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CHU THE KINH DOANH DICH VU LOGISTICS THEO PHAP LUAT VIET NAM HIEN NAY
• DAO TH! CAM
TOM TAT:
Chu th^ kinh doanh dich vu logistics la n6i dung rCt quan trong trong hS thong phap iuat cua cac quocjia, trong do c6 Viet Nam. Mac dii Viet Nam da hoi nhSp kha sau rong trong kinh e quoc te, songjiien nay, ph^p luSt c6n nhieu bat cap, han che ve chu thg kinh doanh dich vu ogistics. Bai Viet sau day se phSn tich, danh gia nhffng diem tich ciTc va han che d^ dtia ra giai
v / ^ \ f ^^"^ "^^"^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^ " ^ ^ ° ^ " ^ "^^"^ '^^" P^" *^^P' "^^"^ khuyg'n khich cac doanh nghigp tham gia kinh doanh dich vy logistics tich eye hdn, giam chi phi, thuc 6iy canh tranh, tang cuang h6i nh§p trong khu vVc va trdn the gidi.
Tiif khoa: Chij thI kinh doanh, dich vu logistics, phap Iuat Viet Nam.
1. Thi^c trang quy djnh vl chu the kinh doanh dich vij logistics
Li. Chu the kinh doanh dich vu logistics c6 phdi la phap nhdn
Trong ly ban cung nhirthifc tiSn hien nay, viec x^c dinh chu the kinh doanh dich vu logistics tifdng doi kh6 khan do cdc quy dinh, tiT lu§t chung nh\i Bo Luat dan sir den phap luSt chuyen nganh deu chifa cu thI, ro r&ng.
Chu the kinh doanh dich vu logistics difdc quy dmh tai dieu 234 (Luat Thifdng mai 2005) ve di^u kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics, theo d6 "thadng nhSn kinh doanh dich vu logistics la doanh nghiep" c6 du dieu ki^n kinh doanh djch vu logistics Iheo quy dinh cfla phap luSt. Theo quy dinh tai Khoan 1, Dieu 6 Lull Thu'dng mai 2005:
"Thi/dng nhan bao gom t6 chu"c kinh te dUdc thanh lap hdp phdp, ci nhan hoat dpng thrfdng mai mot cich 6ifc l^p. thirdng xuyen vk c6 dang ki kinh doanh". Trong khi d6, Khoka 1, Dieu 4, LuSt Doanh nghiep 2005 dinh nghla vl doanh nghiep nhir sau: "Doanh nghiep \h t6 chtfc kinh t6' c6 t6n
rieng, CO tai san, c6 tru sd giao dich on dinh, du'dc dang ki kinh doanh theo quy dinh cua phap luSt nham muc dich thifc hien cac hoat ddng kinh doanh". NhiT vay, cac quy dinh hien hanh ihig'u th6'ng nha't, din den thirc tiln thi hanh gap nhi^u viTdng mac. Chiing ta c6 the hieu, mpi doanh nghiep chac chan deu la thu'dng nhan, con thtfdng nhan c6 the chifa chac da phai la doanh nghiep, nhu ho kinh doanh, hdp tac xa... Thyc ti§n hiSn nay, c6 nhieu thifdng nhan la ho gia dinh, hdp tac xa CO tham gia vao chuSi cung iJng dich vu logistic, nhif van tai, dong goi, kiem dem..., song c6 le ho CO phai la chu th^ kinh doanh dich vu logistic khong thi can phai ban thdm.
1.2. Dieu kien cua chu the kinh doanh dich v(i logistics
Dich vu logistics la nganh nghe kmh doanh cd dieu kien, dieu ki6n nay dUdc quy dinh tai muc 61.
phu luc 4 cua Luat Dau tu" nam 2014 va muc 60, phu luc 4 ciia Luat Sufa ddi b6 sung di^u 6 va phu luc 4 ve danh muc nganh, nghe dau ttf kinh doanh c6 dieu kidn cua Luat D^u tiT.
8 s i 1-Th6ng 1/2019
LUAT
Chu the kmh doanh dich vu logistics du la phap nhan hoac khong phdi la phap nhan vin phai tuan thu cac dieu kien kmh doanh nha't dinh tai dieu 4 Nghi dinh so 163/2017/ND-CP, ngay 30/12/2017 quy dinh chi tiet Luat Thu'dng mai 2005 ve dieu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics va gidi han trach nhiem do'i vdi thu'dng nhan kmh doanh dich vu [ogistics: Thufdng nhan kinh doanh 16 dich vu cu the difdc quy dinh tai Dieu 3 Nghi dinh nay phai dap iJug cac dieu kien dau tif, kinh doanh theo quy dinh cua phap luat doi vdi dich vu do. Nghia la thu'dng nhan kinh doanh dich vti logistics ngoai viec phai dap iJng nhiJng dieu kien chung thi con phai tuan thu cac quy dinh cua luat chuyen nganh. Day cung la van de can phai ban, vi kinh doanh djch vu logistic cung la mot nganh, tao sy ket no'i giffa cac dich vu theo chuoi. Tuy nhien, phap lu^t hien nay quy dinh da khong lam ro du'dc dieu nay. Vi du, khi doanh nghiep kinh doanh dich vu logistic muon tham gia trufc tiep vao vin tai hang hoa, Ihi doanh nghiep nay phai dang ky nganh nghe van chuyen va phdi dam bao cac quy dinh ve dieu kien kinh doanh van tai, nhif xe 6 to, ben bai, bfi may di^u hanh van tai, an toan giao thflng... hay phap nhan dang ky dai ly hai quan thi phai cd chiing chi dai ly khai thue hai quan, dieu kien ca'p chtfng chi theo quy dinh ciia cd quan hai quan c6 tham quyen.
Ngoai ra, cung theo Nghi dinh nay, thu'dng nhan tie'n hanh mot phan hoac toan bp hoat dpng kinh doanh logistics bang phu'dng tien dien tuT cd ke't no'i mang Internet, mang vien thong di dpng hoac cac mang md khac, ngoai viec phai dap iJng theo quy dmh cua phap luat chuyen nganh, con phai tuan thu cac quy dinh ve thifdng mai dien tiJ.
1.3. Dieu kien dd'i vdi chu the Id nha dau tU niidc ngoai kinh doanh dich vu logistics & Vi^t Nam
Tru'dcxu the'hpi nhap kinh te'qud'ctS', Ihychien cam ket ve logistics vdi To chiJc Thu'dng mai the gidi va cac nifdc khu vifc la dilu tat y6'u. Nghi dinh so 140/2007/ND-CP ngay 05/9/2007 cua Chinh phu quy dinh chi ti^'t LuSt ThiTdng mai ve dieu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistic va gidi han trach nhiem dd'i vdi thifdng nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistic; theo quy dinh hien nay via difdc siJa doi de phii hdp vdi thyc te. Nghi djnh so 163/2017/ND- CP, ngay 30/12/2017 quy dinh chi tiet Luat Thifdng mai 2005 ve dieu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics
va gidi han trach nhiem doi vdi thu'dng nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics da md rpng do'i tUdng ap dung la cac doanh nghi6p trong niTdc va cdc doanh nghiep logistics nu'dc ngoai, dong thdi thi hien su' khong phan biet cac loai hinh doanh nghiep va ma tao ra san chdi rong Idn, binh dang cho tS't ca cac doanh nghiep. Day ciing la cd hoi va cung la thach thitc cho cac doanh nghiep logistics Vi6t Nam, bupc ho phai nhanh chdng dd'i mdi, nang cao nang lye canh tranh de cd the ton tai va phat trien ciing vdi cac doanh nghiep nu'dc ngoai ngay tai thi trifdng logistics Viet Nam va vUdn ra moi triTdng qud'c te
Theo quy dinh cua Luat Dau tu' 2014, nha d^u tif nu'dc ngoai mud'n thanh lap cong ty tai Viet Nam phai thyc hien thu tuc xin cha'p thuSn chii tru'dng d^u tu'ty Quo'c hpi, Thu tu'dng Chinh phu hoac Uy ban nhan dan cap tinh tiiy thupc vao quy md va cac tinh chat khac cua dy an, hoac xin cS'p Gi§'y chijng nhSn dang ky dau tu' do'i vdi dy an khong thupc tnfdng hdp phai xin chS'p thuan chu tru'dng.
Nha dau tif nitdc ngoai thanh lap cong ty trong khu che' xuS't, khu cong nghiep, khu c6ng ngh6 cao can xin chu tru'dng diu tif thi thu tuc dang ky dau tif se difdc thyc hien bdi Ban quan ly cac khu che xua't, khu cong nghiep, khu cong nghd cao do.
Dd'i vdi nhiYng dy an khong thupc dien xin chii tru'dng dau tif, nha dau tif nifdc ngoai se tien hanh thu tuc xin cap Gia'y chtfng nhan dang ky dau tif tai Phong dang ky kinh doanh thupc Sd Ke hoach va Dau tu" ndi cong ty dat tru sd chinh.
Hien nay, theo cam ket vdi To chyc Thu'dng mai the' gidi, Viet Nam da md ciJa thi trifdng dich vu logistics bao gom: Dich vu xep, dd container, dich vu thong quan, dich vu kho bai, dich vu dai ly van tai hang hoa va cac dich vu thu'c hien thay mat cho chu hang vdi nhUng quy dinh het siJc cu the, Cac dich vu cu thi deu yeu cau nha dau tu" nifdc ngoai phai thanh lap lien doanh vdi dd'i tac Vi6t Nam, ty le vo'ngdpkhongqua 49%, 51%, 70% tijy tiing dich vu va tttng md'c thdi gian cu the cho viec tang von gop trong lien doanh hoac thanh lap doanh nghiep 100% vd'n nifdc ngoai.
Dd'i vdi nha dau tif nu'dc ngoai, bfen canh viec dap yng cac dieu kien chung thi nha dau tif nu'dc ngoai thuoc nifdc, vilng lanh tho la thanh vien to chtfc thifdng mai the gidi difdc cung cap dich vu logistics theo cac dieu kien quy djnh tai Nghi dinh
So 1 -Thang 1/2019
•Ht'liHIUDNBTHirONG
so_163/2017/ND^CP, ngay 30/12/2017 quy dinh chi tiet Luat Thrfdng mai 2005 ve di^u kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics va gidi han trach nhiem do'i vdi thifdng nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics.
Trifdng hdp nh^ dau tu nu'dc ngoai thudc doi tifdng ap dung cua cac dieu ifdc quo'c te cd quy dinh khac nhau ve dieu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics, nha d^u tif du'dc Itfa chpn ap dung diiu kidn dau tif quy dinh tai mOt trong cac dilu ifdc dd.
Day la mot quy dinh ra't md cho cac nha dau tif nifdc ngoai va cung la de phu hdp vdi nhi?ng cam ket qud'c te cua Vi6t Nam.
2. Nhffng t6n tai, vifdng mac can ban tai quy dinh cua phap luat v^ chu th^ kinh doanh dich vu logistics 5 Vi$t Nam
2.1. Quy dinh phap luat ve chu the kinh doanh dich vu logistics chua cu the, chiia ro rang
Vi dich vu logistics van con mdi nen nhSng quy dinh phap Iuat ve chu the kinh doanh dich vu nay chifa hoan thi§n m6t each rd rang, cu the. Cac quy dinh ve chu the xuat phat tif bp luat gd'c la Bp luit Dan sy, sau do la cac luat chuyen nganh nam rai rac trong cac van ban nhu" Luat Thifdng mai, Luit Doanh nghiep, LuSt Dau tu*... Vi vay, khi ap dung rat kho khan, cac chu the phai ty tlm hilu cfic quy dinh tai nhilu van ban, tham chi la chong cheo, khd ap dung. Chu the kinh doanh dich vu nay c6 bat buoc phai la phap nhan hay khdng thi phap luat chrfa d^ cap ro.
2.2. Cac chu the kinh doanh dich vu logistics han chive quy mo doanh nghiep
Theo nghien ciJu cua Hiep hdi Doanh nghiep dich vu logistics Viet Nam (VLA) va thd'ng ke ttf ngu6n Cue Quan ly dang ky- kinh doanh - Bd Ke hoach va Dau ttf, tai thdi diem nam 2016, so' lifdng cac doanh nghidp diam gia cung ca'p cac loai hinh dich vu logistics la khoang 23.000 doanh nghiep, h-ong dd cd 3.000 doanh nghi6p cd boat dong logistics quoc ti. Cac doanh nghiep boat ddng trong linh vyc dich vu logistics chu yiu hoat dpng vdi so' vd'n dang ky nho cung nhif quy md lao dong han chg', hiSn cd tdi 90% so doanh nghiep dich vu c6 von di^u le dang ky difdi 10 ty dong. Sy han che ve quy md doanh nghiep la mot trong nhffng rao can khi ho tham gia cung cap chuoi cung tfng, han ch^ sy canh tranh ngay ca tren thi tnfdng npi dia chiJ chifa ndi den thi tnfdng khu vyc va the gidi.
Nhilu doanh nghiSp Viet Nam la chu the kmh
doanh dich vu logistics chi dam bao thyc Men du'dc mot hoac mot vai dich vu logistics nho le trong toan chudi, lam ve tinh cho cac doanh nghiep nu'dc ngoai, ban cifdc cho cac doanh nghiep logistics nu'dc ngoai.
3. Giai phap hoan thi$n quy dinh v l chu thi kinh doanh dich vii logistics d Viet Nam
Nham thiic dly hdn nBa cac chu the tham gia vao thi trifdng chudi cung yng logistics, d6ng thdi tang cifdng vai trd quan ly cua Nha nu'dc, ph^p luat quy dinh vi chu the kinh doanh dich vu logistics can tap trung them cac vS'n de sau day:
3.1. Quy dinh chu thS'kinh doanh dich v^ lo- gistics phdi Id phap nhan Id can thiet
Tai di^u Dilu 74 Bp luat Dan sy nam 2015 cd quy dinh ve phap nhan nhif sau: Mdt td' chyc dtfdc cong nhan la phap nhSn khi c6 du cac dieu kien sau day: Difdc thanh lap theo quy dinh cua Bp luat nay, luit khac cd lien quan; Cd cd cau to chi?c theo quy dinh tai Dieu 83 cua Bp luat nay; Cd tai san ddc lap vdi C6L nhan, phap nhSn khac va ty chiu trach nhiem bang tai san ciia minh; Nhan danh minh tham gia quan he phap luit mot each ddc lap.
Phap nhan du'dc cd quan nha nifdc cd thim quyen thanh lap, cho phep thanh lap, dang ky hoac c6ng nhan, the hien la giS'y chyng nhan dang ky doanh nghidp. Phap nhan la mdt td' chyc tap the gdm nhieu ngu'di, difdc sap xe'p tao nen mot hinh thyc cu th6' nham thyc hien mot chyc nang nha't dinh. Phap nhan c6 cd cau to chyc chat che, thd'ng nha't va co kha nang thyc hi6n hieu qua nhidm vu cua to chyc do khi difdc thanh lap. Sff ddc lap cua to' chyc difdc coi la phap nhan gidi han trong quan he dan sy, kinh td', lao dpng vdi chu the khac. Phap nhan khdng bi chi phd'i bdi cac chu the khac khi quyet^dinh cac va'n d^ cd li6n quan den nhiem vu cua td chtfc dd trong pham vi dieu le, quyet dmh thanh lap va cac dinh cua phap luSt do'i vdi to' chyc do. Phap nhSn cd tai san ridng. Tai san rieng cua phap nhan la tai san thuoc quyen sd hGu cua phap nhan ddc lap vdi tai san ca nhan la thanh vidn ciia phap nhan. Tai san do difdc th^ hien difdi dang vd'n, cac lu-heu san xua't va cac loai tai san khac phil hdp vdi tttng loai phap nhan. Tren cd sd c6 tai san rieng, phap nhan phai chiu trach nhi6m bang tai san cua minh. Sy doc lap ve tai san va chiu trach nhiem bang tai san rieng cua phap nhan la tien de vat cha't de mot t6 chxSc tham gia vao quan
10
So'1-Thong 1/2019LIIAT
he dan sy nhif mdt chu the doc lap vdi tif each rieng, difdc hifdng quyen va phai ganh chiu cac nghia vu dan sy do phap luat quy dinh va phu hdp vdi dieu le cua phap nhan.
Logistics la chudi hoat dpng phyc tap, rui ro cao. Quy dinh chu the cung ca'p dich vu la phap nhan la can thie't, dam bao sy quan ly cua nha nifdc, phdng ngya nhiJng rui ro va doanh nghiep phai chiu trach nhiem bang toan bp tai san cua minh dd'i vdi mpi boat dpng tnfdc dd'i tac va khach hang.
3.2. Xem xet bo quy dinh kinh doanh dich vu logistics Id ngdnh nghe kinh doanh c6 dieu ki^n
Hien nay, de kinh doanh dich vu logistics, cac doanh nghiep dang ky kinh doanh dang phai tuan thu cung luc it nha't hai dieu kien kinh doanh, mdt la dieu kien cho nganh rieng le trong chudi va hai la dieu kien chung ciia chudi logistics khi bi goi la nganh nghe kinh doanh. Mdt sd' chuyen gia cho rang ban cha't logistics ciing khdng phai la nganh kinh doanh mang tinh cha't dac thil anh hifdng dac biet nghiem trong dd'n tinh mang, syc khde d^'n con ngifdi hay den anh ninh quoc gia. Logistics la mdt nganh mang tinh cha't kinh te' kinh doanh thdng thu'dng vdi cac chudi hoat ddng cd md'i lien he vdi nhau ma bat ky ca nhan nao cung cd the kinh doanh. Vi vay, nen bo dich vu logistics la nganh nghe kinh doanh cd dieu kien, dieu kien nay difpc quy dinh tai muc 61, phu luc 4 cua Luat Dau tif nam 2014 va muc 60, phu luc 4 cua Luat Sufa doi bd sung dieu 6 va phu luc 4 ve danh muc nganh, ngh^ dau tif kinh doanh cd dieu kidn cua
Luat Dau tu". Theo dd, cung nen bd phan didu kien Chung ma Nghi dinh sd 163/2017/ND-CP ngay 30/12/2017 cua Chinh phu quy dinh chi tie't thi hanh Luat Thifdng mai ve dieu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistics va gidi han trach nhiem dd'i vdi thifdng nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics da quy dinh tai dieu 4, khoan 2: "Thifdng nhan tien hanh mdt phtn hoac toan bp boat ddng kinh doanh logistics bang phifdng tien diSn tu' cd ket nd'i mang Internet, mang viin thdng di ddng hoac cac mang md Ichac, ngoai viec phai dap yng theo quy dinh cua phap luat dd'i vdi cac dich vu cu the quy dinh tai Dieu 3 Nghi dinh nay, con phai tuan thu cac quy dinh ve thifdng mai dien tuf". Logistics thyc ra khong phai la mot nganh nghe rieng biet ma chi la mdt chudi boat dpng bao gom ra't nhieu cdng viec khac nhau hen quan den nhieu nganh nghe, nhif:
Van tai, ddng goi, lam thu tuc thue, hai quan. Luat Thu'dng mai 2005, dieu 233 da dinh nghia: "Dich vu logistics la hoat dpng thifdng mai, theo dd thu'dng nhan td chyc thyc hifn mdt hoac nhilu cdng viec bao gom nhan hang, van chuyen, lifu kho, lifu bai, lam thu tuc hai quan, cac thu tuc gia'y tdkhac, tifva'nkhach hang, ddng goi bao bi,ghiky ma hieu, giao hang hoac cac dich vu khac cd lien quan den ban hang hoa theo thda ihuan vdi khach hang de hifdng thu lao". Viec ra kinh doanh cd dieu kien vdi chudi nganh nghe nay se ban che' sy phat trien cua nganh va se tao ra ganh nang chi phi cho doanh nghiep, giam stfc canh tranh va khdng tao difdc dpng lye cho cac chu the tham gia kinh doanh dich vu nay •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
/. Nghi dinh so ]40/2007/NB-CP ngay 05/9/2007 ciia Chinh phu quy dinh chi lie'l Luat Thuong mai ve dieu kien kinh doanh dich vu logistic va gidi han trach nhiem doi vdi ihutfng nhdn kinh doanh dich vu logistic;
2. Nghi dinh so 163/2017/ND-CP ngay 30/12/2017 cua Chinh phii quy dinh citi tiet thi hanh Luat Thucnig mai ve dieu Men kinh doanh dich vu logistics va gidi han trach nhiem dd'i vdi thuang nhan kinh doanh dich vu logistics;
3. Luat Thuong mai 2005;
4. Luat Doanh ngliiSp 2005;
5. Luat Dau tu 2014;
6. Bd luat Dan sU 2015.
7. Bo Cong Thuong - Bao cao Logistics Viet Nam 2017. Logistics: Tif ke hoach den hanh ddng, Nha xuat bdn Cong Thumg2017.
So 1 -Thang 1/2019 11
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BAO IW CAM V,PbapcM--B<l«ngThtfrin8
BUSINESS SUBJECT OF LOGISTICS SERVICES ACCORDING TO THE CURRENT VIETNAMESE LAW
• DAO THI CAM
Department of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Industry a n d Trade
ABSTRACT:
The business subject of logistics services business is a very important content in the legal stem of countries, including Vietnam. Although Vietnam has deeply integrated in the 'ntemational economy, the country's legal system still has many shortcomings and I'mitadons on die business subject of logistics service business. This article is to analyze and evaluate the positive and limited points to propose solutions to cut business conditions that are no longer appropriate in order to encourage enterprises to participate in more active logistics services business, reduce logistics costs, promote competition and enhance the regional and global integration.
Keywords: Business subjects, logistics services, Vietnamese law.
12 So 1-Ttiang 1/2019
