KINH TE-PHAP LUA
^ VON Xn HOI TAONG aho TON on DANG SINH HOC O U€N MINH CHAU nU (€U) Vn KINH NGHlfM CHO VlfT miA
Nguyen Thi Ngoc*
Tom tat: Ciing vai su phdi trien cita nhdn logi noi chung, cong dong cdc quoc gia a chdu Au vet Viet Nam noi rieng co su Ion lai, lich luy vd phdt trien cita nhieu logi hinh von khdc nhau, Irong do von xd hoi Trong bdo vi: mot Iricdng, bdo ton da dang sinh hoc, von xa hoi dupe cho la mot Irong nhirng yeu to chinh, quyet dinh den linh ben vung ciia cdc he sinh thdi. Cdc quoc gia thuoc Lieu mmh Chdu Au (EU) duac ddnh gid co nhieu thdnh cong Irong ITnh vuc bdo ve moi trirang, bdo Ion da dang smh hoc nha dp dung cdc gidi phdp phdi huy nguon "von xd hoi" sdn co. Bdi viel ndy sc: phdn lich. ddnh gid vai Iro cita von xd hoi Irong bao ve moi Iruong, bdo Ion da dung sinh hoc o cdc nuac EU lir do de xudt mot so bdi iwc /cinh nghiem co ihe dp dung a Viel Nam.
Til- khoa: bdo ve moi Irmmg. von xu hdi. luio ion da dang sinh hgc. Lien minh Chdu Au
1. Khai quat chung ve von xa hpi trong biio ve moi truong, bao ton da dang sinh hoc
Cho den nay, 'Von xa hpi" da dugc de cap nhieu trong cac nghien cim tren th^ giai.
.song chua co mpt dinh nghia thong nhit. Co the hieu mpt each khai quat theo each dinh ngliia ciia Francis Fukuyama. \-6n xa hoi la mpi chuan muc phi chinli thiic, dugc bidu liien Irong thuc le, co lac dung thuc dt\y su hop liic giira hai, hay nliieu ca nlian',
Theo each dinh nghia tren. von xa hpi trong bao vc moi truang, bao Idn da dang
' TS, Vien Nghien ciiu Chau Au ' Tiiin IliiLi Quang (2006), '-Tim hi^u khai niciii v6ri
\.T hoi", Tap ehi Khoa hoc xd lidi, s6 7, Ir 74-81
sinh hpc co the dirge hieu khai quat la
"chuan m u c " phi chinh thuc ciia cpng ddng ve bao ve moi truong, bao ton da dang sinh hpc Nguon von nay dupe tao nen tii' m6i lirong quan sinh dpng giira con ngiroi voi con nguai. con nguoi vai Ur nhien. Ngu6ii
\'6n na> dupe nlian biet thong qua each ha\
"chuan mirc" nguoi ta song, ung xir \oi nhau, uiig xu vai moi truang xung quanh.
ling xir vai cac loai Thong thuong, each irng xu tir nguyen, nhan van se tao ra ngu6n v6n xa hoi dang quy, dac biet trong iTnh vuc bao ton da dang sinh hoc
Co Ihe thay ro su phu thupc cua v6n xa hoi vao cau triic van hoa, m6i n^n van hoa se CO nhfrng "chuan muc"" khac nhau Irong img xir giua con nguai voi eon nguai, giua con
^mh xa iuil...
IS
ngu6i vai tu nhidn. Chdng han, co su khdc nhau ro ret trong v6n xd hSi a cdc quoc gia Bdc Au (Dan Mach, Thuy Dien, Phdn Lan), voi cdc quoc gia a Dong Au va Tdy Au^. CJ Bac Au, muc do tham gia ci^ cdng dong vdo cac boat d6ng xd hoi trong d6 co bdo ve moi tmang, bdo t6n da dang sinh hpc cao hon nhidu 6 cac quoc gia Dong, Tay Au. Dieu nay duac ly giai xuat phat tir tmyen thong van hoa canh tac n6ng nghiep trong lich sir cdn CO su chia se, lidn kdt cua cpng dong, ket hpp vai viec thi hanh che dp phiic lai ma cac nha nuac a Bac Au thuc hien. Cu the la, hau hdt cac quQc gia Bac Au c6 chd d6 phiic lpi cao, cac hoat dpng mang tinh hiep hpi, cpng dong nhu cac NGO, nha tha, c6ng dodn dupe the che hoa rpng rai ndn dd phdt huy t6t nguon von xa hpi. Trong mpt so truong hpp, moi quan he tuang h6 giUa cd nhan, gia dinh, dong tpc 6 nhimg quoc gia nay cung gop phan tao nen "chudn muc" nhat dinh cho cpng dong. Didu nay rdt kho tim thdy o cdc quoc gia phia Dong va Tay Au, noi co chd dp phiic lpi kem phdt tridn.
Mac dil chau Au dupe danh gia la khu vuc CO ndn van h6a kha da dang, song dac diem chung nhat day la ndn van hoa cua nhimg ngueri "song tren lung ngua", hp co cupc song phong khoang, hai boa, ton trpng tu nhidn, ton trpng muon loai. Didu nay gop phan tao nen "chuan muc" dao diic rieng, luon thuong true trong y thiic cua nguoi chau Au vd bdo ve, bao t6n cac he smh thdi.
^ Claire Wallace and Florian (2005), Bridging and Bonding Social Capital: Which is More Prevalent in Europe?. Euronp.an Commirojnr. — ->
Chdng han, chuan muc "khong dn thit cdc loai thu rimg" co a hdu het cpng dong van hoa phuong Tdy, trong khi do nguoi Viet Nam lai coi ddy la nhiing mon dac san va san sang chi tra de thoa man nhu cau cua bdn than. Ngdy nay, chuan muc vd bdo vd moi truing con dupfc nguoi dan chdu Au y thirc ro va the hidn thong qua vide xd rac thai dling loai, dung nai quy dinh hoac khong hiit thuoc la a nhiing khu vuc cong cpng v.v.
Ben canh do, phai cong nhan rang trong bao vd moi truang, bdo ton da dang sinh hpc CO su phu thupc nhat dinh giiia von xd hpi voi kha nang kinh td cua cd nhan vd vi tri xa hpi cua hp. Nhung nguoi c6 didu kien kinh td, CO vi the xa hpi thuong de dang chap nhan "hy sinh" lgi ich cd nhan dd duac s6ng trong mpt moi truang trong lanh, hai hoa voi tu rihidn, voi cac loai... Noi each khdc, hp de dang chap nhan cac "luat bdt thanh van"
trong cpng dong mien la co thd bdo vd duac moi truong song, bdo vd siic khoe eho hp.
2. Sir dung von xa hoi trong bao ton da dang sinh hoc ff chau Au
O EU, von xa hpi duoc ddnh gid thong qua mpt so dau hidu ca bdn bao gom: la thanh vidn cua cac hiep hpi bao ton, bdo vd thien nhidn; chi s6 nidm tin;
cac chi so lidn ket von xa hpi (mang xa hpi, ho trp xa hpi) v.v.
Tai khu vuc ddt nong nghiep va rimg tu nhidn^ nguai dan EU co nhan thiic ro net vd moi quan he giira he sinh thai nong nghiep vaJie sinh thdi tu nhien, vi vay hp tu nguydn nhac nha nhau cimg bdo ve ngu6n da dang
26 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°1(196U017
sinh hpc nay. Cang a nhimg khu vyc nguai boat dpng chan nuoi gia siic, gia cam, san dan CO y thirc cao ve cac chuan muc bao ve ban 6 mpt s6 khu vuc dupe cpng dong dan moi truang, noi each khac hp c6 nhimg "quy cu a cac nuoc EU thuc hidn theo nhieu tdc ngdm, danh gia ngdm" chi phoi hoat hinh thiic, trong do co hinh thirc sii dung dpng bao ve moi truang, viec day manh bao
ton da dang cang dupe tien hanh de dang, nhanh chong. Thong thuang, nhung quy uoc nay dupe sir dung ket hpp vai cac quy dinh, quy tae bat bupc do cac ca quan co tham quyen ban hanh. Chang ban, cac
Bang 1: Nhom cpng dong tu- nguyen bdo ve da dgng sinh hoc &Anh uy tin cung nhu nguyen tac ngam cua gia dinh, dong tpc tai khu vuc do . Tham chi, cr mpt so noi nguai ta xay dung cac nhom cpng dong ty nguyen bao ve da dang sinh hpc, nhu bang ducri day:
Cac nhom xa hoi
Nhom bao ve va quan ly lim vuc Nhom quan ly rimq Nhom sir dung hpp ly nguon nuae Nhom quan ly dieh hai long hap Nhom quan ly dpng vat hoang da Nhom quan ly nghe ea
Nhom nong nghiep nong thon va cai thien moi trucmg song
Cac muc tieu nham cai thien da dang sinh hpc Da dang sinh hpc
trong nong nghiep va da dang hoa he thong trang trai
X X
X
Da dang sinh hpc tai cac viing dem
X
X
X
X
X
X
Da dang sinh hpc tai eac khu vuc can bao ton nghiem ngat
X
x X
Ngudn Jules Pretty and David Smith, (2004), "Social Capital in Biodivenity Conversation and Manageinenl". Conservation Biology No 3. Volume IS. pp 634
Duong nhien, nhung nguai tham gia ehinli ban than minh. Thuc Id cho thdy vao vao eae nhom nay deu nhan thirc dupe viee nhung nam 1990, a Anh co klioang 408-478 bao \'e da dang sinh hoe se mang lai nhidu nghin nhom cpng dong bao ve moi tnrong lgi ich cho tap the, tham ehi iiliie'u lpi ich cho khae nhau thu hut sy tham gia eiia 8 ddn 14
27
tridu h6 gia dmh, trong d6 chu yeu Id cdc nhom nho til 20 ddn 30 nguiri^.
Nguon von xa h6i trong lmh vuc bao ve moi truong noi chxmg, bdo t^n da dang sirih hpc ndi rieng cung c6 su thay ddi tiiy thudc vdo miic dp,quan tam cua chinh quyen ddnh cho timg khu vyc nhdm duy tri, phdt tri^n nhiing chuan myc phi chinh thiic. Vi du, he thong nudi trong, canh tac ndng nghiep tmyhn th6ng a Tay Ban Nha, Bd Ddo Nha dugc duy tri miic dd da dang sinh hpc cao nha CO cdc chuang triiih hd trg bao tdn tmyen thdng canh tdc cua ndng dan dia phuong''. Hodc tai Phap, nguoi ta co nhidu ho trg tich cue giiip ngudi ddn duy tri truydn thdng canh tdc, xay dung cdc trang trai ndng, lam, ngu nghiep kidu cdng vidn. Nhirng hd trg nay dugc ngudi dan dia phuang hydng img manh, tir do duy tri, phdt huy dugc tmydn thdng canh tac qu^ bdu. Ro rang, vdn xa hdi trong bdo tdn da dang sinh hpc khdng dd dugc khai day bdi cdc chinh sach cua nha nude nhimg nha nuoc co vai trd rdt quan trong trong vide thiic ddy ngudn vdn xa hpi trong bao ve mdi trudng thdng qua giao due, tuydn tmy^n tao ra thd hd cdng dan cd trdeh nhiem vdi mdi truong, cd long ydu thien nhien tha thidt. Chdng han, d Dan Mach, tre em dd dugc phan cdng thdnh cdc'nhdm hpc
^ Jules Pretty and David Smith (2004), "Social Capital in Biodiversity Conversation and Management", Conservation Biology, No.3, Volume 18, pp. 634.
Maria Alio, Eva Igleasias and Maria L. Loureiro, (2013), Famers' Preferences and Social Capilal towards Agri-Environmental Schemes for Protecting Birds, the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association's, Washington, DC, pp. 3-5.
l;y thuyet cung nhu thuc hdnh vd bdo ve da dang sinh hpc, tii do giiip cdc em ldm quen d ^ vdi each ldm vide nhdm^.
Ngudi chau Au cung nhdn thdy rang dd bao tdn da d£Uig sinh hgc, cpng ddng ngudi dan dia phuong khdng ih^ diing ngodi cudc va giua hp phai cd su tin tudng, cimg giiip do nhau dd thuc hidn muc tieu. Chdng han, d Phap, dd bdo ve cdnh quan khu vuc dim Idy Pares du Marais du Contentin et du Bessm, chinh quydn khu vuc nay da kheo leo khuydn khich ngudi ddn dia phuang phdt huy ngudn tri thiic bdn dia vd bdo tdn cac loai ddng, thyc vat, giu gin sinh canh sdng cho chiing tir trudc tdi nay*. Duang nhidn, ngudi dan phdi dugc hudng lpi tir vide bdo tdn thdng qua vide khai thdc cdc ngudn tdi nguyen d do cho mye dich thyc phdm, hang hda, du licfa sinh thdi v.v. Vdn xd hdi hay ndi cdch khac Id cac "chudn muc" ve bao vd mdi trudng, bdo ve da dang sinh hpc, khai thdc sii dung tdi nguydn thidn nhien, Iiic nay se trd ndn vd cung quan trpng, nd cd the giiip cdng ddng quan ly tdt dugc cac ngudn tai nguydn, kim ham, han che dugc hanh ddng gay dnh hudng xdu tu chinh cdng ddng hoac tir bdn ngodi. Thdng thudng, nhung vi pham cdc
"chudn muc" hay nhimg "quy tdc ngdm" se bi cdng ddng Idn an, khdng chdp" nhan, lam cho ducmg su xdu hd,.tir doTam thay ddi
^ Hiru Tuc, (2010), Visao nguai Thuy Si. Dan Mach hanh phiic nhdt the gi&i?. URL: http://vtc.vn/2- 256929/xa-hoi/vi-sao-nguoi-thuy-si-dan-mach-hanh- phuc-nhat-the-gioi.htm, truy cap ngay 28/04/2014.
* Jules Pretty and David Smith, (2004), "Social Capital in Biodiversity Conversation and Management", Conservation Biology, No 3 Volume 18, pp. 635.
28
NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°1(196).2017hdnh vi cua ca nhan, tham chi dudi khdi noi cutni.
De bdo vd cdc loai chim d Tdy Ban Nha, ngodi no luc ciia chinh phu, ngudi ta ciing ghi nhdn nhiing ddng gdp dang ke cua cdng ddng dia phuang nhd nhirng "nguydn tac ngdm" rang budc trong quan he giiia cac cd nhan d dia phuang. Nhd dd, hp da tu nguydn bao nhau thay ddi thdi quen canh tac phd hoai da dang sinh hpc cii bang hinh thiic canh tac mdi, xay dyng "chuan muc" canh tdc mdi nham giu gin sinh cdnh sdng cho cdc loai chim. Cac khu vuc canh tac dugc thuc hien theo phuong thiic luan canh vira tao ra dugc lupng thuc pham thidt ydu hdng ngay vira duy tri dugc cho tni an cho cdc loai.
Thuc td cho thdy "mang ludi xa hdi" d chau Au rat phat trien. Trong ITnh vyc bao vd mdi trudng, cd sy xuat hidn va gia tang dang kd cua nhidu td chiic tinh nguydn trong nhttng nam gdn ddy. Nhiing td chiic nay da va dang thu hiit dugc sy tham gia cua cdng ddng dia phuang, tham chi cd nhidu td chiic cdn xuydn qudc gia. Trong mpt didu tra cua Claire Wallace' va dugc Euro Barometer ghi nhan cd tdi 62,2% sd ngudi dugc hdi khdng dinh hp la thanh vidn cua 14 td chiic khdc nhau, trong do la thanh vidn cua cac td chiic vd bdo vd mdi trudng, da dang sinh hpc.
. Miic dp tham gia cua cdc thanh vidn cao nhat Id cdc nude Bac Au, sau dd giam dan d Tay
Au vd th4p nhit d Ddng Nam Chau Au. Tuy nhien, sy tham cua cdc thdnh vien cung d nhidu cdp dp khac nhau, cd thanh vidn chii dpng, cd thdnh vidn bi dpng, trong trudng hgp ngudi diing dau to chiic Id ngudi cd hoat dpng tdt, Idy dugc nidm tin cua cdng ddng thi duong nhien s6 cd nhieu thdnh vien tich eye va chu ddng tham gia.
Ci tim VI md, Lien minh Chdu Au va chinh quydn cac nude thanh vidn da xdy dyng dugc hd thdng ludt phdp, chinh sdch tao ca sd thudn lgi cho td chiic, mang ludi xa hdi phi lpi nhudn vd bao ve mdi trudng, bao tdn da dang sinh hpc. 6 tam vi md, cdc qudc gia ddu phat huy vai trd cua cac td chirc, mang ludi xa hoi, ndng cao nhdn thiic cdng ddng vd bao vd mdi trudng, chii y ddn giao due, dao tao ngudn nhdn luc, ndng cao trach nhidm ciia ca nhan trudc cac van dd chung.
Day cung la nhiing kinh nghidm quy cac nude trdn thd gidi ndi chung, Viet Nam ndi ridng CO the tham khao va van dung.
3. D I xuat nhung bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Vidt Nam
Vidt Nam Id mdt trong 16 qudc gia co tinh da dang sinh hgc cao tren the gidi. Da dang sinh hpc ddng vai trd quan trpng trong vide duy tri sy cdn bang ciia cdc chu trinh va he sinh thai trong tu nhidn, ddng thdi la ngudn tai nguyen quan trpng dd phdt tridn ddt nude*. Tuy nhidn, hidn nay Viet Nam ' Claire Wallace and Florian (2005), Bridging and * Nguyen Huy Dung, Vu Van pOng 2007, Bdo ton da Bonding Social Capilal- Which is More Prevalent in dang sinh hgc a Viel Nam-m6i lien he vdi phat triin Europe?, European Commission, pp 7. ben vung vd bien doi khi hdu. Hoi thao chuvfin dk vh
(h.. : acx* HIM... 29
dang phai ddi mat vdi thuc trang suy thoai da dang sinh hpc do khai thac, su dung dat bira bai, thdi quen danh bat buy diet, xay dung ca sd ha lang 6 at...
Bao vd da dang sinh hpc la nhiem vu quan trpng, dugc Dang, Chinh phii va Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng dac biet quan tam song ket qua thu dupe cdn nhieu han ehe, Vlpt trong nhung nguyen nhan la viec chua phat huy dugc vdn xa hpi trong viec bao tdn da dang sinh hoe tai cpng ddng. Tir viec nghien cim viec sir dung ngudn vdn xa hpi trong bao ton da dang sinh hpc d cac nude chau Au, tac gia manh dan de xuat mpt sd kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam.
3.1. Gidi phdp vT mo
Tliir nhdl, can xay dung he thdng luat phap va eae chinh sach ro rang, lao dieu kien thuan lpi de eac to chirc phi lgi nhuan. Id chire phi ehinh phii, mang lirdi cpng ddng ve bao ve mdi trudng, bao tdn da dang sinh hpc;
khuyen khich mang lirdi nay xay dung, gui giu cae quy lac hay la eae ehuan muc ve bao ve mdi trudng, bao tdn da dang sinh hpc, Chang han, Nha nude va Chinh phii ed nhimg uu dai nhat dinli cho cpng ddng dia phuang lu quan \ e biio ve da dang sinh hpc nhu lo ehiic tuyen duong, hd tra eho eae ca nhan, tap the cd sang kien hay trong bao ton da dang sinli hoe, bao ve eac loai dpng thuc vat quy hiem. Chinh quyen dia phuang cd the tham van va hd trp cpng ddng xay dimg
Da dang sinh hoc va Bien doi khi hair Moi lien quan lai ngheo doi va phat trien ben vfintJ Ma MA, ([• \
eac chuan muc ciia cdng ddng ve bao ve mdi trudng tai dia phuang minh.
Thir hai, can cd ehinh sach nham ban che "di vdn" va phat huy vdn xa hdi. Chang han cac ca quan hoach djnh chinh sach eiia Nha nude can cd nliung nghien cim thiet ihuc nham xay dung mot co chd tham gia hidu qua eua cdng ddng, mang ludi xa hpi, nhat la nhirng epng ddng bi anh hudng tieu cue do khai thae, sir dung qua mire ngudn tai nguyen da dang sinh hpc; han ehe tdi miie thap nhat, tham ehi xda bd thdi quen an thit cac loai ddng, thyc vat hoang da cd nguy ea bi de dpa v V.
Hien nay, Viet Nam cd nhieu Id ehuc xa hpi phi lpi nhuan vd bao tdn da dang sitili hpc dang hoal ddng lir trung uang den dia phirang nhu eac hdi. doan the, hiep hdi, v.v. Do vay, cdng tae quan ly can duge Nha nude ehii trpng ddng thdi tao dieu kien cho cae td chirc nay tir quan mdt each cd trach nhiem theo ''quy irde. huong udc"
dupe chinh hp dc ra.
3.2. Gidi phdp vi mo
De ngudn vdn xa hdi trong bao ve da dang phat huy tdt d cap dp cpng ddng. Viet Nam can ed nhung bien phap du> tri. phat huy ihdng qua \iec thudng xuyen giam sat, nhac nhd kjp thdi de cac ca nhan tir nhan thay dupe gia tri eiia da dang sinh lipc \'a tu hudng cac hanh dpng eiia minh nham bao ve gia tri nay,
Cae hoat ddng truyen thdng dai ehiing ve bao \'e mdi truont:. bao \Q da dans sinh
30 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°in96).2017
hpc can tien hanh thudng xuydn, den mpi tang lap nhan dan, dae biet la ngudi dan sinh sdng d khu vyc cd tinh da dang sinh hpc cao, eac khu bao tdn thien nhien.
Day manh giao due dao ditc mdi trudng, bao vd da dang sinh hpc tir gia dinh tdi trudng hpc nliam giiip the he tre nlian thiic dupe vai trd va trach nhiem eiia minh ddi vdi viee bao ve cae gia tri chung, xay dung nep sdng van minh, gan gui vdi ty nhien, Trai nghiem, kliam pha tu nhien ed the coi la hinh thiic hiiu hieu giiip khoi day Idng yeu thidn nhien eho hpe sinh va nliiing ngudi tham gia, Kinh nghiem tu eae nude EU cho thay, nha trudng ciing nhu cac td ehue bao ve mdi trudng, bao tdn da dang sinh hpe can cd khuyen khich, im tien eho hpe sinh tham gia vao eae hanli trinh kham pha tim hieu tir nhien, tir dd giup hpc sinh tieh liiy them nhung ky nang can thidt cho cupe sdng eiing nhu khai day long yeu que huang, dat nude.
Ngoai ra can tap trung bdi dudng, xay dimg dpi ngii tri thirc, ianh dao, cac nha khoa hpc cd tinh yeu sau sac vdi thien nliidn, am hieu ve da dang sinli hpc de hp cd the phat huy tdt vai trd la ngudi lanh dao tap the, loi keo ngudi khac tham gia vao eae phong trao nay.
Tai lieu tham khao 1 Jules Pretty and David Smith (2004),
"Social Capital m Biodiversity Conversation and Management", Conservation Biology No.3, Volume 18, pp, 631-638.
2. Jerome Ballet, Nicolas Sirven and Melanie Regmers (2007), "Social Capital
and Natural Resource Management: A Critical Perspective", The Journal of Environment Development, Vol. 16, 355.
3. Claire Wallace and Florian (2005), Bridging and Bonding Social Capital: Which is More Prevalent in Europe?, European Commission
4. Thomas Macias and Elysia Nelson (2011), "A Social Capital for Environmental Concern: Evidence from Norther New England", Rural Sociology No.76, Volume 4, pp. 562-581.
5. Ton van Schaik (2002), Social Capital in the European Values Study Surveys, working paper at the OECD-ONS Intemational Conference on Social Capital Measurement London, September 25-25, 2002.
6. Neiralsabel and PortelaMarta (2010),
"Social Capital and Growth in European Regions", Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, No. 2, Vol. 10, pp. 19-28.
7. WimVanOorsehot, Wil Arts and John Gelissen, (2006), "Social Capital in Europe:
Measurement and Social and Regional Distribution of a Multifieaceted Phenomenon", ACTA Sociologica. Volume 49, No. 2, pp. 149-167.
8. Nguydn Quang lukn (2008), Phdi huy von xa hoi Irong bdo ve moi Irmmg.
URL:
http://www.tapehicongsan.org.vn/Home/non g-nghiep-nong-lhon/2008/757/Phat-huy-von- xa-hoi-trong-bao-ve-moi-truong.aspx