c i a huySn Hdu Lie, (inh Thanh Hda, vfti t i n g d i t o tich dat tiJ n h i t o la 3,B6km2, d f a s l c i a xa la 8.356 ngttdi, vdi 2,8km dfltog b i f a va 3,6km dtttog sdng. Hai Ldc cd 8 thdn, trong dd 2 thdn cd dat s m xuSt ndng nghidp, 4 thdn ldm n g h i muli vd 2 t h i n lam n g h i nudi hdi s f a va ddnh bfc cd ft biln. Deft s f a xuat n f a g nghiep cd 42,6ha chia diu cho 300 hd d t o vfti 2 ngdn n h f a khSu, nfli day dilu Mfa thiSn nhidn khfc nghiSt c i a vtog nhiSt dfti - gid mua nSn h t o g ndm vfa chiu anh hflfag trflc t i l p tfl cdc c t o b t o nhidt dfti, sdng biln, trieu 'ctttog vd nttftc biln d t a g ldm cho t o t o bd dat ndng nghiSp bi n h i l m man. Do v$y, nghien cttfl ndy tdp trung vdo tim hilu Men thflc b a n dia vd kinh nghiSm thflc tiSn c i a ngfldi d f a tai xa Hai Ldc trong viSc fag phd vdi nttdc n h i i m man vd ttt dd dtta r a n h f a g giai phdp thich
» ThS. Phan Nhtt Dai, gidng vi6n Trudng Bai hoc Hang Bttc
Phan Nhu Dgi - Kien thdc bdn dia cda ngUdi ddn iing pho vdi nhilm mgn... 75 hgp trong vigc giup ngUdi ddn dia phdcfng
cd the dng pho vdi t m h Mnh nMem man Men nay.
2. K e t q u a n g h i d n c i h i
2.1. Tinh hinh nhiMm mgn tgi xd HaiL^
Kg't qua ngMgn cdu cho thSy, tanh hinh nMlm man cd xu hUdng tang lgn so vdi cdc ndm trddc do. Ty 1$ dlit hi n M l m man so vdi t i n g dign tieh dat ti nhien d Hai Lgc Id 46% cao. Trong t i n g s6' dien tich dat san s i d t nong ngMep bi n M l m man tM, dat trong lua cMein khoang 52%. So' ligu dilu t r a va xd ly trung binh td ngMgn cdu cho thay, n M l m mdn d thdi gian vd thdi diem n M l m mdn cd sU khac nhau gida cae vung dat tai xa ngMgn cdu.
Hien nay, tinh M n h ngap m a n dang eo xu hudng tang dan ca v l qui mo, tan sudt va mdc dd 6 xa Hai Lgc. Nhdng nam gdn day, toan bg dien tich ven bien diu bi ngap m a n va t a n g cao hon so vdi cdc nam trUdc. Ong Nguyin Van Lien, Chu tich xd cho hiefWidng ndm tmdc, ngdp man chu yiu xdy ra tren dien tich ddt lua ven bien, hai ndm gdn ddy diin tich ddt trong hoa mau phia trong cdng bi dnh hudng.". Ong
Lign edn cho bie't them.''Bdt bi nhiim man ndng ne td sau can bdo sd 7 (nam 2005) cilng vdi biin ddi khi hdu, thdi tiet ret dam, ret hai, liiang mua it, n&n dd man vd chua phen d cdc dong ddt tiicmg doi cao, ddn d^n nhieu dien tich lua, lgc bi mdt trdng. Bi cdu vdn nhiing dien tich con lai, chinh quyin xd tich cUc van ddng bd con mua voi bdt, l&n de thau chun. rda mdn.
Tuy nhi&n, viec lay nguon nUac ngot v&n dang Id vdn de nan gidi".
2.2. Tdc hgi cda nhiim man tgi xd Hdi Lgc
Ngap man va n M l m man dang de dga dg'n hoat ddng san xua't ndng ngMep cua ngudi dan xd Hai Lgc. Ngap man va nMgm man da lam eho tinh Mnh sinh trudng va phat trien eua cdc loai cay trong vd vat nuoi hi a n h hudng nghiem trgng.
2.2.1. Tdc hgi din sdn xuat trSng trgt Kg't qua ngMen cdu tai xa Hai Lgc cho thay, nMlm man ldm dat md't dinh dUdng, chai cdng, chua, thu hep dien tich san xuat va cay trong phat trien kem. Bieu tra hg tai xa Hai Loe ve tdc dong cua nMlm man, ket qua thu dugc nhu sau: Xem bang 1.
Qua khao sdt cho thay cd trgn 2/3 so' ngUdi dugc hdi deu cho rang, da't nMlm B a n g l : MiJc d $ a n h h i i d n g c u a d a t b i n h i l m m a n
MiJc do a n h httdng
T o n s
T a n s u a t 86
7 24 28 21 27 7 200
% T a n sua't 43 3.6 12 14 10.6 13.6 3.5 100
76 Nghiifi cau Bdng Nam A, sS' 6I2016_ = m f a da ldm anh httfag xliu den hoat dfag
trong trgt e i a nhieu hd dan ndi day. Ddc biet cd (43%) cho rfag, dat n h i i m m f a da ldm dnh hflfag rSt Ifa dS'n sfl t t o g trttfag, n f a g sua't, vd san Ittgng c i a cdy t r i n g nguyen n h f a do viSc nhiem m f a ldm ddft mat chSt dinh dtttog..dieu ndy cfag se ldm cho lgi n h u f a ttt trong trgt se hi giam nhilu h t o so vfti n h f a g n a m trfldc dd. Mat khdc, dSt canh tdc se ngdy mdt thu hep lai (14%) cho rfag, ddt n h i l m mdn da lam cha gia dinh mat di nhilu quy Mt tring trgt.
Ly giai dieu ndy, ngfldi d t o cho r m g , v l mua mtta do mttd nhieu, lam ngdp lut ddn den dat ngay mgt nhiem m f a nhilu hdn, nen bay gid khdng t h l trong dttge lua d l to, ma phai di mua gao dn.
2.2.2. Tdc hgi din chdn nudi Khdng chi a n h httfag d f a t r i n g trgt, n h i l m man cdn cd n h u s g tac ddng tiSu cttc den c h t o nudi. NghiSn cflu tai xa Hai Ldc ehe thay cd 99,6% hd cho r f a g n h i l m m a n da lam cho chfa nudi thilu nguon thflc dn vd 98,26% y kien cho r f a g n t o g suSt chdn nudi bi gimi. fl n h f a g v f a g bi n h i l m mdn ven sdng Lach Trfltog, c h t o nudi lan vd trdu bd thfltog thieu thflc ta xanh nhtt rau xanh, ca cdc leal, rem ra. N h i i m m m cdn ldm cha gia e l m thieu cac loai thttc ta (giun ddt-cdn trttng). Cac vat nudi d l hi n h i l m bdnh, nhdt la cdc b t a h tu huyet cfa, dich ta, dich tai xanh, khi sttc khde vat nudi bi giam sttt N h i l m m m da ldm cha lgn thilu thttc ta xanh va trdu bd thilu nttdc ud'ng.'Trong mdy thdng Vila qua gia dinh tdi nudi dugc han SO con gd, 40 con vit nhung do khbng cd nuAc ngot di uang, nin u6ng phdi nUdc nhiim man tU biin vdo nin chiing cii sinh binh ra md chit, gid chung tdi cung thdy chdn ndn khdng
mudn chdn nndigl nita" (PVBiNa, 35 tuSi, -.
nbng nghiip, thdn Y Bich, xd BO. I4ci j | huypi Hdu L4c). ' * \
Qua ddy da mhih chflSg rd h t o v l t ^ f i,^
ddng dSt n h i l m m | n d f a hoat d^ng t r & « . \ trgt vd c h « i nudi c i a ngttW d f a tai xS HM '• i Ldc, khdng nhfliig k h i l n ngttfti d t a bj thidi ^ hai v l kitih t l , cbn kda thea t t a i M chfa n f a vd phd mdc cha trdi.
2.3. Kinh nghifm Ung phd vU dA ' TihKrn mdn tgi xdi Hai L^
2.3.1. Ngdn chdn nildc m^n xdm nhdp Ngttdi d t o tai xa Hai LOc n g t o ehan nttdc man xam nhdp vda khu vttc dat sfa xuat b m g viec dap dap ngfa man chfa ngang cac ddng sdng va nhanh sdng di qua vung dSt sdn xufa D i p hS t h i n g dS bao chay dgc thea cdc dang sdng de khi nttftc m t o d t o g caa khdng t r f a vao v t o g dat sfa xuat dang dflgc ngfldi d t o xd Hal Ldc cho la n h t o g kinh nghiem quan trgng d l fag phd vdi nhiim man. Tuy v$y, n h f a g hoat ddng ndy khdng t h l t i l n hdnh die ldp tttng hd gia dinh ma mang tinh tdp t h l . Cdc hoat dgng nay thfltog cd sfl chi dao c i a co qum cdc cap. Bdn canh dd, viec dda ha, dtt trtt nttdc tttdi; hang ndm dap dlip vao thfag 1 de sdm gitt nttdc ngot; khoan gieng ching m f a va han; baa vS cac dap n g f a mfa, dap dS cao han mflc nfldc m f a cd t h l vdo; vd theo ddi nfldc tfldi de lay cho dong rugng ctog Id nhttng kinh nghi$m fag phd phi biln n h t o g mang tinh tfl c h i cia t f a g hd.
fl Hai Ldc, do ddc thu v l dia hinh n m i dgc theo b i l n nSn ngflfti d f a da khdng t h l ngfa nfldc m t o tfl bien t r f a vao d i n g rugng. Do vay, kinh nghiSm 4 Hai Ldc la nao vdt cac kdnh mflong trfldc mtta mtta bao cho nttdc mdn r i t nhanh d l rut ngan
Phan Nhu Bgi - Kien thdc bdn dja cda ngUdi ddn dng phd vdi nhiim man.. 77 thdi gian ngap mdn la g i ^ phdp dugc sd
dung n M l u n h ^ t trong viec h a n c h i nguyen nhdn n M l m man.
2.3.2. Hgn chi do mdn va riia m^n cho ddt
KM d^t canh tdc hi n M l m man, ngUdi dSm 5 xa Hai Ldc da tim nMlu gidi phdp de giam dd m a n trong dat xud'ng mdc ean tMet d l cay trong sd'i^ vd phat trien. Cdc kinh ngMem v l h a n che dd mdn va rda man cho dat da ddgc ngUdi dan thuc Men dugc t h l Mdn n h u sau:
Kinh ngMgm p h i bien nhat cua ngUdi ddn tai xa Hdi Lgc la trUdc kM vao san xuat, can cay ai vd phoi kho ddt, dUa nUde vao ngdm t d 5 den 7 ngay sau dd thao ra, vi^c ndy duge lam khoang 2 - 3 lan. KM rudng Ida hi n M l m man, xa nUdc nggt vdo d l rda man. Sau do, xdi xao dat va de td 1 - 2 r ^ y sau cho m a n bdc hcfi. Tilp tuc xa nude vao d l rda m a n 2 - 3 Mn nda. KM rda man cho cay, dat, luc nay chat dinh dUBng t r o i ^ dat da hi rffa troi, cay ylu nen phai chu y chdm sdc. Bdn phan chuing, dam, lan va vdi ket hgp vun gd'c de cay nhanh lay chat dinh dUdng trong dat. Nhdng nam gan ddy, ngUcd dan edn ddng thgm cdc che p h i m sinh hgc bdn phan qua la de cay chdng hoi phuc.
Bgn canh hoat dgng nang cap de bao ngan nddc bien, ngUdi dan xa Hai Lgc thudng nao vet kenh mUcfng (vao cac thang 1, 2 va 3) d l thao nUdc m a n cho da't. Vao mua mUa (thang 8 -10) ngUdi dan ddng cdc cfe ke d l gid nUdc mUa rda man cho dat.
D i n thdng 11, 12 nUde mua se duge thdo r a ngoai d l trong trgt. Ngodi thao nddc, ngudi dan edn xdi xdo dat de rda man, thdi gian thudng d i i n ra 1 thang
trudc kM vdo vu san xuat Dong - Xuan. D6'i vdi chan nuoi, nhOfng gia finh ed dilu kien kinh tg' thudng xdy chuong cao d l trdnh trilu cUdng. NhQng hg khdng cd dieu kien thudng chuin bi vat Udu bang gd, lam gac tam thdi cho vat nuoi tru an kM trilu cddng ngap sau.
2.3.3. Xdc dinh lich thdi vu va khu vi/c sdn xudt
NgUdi dan tudn thu theo lich thdi vu vd qui hoach eua dia phuong. O xd Hai Lgc do dac thu m i l vung da't san xuat nen vu Hh Thu, ngudi dan trong xa da linh dgng xud'ng vu sdm hcfn 5 ngay so vdi lich thdi vu. Vao mua mUa bao, thdi dilm nMlm man nang, ngUdi ddn d day khdng trdng trgt. Vigc lam nay nham trdnh cac tMet hai do n M l m man gdy ra cho san xudt.
Trddc ddy, ngddi ddn d Hai Lgc chi trong trgt d nhdng dien tich bi nMlm mdn nhe, nhO&ig noi hi n M l m mdn nang tM bo hoang. Hign nay, nhdng dien tich nMlm man ven bien xa Hai Lgc da 6\i<ic ngUdi ddn sd dung lam Ngao. Tuy nMgn, vigc ngudi ddn md rgng qui mo vd phdt trien d at ho nuoi khong theo qui hoach, ldn h i vao sau trong cac khu dat san xuat trong trgt, cang lam tdng them nguy cO nMlm mdn eho cac khu VLTC lan can.
2.3.4. Sd dung cdy trong, v&t nudi phu hgp
Di kdm vdi lich thdi vu tM nhdng loai cay, con gio'ng tMch dng vdi man cung dugc ngudi ddn tim kiem, lUa chgn d l san xua't. Cdc kinh ngMem lUa chgn gilng cdy trong, vdy nudi cua ngUdi xa Hai Lgc dUge the Men nhU sau:
Mae du Ida khong phai Id cay trong cMem dien tich ldn tai xa Hai Lgc, nhUng
78 gjfiilB tm Bdak Nam A. s^JI2016_
ngttfti d t a thtttog stt dung cdc gilng lua ngfa ngdy vd cd k h a n t a g chiu m t o d l dfla vdo s f a xulft. Cdc gilng Itta n h f l K h m g Dan, BC16, Q6, dflac ngflfti Itta chgn d l s f a xudt vdo vu he, gilng BC15 dttge utt tiSn sfa xuit trong vu Ddng - Xufa. Dd'i vdi n h f a g vttng n h i l m m a n khftng trong dflgc lua thi chuyen sang t r i n g lac, dt, ngd. Ttt kfah nghiSm thttc te, ngflfti d t a nai ddy da lfla chgn dflac mdt s l gid'ng n g f a ngdy chd'ng chiu vdi n h f a g vttng dat n h i l m mdn nhe nhtt khaai chJa dd. D l b a n e h l n h i i m man, ngttdi d f a len lud'ng khaai tit cae, cd n h t o g lud'ng cao khoang Im. Ngaai khaai Img, lfla can dttge ngttdi d f a dfla vda s f a xuat trong vai n a m g f a day. Cac giong lfla dttge ngttdi d f a ddnh gid phu hdp, da vd d m g trdng tai nai day nhtt K h m g Ddn vd Mai Lam.
Cdc gieng vdt nudi nhtt bd vfag, ldn Mdng Cdi, lgn lai F l , vit lai, n g m , nglng, cua dia phtttog eung dttdc ngttfti dan chgn dttge danh gid la phu hgp vfti vttng ddt n h i l m m m tai dia phtttog. K i t qua nghiSn cfa eung cho thSy, tSm, ngao la vat nudi p h i b i l n tai Hai Lgc n h t o g khdng dflac ngfldi ddn ddnh gid caa vd lfla chgn Id vat nudi thich hgp. Thea Iy giai c i a ngfldi ddn ndi day thi del tfldng nudi ndy mang tinh rfli ra ra't cao va ddy cdn Id nguyen nhdn gdy nSn tinh hinh nhiSm man tai dia phfldng.
3. K e t l u | l n
Thdi diem, mflc dd vd ty IS ddt n h i i m mdn cd xu httfag t t a g so vdi cac nam trttdc dd. NguySn nhan n h i l m m t o ft vung ven b i l n chfl ylu la do h t a ban, nttftc b i l n xam nhdp vdo ddng mtttog (sing) di sdu vdo dat liln. N h i l m man ft vttng cdt ven b i l n Id do
bdo, i i i ^ t r i l u "Vd iiflfte b i i n ddng, n ^ C - b i l n thea cdc khe sufi vfa dlft h i n . N h i l m m t o ldm mdt chdt dinh dttfag trong difir, d& canh t i e ,y .ghdi cjBig; cay t r i n g kem phdt t r i l n nSn nangiSttStbi gifainghiSm trgng. Ngttfti d f a fag phd vfti n h i i m m ^ thdng qua cSc Mrih tfiflc nhtt n g f a chdn nttftc m f a x t o i nh^p, h a n c h i dd m&i vd r i a mdn cho 3&t, xdc dinh khu vuc vd thfti vu s f a xuat vd stt dung efty trdng, v$t nudi phtt hgp. N h f a g khd k h t o , t l 4 ngai ehinh ' cfla ngttdi d f a khi dp dung cdc kinh nghiem fag phd vdi n h i i m m f a la do , | thieu ky n t a g , k i f a thfle, vSn vd thfti t i l t j bat lgi. Do vdy, cfa cd nghiSn oJu ehuyen sfa ve chgn gifag cdy t r i h g , vdt nudi vd cdc ky thudt canh tde cu the cha mfti kiai cay, can d l i vdi m i l vttng khdc nhau. Tuy vay, n h f a g kinh nghiSm c i a ngtt&i dfa trang nghiSn cfa nay c m dttge xem xet de lang ghdp vao cac ke hoach phat t r i l n sfa xuit ctta dia phttang./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Trung tam Phdt triln NSng thdn miln
Tnmg, (2010), Biin ddi khi hdu, tdc dang, thich ling trong nganh nong nghiip vd cdc phdn ling chinh sdch: Nghien cUu trUdng hgp tgi tinh Qudng Tri.
2. Vo Chi Tiln, Le Dinh Phimg, Hofag Thi Thdi Hod & Hofag M m h Qudn (2009), Bdo cdo ddnh gid sinh he tgi 3 xd Triiu Giang, Triiu Vdn ud Hdi Qui. Trung tam Phdt trifa Ndng thSn mien Trung, Trttftng Dai hoc NSng Ldm Hui.
3. Worldbank (2007), The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis, PubHshed Disclosure Authorized.